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Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28

Introduction to . Lecture 28

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

November 13, 2017

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 1 / 46 Outline

1 Questions and answers Quiz

2 Anatomy and development of Origins of root tissues Water transport in roots Diversity of roots Diversity of roots

3 diversity Systematics Kingdom Vegetabilia, land

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 2 / 46 Outline

1 Questions and answers Quiz

2 Root Anatomy and development of roots Origins of root tissues Water transport in roots Diversity of roots Diversity of roots

3 Plant diversity Systematics Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 2 / 46 Outline

1 Questions and answers Quiz

2 Root Anatomy and development of roots Origins of root tissues Water transport in roots Diversity of roots Diversity of roots

3 Plant diversity Systematics Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 2 / 46 Questions and answers Quiz

Questions and answers Quiz

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 3 / 46 Roots which grow out of stem.

Questions and answers Quiz Final question (2 points)

What are adventitious roots?

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 4 / 46 Questions and answers Quiz Final question (2 points)

What are adventitious roots?

Roots which grow out of stem.

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 4 / 46 Root Anatomy and development of roots

Root Anatomy and development of roots

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 5 / 46 Root Anatomy and development of roots Anatomy of root

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 6 / 46 Root Anatomy and development of roots

Long-lived parenchyma cells served as half- Initiates development of lateral roots Contributes to Contributes to

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 7 / 46 Root Anatomy and development of roots Development of lateral roots

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 8 / 46 Root Anatomy and development of roots Development of lateral roots (step by step)

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 9 / 46 Root Anatomy and development of roots Vascular bundle

Only one! Has radial (star-like) symmetry arranged in rays, multiple in monocots, 2-4 in other plants

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 10 / 46 Root Anatomy and development of roots Radial structure of root vascular bundle in buttercup (Ranunculus sp.)

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 11 / 46 Root Anatomy and development of roots Root of monocot (Zea mays

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 12 / 46 Root Origins of root tissues

Root Origins of root tissues

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 13 / 46 Root Origins of root tissues Development of tissues

In essence, development of tissues in root is analogous to stem.

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 14 / 46 Root Water transport in roots

Root Water transport in roots

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 15 / 46 Root Water transport in roots Rhizodermis and osmosis

The existence of root hairs dramatically increases the surface of absorption Every root hair cell increase the internal concentration of large molecules, typically organic acids Process of concentration requires ATP As a result, osmosis water flow starts from soil to root cells

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 16 / 46 Root Water transport in roots Endodermis and root pressure

From rhizodermis to endodermis, transport of water is both symplastic and apoplastic In the endodermis cells, Caspari stripes stop apoplastic transport and therefore forced symplastic transport This is a high-energetic process requires ATP As a result, water will be pushed up from root: this is the root pressure

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 17 / 46 Root Water transport in roots Apoplastic and symplastic transport in the root

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 18 / 46 Root Water transport in roots Casparian strips

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 19 / 46 Root Water transport in roots How Casparian strips are working

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 20 / 46 Root Water transport in roots Origin of root pressure

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 21 / 46 Root Water transport in roots Water flow in plants

Plants need water: To supply To cool via To obtain required minerals Water flows because of: Root pressure Capillarity force Transpiration “suction”

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 22 / 46 Root Diversity of roots

Root Diversity of roots

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 23 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Modifications of roots

Adventive with root origin (many plants) Mycorrhizae: endotrophic (grasses, orchids) and ectotrophic () Haustoria (parasites like Cuscuta—dodder plant) Root nodules (legumes, Fabaceae family) Contractile roots (Hyacinthus spp.—hyacynth, Taraxacum spp.—dandelion) Storage roots (Daucus carota—carrot, Armoracia officinalis—horseradish) Supportive roots (many tropical plants) Defensive, spiny roots (ivy) Photosynthetic roots (some orchids)

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 24 / 46 Root Diversity of roots

Root Diversity of roots

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 25 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Endotrophic mycorrhizae in Corallorhiza orchid

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 26 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Ectotrophic mycorrhizae of trees

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 27 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Haustoria of Cuscuta (dodder)

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 28 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Nodulated roots of soybean (Glycine max)

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 29 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Contractile roots of Hyacinthus orientalis

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 30 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Supportive roots of mangrove plants

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 31 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Supportive roots of Pandanus sp.

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 32 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Defensive spiny roots of ivy (Hedera sp.)

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 33 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Photosynthetic aerial roots of orchids

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 34 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Table of modifications

Function Stem Root Expansion ... Plantets Adventive buds Storage ... Succulent Storage roots Photosynthesis ... DEFAULT Some aerial roots Defense ... Spines, Root spines scale Support DEFAULT Leaf ten- Aerial and contractile roots drils Interactions ... Traps, Mycorrhizae, haustoria, nodu- “sticky lated roots tapes”, urns

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 35 / 46 Root Diversity of roots Summary

Vascular tissues of root is a modified protostele or solenostele (monocots). Root hairs, Casparian strips, capillarity and transpiration work together to make water flow in plant. Root-related part of water flow is the root pressure. Roots have not less modifications than leaves.

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 36 / 46 Plant diversity Systematics

Plant diversity Systematics

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 37 / 46 Plant diversity Systematics Basics of systematics

Terms covered: Systematics = Species, taxonomic hierarchy Taxon, rank = category, classification Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Subclass, subfamily and other intermediate ranks Subspecies and

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 38 / 46 Plant diversity Systematics Biological nomenclature

Terms covered: Binomial name, species epithet, reference = citation Synonyms, priority (older names have preference), starting dates (1753 for plants)

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 39 / 46 Plant diversity Systematics Examples

Example 1 Example 2 Kingdom Regnum Vegetabilia Animalia Phylum Phylum Spermatophyta Chordata Class Classis Angiospermae (Magnoliopsida) Mammalia Order Ordo Liliales Primates Family Familia Asparagaceae Hominidae Genus Genus Chlorophytum Homo Species Species Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq. 1862 Homo sapiens L.

Species name z }| { Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq. 1862 | {z } | {z } | {z } | {z } | {z } Genus name Species epithet First author Second author Year of description

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 40 / 46 Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants

Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 41 / 46 Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants General life cycle

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 42 / 46 Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Life cycle of land plants

Terms covered: and Gametangia: and antheridium Spermatozoa and oocyte (egg cell) and parasitic sporophyte Predominance of sporophyte or gametophyte

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 43 / 46 Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Life cycle of land plants: differences

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 44 / 46 What is endoderm?

Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Final question (2 points)

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 45 / 46 Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Final question (2 points)

What is endoderm?

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 45 / 46 Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants For Further Reading

A. Shipunov. Introduction to Botany [Electronic resource]. Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_154

Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany. Lecture 28 November 13, 2017 46 / 46

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