Plant Structure And Growth The Body is Composed of Cells and Tissues

systems

 made up of tissues

 made up of cells Plant Tissue Systems (Functions)

System

 storage

 support

System

 conduction

 support

 Dermal Tissue System

 Covering Ground Tissue System

 Different types of Ground Tissue

 Parenchyma Tissue

 Collenchyma Tissue

 Sclerenchyma Tissue

 Helpful hint: remember which ones are living or dead at maturity and which have only a primary wall and which have a secondary wall) Parenchyma Tissue

 Made up of Parenchyma Cells

 Living Cells at maturity

 Primary Walls

 Functions

 photosynthesis

 storage Collenchyma Tissue

 Made up of Collenchyma Cells

 Living Cells at maturity

 Primary Walls that are thickened

 Function

 Support Sclerenchyma Tissue

 Made up of Sclerenchyma Cells

 Usually Dead at maturity

 Primary Walls and Secondary Walls which are thickened with lignin

 There are two types

 Fibers (seen in the top picture - red cells on top and bottom)

 Sclerids (seen in the bottom picture)

 Function

 Support Vascular Tissue System

(two types of cells)

 Tracheids

 Vessel Elements

(two types of cells)

 Sieve-tube Members

 Companion Cells Xylem  Tracheids

 Dead at maturity

 They have pits - water moves through pits from cell to cell

 Vessel Elements

 Dead at maturity

 They have perforations - water moves directly from cell to cell Phloem

 Sieve-tube Members

 alive at maturity

 lack nucleus at maturity

 Sieve plates - on end to transport food

 Companion Cells

 alive at maturity

 helps control sieve- tube member cell Dermal Tissue System

 complex tissue

 usually transparent

 secretes cuticle

 Periderm

 replaces epidermis in woody

 protection  System

 Tap Root

 Lateral

System

 Stems

 Nodes

 Internodes

 blades

 petioles

 Terminal (apical)

 Axillary Plant Systems Plant Growth

 Meristematic Tissue

 generates cells for new growth

 apical

 lateral meristems Apical Meristems

 increases length called primary growth

 Protoderm - gives rise to dermal tissue

 Ground - gives rise to ground tissue

 Procambium - gives rise to vascular tissue Lateral Meristems

 increases girth called

- produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem

- produces cork and phelloderm

The Root System

 Functions

 anchor plant

 absorb minerals, water and nutrients

 store food

 Systems

 taproots - one large root with smaller lateral roots (dicots)

 fibrous roots - threadlike roots (monocots) Root Structure

 Four Regions

 Root Cap - protection

 Region of Cell Division - new cells

 Region of Elongation - cells get longer

 Region of Maturation - cells begin to specialize Root Tissue

 Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis

 Procambium - gives rise to the

 xylem and phloem

 may include pith

 Ground Meristem

Monocot vs. Dicot Root

 You will need to be able to recognize the difference between a monocot root and a dicot root Monocot Root (inside to outside)

 Pith  Endodermis

 Xylem  made

 transport of suberin to regulate water water and minerals

 Phloem  Passage Cells to allow

 transport water to pass through food  Cortex   storage  dividing cells  Epidermis  protection Monocot Root

 You will need to be able to recognize parts

 Epidermis

 Cortex

 Endodermis (red circle)

 Pericycle (one layer inside the red circle)

 Pith

 Xylem (red)

 Phloem (green) Dicot Root (inside to outside)

 Xylem  Endodermis

 transport  Casparian Strip made water of suberin to regulate water and minerals  Phloem  Passage Cells to allow  transport food water to pass through  Cortex  Pericycle  storage  dividing cells  Epidermis

 protection Dicot Root

 You will need to be able to recognize parts

 Epidermis

 Cortex

 Endodermis (red circle)

 Pericycle (one layer inside the red circle)

 Xylem (red)

 Phloem (green)

 No pith Modified Roots

 Food Storage

 carrots, sweet potatoes, yams Modified Roots

 Water Storage

 manroot, pumpkin family Modified Roots

 Propagative Roots which produce adventious buds

 cherries, pears Modified Roots

 Pnematophores

 Prop Roots

 mangroves Modified Roots

 Aerial Roots

 orchids, ivies Modified Roots

 Buttress Roots

 tropical Modified Roots

 Haustoria

 dodder Shoot System The Shoot System

 Made up of Stems, Leaves, ,

 Stems - support, conduction, growth

 Leaves - photosynthesis

 Flowers -

 Fruits - protection, dispersal Stems (Primary Growth)

 Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis

 Procambium - gives rise to the stele

 xylem and phloem in vascular bundles

 dicots - found in ring

 monocots - scattered throughout

 includes pith in dicots

 Ground Meristem

 Cortex Vascular Bundle

Parts

 Fibers

 Phloem

 Xylem Monocot vs. Dicot Stem You will need to be able to recognize the difference between a monocot stem and a dicot stem Monocot Stem (Inside to Outside)

 Ground Tissue

 Vascular Bundles

 Xylem

 Phloem

 Fibers

 Cortex

 Epidermis Monocot Stem

 You will need to be able to recognize parts

 Epidermis

 Cortex (very small)

 Ground Tissue

 Vascular Bundle

 Xylem (red)

 Phloem (green)

 Fiber (red) Dicot Stem (Inside to Outside)

 Pith

 Vascular Bundles

 Xylem

 Phloem

 Fibers

 Cortex

 Epidermis Dicot Stem

 You will need to be able to recognize parts

 Epidermis

 Cortex

 Pith

 Vascular Bundle

 Xylem (red)

 Phloem (green)

 Fiber (red) Roots vs Stems Roots have Endodermis / Stems Vascular Bundles

Monocot Dicot

 Roots – has pith  Roots – no pith

 Stems – No pith  Stem – pith

 Vascular bundles in a ring  Vascular bundles are scattered Stems (Secondary Growth)

 Occurs to increase girth (thickness)

 Vascular Cambium

 produces secondary xylem and phloem

 Cork Cambium

 produces cork and phelloderm

 together these structures are called periderm Secondary Growth Secondary Growth

 C – Vascular Cambian  The vascular cambian goes through mitosis and  D – Differentiated cell creates a cell (D) which on (will turn into another the inside of the plant type of cell) becomes a xylem cell.

 X – Xylem The next mitotic division produces another cell (D)  P - Phloem which is on the outside and becomes a phloem cell

Secondary Growth of a Stem

 You will need to know the parts Secondary Growth of a Stem Secondary Growth of a Stem (Inside to Outside)

 Pith  Secondary

 Primary Phloem Xylem  Primary Phloem

 Secondary  Cortex

Xylem  Phelloderm ()  Cork Cambium  Vascular  Cork Cambium Secondary Growth

 Periderm is cork cambium and cork

 Bark is everything outside the vascular cambium

 Wood (to a botanist) is secondary xylem

wood – still moves water

 Heart wood – no longer moves water, hardened now used for support Modified Stems

 Stolons - horizontal stems above the ground Modified Stems

- horizontal stems below the ground Modified Stems

 Tubers - swollen areas of rhizomes Modified Stems

& - vertical under the ground Modified Stems

 Cladophylls - cactus pads Structure

 Simple leaf – one blade after axillary

 Compound leaf – multiple blades called leaflets

 Double Compound leaf – leaflets broken up into smaller leaflets Leaf Structure Leaves

 Epidermis

 Stomata - openings on underside of leaf

 Guard Cells - surround stomata

 Cuticle - waxy coating excreted by epidermis

 Mesophyll - middle of leaf

 Palisade layer - photosynthesis

 Spongy layer - gas exchange Modified Leaves

 Needles - reduce water loss Modified Leaves

 Tendrils - long thin leaves for clinging Modified Leaves

 Spines - protection Modified Leaves

 Succulents – water storage