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Helena Devi Ramsaroop Reconstructing Childhood Diet using Dentine Microsamples from Skeletal Remains from Kenchreai and Isthmia, Greece by Helena Devi Ramsaroop A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology University of Alberta © Helena Devi Ramsaroop, 2019 Abstract An understudied topic in bioarchaeology is that of childhood diet after weaning. Palaeodietary reconstructions have typically focused on examining breastfeeding and weaning or adult diets. This study uses stable isotope analysis of dentine microsamples to examine the diets of juveniles at the Greek sites of Kenchreai and Isthmia (Late Roman Period). Results from prior research conducted on bone collagen showed elevated δ13C and δ15N values in adults at one of these sites, which is suggestive of a significant contribution of marine resources to the diet. However, this elevation is only seen in adults, whereas the values of the juvenile remains suggest that children consumed a different diet that included less fish. The current study seeks to further investigate this dietary difference by conducting stable isotope analysis on dentine collagen. Five premolars from Kenchreai and two premolars from Isthmia were selected for this study and produced a total of fifty-two dentine microsamples. These microsamples provide dietary information for small periods of time within the time frame of premolar formation and completion. Premolars were chosen for this study to target the ages after breastfeeding and weaning at approximately 2.5 years, up until the completion of premolar formation at 14.5 years. The results of this study agree with the data from the bone collagen analysis, which indicates that children consumed less fish. However, microsampling also allowed for intra- individual dietary trends to be identified. The isotope profiles of three Kenchreai individuals demonstrate a subtle rise in δ13C and δ15N values in the microsamples that represent the end of tooth formation. This may reflect a shift to a more adult-like diet that incorporated some marine resources, which is consistent with evidence from the historical record that adult roles and responsibilities began to be adopted around this age. ii Preface This thesis is an original work by Helena D. Ramsaroop. The research project, of which this thesis is a part, received research ethics approval from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board, project name “Reconstructing Childhood Diet using Dentine Microsamples from Skeletal Remains from Kenchreai and Isthmia, Greece,” No. 76773, December 14, 2017. iii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the support of so many people. Thank you to my supervisor Sandra Garvie-Lok, for your unwavering faith in me. Your encouragement and support over the course of this degree is greatly appreciated, especially through all of the obstacles I faced. Thank you to my committee members Lesley Harrington and Margriet Haagsma, as well as Marko Zivkovic and Rob Losey for your kindness and support. Thank you Joseph Rife for giving me permission to work on skeletal remains from Kenchreai and Isthmia. Thank you to my family for the unconditional love and support you have shown me. I know having me move across the country for this degree was difficult for all of you. It was difficult for me too. Thank you, Mom, for always believing in me. Thank you Dad, for always encouraging me to pursue my education. Thank you to my brother for always having my back, and thank you to my sister for always encouraging me to follow my dreams. Thank you to my friend Katherine, I would not have gotten through field work without you. I’m thankful you were there with me. Thanks for visiting me in Greece. I am grateful for the friendships I formed during this degree. Paula, Talisha, Kayleigh and Alex – I couldn’t have gotten through this degree without you. Thank you for being like family to me. Kevin, collaborating with you on AGAS events was one of the highlights of this degree. Thank you for being you and thanks for always being there for me. Christina, Anna, Magie, Emily and Tonya, thank you for your friendship. Your small acts of kindness always made my day. Thank you Harvey Friebe, Pam Mayne Correia, Kat and Victoria for your support in the lab and for sharing your expertise with me. Thank you Jill for keeping me company in the lab while we worked on our samples. iv Thank you Alvin Kwan and the University of Alberta Biogeochemical Analytical Service Laboratory for running my sample analysis and helping me iron out issues with my samples. This research would not have been possible without funding from the Department of Anthropology and the Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship. Special thanks to Ruth Gruhn and the Bryan-Gruhn Graduate Research Award. The funds provided by this award covered the cost of sample analysis and I am grateful for that. v Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. ii Preface .................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ ix List of Figures .........................................................................................................................x Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Historical and Cultural Background .................................................................5 2.1. Roman Greece ..................................................................................................................5 2.2 Defining Childhood ...........................................................................................................7 2.2.1 Definitions of Childhood in Bioarchaeology ...............................................................7 2.2.2 Definitions of Childhood in Greece and Rome ............................................................9 2.3 Greco-Roman Views of Health ........................................................................................ 12 2.4 Greco-Roman Guidelines for Caring for Children ............................................................ 12 2.5 Fish consumption in the Greco-Roman Period ................................................................. 15 2.6 Diet at Isthmia ................................................................................................................. 16 2.7 Contributions of Bioarchaeology ..................................................................................... 17 2.8 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3: Stable Isotope Analysis ..................................................................................... 20 3.1 Fundamentals of Stable Isotope Analysis ......................................................................... 20 3.2 Stable Carbon Isotopes and Diet ...................................................................................... 23 3.3 Stable Nitrogen Isotopes and Diet .................................................................................... 26 3.3.1 Breastfeeding ............................................................................................................ 27 3.3.2 Nitrogen Isotopes, Growth and Stress ....................................................................... 28 3.4 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Marine Resources ......................................................................... 30 3.5 Dentine Microsampling ................................................................................................... 33 3.6 Palaeodietary Studies of Ancient Greece ......................................................................... 38 3.7 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 4: Site and Sample ................................................................................................ 42 4.1 The Roman Empire: Corinth, Kenchreai and Isthmia ....................................................... 42 4.2 Kenchreai ........................................................................................................................ 42 vi 4.2.1 Excavations at Kenchreai .......................................................................................... 44 4.2.2 The Kenchreai Cemetery Project ............................................................................... 45 4.2.3 Kenchreai: The Burial Contexts ................................................................................ 47 4.2.4 Kenchreai Tombs 13 & 14 ........................................................................................ 49 4.2.5 Osteological Analyses at Kenchreai .......................................................................... 51 4.3 Isthmia ............................................................................................................................ 52 4.3.1 Osteological Analyses at Isthmia .............................................................................
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