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Effects of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Teleconnections on Corn Yield East of Puebla, Mexico: Case Studies

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Effects of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Teleconnections on Corn Yield East of Puebla, Mexico: Case Studies International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 11(1): 85-99, 2021; Article no.IJECC.66030 ISSN: 2581-8627 (Past name: British Journal of Environment & Climate Change, Past ISSN: 2231–4784) Effects of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Teleconnections on Corn Yield East of Puebla, Mexico: Case Studies Ma De Los Ángeles Velasco-Hernández1*, Tomás Morales-Acoltzi2, Miguel Ángel García-Castro1, Rogelio Bernal-morales3, Joaquín Zagoya-Martínez4, José Pedro Juárez-Sánchez5 and Benito Ramírez-Valverde5 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, BUAP, University City, Puebla, Mexico. 2Mathematical Modeling of Atmospheric Processes, Center for Atmospheric Sciences, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico. 3Climate Change Research Center, Faculty of Agrobiology, UATX, Tlaxcala, Mexico. 4BUAP Institute of Sciences, Zeolite Research Department, Puebla, Mexico. 5Postgraduate College, Campus Puebla, Puebla, Mexico. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author MDLAVH and Author TMA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors MAGC, RBM and JZM managed the analyses of the study. Author JPJS and Author BRV managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/IJECC/2021/v11i130346 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Daniele De Wrachien, University of Milan, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Carla Zoaid Alves dos Santos, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Brazil. (2) Janilson Pinheiro de Assis, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA), Brazil. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/66030 Received 07 January 2021 Accepted 13 March 2021 Original Research Article Published 17 March 2021 ABSTRACT Ocean-atmospheric interactions have effects at different scales; forming microclimates, which can explain variations with climatic or natural anomalies, between meteorological processes. This research analyzes and identifies the relationship of the teleconnection hydrometeorological effects, which determine the distribution of precipitation in corn yield. The data were used from a semi- structured interview directed to corn producers, where seven years of case studies were identified for the eastern region of the state of Puebla, Mexico. The Graphics were made with “pentad scale _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Velasco-Hernández et al.; IJECC, 11(1): 85-99, 2021; Article no.IJECC.66030 distribution”. The results show the importance of geographical location for agricultural activities in relation to a valley with altitudinal gradient. In addition, the corn growth cycle is associated with tropical disturbances from east Puebla region as well as Hurricane activity. It was identified that the relationship of teleconnections and the distribution of rainfall are main factors that influence in the development good or bad of corn, showed in the yields, where the different phases of ENSO (EL NIÑO Southern Oscillation) have a differentiated impact on the availability of precipitation in this case studies of the present investigation. Keywords: ENSO; maize; phenology; precipitation; teleconnection. 1. INTRODUCTION North of Colombia and large-scale circulation, characterized by the Niño 3.4 index and the Teleconnection is defined as the ocean- Atlantic Tropical North Index (ATN), which are atmosphere interaction that occurs at a distant related with modulation from atmospheric terrestrial point and causes persistent and circulation phenomena in the Atlantic and Pacific recurrent modes of low-frequency climatic Oceans [8]. variability [1]. When defining it, highlight that the behavior patterns between two different sites, The coastal entities of the national territory, on due to the climatic variability caused by some some occasions, get to be affected by tropical measurement (temperature, pressure, etc.) [2]. cyclones that impact continuously from one That is, a teleconnection index is defined as the season to another and a lesser extent to the difference in temperatures between two different interiors [9]. In recent years, studies have been places (action centers). In reference to distant conducted on the influence that teleconnections hydrometeorological events, there are processes have in Mexico, the results have shown that the that relate climatic variability through physical Pacific Decadal Oscillation has a statistically teleconnection mechanisms to connect significant impact on the climate of the north and anomalies of sea surface temperature with northwest of the national territory [10]. climatic variability in the region [3]. The Anomalous anticyclonic trend is influencing teleconnection relationships that managed to Central Himalaya. These trends have contributed explain the anomalies related to the variability of to variations in cloudiness, temperature, rainfall in Europe in relation to trends in the radiation, and circulation across High Mountain variability of the equatorial and tropical Atlantic Asia (HMA), that are relevant to the regional [4]. hydrological cycle [11]. More studies in the fields of atmospheric dynamics, and about its impacts In recent decades, the irregularity of rainfall has in Mexico, all this, to have better short and long- caused several problems worldwide, such as the term forecasting systems, such as an example of devastating 2003 European summer heat wave this, is the relationship between EL NIÑO raise the evidence that basin-scale changes in (interannual scale) and tropical cyclones in the the Atlantic Ocean, probably be related to the Atlantic Ocean (meteorological time scale) [12]. thermohaline circulation. Which shows intra- Although the mechanisms that condition and seasonal and interannual variability [5]. All control the climate have already been identified, teleconnection patterns occur naturally in our it has not yet been possible to establish a direct incomprehensible atmospheric system and can connection between the weather and weather occur in the internal dynamics of the atmosphere scales. Concerning crop phenology, some [6]. Seasonal weather anomalies are influenced studies show frost damage with changes in by the variability in longer time scales, also called temperature during winter and before spring teleconnections, these are some of the most (average temperature increase), which are relevant internal causes of climate system important because they regulate the latency variation [7]. It is considered pertinent to design period (inactivity) and the development of the conservation strategies in a natural national park plant [13]. considering that, in climatic times of extreme drought, this slope receives significant moisture In other countries the association of EL NIÑO subsidies because of the generation of local with extreme precipitation events was also convective phenomena. Teleconnections have observed [14,15,16], as in Saudi Arabia, showing been identified in extreme drought events Extreme Precipitation Events (EPEs) are also recorded during the period 1978-2010 in the associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation 86 Velasco-Hernández et al.; IJECC, 11(1): 85-99, 2021; Article no.IJECC.66030 (ENSO), which shows that during the positive Chalchicomula de Sesma (Ciudad Serdán), with (negative) ENSO phase the frequency of EPEs an average altitude of 2649 masl and increases (decreases) over the country. coordinates 18°59′00″N 97°27′00″W and Moreover, the El Niño, with positive Tlachichuca with an average altitude of 2593 circumglobally wave train (CGT) enhances the masl. and coordinates 19°06′00″N 97°25′00″W EPEs frequency over Saudi Arabia while vice- stand out. In both spaces the altitudinal gradient versa happens for La Niña (with negative CGT) is the main characteristic of the study site that phase [17]. With the increase in temperature, includes: ituir1) Plain road. changes can be expected during the crop cycle, from this increase, the harvest dates can be This is the central part of the Valley (also known anticipated, modifying the phenology [18]. This as the Serdán region), from north to south and is impact depends on the species since they must the area with the highest agricultural productivity accumulate a certain number of degree days for 2) Hills. This type of terrain is in the foothills of fruiting or flowering [19]. Studies related to corn the mountains, mainly in the eastern and western show that an increase in temperature will part, with the most notable areas comprising the negatively modify its phenological stages, slopes of the Citlaltepec volcano. 3) The affecting the flowering stage, while water scarcity mountains. Where the volcano Citlaltepec, of or abundance and the development of pests and 5,545 masl, is also the Sierra Negra, from 3,000 diseases adversely affect production [20]. Other to 4,000 masl and includes the Sierra de study mentioned, with tle climate variability on Soltepec, from 2,200 to 3,000 masl (Fig. 1). the forecast for Michoacán, Mexico is: less Country (blue), state (green), study region precipitation in less time, and higher (yellow). temperature. For sites currently planted, in March, with long-cycle maize (220 days), this will A study of agricultural regionalization of corn for mean the future change to June sowings with the state of Puebla taking variables of cycle materials short (140 days), drought precipitation, temperature, soil types and climate
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