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Vertebrate Biodiversity and Key Mammalian Species Status of Hingol National Park

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Vertebrate Biodiversity and Key Mammalian Species Status of Hingol National Park SENRA Academic Publishers, Burnaby, British Columbia Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1151-1162, June 2010 ISSN: 1715-9997 VERTEBRATE BIODIVERSITY AND KEY MAMMALIAN SPECIES STATUS OF HINGOL NATIONAL PARK M Zaheer Khan, Afsheen Zehra, Syed Ali Ghalib, Saima Siddiqui and Babar Hussain Department of Zoology (Wildlife & Fisheries) University of Karachi, Karachi-75270 ABSTRACT Pakistan has recognized three categories of protected areas: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Game Reserves. Currently Pakistan has 22 National Parks of which Hingol National Park is the most unique and important because it consists of six ecosystems including Arabian Sea, Rugged Mountains, Desert, River, Estuary, and open plains. The park has rich biodiversity and diversified fauna of terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. The park has many important mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibian species, including Ibex (Capra aegagrus), Urial (Ovis vignei), Chinkara (Gazella bennettii), Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Spotted-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippinus), Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulat), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor), Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), fish Mahsheer (Tor putitora), Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Skittering frog (Rana cyanophlyctis) etc. During the study 2005 to 2009, 165 bird species (75 resident and 90 migratory species), and 16 mammalian species were recorded. While Ibex, Urial and Chinkara are the key species of the park. Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), Desert Cat (Felis libyca), Desert Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Wolf (Canis lupus), and Asiatic Jackal (Canis aureus) have been observed. Due to aesthetic reason, and venues like mountains, wetlands, river, estuary, sea beach, mud volcano and sand dunes, the park has a potential to be developed as Eco-tourist Park. Keywords: Unique park, Hingol River, vertebrate biodiversity, green turtle, key mammalian species. INTRODUCTION including the Shur Mountain Range, Hinglaj-Nani Mountains, Gurangatti and Rodaini - Kacho – Dhrun area. Protected Areas are recognized as an important tool in The mountain ranges East of Hingol River follow a more conserving animal and plant species and ecosystems. SSW-NNE direction including the Tranche Block and the These systems vary considerably from country to country, Deo-Beharo Block. Further East, the mountain ranges depending on priorities, and national needs, and on show a NS direction including the Hala Range (Shir and differences in institutional, legislative and financial Nawar Mountains) and the Haro Range, which flanks the support (Khan, 2004). Pakistan has 235 protected areas Phore Valley respectively at the West and the East side. including 22 national parks (Table 1), 99 wildlife Between the large mountains blocks are small valleys sanctuaries, 100 game reserves and 14 unclassified areas. including the Sham Valley located between Sangal-Kund Hingol National Park is located in the Province of Malir Range and the Shur Mountain Range, the Kundrach Balochistan and covers an area of 619,043 hectares. This Valley between Shur and Hinglaj, the Harian-Maneji area falls at coordinates 26o00’ and 25o17’ North and Valley between Hinglaj and Gurangatti (Zehra, 2009). 65o10’ and 65o 55’ East. Hingol National Park is named The drainage of the park area is mainly to the Hingol after the Hingol River, which flows through the center of River. The main rivers from the North are the Nal-Hingol the Park and empties into the Arabian Sea. River entering the park at the NW boundary, the Arra River entering the park between the Dhrun Mountains and In 2005, 600 km long Mekran Coastal Highway was built the Washiaab, the Babro River entering the park at the NE along most of the Southern Coastal Area of Balochistan, boundary, North of Tranch. The drainage of Dhrun that runs for some 109 km through the HN Park area Mountain is to all directions. The major drainage, from (Management Plan of HNP, 2006). Hingol National Park the high plateau is in Eastern direction emptying in the comprises the area from the Arabian Sea up to 5 fathom Ara River South of Kukeri Bhent. The largest part of the depth to the Dhrun Mountain with the Shak top at 1580 m Southern slopes drains into the Rodaini Kacho Valley and above sea level. then to the Daraj-Kacho gorge into the Northern Plains There are a number of plain valleys between hills in the and its Ara River (Management Plan of HNP, 2006; HN park. The park area can be divided into areas West Zehra, 2009). and East of Hingol River. The parallel mountain ranges West of the Hingol River follow an EW direction, In the HNP, 150 plant species have been reported (Zehra, *Corresponding author email: [email protected] 1152 Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Table 1. Current List of the National Parks of Pakistan (Khan and Siddiqui, 2005; Ahmad, 2009). Name of National Year of Name of Year of Location Location Park establishment National Park establishment Ayubia NWFP 1984 Kala Chitta Punjab 2009 Central Karakoram Northern Areas 1995 Khirthar Sindh 1974 Chinji Punjab 1987 Khunjerab Northern Areas 1975 Chitral Gol NWFP 1984 Lal Suhanra Punjab 1972 Deosai Northern Areas 1993 Lulusar NWFP 2003 Deva Vatala AJK 2009 Machiara AJK 1996 Ghamot AJK 2004 Margalla Hills Fed. Capital Territory 1980 Gurez AJK 2009 Pir Lasora AJK 2005 Handrap Shandoor Northern Areas 1993 Saif-ul-muluk NWFP 2003 Hazarganji Chiltan Balochistan 1980 Sheikh Budin NWFP 1993 Hingol Balochistan 1997 Toh Pir AJK 2005 2009). The main vegetated areas are in the small zones of Malir, Kalair Goth, Nokoo Goth, Allah Buksh Goth, and the valleys, the floodplains, riverbeds, and more extensive Sanguri area were selected for the study of key area of the coastal plains. Most ecological units are bare mammalian and other vertebrate biodiversity (Table 2, or almost bare including the mud flats, the salt plains, the Fig. 1, 2). The following methods and surveys techniques clay Mountains and mud vent areas, the stone rippled were employed for the observation, census and terraces, and the smooth slopes of brown clay rock, documentation of key mammalian species. mountains ridges, the steep mountain walls and the crusted valley floor and the active flood bank areas. The park is represented by six ecosystems including Arabian 1. Track Counts Sea, Rugged Mountains, River, Desert, Estuary, and open 2. Point Surveys plains. The wildlife of the coastal area of HNP is diverse 3. Roadside Counts due to a combination of habitats found together at several 4. Line Transects or Strip Census areas. The coastal plains show rocky hill areas (Sappat 5. Pellet Counts Mountains, Agor Hills, Jabal Haro-Kund Malir), sand dunes, agricultural fields and river beds. Track Counts Tracks can be the first indication of the presence of The Arabian Sea, including the area bordering national animals in an area. Track counts especially after rain are park, is known to be highly productive. Nesting of Green useful in identifying different animals especially for turtle has been reported from the coastal area of HNP. A nocturnal and secretive ones. A fresh rain eliminates the variety of water birds occurs at the coast line. Estuarine previous tracks, and the recent tracks of animals entering area of the River Hingol, supports a variety of resident or leaving the study areas can be used as a measure of and migratory water birds. Adjacent to coastline there is a their abundance. During all studies the track count large desert with prominent sand dunes. These sand dunes technique was applied at selected areas of HNP and this may be categorized as stable or fixed sand dunes. The was more effective compare to other methods. desert area of the park has diversified biodiversity including birds, small mammals and reptiles. Occurrence Point Surveys of Houbara Bustard in winter is also reported in the dune In this method, observation points are established along areas (Azam, 2004). roads, edges of ponds or marshes, at a higher place and other locations suitable for viewing the habitat. For a The objective of the present study was to record the period of 1 to 5 hours at each observation point, the vertebrate biodiversity and population status of three key observer records all sightings of the mammals at that site mammalian species (Ibex, Urial and Chinkara) of Hingol and then an index of abundance of each species is National Park in the selected areas during 2005-2009. expressed as the number of animals seen per hour of observations (Brower et al., 1990). Point surveys were MATERIALS AND METHODS conducted twice daily, first during early morning, i.e. one hour before sunrise until dawn and second, in the evening, Based on preliminary studies in the Hingol National Park, i.e., begins one-half an hour before the sunset until dark. Nani Mandir Complex, Rodaini Kacho, Harian Valley, Dhrun, Machii, Maneji, Ara Kaur, Babro Kaur , Agor, Roadside Counts Kundrach, Qasim Goth, Wadh Bundar, Maneji, Nani Usually it is difficult to locate a mammal especially a Mandir/Nani Bent, Nala Jhakee, Kashee Goth, Kund large mammal by walking in its habitat, because it smells Khan et al. 1153 Fig. 1. Study areas of key mammalian species and birds of Hingol National Park. Fig. 2. Study areas of small mammals and birds of Hingol National Park. human presence from a long distance. Hence, the method and trails while the sighted number of individuals of the of roadside counts was applied to locate and estimate the species being estimated is tallied and related to the population of different mammalian species. In this number of km travelled (Brower et al., 1990). This method, the observer travels by motor vehicle along roads method has some advantages such as; travelling by 1154 Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences vehicle disturbs the animals and there is always a chance between sampling periods. In some cases it is not to observe the animals along the road / track from a possible to remove all the pellet groups from an area.
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