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Greece in the EU /EEA Since 1982 Population (2008) 11,214,992 GDP PPP Per Capita (2007) €24,596 Currency Euro Main Language Greek

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Greece in the EU /EEA Since 1982 Population (2008) 11,214,992 GDP PPP Per Capita (2007) €24,596 Currency Euro Main Language Greek ___ _______________ ___EU Manual of Dental Practice: version 4 (2008) Greece In the EU /EEA since 1982 Population (2008) 11,214,992 GDP PPP per capita (2007) €24,596 Currency Euro Main language Greek General healthcare is provided by a complex mix ture of priv ate practitioners, social security organisations and, since 1983, of a basic state-funded national health serv ice. Oral healthcare, besides prev entiv e serv ices offered free by NH S clinics to all children, is almost entirely Greece prov ided by priv ate practitioners, with patients paying the total cost of care. Indeed, one third of total priv ate healthcare expenditure is on oral health, and about 80% of dentists are in priv ate practice. Number of dentists: 14,126 Population to (activ e) dentist ratio: 794 Members of Dental Association: 100% Date of last revision: 1st October 2008 There are only tw o recognised specialties (Orthodontics and Oral and Max illofacial Surgery ) but there are many other specialists in priv ate practice. The only aux iliaries are dental technicians and a limited number of chairside assistants. There is a single national association, the Hellenic Dental Association (H DA), to w hich all dentists must belong through their registration with the Regional Dental Society . Continuing education is not mandatory in practical terms & is organised by the H DA and the dental societies in v arious fields and specialisations. Government and healthcare in Greece Geographically, Greece is a very rural and mountainous So, Greece possesses a Constitution which enjoys political country, but the population is urbanising rapidly, with over 4 and historical legitimacy, is modern, is adapted to million people (nearly half the population) living in the international developments, and despite possible capital, Athens. reservations on particular issues, provides a satisfactory institutional framework for Greece in the 21st century. The Constitution of 1975, which was twice revised (in 1986 and 2001), introduced a Presidential Parliamentary Republic There are many small islands in Greece, which makes the form of Government: planning of many services more difficult. There are 13 regions but no regional governments and many services are Legislature is exercised by the Parliament and the provided locally by 54 prefectures, each headed by an President of the Republic. elected prefect and with a public health department. There The Executive is exercised by the President of the are also several layers of regional administration, each with Republic and the Government. different legal responsibilities. Access to health services has Judicial function is exercised by Courts. Decisions been a constitutional right since 1975. are executed in the name of Greek people. Healthcare in Greece is provided by a complex mixture of The President of the Republic is elected by the Parliament. social security organisations and since 1983, a basic Members of the Parliament, who are elected directly by the framework of state-funded national health services has citizens, cannot be less than 200 or more than 300. been established. The laws which established and modernized the National Health System (NHS or €•‚) Through the revision of 2001, the responsibilities of the afterwards, were intended to cover all the Healthcare President of the Republic were curtailed to a significant requirements and demands of the whole population of extent, whereas decentralisation was reinforced. Regional Greece. The Hellenic NHS is therefore a partially unified organs of the State have general decisive competency for system of public hospitals in large cities, supported by a the affairs of their region - whereas central organs of the system of rural health centres and regional medical centres State lead, coordinate and control the legitimacy of the staffed by full-time and exclusive salaried doctors. actions of the Regional organs. Therefore, Primary Health Care services are provided apart It is important to add that the Constitution provides for the from Health Centres, within the NHS as mentioned above, participation of Greece in International organisations and by private practitioners as well as by medical centres of the European Union, as well as the superior effect of such Social Security Organizations. The IKA (Institute of Social organisations’ legislation. Security), covers approximately 60% of the population, its insured people as well as OGA’s (see below) insured, providing healthcare services through its own outpatients’ 1 e c e EU Manual of Dental Practice: version 4 (2008)_____________________________ e r G health departments. The IKA (see below) is the only Social In the meantime, another major security scheme has been Security Organization which owns hospitals (secondary set up under the name OAEE (Social Security Scheme of healthcare services) which will be, most probably, absorbed Liberal Professionals: covering tradesmen, craftsmen, and in the near future by NHS. (please see change in the employees in the sector of Tourism). content of this paragraph). In April 2008, a new Law was enacted providing for the The Social Security System in Greece was reformed a few administrative and organisational reform of the System of years ago to abolish the 300 social security schemes Social Security. Among other provisions by this law three (mostly occupational schemes) which formerly existed and occupational schemes which used to cover liberal to replace them by or unify them in 3-4 major ones. professionals - Scientists (ie Doctors, Dentists, Pharmacists, Lawyers, Notaries, Engineers, Architects.) are incorporated The OGA, the insurance organisation for agricultural to one new one - the ETAA (Unified Scheme for workers, remains just the same, as before. Independent Professionals). The Hellenic Dental Association along with the other Independent professionals Specifically by the Law 3029/02 , all Social Security reacted unfavourably to the implication of the new law, Schemes covering salaried people (employees of Banks, because they perceived that it will affect their rights. Electricity Organisation, Telecommunications, Means of Transportation) are unified within IKA pension scheme, and Year Source renamed IKA-ETAM (Institute of Social Security-Unified Security Scheme for salaried people). IKA-ETAM continues % GDP spent on health 9.1% 2006 OECD to provide healthcare services to its insured people, as well % of this spent by governm't 61.6% 2006 OECD as to OGA’s insured people of all ages, directly through its own health departments. 2 G r e e ___ _______________ ___EU Manual of Dental Practice: version 4 (2008) c e Oral healthcare Public health care to the fact that there are insurance schemes which give the benefit of the free choice of dentist, while some others do Year Source not. Dentists may have contracts with any number of social % GDP spent on oral health 1.10% 2004 HDA security organisations, each with its own fee scale, coverage and subsidy levels of treatments. % of OH expenditure private 96% 2004 HDA A dentist working full time at the NHS would look after about Later figures are not available. 1,500 – 1,800 children and young people under 18 years, as an average estimate, depending on the area). Patients NHS provides free healthcare to all. NHS health centres typically return to their dentist for routine oral re- emphasise more on preventive and other simple treatments examinations annually. to children under the age of 18, without excluding the rest of the population. The Social Security pays 75% of the dental care for children up to 16 years of age – the parents have to Private insurance for dental care pay the balance. In Greece, very few people (approximately 1%) use private insurance schemes to cover their dental care costs. It only This apart, oral healthcare in Greece is almost entirely exists as a supplementary cover to medical insurance. provided by private practitioners, with patients paying the Individuals insure themselves by paying premiums directly entire cost of the care themselves. This is reflected in that to the insurance company. Any dental costs are still paid in one third of the total expenditure on private healthcare in full by the patient, and are then reclaimed from the company Greece is on oral health, and about 80% of dentists are in concerned. private practice. Those who are not self-employed private practitioners work in hospitals (as NHS employees), in NHS Private insurance companies are self-regulating and bear all rural health centres, or are employed part-time by the IKA. the financial risks of treatment. Generally the level of the The IKA has its own outpatient departments in many urban premiums is not linked to the level of risk or current health areas, providing dental care to insured people of all ages. status of the person as it is the case with other medical insurance. Also dentists play no role in promoting or selling Within NHS hospitals dentists provide preventive care and this insurance. In Greece there are a limited number of emergency or full treatment as needed to all hospitalised private dental care plans - schemes where the dentist or a patients, free of charge. Adults over the age of 67 also get group of dentists bear most of the risk. social security subsidies if they are on low incomes, as well as those handicapped due to accidents or birth defects. The Quality of Care IKA, the main social security organisation via its Dental The National Government has the ultimate responsibility for Clinics, or its dentists working for the System provides the payment of fees, the quantity and quality of work and, Primary Oral Health Care to directly insured or retired adult together with the Hellenic Dental Association - the HDA – people, plus full and/or partial dentures. Crowns, bridges ethical behaviour. and inlays are not available. Since 2003, via the Paediatric Dental Clinic located in Athens, a full coverage in Paediatric For work carried out on behalf of the Social Security Dentistry (plus General Anaesthesia cases), as well as Schemes, standards of dental care are monitored by Orthodontic Services, has been provided.
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