This article was downloaded by: [National Science Library] On: 01 April 2015, At: 23:56 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Oriental Insects Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/toin20 Genus Aulacorthum Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from China with description of two new species and a new subspecies Xiao-Mei Su a b & Ge-Xia Qiao a a Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China b Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China Published online: 21 Jul 2011.
To cite this article: Xiao-Mei Su & Ge-Xia Qiao (2011) Genus Aulacorthum Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from China with description of two new species and a new subspecies, Oriental Insects, 45:1, 20-48, DOI: 10.1080/00305316.2011.579404 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2011.579404
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Genus Aulacorthum Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from China with description of two new species and a new subspecies Xiao-Mei Suab and Ge-Xia Qiaoa*
aKey Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; bGraduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Received 20 September 2010; final version received 6 February 2011)
The aphid genus Aulacorthum Mordvilko from China is reviewed. Two new species, Aulacorthum (Aulacorthum) mediapallidum sp. nov., from Beijing, and Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) oligospinosum sp. nov., and a new subspecies, Aulacorthum (Aulacorthum) vaccinii longipilum subsp. nov., from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are described. Aulacorthum (Perillaphis) siniperillae (Zhang) is brought out as a junior synonym of Aulacorthum (Perillaphis) perillae (Shinji). Key to the known species of Aulacorthum from China is provided. Voucher material is deposited with the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Keywords: Aulacorthum; Hemiptera; Aphididae; China; new species; new subspecies; key
Introduction Mordvilko (1914) erected the genus Aulacorthum with Aphis solani Kaltenbach as its type species. Hille Ris Lambers (1947) considered it as distinct from the allied genera like Acyrthosiphon Mordvilko, Metopolophium Mordvilko and Rhodobium Hille Ris Lambers. However, Eastop (1966) considered Aulacorthum as a subgenus of Acyrthosiphon, while Miyazaki (1971) synonymised it with Acyrthosiphon. Thereafter, Aulacorthum had been considered as a distinct genus (Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers 1976; Raychaudhuri 1980; Ghosh 1986; Heie 1994; Remaudiere and
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 Remaudiere 1997; Blackman and Eastop 2000, 2006). Genus Aulacorthum is divided into three subgenera: Aulacorthum Mordvilko s.str, Neomyzus van der Goot and Perillaphis Takahashi. Ghosh and Raychaudhuri (1972) erected a subgenus Anaulacorthum with Aulacorthum (Anaulacorthum) fagopyri Ghosh and Raychaudhuri as the type species by monotypy, which gave this a generic status (Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers 1976; Remaudiere and Remaudiere 1997; Blackman and Eastop 2006). Likewise, Miyazaki (1971) and Raychaudhuri (1980) gave Neomyzus a generic status. Blackman and Eastop (2000, 2006) proposed reinstating of Neomyzus as a distinct genus. However, herein Neomyzus is considered as a subgenus of Aulacorthum in the sense of Eastop and
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
ISSN 0030–5316 print/ISSN 2157–8745 online ß 2011 Taylor & Francis http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2011.579404 http://www.tandfonline.com Oriental Insects 21
Hille Ris Lambers (1976), Ghosh (1986), Heie (1994) and Remaudiere and Remaudiere (1997). The genus Aulacorthum consists of 48 species and a subspecies (Remaudiere and Remaudiere 1997; Lee 2002; Eastop and Blackman 2005; Blackman and Eastop 2006; Lee et al. 2008, 2009). Of these, 15 species and one subspecies, including two new species, A. (Aulacorthum) mediapallidum sp. nov., A. (Neomyzus) oligospinosum sp. nov., and a new subspecies, A. (Aulacorthum) vaccinii longipilum subsp. nov., described herein are from China. The following abbreviations are used: Ant. I, II, III, IV, V, VIb: antennal segments I, II, III, IV, V and the base of Ant. VI, respectively; PT: processus terminalis; b.d.III: basal diameter of antennal segment III; URS: ultimate rostral segment; BW URS: basal width of ultimate rostral segment; MW hind tibia: middle diameter of hind tibia; H.t.II: second hind tarsal segment; SIPH: siphunculus; BW SIPH: basal width of siphunculus; DW SIPH: distal width of siphunculus; BW Cauda: basal width of cauda; Setae on tergite I: marginal setae on abdominal tergite I; Setae on tergite VIII: spinal setae on abdominal tergite VIII (Tables 1 and 2). The unit of measurements is millimetres. Voucher material is deposited with the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Aulacorthum Mordvilko
Aulacorthum Mordvilko 1914: 68 Type species: Aulacorthum pelargonii (Kaltenbach 1843) of Mordvilko not Kaltenbach (¼Aphis solani Kaltenbach 1843)
Comments This genus is distinguished by the following: antennal tubercles developed with inner sides nearly parallel, median frontal tubercle indistinct or distinct, and head of apterae normally granulate ventrally. Antennae 6-segmented, short or longer than body, with a long processus terminalis; and segment III normally with rhinaria both in apterae and alatae. First tarsal chaetotaxy usually 3, 3, 3. Siphunculus cylindrical
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 or slightly swollen, with a few rows of hexagonal cells or striae under flange. Cauda tongue-shaped, its basal half occasionally constricted near the middle, with 4–8 hairs, and most species with seven caudal setae. Antennal segments III or IV of alatae usually with secondary rhinaria in a row. Wings with veins normal. Most species of Aulacorthum occur in the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental region (Blackman and Eastop 2000). Its hosts mostly monoecious, herbaceous plants, without any clear pattern of host plant relationships, holocyclic, and belong to many families.
Key to subgenera – apterous viviparous females
1. Dorsal body setae stout and long, at least 2x as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III ...... Perillaphis 22 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
Dorsal body setae considerably shorter than basal diameter of antennal segment III ...... 2 2. Median frontal prominence absent; abdominal tergites in apterae usually ornamented with a distinct dorsal patch; alatae with secondary rhinaria on antennal segments III and IV...... Neomyzus Median frontal prominence present; abdominal tergites in apterae usually without marked pigmented pattern; secondary rhinaria in alatae confined to antennal segment III only ...... Aulacorthum
I. Subgenus Aulacorthum Mordvilko Aulacorthum Mordvilko 1914: 68 Type species: Aphis solani Kaltenbach 1843 [¼Aulacorthum pelargonii (Kaltenbach 1843)]
Comments This nominate subgenus is defined by apterous viviparous f with spinulose antennal tubercles having their inner sides parallel. It comprises of 42 species and 2 subspecies including a new species and a subspecies described herein. A. Key to the species – apterous viviparous f 1. Siphunculus usually slightly swollen, or rather stout with mesial side gently convex (Figure 1A)...... 2 Siphunculus subcylindrical, not swollen (Figure 1B) ...... 4 2. Siphunculus black; cauda not constricted...... 3 Siphunculus usually pale, dark at apex (Figure 1C); cauda slightly constricted at distal half (Figure 1D); ultimate rostral segment 1.20–1.30x as long as hind second tarsal segments ...... magnoliae (Essig and Kuwana) 3. Abdominal tergites with small but distinct antesiphuncular sclerites (Figure 1E); most specimens with a pair of spinal tubercles on dorsum of head (Figure 1F); processus terminalis of antennal segment VI 4.32–4.53x as long as base of the terminal segment ...... nipponicum (Essig and Kuwana) Abdominal tergites without antesiphuncular sclerites; specimens without spi-
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 nal tubercles on dorsum of head; processus terminalis of antennal segment VI 4.68–5.50x as long as base of the terminal segment ...... myriopteroni Zhang 4. Abdominal tergites wholly pigmented (Figure 5A)...... 5 Abdominal tergites pale or pigmented marginally...... 6 5. Siphunculus slender (Figures 2G, 3E), 0.22–0.27x of that of body; antennae 1.37–1.47x as long as body, setae on antennal segments very short, 0.13–0.33x as long as basal diameter of the segment; metathorax to abdominal tergites I–V with a longitudinal, narrow and irregular pale band (Figure 3A)...... mediapallidum sp. nov. Siphunculus slightly stout (Figures 4F, 5E), 0.20–0.26x as that of body; antennae 0.90–1.17x as long as body; setae on antennal segments slightly long, 0.50–0.70x as long as basal diameter of the segment; without pale band on metathorax and abdominal tergites I–V...... vaccinii longipilum subsp. nov. Oriental Insects 23
6. Antennal segment III with less than 10 secondary rhinaria ...... 7 Antennal segment III with 26–36 secondary rhinaria (Figure 1G); siphuncu- lus evenly dark brown, cylindrical with distal 1/6 with slight attenuation (Figure 1H)...... rubifoliae (Shinji) 7. Abdominal tergites conspicuously wrinkled and more distinct laterally (Figure 1I) ...... 8 Abdominal tergites smooth or only slightly wrinkled...... 9 8. Siphunculus wholly dark brown, very slender and long (Figure 1J); processus terminalis 6.17–6.36x as long as base of the terminal segment; antennal segment III with 7–9 secondary rhinaria ...... vandenbashi Hille Ris Lambers Siphunculus dark brown only at apex, the rest pale, somewhat short (Figure 1K); processus terminalis 4.53x as long as base of the terminal segment; antennal segment III with 3–5 secondary rhinaria...... cirsicola (Takahashi) 9. Median front slightly developed, front shallowly ‘W’-shaped; length of setae on hind tibiae 0.40–0.56x as long as the middle width of the segment ...... takahashi (Mason) Median front undeveloped, front distinctly ‘U’-shaped; length of setae on hind tibiae 1.10–2.00x as long as the middle width of the segment...... 10 10. Siphunculus 0.11x as long as body (Figure 1M); intersegmental sclerites distinct; length of setae on antennal segment III 0.31–0.42x as long as the Table 1. Biometric data of Aulacorthum (Aulacorthum) mediapallidum sp. nov., and Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) oligospinosum sp. nov.
A. (Aulacorthum) A. (Neomyzus) mediapallidum oligospinosum sp. nov. sp. nov. Apterous Apterous viviparous viviparous Character females (n ¼ 8) females (n ¼ 8)
Length (mm) Body length 2.20 (2.03–2.37) 2.68 (2.33–3.03) Body width 1.10 (1.03–1.16) 1.54 (1.49–1.59) Ant.I 0.16 (0.15–0.17) 0.165 (0.16–0.17) Ant.II 0.08 (0.06–0.10) 0.037 (0.036–0.038) Ant.III 0.68 (0.64–0.72) 0.715 (0.70–0.73) Ant.IV 0.53 (0.47–0.58) 0.83 (0.79–0.87) Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 Ant.V 0.48 (0.39–0.57) 0.60 (0.57–0.62) Ant.VIb 0.18 (0.16–0.19) 0.165 (0.15–0.18) PT 0.84 (0.76–0.91) 0.94 (0.91–0.97) URS 0.13 (0.12–0.14) 0.12 (0.11–0.13) BW URS 0.05 (0.04–0.06) 0.07 (0.06–0.08) Hind femur 0.90 (0.83–0.96) 1.15 (1.09–1.21) Hind tibia 1.60 (1.43–1.78) 2.14 (2.02–2.26) H.t.II 0.11 (0.10–0.12) 0.14 (0.13–0.15) Siphunculus 0.53 (0.50–0.55) 0.51 (0.49–0.52) BW SIPH 0.09 (0.08–0.10) 0.10 (0.09–0.11) DW SIPH 0.45 (0.04–0.05) 0.55 (0.05–0.06) Cauda 0.20 (0.17–0.24) 0.30 (0.27–0.33) BW Cauda 0.12 (0.10–0.14) 0.15 (0.12–0.18) b.d.III 0.035 (0.03–0.04) 0.038 (0.035–0.040)
(continued ) 24 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
Table 1. Continued.
A. (Aulacorthum) A. (Neomyzus) mediapallidum oligospinosum sp. nov. sp. nov. Apterous Apterous viviparous viviparous Character females (n ¼ 8) females (n ¼ 8)
MW Hind tibia 0.03 (0.02–0.04) 0.055 (0.05–0.06) Cephical setae 0.010 (0.007–0.012) 0.035 (0.03–0.04) Setae on Ant.III 0.009 (0.005–0.012) 0.015 (0.01–0.02) Setae on Tergum VIII 0.025 (0.02–0.03) 0.04 (0.03–0.05) Setae on Hind tibia 0.028 (0.025–0.03) 0.041 (0.037–0.044) Ratio Whole antennae/Body 1.42 (1.37–1.47) 1.23 (1.10–1.36) Hind femur/Ant.III 1.33 (1.21–1.44) 1.46 (1.38–1.53) Hind tibia/Body 0.77 (0.70–0.83) 0.80 (0.76–0.84) PT/Ant.VIb 4.79 (4.15–5.44) 5.59 (5.34–5.83) URS/BW URS 2.65 (2.48–2.83) 1.80 (1.53–2.08) URS/H.t.II 1.20 (1.06–1.34) 0.85 (0.77–0.93) Cauda/BW Cauda 1.88 (1.40–2.35) 2.04 (1.88–2.20) Cephalic setae/b.d.III 0.46 (0.25–0.67) 0.82 (0.63–1.00) Setae on Ant.III/b.d.III 0.23 (0.13–0.33) 0.36 (0.29–0.43) Setae on Tergum VIII/b.d.III 0.73 (0.53–0.92) 1.15 (0.93–1.36) Setae on hind tibia/MW Hind tibia 0.69 (0.50–0.87) 0.77 (0.67–0.86)
Table 2. Biometric data of Aulacorthum (Aulacorthum) vaccinii longipilum subsp. nov.
Apterous viviparous females (n ¼ 6)
Part Mean Range
Length (mm) Body length 1.96 1.64–2.28 Body width 1.00 0.94–1.06 Ant.I 0.14 0.12–0.15 Ant.II 0.075 0.07–0.08 Ant.III 0.48 0.46–0.50 Ant.IV 0.35 0.31–0.38 Ant.V 0.29 0.27–0.30 Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 Ant.VIb 0.125 0.12–0.13 PT 0.47 0.42–0.52 URS 0.11 0.10–0.11 BW URS 0.06 0.05–0.07 Hind femur 0.73 0.69–0.76 Hind tibiae 1.35 1.21–1.48 H.t.II 0.11 0.10–0.11 Siphunculus 0.44 0.42–0.46 BW SIPH 0.09 0.08–0.10 DW SIPH 0.045 0.04–0.05 Cauda 0.16 0.13–0.19 BW Cauda 0.13 0.11–0.15 b.d.III 0.030 0.025–0.034 MW Hind tibia 0.045 0.04–0.05
(continued ) Oriental Insects 25
Table 2. Continued.
Apterous viviparous females (n ¼ 6)
Part Mean Range
Cephical setae 0.0042 0.040–0.044 Setae on Ant.III 0.0019 0.017–0.020 Setae on Tergum VIII 0.04 0.03–0.05 Setae on Hind tibia 0.04 0.03–0.05 Ratio Whole antennae/Body 1.04 0.90–1.17 Hind femur/Ant.III 1.49 1.44–1.54 Hind tibia/Body 0.68 0.58–0.77 PT/Ant.VIb 3.74 3.27–4.20 URS/BW URS 1.92 1.70–2.14 URS/H.t.II 1.05 1.00–1.10 Cauda/BW Cauda 1.88 1.30–2.46 Cephalic setae/b.d.III 1.55 1.40–1.70 Setae on Ant.III/b.d.III 0.60 0.50–0.70 Setae on Tergum VIII/b.d.III 1.25 1.07–1.42 Setae on hind tibia/MW Hind tibiae 1.02 0.83–1.20 Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015
Figure 1. Part of characters of apterous viviparous females of Aulacorthum: A, siphunculus of A. myriopteroni, B, siphunculus of A. solani, C, siphunculus of A. magnoliae, D, cauda of A. magnoliae, E, antesiphuncular sclerites and siphunculus of A. nipponicum, F, head of A. nipponicum, G, antennal segments I–III of A. rubifoliae, H, siphunculus of A. rubifoliae,I, wrinkles on abdominal tergites of A. cirsicola, J, siphunculus of A. vandenboschi,K, siphunculus of A. cirsicola, L, cauda of A. takahashii, M, siphunculus of A. euphorbophagum. Scale bars – 0.10 mm. 26 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
Figure 2. Aulacorthum mediapallidum sp. nov., apterous viviparous female: A, dorsal view (left) and ventral view of head (right); B, antennal segments I–III; C, antennal segments IV–V, D, antennal segment VI; E, ultimate rostral segment; F, mesosternal furca; G, siphunculus; H, cauda. Scale bars – 0.10 mm. Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015
Figure 3. Aulacorthum mediapallidum sp. nov., apterous viviparous female: A, dorsal view of body; B, dorsal view of head; C, antennal segments I–VI; D, ultimate rostral segment; E, siphunculus; F, cauda. Scale bars – 0.10 mm. Oriental Insects 27
Figure 4. Aulacorthum vaccinii longipilum subsp. nov., apterous viviparous female: A, dorsal view (left) and ventral view of head (right); B, antennal segments I–III; C, antennal segments IV–VI; D, ultimate rostral segment; E, mesosternal furca; F, siphunculus; G, cauda. Scale bars – 0.10 mm.
basal width of the segment; on Euphorbia pekinensis ...... euphorbophagum Zhang Siphunculus 0.22–0.27x as long as body; intersegmental sclerites indistinct; length of setae on antennal segment III 0.10–0.21x as long as the basal width of the segment; on various plants ...... solani (Kaltenbach) Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015
B. Descriptions of species 1. Aulacorthum cirsicola (Takahashi) Macrosiphum cirsicola Takahashi 1923: 10
Specimen examined One apterous viviparous f, China: Taiwan, Taihoku City, 25. iv. 1922, No. Y7951, on Cirsium maackii, R.Takahashi.
Distribution China (Taiwan), Japan, Korea and Eastern Siberia. 28 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
Host plants Cirsium maackii, Arctium lappa, Petasites tricholobus and Tussilago spp. (Tao 1999); Cirsium achantarense, C. japonicum, C. japonicum var. ussuriense, C. kamtschaticum, C. pendulum, and C. spicatum (Miyazaki 1971).
Biology Monoecious holocyclic, feeding on upper surface of leaves and stems of Cirsium spp., and other plants of Compositae (Arctium, Petasites, Tussilago).
2. Aulacorthum euphorbophagum Zhang et al. Aulacorthum euphorbophagum Zhang et al. 1999: 351
Specimens examined Three apterous viviparous f and two alate viviparous f (holotype and paratypes), China: Gansu Province: Min County, 18. vi. 1986, No. 8486, on Euphorbia pekinensis, G.X. Zhang.
Distribution China (Gansu).
Host plants Euphorbia pekinensis.
Biology On under surface of leaves or young stems of Euphorbia pekinensis.
3. Aulacorthum magnoliae (Essig and Kuwana) Amphorophora magnoliae Essig and Kuwana 1918: 59; Takahashi 1923: 86 Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015
Specimens examined One alate viviparous f, China: Sichuan Province: Chengdu City, 24. iii. 2005, No. 17004-1(-1-1), on Camellia sinensis, X.L. Huang; 4 apterous viviparous f, China: Sichuan Province: Yanbian County, 12. iv. 2005, No. 17131(2 slides), host plants unknown, X.L. Huang; 1 apterous viviparous f and 1 apterous nymph, China: Sichuan Province: Yanbian County, 12. iv. 2005, No. 17138-1-1, on a plant of Rosaceae, X.L. Huang; 2 apterous viviparous f and 2 apterous nymphs, China: Sichuan Province: Yanbian County, 11.iv. 2005, No. 17129-1-1, host plants unknown, X.L. Huang; 6 apterous viviparous f, China: Yunnan Province: Lijiang City, 24. v. 1980, No. 7153 (3 slides), on Rubia cordifolia, T.S. Zhong and L.Y. Wang; 2 apterous viviparous f, China: Yunnan Province: Jianchuan County, 8. v. 2006, No. 18709-1-1, on Castanea mollissima, X.L. Huang; 1 apterous viviparous f, Oriental Insects 29
China: Yunnan Province: Lijiang City, 24. v. 1980, No.7150, on Forsythia suspensa, T.S. Zhong and L.Y. Wang; 1 apterous viviparous f, China: Hainan Province: Diaoluoshan Mountain, 13. xiii. 2007, No. 20855-1(-1-1), on Rubus corchorifolius, X.Y. Wang; 1 apterous viviparous f and 1 alate viviparous f, China: Guizhou Province: Guiyang City, 30. iv. 1980, No.Y1982-1-2, on Sambucus willamsii, Z.F. Wang; 6 apterous viviparous f, China: Liaoning Province: Benxi City, 29. vi. 1984, No. Y4974 (2 slides), on Sambucus willamsii, G.X. Zhang and L.J. Liu.
Distribution China (Liaoning, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan); Japan; Korea and Russia.
Host plants Aceraceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Bignoniaceae, Brassicaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Celastraceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cornaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Iridaceae, Lauraceae, Liliaceae, Lythraceae, Magnoliaceae, Malvaceae, Myrsinaceae, Oleaceae, Orchidaceae, Passifloraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Staphyleaceae, Theaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Ulmaceae and Verbenaceae (Holman 2009).
Biology Polyphagous, infesting mainly on leaves or stems of plants in over 40 different families. Apparently almost entirely anholocyclic, but holocyclic was reported in Japan (Takahashi 1923; Matsuka and Imanishi 1982).
4. Aulacorthum (Aulacorthum) mediapallidum sp. nov. Description Apterous viviparous females Measurements (in mm): body 2.03–2.37 mm long, 1.03–1.16 mm. General measure- ments see Table 1. Body elongate oval (Figure 3A), Mounted specimens dark brown. Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015
Mounted specimens Head. Anterior part of head, median frons and antennal tubercles dark brown, the rest brown. Head spinulous ventrally and dorsally with a smooth area postero- mesially (Figures 2A, 3B); middle frontal tubercle only slightly prominent, antennal tubercles developed, slightly diverging roundly at the upper of inner sides, frons extremely shallow W-shaped. Dorsal setae of head very short, fine with slightly acuminate to incrassate apices; head with a pair of cephalic setae and incrassate apices, and two pairs of antennal tubercles’ setae; two pairs of dorsal setae between antennae, arranged longitudinally and two pairs of dorsal setae between eyes, arranged transversely. Cephalic setae about as long as dorsal setae, 0.007–0.012 mm long, 0.25–0.67x as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III. Eyes normal. Antennae 6-segmented, antennal segments I and II, distal part of antennal segments 30 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
III–V, base of antennal segment VI and 1/3 basal part of processus terminalis dark brown, the rest brown, segment I and inner margin of segment II with spinules, segments III–VI imbricated, ones on basal half of segment III weak (Figures 2B–D, 3C), 1.37–1.47x as long as body, length in proportion of segments I–VI: 22–26, 10– 15, 100, 67–84, 63–79, 24–28 þ 112–124, processus terminalis 4.15–5.44x as long as basal part of the segment. Antennal setae very short and blunt, segments I–VI each with 4–5, 3 or 4, 10–12, 11 or 12, 7–9, 3 þ 3 setae, respectively; apical part of processus terminalis with three setae, length of setae on segment III 0.005–0.012 mm, and 0.13–0.33x as long as basal diameter of the segment. Primary rhinaria ciliated, and segment III with 2–5 small round secondary rhinaria on basal 1/3–1/2 portion. Rostrum long, ultimate rostral segment wedge-shaped, apex dark brown, the rest brown, reaching between middle and hind coxae (Figures 2E, 3D), 2.48–2.83x as long as its basal width, 1.06–1.34x as long as second hind tarsal segments, with three pairs of primary and two pairs of secondary setae.
Thorax. Thoracic dorsum dark brown interrupted by pale bands in between pro- and meso-, and meso- and metathoracic segments, sometimes pale band between meso- and metathoracic segments indistinct. Thoracic dorsum wrinkled. Venter with transverse spinulous stripes. Mesosternal furca with short stems (Figure 2F). Pronotum with one pair each of spinal, pleural and marginal setae; mesonotum with 8–10 spinal, 10–12 pleural and 6–8 marginal setae; and metanotum with 6–8 spinal, 2–4 pleural and 4–6 marginal setae. Legs long, coxae, distal parts of femora and tibiae, tarsi dark brown, the rest brown, coxae and sclerotic areas of femora with spinules and tibiae and tarsi smooth. Hind femora 1.21–1.44x as long as antennal segment III, hind tibiae 0.70–0.83x as long as body, setae on legs slightly long with acute apices, and length of setae on hind tibiae 0.025–0.03 mm, 0.50–0.87x as long as middle diameter of the segment. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 3, 3, 3.
Abdomen. Abdominal tergites wrinkled, posterior area of siphunculi, tergites VII and VIII with spinules. Venter with spinulous transverse stripes. Abdominal tergites I-VII or VIII completely fused to one shield, and dark brown, except metathorax to abdominal tergites I–V with a longitudinal, narrow and irregular pale band, with fairly distinct and extremely narrow membranous sutures between abdominal
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 tergites V and VI, VI and VII. Intersegmental sclerites brown. Spiracles nephroid, spiracle plate dark brown and slightly prominent. Dorsal setae of body short and slightly acute, tergites I–VI each with 2 or 3, 2, 2, 2–4, 2, 2 spinal setae, and 6, 6–8, 8, 8, 8, 10 marginal setae, respectively. Tergites VII and VIII each with 4 setae. Length of marginal setae on tergite I 0.0025–0.0049 mm, spinal setae on tergite VIII 0.02– 0.03 mm long, 0.07–0.17x and 0.53–0.92x as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III, respectively. Siphunculi brown, 1/4 basal part and extremely apex dark brown, middle part pale brown; cylindrical, widest at base; spinulous imbrications, with 1 or 2 rows of striae under developed flange (Figures 2G, 3E), 0.22–0.27x as long as body, 5.12–6.18x as long as its basal width, and 2.19–2.59x as long as cauda. Cauda brown, conical, blunt on apex and not constricted (Figures 2H, 3F), and 1.53–2.35x its basal width, with 6 or 7 setae. Anal plate brown, transverse oval with 10–12 setae. Genital plate brown, broadly rounded with 9 or 10 posterior and 2 anterior setae. Oriental Insects 31
Comments The individuals of A. mediapallidum sp. nov., colonise young stem of its host plant. In the general body shapes and the totally pigmented black tergites of apterous viviparous f, it is similar to A. vaccini from which it differs by (1) metanotum to abdominal tergites I–V with a longitudinal, narrow and irregular pale and membranous sutures (A. vaccinii: without the sutures); (2) processus terminalis 4.15–5.44x as long as base of the terminal segment (A. vaccinii: processus terminalis about 3x as long as base of the terminal segment); (3) ultimate rostral segment 1.06–1.34x as long as second hind tarsal segments (A. vaccinii, ultimate rostral segment as long as second hind tarsal segment); (4) antennae longer than body, 1.37–1.47x as long as body (A. vaccinii: antennae shorter than body, 0.80–0.90x as long as body); and (5) siphunculus slender and longer than that of A. vaccinii, 0.50–0.54 mm long, and without a slight attenuation in their distal 1/6 (A. vaccinii: stout and about 0.37 mm, with a slight attenuation in their distal 1/6) (Hille Ris Lambers 1952). Further, A. mediapallidum sp. nov., resembles A. vaccinii paruvlum, but distinctly differs from it in metanotum to abdominal tergites I–V with a longitudinal, narrow and irregular pale and membranous sutures (A. vaccinii paruvlum has a fairly distinct membranous suture between abdominal tergites V/VI and VI/VII).
Types Holotype apterous viviparous f, China: Beijing City, Miyun County, N40.54 , E116.82 , Alt. 154 m, 14. v. 2005, No. 16184, a kind of plant of Compositae, J.H. Huang; paratypes 6 apterous viviparous f, with same data as holotype; 1 apterous viviparous f, China: Beijing, Xiaolongmen Forestry Centre, 13. viii. 2007, No. 20300- 1-1, host plants unknown, Brian Garms.
Etymology The species name is composed of ‘media’ (middle) and ‘pallidum’ (pale); it is named so for its metanotum to abdominal tergites I–V with a longitudinal, narrow and irregular pale band.
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 Distribution China (Beijing).
Host plant A kind of plant of Compositae.
Biology Infesting under surface of leaves or young stems.
5. Aulacorthum myriopteroni (Zhang) Acyrthosiphon myriopteroni Zhang in Zhang and Zhong 1980: 216 32 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
Specimens examined Thirteen apterous viviparous f and four alate viviparous f (holotype and paratypes), China: Yunnan Province: Menglun County, 14. vii. 1964, No. 4934-1-1, on Myriopteron extensum, B.L. Zhang; two apterous viviparous f, China: Taiwan, Taibei City, 16. ii. 1935, No.Y7952, on Paederia scandens, Takahashi R.
Distribution China (Yunnan, Taiwan).
Host plants Myriopteron extensum (Asclepiadaceae) and Paederia scandens.
Biology On the under surface of leaves or stems.
6. Aulacorthum nipponicum (Essig and Kuwana) Macrosiphum nipponicum Essig and Kuwana 1918: 48 Macrosiphum paederiae Takahashi 1921: 11
Specimens examined One apterous viviparous f and one alate viviparous f, China: Sichuan Province: Yaan City, 21. iv. 1991, No. 1008-1(-1-1), on Metaplexis japonica, T.S. Zhong; two apterous viviparous f and four apterous nymphs, China: Hunan Province: Changsha City, 21. x. 1985, No. 8289-1-1, on Paederia scandens, G.X. Zhang; two apterous viviparous f, China: Hainan Province: Ledong County, Jianfengling National Forest Park, 20. v. 2009, No. 22276-1-1, host plants unknown, L.H. Dang; 3 apterous viviparous f, China: Hainan Province: Ledong County, Jianfengling National Forest Park, 26. iii. 2008, No. 20941 (two slides), host plants unknown, L.Y. Jiang; three alate viviparous f and two alatoid nymphs and 17 apterous viviparous f, China: Hainan Province: Xinglong County, 18. iii. 1963, No. 4466 (3 slides), host plants unknown, T.S. Zhong; one alate viviparous f, China: Guangxi Province: Xingan County, 27. v. 2006, Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 No. 18984-1-1, host plants unknown, J.F. Wang; two apterous viviparous f and five apterous nymphs, China: Guangxi Province: Napo County, 11. iv. 1998, No. 11791 (2 slides), host plants unknown, G.X. Qiao; 11 apterous viviparous f and one apterous nymph and one alatoid nymph, China: Hubei Province: Zigui County, 9. vi. 1993, No. 10800 (10 slides), host plants unknown, J.Y. and X.K. Yang; 10 alatoid nymphs and one alate viviparous f, China: Hubei Province: Badong Three Gorge, 15. v. 1994, No. 10804 (5 slides), host plants unknown, J. Yao; one alate viviparous f and three apterous viviparous f, China: Guizhou Province: Guiyang City, 28. v. 1981, No. Y 2147-1-1, on Paederia scandens, Z.F. Wang.
Distribution China (Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan); India; Japan; Indonesia; Korea and Thailand. Oriental Insects 33
Host plants Metaplexis japonica, Paederia chinensis, Paederia scandens; Paederia foetida (Raychaudhuri 1980); Paederia scandens mairei, Paederia scandens maritima, (Miyazaki 1971); Lasianthus cyanocarpus (Tao 1999); Paederia tomentosa (Takahashi 1965); Polygonum sp. (Ghosh 1986); Prunus sp. (Raychaudhuri 1973); Sechium edule (Raychaudhuri 1978a); and Tithonia tageteoides (Raychaudhuri 1978b).
Biology On leaves and stems of host plants in Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Indonesia, Korea, NE India and Thailand), anholocyclic in Taiwan, monoecious, holocyclic near Tokyo with oviparous and alate males in late October (Takahashi 1923, as Macrosiphum paederiae).
7. Aulacorthum rubifoliae (Shinji) Macrosiphum rubifoliae Shinji 1922: 737; Shinji 1941: 881 Macrosiphum rubifoliae (?) Shinji: Miyazaki 1971: 208(?) 52–69; Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers 1976: 264 nomen dubium; Remaudiere and Remaudiere 1997: 116 nomen dubium
Comments Aulacorthum rubifoliae is transferred to Aulacorthum, which was originally in Macrosiphum as nomen dubium (Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers 1976; Remaudiere and Remaudiere 1997). The morphological and biology descriptions of Macrosiphum rubifoliae Shinji (1922) and specimens were examined and concluded that it is under Aulacorthum as a valid species (Zhang and Zhong 1985; Zhang et al. 1992).
Specimens examined Three apterous viviparous f, China: Yunnan Province: Lijiang City, 23. v. 1980, No. 7146-1-2, on Rubia cordifolia, T.S. Zhong and L.Y. Wang; four oviparous f, two apterous viviparous f, 16 alatoid nymphs and 38 apterous nymphs, China: Beijing, Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 16. x. 1956, No. 297 (five slides), on Rubia cordifolia, G.X. Meng.
Distribution China (Beijing, Yunnan) and Japan.
Host plants Rubia cordifolia and Rubia akane (Miyazaki 1971).
Biology On under surface of leaves and young stems. 34 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
8. Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) Acyrthosiphon (Aulacorthum) solani Kaltenbach 1843: 15
Specimens examined One alate viviparous f and two apterous oviparous f, China: Liaoning Province: Shenyang City, 9. x. 1982, No. Y2961 (two slides), on Koelreuteria paniculata, unknown; two apterous viviparous f, China: Liaoning Province: Shenyang City, 12. v. 1984, No. Y4989, on Cephalanoplos segetum, F.G. He; two apterous viviparous f, China: Liaoning Province: Xiuyan County, 25. viii. 2005, No. 18008, on Glycine max, G.X. Qiao and X.L. Huang; four apterous viviparous f, China: Liaoning Province: Benxi City, 21. v. 1984, No. Y 5002 (two slides), on Metaplexis japonica, L.J. Li and F.G. He; 4 alate viviparous f, China: Liaoning Province: Shenyang City, 8. vi. 1981, No. Y3169 (two slides), host plants unknown, unknown; two alate viviparous f, China: Zhejiang Province: Tianmushan Mountain, 12. v. 1975, No. 5683, on Debregeasia orientalis, G.X. Zhang and T.S. Zhong; one apterous viviparous f, China: Fujian Province: Jiangle County, 16. iv. 1991, No. 10056, a plant of Rosaceae, W.Y. Zhang; one alate viviparous f and three apterous viviparous f, China: Fujian Province: Wuyi Mountain, 25. iv. 2004, No. 14808 (two slides), on Macleaya cordata, K. Guo; two apterous viviparous f, China: Heilongjiang Province: Suifenhe City, 2005. vii. 31, host plants unknown, J.Y. Yang and L.Y. Jiang; one alate viviparous f and one apterous viviparous f, China: Anhui Province: Yuexi County, 21. viii. 2007, No. 20192, on Macleaya cordata, J.J. Yu; two apterous viviparous f, China: Anhui Province: Yuexi County, 21. vii. 2007, No. 20193, on Sonchus asper, J.J. Yu; two apterous viviparous f, China: Anhui Province: Yuexi County, 29. vii. 2007, No. 20249, on Macleaya cordata, J.J. Yu; one apterous viviparous f, China: Hunan Province: Jishou City, 29. vi. 2003, No. 14360, on Swertia bimaculata, Y.D. Jiang; four apterous viviparous f, China: Hunan Province Lilin County, 7. viii. 2008, No. 21731 (2 slides), on Macleaya cordata, X.M. Su.
Distribution Cosmopolitan.
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 Host plants Aceraceae, Alismataceae, Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araceae, Araliaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Aspleniaceae, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Berberidaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Cannaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Celastraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cornaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Fumariaceae, Gentianaceae, Geraniaceae, Graminaceae, Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Hypericaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Magnoliaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Myricaceae, Onagraceae, Orchidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae, Papilionaceae, Plantaginaceae, Primulaceae, Pinaceae, Polemoniaceae, Ranunculaceae;, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Rosaceae, Saxifragaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, Verbenaceae and Violaceae (Holman 2009). Oriental Insects 35
Biology This species is monoecious, holocyclic, with apterous and rarely alate males and with the unusual ability to go through the sexual phase on many plants. Commonly anholocyclic in glasshouses during mid summer. Populations occur with particular host associations, some of which are persistent. It is regarded as a pest in glasshouses and serves as a vector of over 45 plant viruses (Chan et al. 1991).
9. Aulacorthum takahashii (Mason) Amphorophora takahashii Mason 1925: 67 Acythosiphon takahashii (Mason) Takahashi 1931: 65
Specimens examined Three apterous viviparous f and five alate viviparous f, China: Hunan Province: Zhangjiajie City, 12. x. 1988, No. 8956 (three slides), host plants unknown, T.S. Zhong and W.Y. Zhang.
Distribution China (Hunan, Taiwan) and Japan.
Host plant Pollia japonica (Tao 1999).
Biology On under surface of leaves.
10. Aulacorthum vandenboschi Hille Ris Lambers Aulacorthum vandenboschi Hille Ris Lambers 1967: 132
Specimens examined
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 Four apterous viviparous f, China: Fujian Province: Wuyi Mountain, 21. iv. 1982, No. 7507 (two slides), on Cirsium japonicum (Asteraceae), T.S. Zhong; two alate viviparous f, China: Fujian Province: Wuyi Mountain, 26. iv. 1982, No. 7522-1-1, on Cirsium (Asteraceae) sp., T.S. Zhong; one apterous viviparous f, China: Guizhou Province: Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve, 8. vi. 2010, No. 24577-1-1, host plants unknown, X.M. Su.
Distribution China (Fujian, Guizhou) and Japan.
Host plants Cirsium japonicum and Cirsium spp. 36 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
Biology On under surface of leaves of Cirsium spp.
11. Aulacorthum vaccinii longipilum subsp. nov. Description Apterous viviparous females Measurements (in mm): Body 1.64–2.28 mm long, 0.94–1.06 mm wide. General measurements see Table 2. Body elongate oval (Figure 5A), nymphs white, and adults dark brown when alive. Mounted specimens dark brown.
Mounted specimens Head. Anterior and marginal part of head, middle frons and antennal tubercles dark brown, the rest pale brown. Head smooth except near compound eyes and the basal part of antennal tubercles with spinules, venter spinulous. Median frontal tubercle conspicuous, antennal tubercles developed, slightly rounded converging towards upper side of inner aspect, frons shallow W-shaped (Figures 4A, 5B). Head with a pair of cephalic setae with incrassate apices, and two pairs of antennal tubercles’ setae, two pairs of dorsal setae between antennae arranged longitudinally, and two pairs of dorsal setae between compound eyes arranged transversely. Dorsal setae on head long, fine with slightly acuminate apices, cephalic setae 0.04–0.044 mm, and dorsal setae 0.03–0.04 mm, 1.40–1.70x and 1.00–1.50x as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III, respectively. Eyes large with distinct ocular tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, pale, antennal segment I with spinules, inner margin of segment II with sparse spinules, antennal segments III–VI imbricated (Figures 4B, C, 5C), 0.90–1.17x as long as body, length in proportion of segments I–VI: 26–32, 14–17 100, 638–79, 57–65, 26–27 þ 85–112, and processus terminalis 3.27–4.20x as long as basal part of the segment. Antennal setae moderately long, with incrassate apices, segments I–VI each with 6 or 7, 4, 14–16, 10–12, 5–7, 3 þ 3 setae, respectively, apical part of processus terminalis with three setae, length of setae on segment III 0.017– 0.020 mm, and 0.50–0.70x as long as basal diameter of the segment. Primary rhinaria ciliated, and segment III with 1–3 small round secondary rhinaria on basal 1/4–1/2 portion. Rostrum long, ultimate rostral segment wedge-shaped, apex dark brown,
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 the rest brown, reaching between middle and hind coxae (Figures 4D, 5D), ultimate rostral segment 1.70–2.14x as long as its basal width, and 1.00–1.10x as long as second hind tarsal segments, with three pairs of primary setae and two pairs of secondary setae.
Thorax. Thoracic dorsum dark brown interrupted by pale bands in between pro-and meso, and meso- and metathoracic segments, pale band between meso-and metathoracic segments sometimes indistinct. Pro- and mesonotum wrinkled, metanotum smooth. Venter with spinulous transverse stripes. Mesosternal furca with short stems (Figure 4E). Dorsal setae on thorax very short, and with slightly acute apices. Pronotum with one pair each of spinal, pleural and marginal setae, mesonotum with two spinal, four pleural and four marginal setae; metanotum with two spinal, two pleural and four marginal setae, and marginal setae longer than Oriental Insects 37
Figure 5. Aulacorthum vaccinii longipilum subsp.nov., apterous viviparous female: A, dorsal view of body; B, dorsal view of head; C, antennal segments I–VI; D, ultimate rostral segment; E, siphunculus; F, cauda. Scale bars – 0.10 mm.
spinal and pleural setae. Legs long, coxae, distal parts of femora and tibiae, tarsi dark brown, the rest brown, coxae and sclerotic areas of femora with spinules, and tibiae second hind tarsal segments smooth. Hind femora 1.44–1.54x as long as antennal segment III, hind tibiae 0.58–0.77x as long as body, setae on legs long with
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 acute apices, length of setae on hind tibiae 0.03–0.05 mm, and 0.83–1.20x as long as middle diameter of the segment. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 3, 3, 3.
Abdomen. Abdominal tergites smooth, posterior area of siphunculi, and tergites VII and VIII with spinules. Venter with spinulous transverse stripes. Abdominal tergites dark brown, with fairly distinct, extremely narrow membranous sutures between abdominal tergites V and VI, VI and VII, and siphunculi pale anteriorly. Intersegmental sclerties brown. Spiracles nephroid, spiracular plate dark brown and slightly prominent. Dorsal setae of body short and slightly acute. Tergites I–VI each with two spinal setae, and with 2, 4, 4 4, 4 marginal setae, respectively. Setae on tergites VI–VIII longer than those on anterior tergites. Tergites VII and VIII each with four setae. Length of marginal setae on tergite I 0.015–0.032 mm, and spinal setae on tergite VIII 0.03–0.05 mm long, 0.67–1.30x and 1.07–1.42x as long 38 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
as basal diameter of antennal segment III, respectively. Siphunculi brown with apex dark brown; cylindrical, widest at base, with a slight attenuation in distal 1/6, and spinulous imbrications, and with 2 or 3 rows of striae under the developed flange (Figures 4F, 5E), 0.20–0.26 x as long as body, 4.05–5.00x as long as its basal width, and 2.41–3.15x as long as cauda. Cauda dark brown, broadly conical, and its apex blunt and not constricted (Figures 4G, 5F), 1.30–2.48x its basal width, and with six setae. Anal plate dark brown, transverse, ovate, and with 8–10 setae. Genital plate brown, broadly rounded, and with 12 or 13 posterior and two anterior setae.
Comments It is very near to A. vaccinii vaccinii and A. vaccinii parvulum, but differs in (1) setae on antennal segments distinctly longer than those on antennal segment III 0.017–0.020 mm long, and 0.50–0.70x as long as basal diameter of the segment (A. vaccinii: 0.008 mm long); A. vaccinii parvulum resembles A. vaccinii vaccinii); (2) body larger 1.64–2.28 mm long (A. vaccinii vaccinii: 1.50–2.10 mm long; A.vaccinii parvulum smaller to A. vaccinii vaccinii, and much smaller than A. vaccinii longipilum); and (3) with extremely narrow membranous sutures between abdominal tergites V and VI, VI and VII (A. vaccinii vaccinii without this, but A. vaccinii parvulum similar). Other morphological characters agree remarkably well with A. vaccinii vaccinii and A. vaccinii parvulum (Hille Ris Lambers 1952).
Types Holotype apterous viviparous f, China: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Wuquan Mountain (N49.08 , E120.56 , Alt. 695 m), 16. viii. 2005, No. 17910-1-1, host plants unknown, J.Y. Yang; paratypes four apterous viviparous f, No. 17910-1- 2, with same collection data as holotype; one apterous viviparous f, China: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Wuquan Mountain, 16. viii. 2005, No. 17917-1-1, a kind of plant of Labiatae, L.Y. Jiang.
Etymology
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 The species name is composed of ‘longi’ (long) and ‘pilum’ (seta), and derived from its flagella and head with long setae.
Distribution China (Inner Mongolia – Wuquan Mountain).
Host plant A kind of plant of Labiatae.
Biology Individuals infest under surface of leaves and are attended by ants. Oriental Insects 39
II. Subgenus Neomyzus van der Goot Neomyzus van der Goot 1915: 7 Type species: Siphonophora circumflexum Buckton 1876
Comments This subgenus is distinct from other two subgenera in the dorsum of body usually with distinct, dark brown markings in patches. Hille Ris Lambers (1947, 1949) though considered Neomyzus as a subgenus of Aulacorthum, was uncertain of its rank. It is represented by 11 species (subspecies) worldwide, including a new species described herein; and distributed mainly in eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions. A. Key to the species – only those included herein – apterous viviparous females 1. Abdominal tergites wholly dark brown, without horseshoe-shaped patch; antennae 1.32x as long as body, processus terminalis 5.65x as long as basal part of the segment ...... convolvulicola Zhang Abdominal tergites with distinct horseshoe-shaped patch or various dark markings dorsally ...... 2. 2. Abdominal tergites with distinct horseshoe-shaped patch (Figure 6A) ...... 3 Abdominal tergites with various dark markings dorsally and cuticle more or less distinctly reticulate (Figure 6B); processus terminalis 3.84x as long as basal part of the segment; antennal segment III with 0–2 secondary rhinaria ...... taiwanum Takahashi 3. Processus terminalis 5.34–5.83x as long as base of the segment; antennal segment III with 1–5 secondary rhinaria ...... oligospinosum sp.nov. Processus terminalis 3.97–4.46x as long as base of the segment; antennal segment III with 0–2 secondary rhinaria ...... circumflexum (Buckton)
B. Descriptions of species 1. Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexum (Buckton) (Figure 6A,B) Siphonophora circumflexa Buckton 1876: 130 Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 Specimens examined Five apterous viviparous f, China: Yunnan Province: Kunming City, 15. ii. 1960, No. 4097-1-1, on Physalis alkekengi, Y.F. Han; two apterous nymphs and 26 apterous viviparous f, China: Liaoning Province: Shenyang City, 4. iii. 1981, No. Y2110 (6 slides), on Michelia alba, Z.T. Xu; five apterous viviparous f, China: Hunan Province: Dayong City, 12. x. 1988, No. 8946 (two slides), on Alyxia levinei, T.S. Zhong and W.Y. Zhang; 2 apterous viviparous f, China: Tibet: Yadong County, 23. viii. 2005, No. 16490-1-1, host plants unknown, J.F.Wang.
Distribution China (Liaoning, Tibet, Yunnan, Hunan, Taiwan); India; Japan; Denmark; Bhutan and virtually cosmopolitan. Probably of eastern Palaearctic origin (Heie 1994). 40 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
Figure 6. Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) circumflexum, apterous viviparous female: A, dorsal body patches; Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) taiwanum, apterous viviparous f: B, dorsal body patches (a part of reticulations shown). Scale bars – 0.10 mm.
Host plants Acanthaceae, Adiantaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Araceae, Aspleniaceae, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Bixaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cannaceae, Crassulaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Gentianaceae, Gymnosperm (Pinus kesiya), Hippocastanaceae, Liliaceae, Magnoliaceae, Malvaceae, Maranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae and Urticaceae (Holman 2009).
Biology It is anholocyclic and extremely polyphagous, feeding on many species of monocots and dicots, and even ferns and conifers (Reddy et al. 1978). In temperate climate it is found especially in glasshouses and on house plants. Alatae seem to be rather rare, and sexual morphs are not recorded. Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015
2. Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) convolvulicola Zhang Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) convolvulicola Zhang in Zhang et al. 1992: 156
Specimens examined Two apterous viviparous f and two alate viviparous f (holotype and paratypes), China: Hunan Province: Changsha City, 11. x. 1985, No. 8292-1-1-3, on a plant of Convolvulaceae, G.X. Zhang.
Distribution China (Hunan). Oriental Insects 41
Host plant A plant of Convolvulaceae.
Biology Infesting the under surface of leaves.
3. Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) oligospinosum sp. nov. (Table 1, Figures 7, 8) Description Apterous viviparous females Measurements (in mm): body 2.33–3.03 mm long, 1.49–1.59 mm wide. General measurements see Table 1. Body wide ovate (Figure 8A), nymphs pale yellow, adults yellow with brown spinal patch when alive. Mounted specimen pale brown, and with a large horseshoe-shaped pattern on abdominal dorsum (with opening of horseshoe towards thorax).
Mounted specimen Head. Brown, spinulous ventrally, smooth dorsally except top-right part of compound eyes with sparse spinules, median frontal tubercle hardly prominent, Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015
Figure 7. Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) oligospinosum sp. nov., apterous viviparous female: A, dorsal view (left) and ventral view of head (right); B, antennal segments I–III; C, antennal segments IV–V; D, antennal segment VI; E, ultimate rostral segment; F, mesosternal furca; G, siphunculus; H, cauda. Scale bars – 0.10 mm. 42 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
Figure 8. Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) oligospinosum sp. nov., apterous viviparous female: A, dorsal view of body; B, dorsal view of head; C, antennal segments I–VI; D, ultimate rostral segment; E, siphunculus; F, cauda; G, genital plate. Scale bars – 0.10 mm.
frontal tubercles developed with wrinkles, slightly converging and rounded at inner sides (Figures 7A, 8B). Head with a pair of cephalic setae and two pairs of antennal tubercles’ setae, two pairs of dorsal setae between antennae arranged longitudinally, and two pairs of dorsal setae between compound eyes arranged transversely. Dorsal setae on head thin, long and with acute apices, length of cephalic setae 0.03–0.04 mm, dorsal setae 0.03–0.05 mm long, and 0.63–1.00x and 0.86–1.25x as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III, respectively. Eyes large with distinct ocular Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 tubercles. Antennae 6-segmented, segments I and II brown, flagellum pale, outside margin of the base of segment I with sparse spinules, inner margin of segment II and base of segment III with spinules, the rest of the segment and segments IV–VI imbricate, ones on segment III weak (Figures 7B–D, 8C), 1.10–1.36x as long as body, length in proportion of segments I–VI: 20–21, 12–14, 100, 72–76, 58–60, 19–22 þ 115– 116, and processus terminalis 5.34–5.83x as long as basal part of the terminal segment. Antennal setae moderately long and acute, segments I–VI each with 10–12, 5 or 6, 20– 22, 15 or 16, 7, 2 þ 3 setae, respectively, apical part of processus terminalis with three setae; length of setae on segment III 0.010–0.02 mm, and 0.29–0.43x as long as basal diameter of the segment. Primary rhinaria small, rounded and ciliated, segment III with 1–5 secondary rhinaria confined to 1/6–1/2 portion. Rostrum short, ultimate rostral segment wedge-shaped, apex brown, reaching between middle and hind coxae (Figures 7E, 8D); ultimate rostral segment 1.53–2.08x as long as its basal width, Oriental Insects 43
0.77–0.93x as long as the second hind tarsal segments, with three pairs of primary setae and two pairs of secondary setae.
Thorax. Thoracic dorsum pale with wrinkles which become more distinct laterad, mesothorax with a brown cross band, sometimes only with marginal sclerites. Venter with spinulous transverse stripes. Mesosternal furca with two connected stems (Figure 7F). Pronotum with a pair each of spinal, pleural and marginal setae, mesonotum and metanotum with 2, 2 spinal, 2, 4 pleural and 2, 4–6 marginal setae, respectively. Legs long, distal part of femora and tibiae and tarsi brown, coxae and the sclerotic area of hind femora with sparse spinulose imbrications, and second hind tarsal segments smooth. Hind femora 1.38–1.53x as long as antennal segment III, and hind tibiae 0.76–0.84x as long as body. Setae on legs long, stout with acute apices, length of setae on hind tibiae 0.037–0.044 mm, and 0.67–0.86 x as long as middle diameter of the segment. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 3, 3, 3. Nymphs with hind tibiae smooth.
Abdomen. Abdominal dorsum pale brown, with wrinkles, tergites VII and VIII with spinulous transverse stripes, tergites I–V with a horseshoe-shaped dorsal patch interrupted by sporadic pleural windows, sometimes dorsal patches developed or undeveloped with a narrow or broad longitudinal and irregular pale area, and marginal sclerites, and large post siphuncular sclerites ornamented with spinulose imbrications, and tergite VIII with a brown band. Venter with transverse spinulous stripe. Intersegmental sclerites brown. Spiracles nephroid and closed, and spiracular plates brown and slightly prominent. Body dorsal setae slightly long and acute, tergites I–VII each with 4 or 5, 6–8, 4–6, 7 or 8, 5–7, 6–8 spinal setae, and 4–6, 6, 4 or 5, 6–8, 5 or 6, 4 or 5 marginal setae, respectively. Tergite VIII with two spinal and four pleural setae. Length of marginal setae on tergite I 0.02–0.04 mm, spinal setae on tergite VIII 0.03–0.05 mm long, 0.64–1.07x and 0.93–1.36x as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III, respectively. Siphunculi cylindrical, slightly tapering, distal 1/6 of siphunculi smooth, the rest with spinulous imbrications, with 1 or 2 more or less visible rows of striae under the flange (Figures 7G, 8E), 0.17–0.21x as long as body, 4.16–5.30x as long as its basal width, and 1.61–1.80x as long as cauda. Cauda with elongate tongue and blunt apex, spinulous (Figures 7H, 8F), and
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 1.88–2.20x as long as its basal width with 5five-7 to seven setae. Anal plate transverse, oval, and distal part slightly pointed, with spinulous transverse stripes and seven or eight setae. Genital plate broadly round, brown, posterior part with spinulous transverse stripes (Figure 8G), and with 11 or 12 posterior and seven or eight anterior setae.
Comments It resembles A. (Neomyzus) circumflexum in the abdominal dorsal patch. However, it is distinguished by the following: (1) head with dorsum smooth except near compound eyes (head dorsum with spinules in A. circumflexum); (2) rostrum short, ultimate rostral segment 0.77–0.93x as long as second hind tarsal segments (1.22– 1.53x as long as second hind tarsal segment in A. circumflexum); (3) processus terminalis 5.34–5.83x as long as basal part of the terminal segment (3.97–4.46x as 44 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
long as basal part of the terminal segment in A. circumflexum); and (4) siphunculus wholly dark brown, with one or two striae under flange (siphunculus only dark brown at apex, with two or three rows striae under flange in A. circumflexum).
Types Holotype apterous viviparous f, China: Inner Mongolia (Oroqen County, N50.66 , E39.93 , Alt. 472 m), 13. viii. 2005, No. 17877-1(-1-1), host plant unknown, J.Y. Yang and L.Y. Jiang; paratypes six apterous viviparous f, No. 17877-1(-1-2), with data same as holotype.
Etymology The species name is composed of ‘oligos’ (few) and ‘spinosum’ (spine), and is after its head dorsum with sparse spinules.
Distribution China (Inner Mongolia – Oroqen County).
Host plant Unidentified plant.
Biology Infesting under surface of leaves, and the leaves appear quite normal but for yellow speckles and a slightly widened irregular border (Figure 9).
4. Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) taiwanum (Takahashi) Amphorophora taiwanum Takahashi 1924: 39
Distribution
Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 China (Fujian, Taiwan).
Host plants Caulis sinomenii and Codonopsis javanica japonica (Tao 1963).
Biology Colonising under surface of leaves and young stems.
III. Subgenus Perillaphis Takahashi Perillaphis Takahashi 1965: 99 Type species: Macrosiphum perillae Shinji 1924 Oriental Insects 45
Figure 9. Aulacorthum (Neomyzus) oligospinosum sp. nov., small colonies on host plant.
Comments This subgenus is distinguished from other two subgenera in their body dorsal setae stout, long and with blunt apices. Zhang in Zhang and Zhong (1980) described Cryptaphis siniperillae from Perilla frutescens in Zhenjiang Province, China. Remaudiere and Remaudiere (1997) placed it in Aulacorthum as A.(Perillaphis) siniperillae. Thus, two species, namely A. (Perillaphis) perillae and A.(Perillaphis) siniperillae, are known worldwide and distributed in China, Japan, India and Korea (Remaudiere and Remaudiere 1997). Blackman and Eastop (2006) proposed A. (Perillaphis) siniperillae possibly as a junior synonym of A. (Perillaphis) perillae. Taking into account A. (Perillaphis) perillae redescribed by Takahashi in 1965, and holotype and paratypes of Perillaphis siniperillae studied by us, we support this view, and subgenus here includes a lone species, namely A. (Perillaphis) perillae. Downloaded by [National Science Library] at 23:56 01 April 2015 A. Description of species 1. Aulacorthum (Perillaphis) perillae (Shinji) Acyrthosiphum perillae Takahashi 1931: 64
Specimens examined Four apterous viviparous f (holotype and paratypes), China: Zhejiang Province: Hangzhou City, 28. v. 1975, No. 5846, on Perilla frutescens, G.X. Zhang.
Distribution China (Sichuan, Zhejiang, Taiwan), India, Japan and Korea. 46 X.-M. Su and G.-X. Qiao
Host plant Perilla frutescens.
Biology On under surface of leaves of Perilla frutescens.
Acknowledgements The authors are deeply indebted to Prof. David Voegtlin (Illinois Natural History Survey Section for Ecological Entomology, National Soybean Research Center) for his help in the literature, to Mrs C. P. Liu and Mrs F.D. Yang for helping in making slides. The work was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant No. 30830017, 30970391), National Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (No. 31025024), National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research (No.J0930004), a grant (No. O529YX5105) from the Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (MOST GRANT No. 2006FY110500).
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