Initial Environmental Examination
Project number: 48409-002 May 2021
Cambodia: Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project Rehabilitation of Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil irrigations subprojects in Takeo province
Prepared by the loan consulting firms for the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology and the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of May 2021)
Currency Unit = Riel/s (KR) KR1.00 = 0.00025 $ 1.00 = KR 4,052
ABBREVIATIONS
AC - Agricultural Cooperative ADB - Asian Development Bank CFAVCP - Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project EA - executive agency EIA - environmental impacts assessment EMP - environmental management plan ESO - environmental safeguards officer RGC - Royal Government of Cambodia JICA - Japan International Cooperation Agency IA - implementation agency IEE - initial environment examination IEIA - initial environmental impact assessment IPM - integrated pest management IWR - irrigation water requirement MAFF - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MEF - Ministry of Economy and Finance MOE - Ministry of Environment MOU - memorandum of understanding MOWRAM - Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology O&M - operation and maintenance PDAFF - Provincial Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries PDWRAM - Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology PIC - project implementation consultants PPIU - provincial project implementation unit PPTA - project preparatory technical assistance SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement TOR - terms of reference
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
km - kilometer kg - kilogram ha - hectare
NOTE In this report, “$” refers to United States Dollars
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS ...... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iv List of Tables ...... vi List of Figures ...... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... viii A. Background ...... viii B. Project Output ...... viii C. Initial Environmental Examination Report ...... ix D. Description of the Sub-project ...... x E. Description of the Environment ...... xi F. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... xi G. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ...... xi H. Mitigation Measures ...... xii I. Environmental Management Plan ...... xii I. INTRODUCTION ...... 14 1.1 Irrigation Sub-Project Locations ...... 14 1.2 Background of Irrigation Sub-projects ...... 14 II. LEGAL AND ADDMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 15 2.1 ADB Environmental Requirements...... 15 2.2 Public Disclosure ...... 16 2.3 Cambodian Environmental Laws and Guidelines ...... 16 2.3.1 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management ...... 16 2.3.2 Sub-decree Environmental Impact Assessment Process ...... 16 2.3.3 Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers ...... 17 2.3.4 Law on Water Resource Management ...... 18 2.3.5 Sub-decree Water Pollution Control ...... 18 2.3.6 Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control ...... 20 2.3.7 Sub-decree on Solid Waste Management ...... 21 2.3.8 Integrated Pest Management Program ...... 21 2.3.9 Environmental, Health and Safety Guideline...... 21 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB-PROJECTS ...... 23 3.1 Sub-project Locations ...... 23 3.1.1 Prey Kdouch Irrigation Sub-project ...... 23 3.1.2 Kraing Empil Irrigation Sub-project...... 23 3.2 Existing Irrigation Sub-project Situation ...... 23 3.2.1 Prey Kdouch Irrigation Sub-project ...... 23 3.2.2 Prey Kdouch Hydraulic Structure ...... 24 3.2.3 Kraing Empil Irrigation Sub-project...... 28 3.2.4 Kraing Empil Hydraulic Structures ...... 28 3.3 Need for the Sub-project ...... 31 3.4 Cropping Calendar and Areas Planted ...... 32 3.4.1 Cropping Calendar for Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil...... 32
iv 3.5 Sub-project Irrigation Infrastructure ...... 34 3.5.1 Prey Kdouch ...... 34 3.5.1.1 Prey Kdouch Hydraulic Structure...... 35 3.5.2 Kraing Empil Irrigation Infrastructure ...... 36 3.5.2.1 Kraing Empil Irrigation Canal ...... 36 3.5.2.2 Kraing Empil Hydraulic Structure ...... 38 3.6 Irrigation Schemes After Rehabilitation ...... 39 3.6.1 Prey Kdouch Irrigation Sub-project ...... 39 3.6.2 Kraing Empil Irrigation Sub-project...... 39 IV. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 40 4.1 Situation in Takeo Province ...... 40 4.2 Physical Resources ...... 40 4.2.1 Climatic Condition ...... 40 4.2.2 Topography and Soils ...... 41 4.2.3 Location and Geography ...... 42 4.2.4 Seismology ...... 43 4.2.5 Air Quality and Noise ...... 44 4.2.6 Surface Water Quality ...... 44 4.2.7 Surface Water Resources ...... 44 4.2.8 Land Use and Vegetation ...... 45 4.3 Biological Resources ...... 47 4.3.1 Protected Areas ...... 47 4.3.2 Flora and Fauna Wildlife Species ...... 49 4.3.3 Aquatic ecosystem ...... 49 4.3.4 Cultural resources ...... 51 4.4 Socio-Economic Resources ...... 51 4.4.1 Demography ...... 51 4.4.2 Potential Beneficiaries ...... 52 4.4.3 Cropping Pattern ...... 52 4.4.4 Main Occupational of Livelihood ...... 53 4.4.5 Wealth and Poverty ...... 54 4.4.6 Use of fertilizers and pesticides...... 54 V. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 55 VI. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 56 6.1 Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits ...... 56 6.2 Environmental Measures during Pre-Construction Phase ...... 56 6.3 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase ...... 57 6.4 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase ...... 60 6.5 Unanticipated Impacts during Construction and Operation...... 60 VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 61 VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 63 8.1 Proposed Mechanism ...... 63 8.2 GRM Procedure and Timeframe ...... 63 IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 65 9.1 Introduction ...... 65 9.2 Responsibilities for Implementation ...... 65
v 9.3 Summary of Potential Impacts ...... 66 9.4 Summary of Management and Monitoring Cost ...... 66 9.5 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting ...... 77 9.6 Reporting ...... 79 9.7 Training Program and Institutional Capacity Review and Needs ...... 79 X. CONCLUSION, ASSURANCES AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 80 10.1 Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits ...... 80 10.2 Negative Impact ...... 80 10.3 Assurances ...... 81
LIST OF ANNEXES ...... 82 Annex 1: REA CHECK LIST ...... 83 Annex 2: LIST OF PARTICIPANT AT MEETING, MINUTE OF MEETING AND PHOTOS ...... 91
List of Tables
Table 1: List of projects requiring an IEIA or EIA ...... 17 Table 2: Public water quality standard for biodiversity conservation ...... 19 Table 3: Drinking water standards ...... 19 Table 4: Ambient air quality standards ...... 20 Table 5: Maximum permitted noise level in public and residential area (dBA) ...... 20 Table 6: Existing Prey Kdouch irrigation infrastructure ...... 24 Table 7: Hydraulic structures of Prey Kdouch irrigation scheme ...... 24 Table 8: Existing Kraing Empil infrastructure ...... 28 Table 9: Hydraulic structures of Kraing Empil irrigation sub-project ...... 28 Table 10: Total beneficiaries for Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-projects ...... 31 Table 11: Irrigation infrastructure construction for Prey Kdouch ...... 36 Table 12: Irrigation Infrastructure to be constructed for Kraing Empil ...... 38 Table 13: Soil analysis in Kamkak district ...... 41 Table 14: Takeo Province geopolitical information ...... 43 Table 15: Land use in Trapeang Kranhoung commune ...... 46 Table 16: Land-use and land productivity in Trapeang Kranhoung commune ...... 47 Table 17: Summary tree survey along Prey Kdouch and Kraing Ampil irrigation systems ...... 49 Table 18: Fish commonly caught in the subproject areas ...... 50 Table 19: Total population in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tramkak district, Takeo Province . 51 Table 20: Potential beneficiaries in Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-project areas ...... 52 Table 21: Work tasks performed by men and women (by village) ...... 53 Table 22: Poverty situation in the villages by heads of households ...... 54 Table 23: GHG emissions from rice paddy ...... 55 Table 24: Comments and concerns of the local residents and authorities (Prey Kdouch Scheme) 61 Table 25: Comments and concerns of the local residents and authorities (Kraing Empil Scheme)62 Table 26: Sub-project cost estimates: EMP and monitoring ...... 66 Table 27: EMP abbreviations ...... 66 Table 28: Environmental management plan ...... 67
vi Table 29: Environmental monitoring plan ...... 77 Table 30: Reporting requirements ...... 79 Table 31: Training requirements ...... 79
List of Figures
Figure 1: Location of irrigation sub-projects in Takeo Province ...... 26 Figure 2: Current layout map of Prey Kdouch irrigation sub-project ...... 27 Figure 3: Current layout map of Kraing Empil irrigation system ...... 30 Figure 4: Crop seasonal calendar in Kraing Empil sub-project area ...... 32 Figure 5: Layout map of the Prey Kdouch irrigation system ...... 33 Figure 6: Typical section of Prey Kdouch canal ...... 34 Figure 7: Typical section of designed SC1 of Prey Kdouch ...... 35 Figure 8: Typical section of Prey Kdouch design SC1 ...... 35 Figure 9: Layout map of the Kraing Empil irrigation system ...... 37 Figure 10: Typical section of the Kraing Empil design SC ...... 38 Figure 11: Average monthly rainfall and temperature in Tram Kak district, Takeo Province ...... 40 Figure 12: Average rainfall distribution in Takeo Province ...... 41 Figure 13: Map of soils in the main rice growing area of Cambodia ...... 42 Figure 14: Shallow-depth earthquakes in Southeast Asia ...... 43 Figure 15: Natural features of Prey Kdouch reservoir and associated catchment ...... 44 Figure 16: Natural features of the Kraing Empil reservoir and associated catchment ...... 45 Figure 17: Cambodia Natural Protected areas ...... 48 Figure 18: Location of Wat Prey Kdouch ...... 51 Figure 19: Cropping pattern for Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil ...... 53 Figure 20: Crop seasonal calendar in Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-project area ...... 53 Figure 21: Grievance Redress Procedure ...... 64
vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A. Background
1. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) in coordination with the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) and the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) is implementing an Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded “Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains (CFAVC)” sector project aimed at improving the competitiveness of agricultural value chains in Kampong Cham, Tboung Khmum, Kampot and Takeo provinces. The project focuses on enhancing the climate resilience of critical agriculture infrastructure and facilitating commercialization of rice, maize, cassava, and mango production.
2. The project aims to increase crop productivity and diversification; improve the capacity for storage, processing, and quality and safety testing; and promote the use of solar and bioenergy. It also plans to strengthen technical and institutional capacity for climate smart agriculture and create an enabling policy environment for climate-friendly agribusinesses. The above interventions will make a significant contribution to promoting long-term environmental sustainability and enhance profitability for farmers and agribusinesses. The project interventions are expected to address key constraints in the Cambodian agriculture sector and make a significant contribution to improve agricultural productivity, climate resilience, quality and safety, value addition and rural household (HH) incomes. The expected outcome of the project is development of productive and resource efficient agribusiness value chains in the project areas.
3. The project is financed by the ADB, Green Climate Fund and directly by the Kingdom of Cambodia and beneficiary farmers from the CFAVC area. It responds to the government’s strategy to support implementation of the national Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan, 2014−2018 and the Industrial Development Policy, 2015−2025 aimed at improving the competitiveness of agricultural value chains in in Kampong Cham and Tboung Khmum provinces along the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) southern economic corridor, and Kampot and Takeo provinces along the south coastal economic corridor of Cambodia. Expected project impacts are enhanced productivity, climate resilience, quality and safety, value addition and rural HH incomes.
B. Project Output
4. The CFAVC project has three key outputs:
(i) Output 1: Critical agribusiness value chain infrastructure improved and made climate resilient. This output bridges gaps in infrastructure to enhance the competitiveness of the value chains of rice, maize, cassava, and mango in target provinces. It involves rehabilitation and modernization of rural infrastructure to increase production and resource efficiency, reduce postharvest losses, and enhance quality and value chain links while reducing green-house gas emissions and increasing climate resilience. (ii) Output 2: Climate-smart agriculture and agribusiness promoted. The project will support the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute to produce, multiply, and distribute climate-resilient varieties of rice and maize and to improve weaning and acclimatization of mango and cassava. (iii) Output 3: Enabling environment for climate-friendly agribusiness enhanced. The project will support MAFF and the Ministry of Commerce in creating a favorable policy environment for agribusiness to mobilize the private sector participation through public-private partnerships and contract farming. The project will provide support for farm product certification, quality, and resilience standards, including Cambodia’s good agricultural practice and organic fertilizer standards. The project
viii will support cooperatives in becoming sustainable agribusiness ventures by linking up with the private sector and by establishing crop-centric public-private partnerships forums. The project will raise financial institutions’ awareness on green finance and the integration of environmental and climate risk screening criteria into credit application and reporting procedures. Using information and communications technology (ICT), the project will provide weather, market, and agronomic information to create an environment for more effective climate risk management. 5. Under Output 1, a long list of candidate sub-projects was developed during the course of the Project Preparation Technical Assistance (PPTA), and a range of selection criteria developed to identify preferred sub-projects to be covered by the project. The project is expected to be implemented over six years and will work in four provinces supporting 50 cooperatives out of a possible 158 or just under 30%.
6. The specifications of the proposed irrigation sub-project―which is two among other CFAVCP sub-projects―that is the subject to this IEE, comprise rehabilitating and modernizing critical infrastructure (i.e., small scale irrigation systems) in order to increase production, reduce post- harvest losses, monitor and enhance quality and value chain linkages.
7. The CFAVCP’s irrigation sub-projects will extend and increase the irrigated area by up to 750 ha (two irrigation sub-projects), and raise the livelihood opportunities for an estimated 24071 HH from Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tram Kak District, Takeo Province, where the irrigation schemes for this sub-project are located.
C. Initial Environmental Examination Report
8. Based on the ADB’s Rapid Environment Assessment Checklist, the project is classified as Category B, requiring the preparation of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report. The objectives of this IEE are to:
(i) Describe the existing natural and socioeconomic resources in and surrounding the project area; (ii) Identify and assess potential significant impacts based on existing environmental conditions including during project pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance (O&M) stages; (iii) Identify and recommend mitigation measures to minimize any potential impacts caused by project activities; (iv) Undertake public consultation to present sub-project environmental issues to project stakeholders and local people of the sub-project’s areas and to collect community concerns; and (v) Develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and an environmental monitoring plan with cost estimates during construction and operation stages to guide sub-project implementation. 9. This IEE focuses directly on Output 1 on irrigation and water catchment modernization and rehabilitation which are specifically supporting improvements to rice production and reduction of impacts of climate change to rice and community.
10. The IEE was prepared following the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) (2009), the 2003 ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, the ADB Environmental Guidelines for Selected Irrigation and Drainage Development Projects and relevant environmental policies and guidelines of the Government of Cambodia.
1 Feasibility Study Report of Irrigation Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TK-CW15.1 in province, January 2021.
ix 11. The CFAVCP is classified under SPS as Environment Category B. Such projects are judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, most of which occurs during the construction phase, but of lesser degree and/or significance than those for category A projects.
12. Since the sub-projects involve the refurbishment of existing irrigation schemes, and the command area expansion is below 5,000 ha, they do not require EIA under Government Sub- Decree No. 72 ANRK.BK and under Ministerial Declaration (Prakas) No. 021 on EIA Classification for Development project dated 03 February 2020. The Prakas advise that a sub-project will meet the requirement for MOE approval is its catchment area is from 1,000 ha to 5,000 ha. Therefore, the MOWRAM, as the project’s management unit (PMU), will only submit the IEE to ADB for approval.
13. The sub-project which is the subject of this IEE has been chosen using a set of selection criteria. Although these criteria did not include specific environmental impact issues, when applied, the criteria had the effect of selecting relatively straightforward schemes which do not pose significant environmental impacts. These were:
(i) Sub-projects should not cause involuntary resettlement and should require the least amount of land acquisition possible. Sub-projects should not be ADB Category A and should be a maximum of Category B for Involuntary Resettlement and Environment, and Category C for Indigenous Peoples. (ii) Irrigation systems have low irrigation efficiency and water productivity, and would have scope for substantial enhancement of both irrigation efficiency and water productivity; (iii) Sub-projects should involve only rehabilitation of existing system or related schemes and should not involve construction of new systems; (iv) Sub-projects should involve rehabilitation of both primary and secondary canals to ensure that water reaches the beneficiary farms; (v) Sub-projects should not already be funded under other ongoing or proposed projects financed by ADB or any other development partner; (vi) Should be consistent with MOWRAM’s priorities for rehabilitation of irrigation and decentralization; (vii) Should achieve the economic threshold limit of 12% for the economic internal rate of return; and (viii) Must have at least 40% female beneficiaries.
D. Description of the Sub-project
14. The irrigation sub-projects package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TEO-CW15.1 is located in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tramkak District, Takeo Province, a comprises two irrigation sub- projects: Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil.
15. Currently, the Prey Kdouch irrigation system has been sufficiently functional to provide irrigation to its limited command area to about 50% of the total command area of 550 ha. This irrigation water is used to supplement rainfall, and is limited to the wet season. The existing embankment of Prey Kdouch Reservoir has one (broken) main flood emergency outlet, head regulators (in poor condition), and (silted) main and secondary canals.
16. Kraing Empil irrigation system has not been functioning properly for several years, with local farmers reporting that only 20% of the total command area or less than 40 ha can be irrigated. This irrigation sub-project will provide for dry season irrigation and supplementary irrigation during the wet season (raising the cropped area to 200 has).
x E. Description of the Environment
17. Takeo Province covers as area of 3,563 m2 with population 899,485 persons and has an average temperature of 27.75 ºC. Takeo borders with Kampot and Kampong Speu provinces to the West, Kandal to the East and Vietnam to the South. Land use in the sub-project areas is agricultural, comprising actively farmed paddy fields and abandoned paddy fields.
18. The sub-projects in Takeo Province are not located within any biodiversity designated area or protected areas (PA) nor are known cultural sites present within the sub-project locations. Terrestrial vegetation is limited to some small invaluable trees, vegetation and shrub growth along reservoir embankments.
19. The two sub-projects are located in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tram Kak district, Takeo Province. Seven villages are expected to benefit from the sub-projects. The total beneficiary HH of the Kraing Empil sub-project is 410 HH and the expected beneficiary women-headed HH is 50 HH. Total beneficiary HH of the Prey Kdouch sub-project is 800 HH and the expected beneficiary women headed household is 136 HH.
F. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
20. During pre-construction: Issues related to project location encompass the rehabilitation of existing structures which includes designing the structures to maintain downstream flow, and avoiding obstruction of domesticated animals and access for people living around the canal system. Based on a field visit, some of existing irrigation infrastructures were not selected for rehabilitation due to potential environmental impacts.
21. During construction: The major issue during construction concerns EMP compliance, including off-farm and on-farm water management initiatives, ensuring site cleanliness, management of spoil from dam and reservoir rehabilitation, and protection of existing water quality and vegetation. Additionally, occupational and community health and safety (OCHS) needs to be assured, and measures to prevent and manage COVID-19 transmission are required. On the latter point the guidelines on prevention COVID-19 from the Ministry of Health and WHO should be followed. Detailed ADB guidance on COVID-19 prevention and management measures for civil works projects is also available at https://www.adb.org/publications/safety-well-being-workers- communities-covid-19
22. Post-construction: The main concern is the longevity of sub-project works, which requires a systematic approach to maintenance and management. This needs to be facilitated through effective ownership by water user groups and farmer water user communities (FWUCs) operating at the off-farm level. In addition, as the level of fertilizer and pesticide residues is expected to increase, there is the potential to harm water quality, public health, and ecosystem health.
G. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
23. Public consultation and information disclosure were conducted during project preparation based on the SPS requirement for obtain the views and ideas regarding development status, constraints and possible opportunities to resolve those constraints, and to reflect those in the EMP. This process is intended to improve the sub-project design, construction, safety; and to identify initiatives which will maximize beneficial outcomes of the sub-project in terms of improving grassroots livelihoods. Several meetings were conducted at different locations within the sub- project area involving provincial departments (e.g., PDWRAM/PIU, MOWRAM/PMU), sub-project staff (CS1/PIC social safeguard and environmental specialists, CS5 engineer, social safeguard and environmental specialists), and community stakeholders including commune chiefs and local farmers.
xi H. Mitigation Measures
24. During the pre-construction phase, anticipated impacts will be mitigated through good design and also through the rigorous application of social safeguards in the form of resettlement plans, which strictly follow SPS and Government of Cambodia policies.
25. Mitigation of construction phase impacts relies heavily on works contractors following specified measures intended to minimize noise nuisance, road accidents, pollution of air and water and soil erosion, inappropriate solid waste disposal and wastewater discharge, conflict between upstream and downstream water users, and worker safety and sanitation. The project’s provincial environmental safeguard focal points and construction supervision consultants are key to monitoring and ensuring contractor performance.
26. Post construction impact mitigation includes training/education for FWUCs on how to share available water and avoid conflicts around water use. Water distribution and water delivery schedules will be prepared and agreements made with regarding the amount of water that can be used. Impacts related to fertilizer use will be mitigated through improving local capacity, including delivery of training on the safe and effective use of fertilizer and pesticides.
I. Environmental Management Plan
27. This IEE includes an EMP where identified environmental impacts and mitigation measures are transformed into an implementation action plan. The plan includes methods of mitigation, responsibilities, indicators of progress, and frequency and nature of monitoring activities with cost estimates. The updated of IEE and EMP will be updated to reflect the detailed engineering design (DED).
28. The provisions of the updated EMP will be incorporated into tender documents and construction contracts.
xii I. INTRODUCTION
29. The Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains (CFAVC sector project will support the implementation of the government’s Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan, 2014−2018 and the Industrial Development Policy, 2015−2025 aimed at improving the competitiveness of agricultural value chains in Kampong Cham and Tboung Khmum provinces along the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS southern economic corridor, and Kampot and Takeo provinces along the south-coastal economic corridor. The project will boost the climate resilience of critical agricultural infrastructure and help commercialize rice, maize, cassava, and mango production. It will help increase crop productivity and diversification; improve the capacity for storage, processing, and quality and safety testing; and promote the use of solar and bioenergy. It will strengthen the technical and institutional capacity for Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and create an enabling policy environment for climate-friendly agribusinesses. This will in turn promote long term environmental sustainability and enhance the profitability for farmers and agribusinesses.
1.1 Irrigation Sub-Project Locations
30. The irrigation sub-projects package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TEO-CW15.1 is located in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tram Kak District, Takeo Province. This package comprises two irrigation sub-projects: Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil. These sub-projects are described as follows:
31. Prey Kdouch Irrigation Scheme. This sub-project is located in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tram Kak District, Takeo Province, about 110 km from Phnom Penh Municipality. Prey Kdouch Irrigation Scheme and reservoir were constructed in 1975 during Khmer Rouge regime.
32. Kraing Empil Irrigation Scheme. This sub-project is located Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tram Kak District, Takeo Province, about 110 km from Phnom Penh Municipality. Kraing Empil Irrigation and reservoir were built in 1976 during the Khmer Rouge regime.
1.2 Background of Irrigation Sub-projects
33. For over 20 years, these two schemes have not functioned effectively in providing irrigation water to their command areas. After rehabilitation, the reservoirs will supply water to the irrigation system during both dry and rainy seasons. It will enable farmers to produce a third cash crop, as well as supply water to the community for domestic use and for livestock.
34. The reservoirs are silted up and have inadequate depth to store water; in recent years the reservoirs dry out completely during the dry season. The reservoir catchments are incapable of providing sufficient irrigation water to the proposed command areas of the irrigation sub-projects. Existing canals and structures are also in poor condition and cannot control flow or capture sufficient water water to be useful for dry season irrigation. Further, there are also no drainage or flood control systems to address potential wet season flooding.
14 II. LEGAL AND ADDMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
35. Environmental Criteria and Standards: This initial environmental examination (IEE) has been prepared for package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TEO-CW15.1 in Takeo Province and covers comprises two irrigation sub-projects (i.e., Prey Kdouch, Krang Empil). It has been written to satisfy both ADB and relevant Cambodian environmental guidelines and regulations.
2.1 ADB Environmental Requirements
36. Safeguard Policy Statement, (SPS), 2009: On the basis of sub-project screening at the feasibility stage, using a Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist, the sub-projects were categorized as Environment Category B for which potential adverse environmental impacts can be readily mitigated. This consolidated IEE has been prepared under the provisions of SPS which sets out a number of requirements including: (i) project level grievance redress mechanism (GRM); (ii) physical cultural resources damage prevention analysis; (iii) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (iv) OCHS, including emergency preparedness and response; (v) economic displacement that is not part of land acquisition; (vii) meaningful consultation and participation, and information disclosure; and (viii) an EMP which comprises implementation schedule and measurable performance indicators.
37. Relevant ADB environmental policies and guidelines used in the preparation of this IEE are:
(i) SPS (2009), (ii) Operation Manual Bank Policies on SPS (2009), (iii) Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist (2016), (iv) Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003), and (v) Environmental Guideline for Selected Irrigation and Drainage Development Project. 38. Screening and Categorization: Early in project preparation, the environmental assessment process screens and categorizes proposed projects/sub-projects based on the significance of potential project impacts and risks. Screening and categorization are undertaken to (i) reflect the significance of potential impacts or risks that a project may present; (ii) identify the level of assessment and institutional resources required to implement safeguard measures; and (iii) determine disclosure requirements. A project’s safeguard category is determined by the category of its most sensitive component. This type of assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental and social impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project; the sensitivity, scale, nature, and magnitude of its potential impacts; and the availability of effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental and social impacts, and are assigned to one of the following four categories:
(i) Category A. Projects could have significant adverse impacts, requiring preparation of an environmental impacts assessment (EIA). (ii) Category B. Projects could have some adverse impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in Category A. For these type of projects and IEE report is prepared. (iii) Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed. (iv) Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all projects will result in insignificant impacts.
15 39. The REA checklist for this sub-project was completed and verified by a site visit. The main purpose of the site visit was:
(i) Assessment of the existing location and the surrounding environment and identify any sensitive areas and archaeological and historical sites in the sub-project area; sub-project location; (ii) Identify potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts of the irrigational works construction; (iii) Consultation with the officials and staff of Provincial Department of Agriculture, Provincial Department of Environment, Provincial Department of Water Resource and Meteorology, Provincial Department of Rural Development and local authorities (village chief and commune council) about the sub-projects; (iv) Consultation with communities affected by the sub-project, including immediate beneficiaries to determine their levels of involvement and to discuss environmental issues; and (v) Conduct social perception survey through key informant interviews with stakeholders.
2.2 Public Disclosure
40. ADB will post the below safeguard document on its website:
(i) Final or updated IEE and EMP upon approval, and (ii) Environmental monitoring reports submitted for the sub-project
41. Additionally, the project will disclose relevant information in accessible manner in local communities
2.3 Cambodian Environmental Laws and Guidelines
2.3.1 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management
42. The Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management was enacted by the National Assembly on 24 December 1996 and launched by the Preah Reach Kram/NS- RKM-1296/36. This law has the following objectives:
(i) Protect and promote environment quality and public health through prevention, reduction and control of pollution; (ii) Assess the environmental impacts of all proposed projects prior to the issuance of a decision by the government; (iii) Ensure the rational and sustainable conservation, development, management and use of the natural resources of Cambodia; (iv) Encourage and provide possibilities for the public to participate in environmental protection and natural resource management; and (v) Suppress any acts that cause harm to the environment.
43. Under this law the developers or project owners need to prepare an initial EIA or a full EIA report for their proposed or existing development projects.
2.3.2 Sub-decree Environmental Impact Assessment Process
44. Sub-Decree No. 72 ANRK.BK in the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment Process
16 dated 11 August 1999 sets out EIA procedures. The main objectives of this sub-decree are:
(i) Identify the required level of assessment for every private and public project or activity, through review by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), prior to submission for a decision from the government; (ii) Determine the type and size of the proposed project(s) and activities, including existing and ongoing activities in both private and public sector prior to undertaking the EIA process; and (iii) Encourage public participation in implementation of the EIA process and take into account their input and suggestions for consideration prior to commencing implementation of any project. 45. The Prakas on EIA classification for development project No. 021 PRK.BST, dated 3 February 2020, includes an annex with a schedule of developments which require an EIA. An excerpt for relevant industries is provided in Table 1.
Table 1: List of projects requiring an IEIA or EIA EIA Classification based on the scales of development No. Project Type projects Contract on Environment EIA IEIA Protection Agricultural Sector 1 Wetland and coastal areas All sizes 2 Dense forest business ≥ 500 ha < 500 ha 3 Forest land ≥ 500 ha < 500 ha 4 Agro-industrial farmland ≥ 500 ha < 500 ha 5 Concession forest ≥ 500 ha < 500 ha 6 Commercial fishing ports, except All sizes community fishing ports 7 Poultry farms ≥ 50.000 heads 5.000 - < 50.000 heads 8 Livestock farms ≥ 500 heads 100 - < 500 heads 9 Crocodile, tortoise and turtle farms ≥ 500 heads 100 - < 500 heads 10 Agriculture farms (fish, crabs, ≥ 10 ha 5 - < 10 ha shrimps, lobsters, ….etc) 11 Seaweed aquaculture ≥ 20 ha 5 - < 20 ha 12 Agro-industrial rehabilitation and ≥ 500 ha < 500 ha development 13 Slaughterhouse ≥100 heads/day 10 - < 100 heads/day 14 Agricultural fertilizer and pesticide ≥ 10.000 tons/year warehouse Water Resource Sector 1 Irrigation systems ≥ 5.000 ha 1.000 - < 50.000 ha Water Diversion system ≥ 5.000 ha 1.000 - < 50.000 ha Source: Prakas No. 021 on EIA classification for development project, February 2020
46. Since the sub-project involves the refurbishment of existing irrigation schemes for a command area of 687 ha, lower than the threshold of 5,000 ha and 1,000 ha, it does not require EIA under Cambodian law.
2.3.3 Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers
47. The Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers was enacted on 14 January
17 2012. This law has the following objectives:
(i) Support a policy promoting the effectiveness potentiality of agriculture sector, for the development of social and national economy; (ii) Ensure the safe and effective control of pesticides and fertilizers, whether in consistent with the international standards; (iii) Enhance public awareness on the implementation of standard requirements of pesticides and fertilizers for all relevant activities related to these products; and (iv) Reduce risks caused by the use of pesticides and fertilizers, for beneficiary of farmers and people in the nationwide, by ensuring food security, food safety, public health, and the sustainability of environment.
48. The scope of the law shall apply to the management and the implementation of standard requirements for:
(i) All type of pesticides and fertilizers, raw materials or active ingredients and other compositions of pesticides and fertilizers which are used as inputs in agricultural production; and (ii) All activities of natural persons or legal entities who are traders, formulators, pests control services operators, advertisers, donors, and users of all types of pesticides and fertilizers.
49. The EMP will detail that extension inputs to farmers involving increased pesticide and fertilizer use will specifically confirm to the law.
2.3.4 Law on Water Resource Management
50. The Law on Water Resources Management was adopted by the National Assembly on 22 May 2007. This law provides procedures for the management of water resources within Cambodia. The purpose of the law is to foster the effective management of the water resources of Cambodia to attain socioeconomic development and the welfare of communities. The law shall determine:
(i) Rights and obligations of water users; (ii) Fundamental principles of water resource management; (iii) Institutions in charge of its implementation and enforcement; and (iv) Participation of users and their associations in the sustainable development of water resources.
51. Under this law, the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology may declare any basin, sub-basin or aquifer as a Water Law Implementation Area when within that basin, sub-basin, ground water or aquifer are likely to face conflicts among water users, problems of water pollution or watershed degradation. During meetings with the Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM), no issues regarding conflict over water users associated with the sub-project or the catchment were identified. The EMP details the need for the sub-project to confer again with Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology and PDWRAM regarding the status of the catchment and basin project at the commencement of sub-project implementation.
2.3.5 Sub-decree Water Pollution Control
52. Sub-Decree No. 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control is dated 6 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate water pollution control in order to prevent and reduce pollution of public water so that the protection of human and environmental health can be ensured.
53. The sub-decree applies to all sources of pollution and all activities causing pollution of
18 public water areas. The sub-decree also stipulates pollution types, effluent standards, and water quality standards in different areas. Water quality standards are set out in the sub-decree for public water (Table 2). A key feature of the sub-decree is to designate responsibilities and obligations of the polluter (i.e. consistent with the polluter pays principle). The sub-decree applies to this sub- project.
Table 2: Public water quality standard for biodiversity conservation No. Parameter Unit Standard Value A. River 1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 BOD5 mg/l 1 – 10 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 25 – 100 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coli-form MPN/100ml < 5000 B. Lakes and Reservoirs 1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 COD mg/l 1 – 8 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 1 – 15 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.1 – 0.6 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.005 – 0.05 C. Coastal water 1 pH mg/l 7.0 – 8.3 2 COD mg/l 2 – 8 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2 – 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 5 Oil content mg/l 0 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.2 – 1.0 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.02 – 0.09 l = liter; mg = milligram; ml = milliliter Source: Government of Cambodia. 1999. Annex 4 of Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control.
54. Drinking Water Quality Standards: For well water used for domestic purposes, including drinking, the Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy Drinking Water Quality Standards of January 2004 is the evaluation standard. The Drinking Water Standard as shown in Table 3, then it can compare between general Standard Value and WHO Quality Standards with the following columns.
Table 3: Drinking water standards
Parameter Unit Standard Value WHO Guidelines
pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 - Turbidity NTU 5 - Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.012 Iron 0.03 - Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 800 -
2 Current analytical capacity in Cambodia is insufficient to measure this parameter at the resolution proposed by WHO for this guideline value.
19 Parameter Unit Standard Value WHO Guidelines
Chlorine mg/l 0.2-0.5 5 Copper mg/l 1 2 Sulphate mg/l 250 500 Nitrite mg/l 3 - Nitrate mg/l 50 50 Lead mg/l 0.01 0.01 Mercury mg/l 0.001 0.001 Coliform CFU/100ml 0 - Source: Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy 55. Solid Waste Management Sub-decree: The Sub-Decree No. 36 ANRK.BK on Solid Waste Management is dated 27 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate solid waste management in order to ensure the protection of human and environmental health.
56. This sub-decree applies to all activities related to disposal, storage, collection, transport, recycling, dumping of garbage and hazardous waste and will be applied to the extraction and management of spoil during construction.
2.3.6 Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control
57. The Sub-Decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance is dated 10 July 2000. Its purpose is to protect the quality of environment and public health from air pollutants and noise pollution (Tables 4 and 5). This sub-decree applies to all movable sources and immovable sources of air and noise pollution.
Table 4: Ambient air quality standards Period 1h Period 8h Period 24h Period 1year WHO Parameters Average Average Average Average Guideline mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 Carbon monoxide (CO) 40 20 - - - Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 0.3 - 0.1 - 0.2 (1-hour) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 0.5 - 0.3 0.1 0.02 (24-hours) Ozone (O3) 0.2 - - - 0.1 (8-hour) Lead (Pb) - - 0.005 - Total suspended - - 0.33 0.1 - particulate h = hours, m3 = cubic meters, mg = milligram Source: Government of Cambodia. 2000. Annex 1 of Sub-Decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance. Note: This standard applied to evaluation of ambient air quality and to monitoring of air pollution status.
Table 5: Maximum permitted noise level in public and residential area (dBA) National Standard/Period IFC-EHS Guidelines Locations 06:00 to 22:00 to Day Night 18:00 to 22:00 18:00 06:00 7.00-22.00 22.00-7.00 Silence Area (i) Hospital (ii) Library 40 40 35 55 50 (iii) School (iv) Nursery
20 National Standard/Period IFC-EHS Guidelines Locations 06:00 to 22:00 to Day Night 18:00 to 22:00 18:00 06:00 7.00-22.00 22.00-7.00 Resident Area − Hotel − Administration 60 50 45 55 45 Place − House Commercial, Services 70 65 50 70 70 Areas and mix Small industrial factories intermingling in residential 75 70 50 70 70 areas Source: Government of Cambodia. 2000. Annex 1 of Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance.
2.3.7 Sub-decree on Solid Waste Management
58. The Sub-Decree No. 36 ANRK.BK on Solid Waste Management is dated 27 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate solid waste management in order to ensure the protection of human health and the conservation of bio-diversity.
59. This sub-decree applies to all activities related to disposal, storage, collection, transport, recycling, dumping of garbage and hazardous waste and will be applied to the extraction and management of spoil during construction.
2.3.8 Integrated Pest Management Program
60. The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program in Cambodia was established in 1993. The overall goal of national IPM program is to promote food security in Cambodia by enhancing the sustainability of intensified crop production system through the promotion of integrated crop management skills at farm level. The objectives of this program are to:
(i) Reduce dependence on agricultural chemicals, especially pesticides, in agricultural production and to minimize hazards to human health, animals and environment; (ii) Develop the capacity of farmers and agricultural technical officers in conducting training and experiments so that they are able to identify problems occurring in agricultural production and find appropriate solutions to deal with problems by themselves; and (iii) Educate farmers on agricultural technology by enhancing their knowledge of field ecology and by developing skills among farmers in monitoring and analyzing field situations that enable them to manage crops properly.
61. At the national level the position of the IPM program was strengthened by a Prakas in July 2002, recognizing the national IPM program as coordinating body for all IPM related activities in Cambodia. The Prakas also established a steering committee and a deputy director to act as the national coordinator.
62. The EMP specifically states the need for any agricultural extension activities which promote or foster pest management programs to highlight the key messages and communicate the need for users to follow recommended application rates in the IPM program and use with care and caution.
2.3.9 Environmental, Health and Safety Guideline
63. SPS applies pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with
21 international good practice as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. In accordance with the specific SPS requirement pertaining to the project monitoring, the CFAVC project will apply the more stringent of national and international environmental quality standards or guidelines in monitoring sub-project air emissions and liquid discharges.
64. Additionally, MoH’s guideline on Covid-19 prevention and national guideline for infection prevention and control for healthcare facilities of Cambodia will be applied due to current situation of the COVID-19 outbreak.
65. Occupational and community health and safety, as laid out in the EHS guidelines, will be a cross-cutting assessment for the sub-projects.
22
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB-PROJECTS
3.1 Sub-project Locations
66. The irrigation sub-projects package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TEO-CW15.1 is located in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tramkak district, Takeo Province. This package comprises two irrigation sub-projects: Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil. These sub-projects are described as follow:
67. Prey Kdouch Irrigation Sub-project. This sub-project is located in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tramkak district, Takeo Province, about 110 km from Phnom Penh municipality (Figure 1). Prey Kdouch Irrigation Scheme and reservoir were constructed in 1975 during Khmer Rouge Regime.
68. Kraing Empil Irrigation Sub-project. This sub-project is located Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tramkak district, Takeo Province, about 110 km from Phnom Penh Municipality (Figure 1). The Kraing Empil irrigation and reservoir scheme was built in 1976 during the Khmer Rouge regime.
3.1.1 Prey Kdouch Irrigation Sub-project
69. Prey Kdouch irrigation scheme has had only minor repair and maintenance funded by JICA and a commune fund. This involved repairing the dam and a control structure but the reservoir and irrigation systems remain only marginally functional, serving about 50% of the total command area of 550 ha. Farmers use water to supplement irrigation during the wet season rice crop only.
70. Rainfall in the elevated upstream catchment of Phnom Chrouh Pring runs into Ou Kantuot before reaching the reservoir. At present, the embankment of Prey Kdouch reservoir has one main flood emergency outlet (broken), head regulators (in poor condition), and main canals and secondary canals (silted).
71. The reservoir embankment will need to be reconstructed, and irrigation structures strengthened and improved. From a technical point of view, construction of flood emergency spillway, and head regulators and gates and their canal system is necessary to reactivate the irrigation scheme and improve climate resiliency.
3.1.2 Kraing Empil Irrigation Sub-project
72. Kraing Empil irrigation scheme has only received partial repairs and maintainance, funded by the World Food Program and commune funds. Presently, the irrigation system does not function properly, in recent years serving only 20% of command area or less than 40 ha.
73. Rainfall in the Kraing Empil catchment called Phnum Koun Buon, runoff into Ou Krouch around 3 km away from the reservoir, and a reported spring water source fill the Kraing Empil reservoir. Kraing Empil represents an important opportunity for upgrading the irrigation scheme to provide irrigation during the dry season and supplementary irrigation during the wet season for the rice crop; extending the irrigated area to 200 ha.
3.2 Existing Irrigation Sub-project Situation
74. The two existing irrigation schemes are as follows:
3.2.1 Prey Kdouch Irrigation Sub-project
75. The Prey Kdouch reservoir covers about 62.50 ha and is roughly 1.5 m deep. The embankment is around 1,400 m long with most sections being eroded as shown in the following
23 photographs. The spillway is partially damaged and and does not function properly. Two head regulators work partially, and the water gates are damaged. The main canal is around 1,100 m long and is mostly silted and in need of rehabilitation, including vegetating the embankment slopes. Two secondary canals (SC1 and SC2) are around 5,950m long. The canals and associated structures are silted and damaged. Following dredging and repair the canals embankments need to be vegetated and a layer of laterite laid for farm roads running alongside. The two lines of tertiary canals total 1,730 m in length but are currently just embankments with no water depth in the canals. The irrigation scheme layout map with potential enlargement of command area is shown in Figure 2. The existing Prey Kdouch irrigation infrastructure is described in Table 6.
Table 6: Existing Prey Kdouch irrigation infrastructure Length, Sr.No. Description Unit Remarks m 1 Reservoir-1 1.1 Embankment Dam 1 1,400 Improve/ increase top embankment dam. 1.2 Spillway was completely damaged, need to Spillway 1 5 demolish and construct new 10 to 12 m long 1.3 Head Regulator/ Water 2 Need to be reconstructed Gates 2 Main Canal 2 1,100 Mostly damage and laterite pavement 3 Reservoir-2 3.1 Diversion Embankment 640 Improve/ increase top embankment dam
Dam 4 Secondary Canal 4.1 All silted, need to be rehabilitated and laterite Secondary Canal 1 (SC1) 1 2,900 laid on top of embankment 4.2 All silted, need to be rehabilitated and laterite Secondary Canal 2 (SC2) 1 3,050 laid on top of embankment 5 Tertiary Canal 5.1 290 Silted need to be reconstructed and grass R2-TC1L 1 sodding added 5.2 1,440 Silted need to be reconstructed and grass SC2-TC1L 1 sodding added
3.2.2 Prey Kdouch Hydraulic Structure
76. The existing Prey Kdouch hydraulic structures encompass 14 different locations, nearly all of which are damaged and unable to control water. These structures need to be demolished and replaced in order to control the water properly. In total, the Prey Kdouch irrigation scheme will involve construction of 59 structures (Table 7), with nearly 50% of structures conveying water from secondary and tertiary canals.
77. According to the design engineering team, four tail escape structures including two seconday channel tail escapes, and two tertiary channel tail escapes will also be constructed at the canal tails. Drain inlet are currently non-existent, and will need to be placed at proper locations to evacuate flood water from fields during heavy rain and before rice harvesting. Canal bank erosion protection is also being considered at bends in the canals. Bank protection will be constructed of stone masonry to protect against erosion when water is being conveyed through the canals.
Table 7: Hydraulic structures of Prey Kdouch irrigation scheme Canal Descriptions Unit QTY Remark
C-1 New Hydraulic Structure Construct spillway upstream of C-1-1 Spillway Unit 1 existing
24 Canal Descriptions Unit QTY Remark
C-1-2 Head Regulator/ Intake Unit 1 Replacement and slope protection C-1-3 Check Structure Unit 9 New structures and slope protection C-1-4 Turnout Unit 4 New structures and slope protection C-1-5 Field Inlet Unit 31 New structures and slope protection C-1-6 Terminal Structure/ Tail escape Unit 4 New structures and slope protection C-1-7 Road Crossing Unit 4 New structures and slope protection C-1-8 Drain Inlet Unit 2 New structures and slop protection Bank Protection (stone masonry at New structures and slope protection C-1-9 Unit 3 the canal angles) C-2 Demolished existing structures Pcs 14 Demolition of existing structures C-3 New FWUC Building Pcs 1 New office for FWUC
Current condition of Prey Kdouch irrigation scheme
Photo 1: Prey Kdouch Reservoir Embankment Photo 2: Part of Main Canal
Photo 3: Prey Kdouch Tertiary Canal 1 Photo 4: Prey Kdouch Secondary Canal 2
25 Figure 1: Location of irrigation sub-projects in Takeo Province
Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
26 Figure 2: Current layout map of Prey Kdouch irrigation sub-project
Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021 Note: The light blue highlight is showing the Prey Kdouch Irrigation Command area
27 3.2.3 Kraing Empil Irrigation Sub-project
78. The existing Kraing Empil reservoir covers around 12 ha and is roughly 1.8 m deep. The embankment is around 850 m long and is mostly eroded. The spillway has collapsed and is non- functional. Pipe culverts which functioned as the head regulators and are only partially operational, compounded by damaged water gates. The secondary channel has two lines with a total length of around 1,500 m long. The channel is mostly silted and is in need of rehabilitation. Associated structures are also damaged and silted. The irrigation scheme layout map with potential command area around 200 ha is shown in Figure 3. The existing irrigation infrastructure is described in Table 8.
Table 8: Existing Kraing Empil infrastructure Sr. No. Description Unit Length, m Remarks
1 Improve/ increase height of dam Reservoir Embankment 1 850 embankment 2 Spillway 1 10 Spillway is completely damaged 3 Head Regulator/Water 2 Pipe culvert needs to be reconstructed Gates 4 Secondary Canal (SC1) 1 2,200 Mostly damaged 5 Secondary Canal (SC2) 1 1,900 Mostly damaged
3.2.4 Kraing Empil Hydraulic Structures
79. Existing hydraulic structures are currently only found at three different locations. These structures are damaged and are not usable for water control. The structures are to be demolished.
80. A total of 41 Kraing Empil irrigation scheme hydraulic structures need to be constructed including one spillway, two head regulators, and eight check structures. There are 22 field inlet structures to be constructed on secondary canals which will convey water to the fields. Two of the check structures will also serve as the canal tails. Drain inlets will be installed at three locations to evacuate flood water from fields during heavy rain and before rice harvesting. Canal bank erosion protection is being considered at one location where SC2 changes direction, and is to be of stone masonry construction.
81. Several structures will be replaced or repaired as summarized in Table 9.
Table 9: Hydraulic structures of Kraing Empil irrigation sub-project Canal Descriptions Unit QTY Remark
C-1 New Hydraulic Structure C-1-1 Spillway Unit 1 Construct spillway u/s of existing structure C-1-2 Head Regulator/ Intake Unit 2 Replacement and slope protection C-1-3 Check Structure Unit 8 New structures and slope protection C-1-4 Field Inlet Unit 22 New structures and slope protection C-1-5 Road Crossing Unit 4 New structures and slope protection C-1-6 Drain Inlet Unit 3 New structures and slope protection Bank Protection (stone masonry New structures and slope protection C-1-7 Unit 1 at the canal curves)
28 Canal Descriptions Unit QTY Remark
C-2 Demolished existing structures Pcs 3 Demolition the existing structures
C-3 New FWUC Building Pcs 1 New office for FWUC
Existing Irrigation Status of Kraing Empil Scheme
Photo 1: Kraing Empil Reservoir-1 Photo 2: Kraing Empil Main Canal-1
Photo 3: Kraing Empil Main Canal-2 Photo 4: Kraing Empil Secondary Canal SC1- 1R
29 Figure 3: Current layout map of Kraing Empil irrigation system Figure 4: Layout Map of Kraing Empil Irrigation Scheme
SC1:2,200m
SC2: 1,900m
Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
30 3.3 Need for the Sub-project
82. Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TEO-CW15-1 (Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil) irrigation sub-projects in Takeo Province will enhance off-farm climate resilient irrigation and water management infrastructure, resulting in increased agricultural and rural economic productivity. The sub-project area comprises selected irrigation sub-projects in Takeo Province: Prey Kdouch (550 ha) and Kraing Empil (200 ha).
83. Rice is main crop in the sub-project area. In the dry season, farmers also grow mung bean, water melon and other cash crops. The project will allow for expanded and more dependable agricultural production through rehabilitating and climate proofing defunct irrigation schemes which have lacked maintenance over the last 20-30 years. Overall, the sub-projects will (i) enhance agriculture productivity, (ii) promote climate resilience (iii) support commercialization and connectivity (value chains and market linkages), (iv) support sustainable natural resource management, (v) ensure environmental sustainability, (vi) contribute to gender development, and (vii) address institutional constraints. More specifically, the sub-projects address agriculture productivity constraints such as (i) low irrigation efficiency and water productivity, (ii) seasonal variations in water availability, (iii) inadequate operation and maintenance, and (iv) weak water resources management.
84. The investment will include establishment of FWUCs, training on improved on-farm water management and improved agricultural techniques and watershed protection and management, and increase HH income and provide more sustainable livelihood options for local communities.
85. The sub-project supports the goals of the Cambodia’s current Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan and Industrial Development Policy through enhancing competitiveness of agricultural value chains and improving rural household incomes and agricultural competitiveness by (i) providing improved critical production and post-harvest infrastructure, (ii) reducing energy costs by promoting bioenergy use and sustainable biomass management, and (iii) offering targeted agribusiness support services for selected value chains. It will achieve the CFAVCP targeted outputs by improving climate resilience of critical agricultural production and post-harvest infrastructure; and intensification, and commercialization of rice, maize, cassava and mango cultivation. The sub-project outputs will help increase productivity and diversification; improve storage, processing, quality and safety testing capacity; and promote the use of solar and bio- energy. It will also create an enabling policy environment for agribusinesses and strengthen technical and institutional capacity for climate smart agriculture. This will, in turn, contribute to long- term environmental sustainability and enhance profitability for farmers and agribusiness enterprises.
86. The subproject is not included in provincial development plans but provincial authorities have expressed their strong support for the sub-project objective of improving agricultural productivity and enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural value chains.
87. The Prey Kdouch sub-project benefits 800 HH in seven villages (Table 10): Prey Kdouch, Trapeang Robong, Trapeang Kranhoung, Trapeang Chork, Kpob Svay, Phlov Lok and Trapeang Skear. The Kraing Empil sub-project benefits 410 HH in three overlapping villages (Table 10).
Table 10: Total beneficiaries for Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-projects No. Village Name Total No. of HH Expected Expected beneficiary Beneficiary HH woman headed HH A. Prey Kdouch 1 Prey Kdouch 628 400 48 2 Trapeang Robong 205 95 20 3 Trapeang Kranhoung 301 100 15
31 No. Village Name Total No. of HH Expected Expected beneficiary Beneficiary HH woman headed HH 4 Trapeang Chork 149 50 10 5 Kpob Svay 147 50 15 6 Phlov Lok 217 60 18 7 Trapeang Skear 248 45 10 Total 1,895 800 136 B. Kraing Empil 1 Prey Kdouch 628 150 25 2 Trapeang Robong 205 110 15 3 Trapeang Kranhoung 301 150 10 Total 2,407 410 50 Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
3.4 Cropping Calendar and Areas Planted
3.4.1 Cropping Calendar for Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil 88. Due to the inadequate and undependable water supply, rice varieties have to be chosen carefully to compensate for or adjust to rainfall availability. Within the Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-project area, only two types of rice variety are cultivated: medium duration rice and late duration rice are normally grown by farmers. Medium duration rice is normally planted in early July and harvested at the end of November while late duration rice is planted in November and harvest in late February. No dry season rice is cultivated in the area in preference to other crops such as corn, mung bean and peanut which are planted in January and harvested in April. (Figure 4).
Figure 5: Crop seasonal calendar in Kraing Empil sub-project area
Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
32 Figure 6: Layout map of the Prey Kdouch irrigation system
Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021 33 3.5 Sub-project Irrigation Infrastructure
3.5.1 Prey Kdouch
89. The Prey Kdouch irrigation canal consists of a main canal (MC), secondary canals (SC) and tertiary canals (TC) (Figure 5).
90. Main Canal: The total length of the MC is 1,110 m. It will carry water from the head regulator to the two SC. The MC will convey water are a rate of 1.10 l/s. Construction of the MC will involve excavation of existing ground by enlarging bed width to 1.50 m and deepening to designed bed level at 53.40 m which is at the upstream designed bed 54.5 m and at the tail of MC is 51.90 m. Designed bed width is 1.50 m and side slope 1:1.5 (1 m vertical and 1.5 m horizontal) and designed average water level is 53.90 m (Figure 6). As seen in the Figure 9, the top embankment of the MC is designed to be 55.40 cm, which will keep freeboard at 0.23 m and on the left bank will put the laterite at 0.15 m thickness and 5 m wide.
Figure 7: Typical section of Prey Kdouch canal
91. Secondary Canal: The total length of the SC is 5,950 m (Table 11). They will carry water from turnout structures and delivery water to TC and rice fields. The SC will convey water according to the command areas. For example, SC1 is serving 226 ha and will delivery water at 452 l/s; which means that designed SC capacity is 2 l/s/ha. This SC will import backfill which is then dumped into the existing canal with clay material watering, leveling and compacting then excavated to the designed SC shape. For SC1, the designed bed slop is 0.0025 m; upstream of SC1 the designed bed level at 50.80 m slightly dropping to 42.30 m above sea level (ASL) over the total 2, 900 m canal length. Designed bed width is 1 m and side slope 1:1.5 (1 m vertical and 1.5 m horizontal) and the design average water level is 0.27 m deep (Figure 7). As seen in the Figure 7, the top of the SC embankments is designed to be 47.62 cm, including laterite at 0.15 m thickness on the right bank, and 4 m wide.
34
Figure 8: Typical section of designed SC1 of Prey Kdouch
92. Tertiary Canals: The total length of TC is 1,730 m (Table 11). They will carry water from turnout structures and delivery water to the command areas. These TC will convey water according to the command area size. For example, TC1 is serving 12.80 ha and so will delivery water at 26 l/s; which means that designed TC capacity is 2 l/s/ha. This TC will import backfill which will be dumped onto the existing canal with clay material watering, leveling and compacting then excavated to the designed TC shape. For TC1, the design bed slope elevation is 0.0019 m; upstream of TC1 the design bed level is 48.60 m and slightly drop to 48.48 m ASL within the total can length of 250 m, design bed width is 1 m and side slope is 1:1.5 (1 m vertical and 1.5 m horizontal) and design average water depth of 0.70 m (Figure 8). As seen in the Figure 8, SC embankment tops will be planted with grass.
Figure 9: Typical section of Prey Kdouch design SC1
3.5.1.1 Prey Kdouch Hydraulic Structure
93. The Prey Kdouch irrigation sub-project will require construction of a variety of hydraulic structures: flood emergency release structure (spillway, renovation of the MC inlet), MC
35 reconstruction and reshaping, and construction of two SC to convey water to distribute water to the two TCs before reaching the fields. In addition, a number of hydraulic structures and crossing structures to allow farm access will be constructed (Table 11).
Table 11: Irrigation infrastructure construction for Prey Kdouch Sr. No. Description Unit Length, m
1 Reservoir-1 1.1 Embankment Dam 1 1,400 2 Main Canals 1 1,100 3 Reservoir-2
3.1 Diversion Embankment Dam 1 1,413
4 Secondary Canal
4.1 SC1 1 2,900 4.2 SC2 1 3,050 5 Tertiary Canal 5.1 R2-TC1L 1 290 5.2 SC2-TC1L 1 1,440 6 Hydraulic Infrastructure Unit Quantity 6.1 Spillway with 4 lifting gates (1) m 15 6.2 Intake/Head Regulator unit 1 6.3 Check on SC unit 9 6.4 Turn Out Structures unit 4 6.5 Offtake/Field Inlet Structures unit 31 6.6 Tail Escape Structures unit 4 6.7 Road Crossing Structure unit 4 6.8 Drain Inlet Structures unit 2 6.9 Bank Protection Structure unit 3 6.10 FWUC Building unit 1 Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
3.5.2 Kraing Empil Irrigation Infrastructure
3.5.2.1 Kraing Empil Irrigation Canal
94. The Kraing Empil irrigation canal consists of secondary canals only (Figure 9).
36 Figure 10: Layout map of the Kraing Empil irrigation system
Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
37 95. Secondary Canal: The total length of SC is 4,100 m (Table 12). They will carry water from the existing reservoir to rice fields. The SC will convey water according to the command areas. For example, SC1 is serving 105.45 ha and will delivery water at 210 l/s; which means that design SC capacity is 2.01L/s/ha. This SC will import backfill which will be dumped onto the existing canal with clay material watering, leveling and compacting and then excavated to the designed SC shape. For SC1, designed bed slope is 0.001 m; upstream of SC1 the design bed level is 52.50 m, decreasing to 48.065 m ASL within the total canal length of 2,200 m, design bed width is 1.50 m and side slope 1:1.5 (1 m vertical and 1.5 m horizontal) and design average water level is 0.26 m (Figure 10). The SC embankment tops are design 53.30 cm depth include laterite at 0.15 m thickness on the right bank and 3 m wide.
Figure 11: Typical section of the Kraing Empil design SC
Cross at PK: 0+500
3.5.2.2 Kraing Empil Hydraulic Structure
96. The Kraing Empil irrigation sub-project will require construction of a variety of hydraulic structures. One spillway will be constructed in the reservoir embankment to evacuate flood water during the peak flood season from October to early November. The two head regulator structures will be constructed in the SC reservoir embankments. In addition, eight check structures and association structures will be constructed. Finally, the FWUC office building will be constructed (Table 12).
Table 12: Irrigation Infrastructure to be constructed for Kraing Empil Sr. No. Description Unit Length, m
1 Reservoir-1 1.1 Embankment Dam 1 850
2 Secondary Canal
4.1 SC1 1 2,200 4.2 SC2 1 1,900 3 Hydraulic Infrastructures Unit Quantity 6.1 Spillway m 10 6.2 Intake/Head Regulator unit 2 6.3 Check Structure unit 8
38 Sr. No. Description Unit Length, m
6.4 Field Inlet unit 22 6.5 Road Crossing unit 4 6.6 Drain Inlet unit 3 6.7 Bank Protection unit 1 6.8 Demolished existing structures unit 3 6.9 FWUC Building unit 1 Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
3.6 Irrigation Schemes After Rehabilitation
3.6.1 Prey Kdouch Irrigation Sub-project 97. Rehabilitation of the reservoir (strengthening of embankment and excavation of the reservoir) and connecting catchments, and construction of spillways and canal systems will ensure the protection of reservoir embankments from flood flows and adequate water availability for the target command area of 550 ha. Proper training on irrigation water management and distribution during sub-project implementation will enable operators to cope with unexpected water shortages during the wet and dry seasons and increase water use efficiency and water use productivity (i.e. yield per m3 of water use).
3.6.2 Kraing Empil Irrigation Sub-project 98. Rehabilitation of the reservoir (strengthening of embankment and excavation of the reservoir) will increase water storage capacity (i.e., increase the water availability) and construction of a spillway and proper outlet structures from the reservoir and in the secondary canal will improve control of flood flow and canal flow, ensuring adequate water availability for the target command area of 220 ha. Proper training on irrigation water management and distribution will enable operators to deal with unexpected water shortages during the wet and dry seasons and increase water use efficiency and water use productivity (i.e. yield per m3 of water use).
39 IV. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Situation in Takeo Province 99. Takeo Province is located around 80 km south of Phnom Penh. The province covers as area of 3,563 m2 with a population of 899,485 persons, and an average temperature of 27.75 ºC. Takeo borders with Kampot and Kampong Speu provinces to the West, Kandal to the East, and shares an international border with Vietnam to the South. The capital of Takeo Province is Doun Kaev.
100. The south part of Takeo Province is predominantly wetland extending to the Vietnam border and Tonle Bassac River providing optimal conditions for dry season rice cultivation and other agricultural plantation on the flood plain. Low-lying areas in the southern part of the province are flooded by the Bassac River from August to November every year. The western and northern parts of the province are on higher ground.
4.2 Physical Resources
4.2.1 Climatic Condition 101. Cambodia's climate is tropical and has characteristically high temperatures over two main seasons: a monsoon driven rainy or wet season (May October) with southwesterly winds ushering in clouds and moisture that accounts for about 80% to 90% of the country’s annual precipitation, and a dry season (November-April), with cooler temperatures,‐ particularly between November and January. Average temperatures are relatively uniform across the country, and are highest (26°C - 40°C) in the early summer months before the rainy season begins. Temperatures remain at 25°C to 27°C throughout the rest of the year. The wet season arrives with the summer monsoon, in May through November, bringing the heaviest rainfall to the southeast and northwest. Mean monthly rainfall at this time of year can be more than 5,000 mm in some areas in coastal regions. According to weather readings recorded by the Cambodia Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI), the average annual rainfall in Takeo is 1,700 mm. (Figure 11).
Figure 12: Average monthly rainfall and temperature in Tram Kak district, Takeo Province
Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
40 Figure 13: Average rainfall distribution in Takeo Province
4.2.2 Topography and Soils 102. According to CARDI, the soil classification in the command area is identified as alluvial type and consists of 30% dark grey loam nearby the canal and 70% grey sandy loam which is commonly found in the Cambodian paddy fields and is good for growing rice. For loam, the top layer is 25 cm in depth while the top layer of sandy loam is 20 cm in depth. These soils are sub- optimal for lowland rice irrigation having little or no clay content. Paddy cultivation during the rainy season is possible because the paddy water level is continually topped up with rainwater.
103. Topographically Cambodia is divided into three distinct regions: the central plains, the flat coastal area, and the mountain ranges with high plateaus. The central plains form 75% of the country and consist of alluvial plains of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap basin. These are Cambodia’s two dominant topographical features and this is where over 90% of population resides. However, the sub-project command areas are in a fairly level agricultural zone with sandy soil, which exceeds one m in depth, interspersed will small low hills. The surrounding landscape contributes to the dramatic increase in river flow following rainfall events.
104. Preliminary analysis of upland soils from the sub-project area indicates that soil acidity appears to be a significant limiting factor for a range of field crops (Table 13). In Prey Khmer soils in uplands of western Takeo Province, aluminum (Al) saturation values of 50-80% were found in the sub-soil (Table 13). Aluminum saturation >20% is commonly regarded as potentially toxic to sensitive crops, whereas in very tolerant crops >80% AL saturation is required to impair crop growth (Dierolf et al. 2001). Seng et al. (2004a) showed strong responses by upland rice to lime application on the acid Prateah Lang soils (pH CaCl2, 80%Al saturation) when maintained in an aerated state whereas no response was found when these soils were flooded. Symptoms of manganese (Mn) toxicity have also been observed on mung bean and peanut on acid Prey Khmer soils in Takeo Province. Hence even where Al toxicity is not a constraint, Mn toxicity may limit crop production on acid sandy soils.
Table 13: Soil analysis in Kamkak district Horizon Depth (cm) Description
A 0-6 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6 moist), medium sand; very friable moist consistence; single grain structure; very fine, medium porosity, clear, smooth boundary. A 6-20 Brown (7.5YR 5/4 moist) medium sand; very friable moist consistence; single grain structure; very fine, medium porosity, gradual, wavy boundary. A 20-60 Light brown (7.5YR 6/4 moist) medium sand; medium faint reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8 moist) mottles; very friable moist consistence; single grain structure; very fine, medium porosity, sharp, tongued boundary.
41 Horizon Depth (cm) Description
Ctv 60-85 Grey (10YR 6/1 moist) sandy clay; medium prominent reddish yellow (5YR 6/6 moist) mottles; hard dry consistence; weak, medium, angular blocky structure; fine, low porosity, gradual, wavy boundary. Ct 85-100+ Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 moist) clay ; fine prominent reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4 moist) mottles and fine distinct grey (10YR 6/1 moist) mottles; firm moist consistence; few segregations, fine elongated black soft; fine, channels void. Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
Figure 14: Map of soils in the main rice growing area of Cambodia
Project Location
4.2.3 Location and Geography
105. Cambodia shares international borders with Thailand to the west, Lao PDR to the north, and Vietnam to the east and southeast. It is bounded on the southwest by the Gulf of Thailand. It has 435 km of coastline and a land area of 181, 040 km2 (World Bank Group, 2011).
106. Takeo Province, is located to the south of Phnom Penh. The province covers as area of 3,563 m2 with population 899,485 persons and average temperature is 27.75 ºC. Takeo borders with Kampot and Kampong Speu provinces to the West, and Kandal Province. The capital of Takeo province is Doun Kaev. The province consists of the typical plain wet area for Cambodia, covering rice fields and other agricultural plantations.
42
Table 14: Takeo Province geopolitical information Parameters Data / Information Provincial Capital Doun Kaev Municipality Provincial area 3,563 km2 Landscape Plateau (red soil), plain area, Mekong River and forest Total Population 899,485 persons Population Density 252 persons/km2 Temperature 20.8 - 34.0ºC (average 27.28ºC) Rainfall Average 1,380 mm/year (2003-2019) Number of city: 1, Number of Sangkats: 3, Administrative Boundary3 Number of districts: 9, Number of communes: 97, and Number of villages: 1,119 West: Kampot, Northwest: Kampong Speu Provincial Border North and East: Kandal, Southern: Vietnam
4.2.4 Seismology 107. Cambodia is located on a large stable core of the Sunda Plate and is characterized by low seismicity and strain rates (Figure 14). Therefore, it is of low seismic hazard (DGTVET, 2015).
Figure 15: Shallow-depth earthquakes in Southeast Asia
3 Statistic 2019: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province 43 4.2.5 Air Quality and Noise
108. No data on ambient air quality and noise disturbance are available for the sub-project area. Based on observations by the consultant teams and interviews with local villagers and authorities, there are no major industries emitting air pollutants and noise disturbance in the sub-project area. However, vehicles using dusty roads are a source of air pollution and noise disturbance, both from mechanical and wheel friction noise generated by large vehicles and usage of warning horns. In addition, the majority of people use animal dung and fuel wood for cooking and heating purposes, which generates fine particulate matter and lowers indoor air quality.
4.2.6 Surface Water Quality
109. There is no data/information available on ambient water quality in the sub-project area. Based on field observations of the project team and interviews with local villagers and authorities, during the wet season, surface water quality is acceptable for agricultural purposes, and for human and livestock consumption.
4.2.7 Surface Water Resources
110. Water resources in the Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-project areas is generated as run-off from the upstream catchment. Specifically, excess water in the interspersed hills and mountains drains to the Ou Kantuot stream which after flowing for a 4 km distance enters the Phnom Chruh Pring reservoir. The Prey Kdouch reservoir is recharged by rain water (Figure 15).
Figure 16: Natural features of Prey Kdouch reservoir and associated catchment
44 Figure 17: Natural features of the Kraing Empil reservoir and associated catchment
4.2.8 Land Use and Vegetation 111. Land use in the sub-project areas is agricultural, comprising actively farmed paddy fields or abandoned paddy fields. A mixture of natural and plantation-escaped trees and shrubs have established along field boundaries, and canal banks. In abandoned paddies there is invasive growth of shrubs, palm trees, weeds and grasses. Some people cultivate other crops such as: corn, mung bean, peanut and peanut, these were only grown in very small areas such as HH backyards and near minor water bodies such as well or stream.
Photo 1: Current condition of the Prey Kdouch reservoir
45
Current condition of the Prey Kdouch main Current condition of the Prey Kdouch canal alignment. secondary canal alignment.
Current condition of the Kraing Empil Current condition of the Kraing Empil reservoir secondary canal alignment
112. The Trapeang Kranhoung Commune has totally agriculture land of 10,879 ha, giving an average size of agricultural land-holding of 4.5 ha/HH (Commune data, 2019). This information differs from that recorded during a household survey which determined that the average size of rice land area in the project area for 27 respondents is 1.3 ha/HH, with a range of 0.5ha/HH to 1.5ha/HH.
Table 15: Land use in Trapeang Kranhoung commune Categories Area (ha) % of Total
Residential land 2,116 9.0 Agricultural land a. Dry season rice - 0.0 b. Wet season rice 4,197 17.9 c. Short term crop land 766 3.3 d. Long term plantation 5,916 25.3 Subtotal agricultural land 10,879 46.5 Other land use (pond, etc.) 10,412 44.5 Total land area of Commune 23,407 100.0
46 Source: Commune database 2019
Table 16: Land-use and land productivity in Trapeang Kranhoung commune Cultivable Cultivated Average yield per Total Production Item Existing area area hectare (ton) (ton) Wet season rice 4,191 4,190 2.5 10,475 Dry season rice - - - - Corn 8 8 2.5 20 Soy Bean - - - - Mung Bean 10 10 1.0 10 Peanut 5 5 1.0 5 Cassava 3 3 1.5 5 Sweet potatoes - - - - Sesame - - - - Sugar Can 12 12 3.0 36 Rubber Plantation 20 20 N/A N/A Pepper plantation 2 2 1.5 3 Cashew Nut 17 17 2.0 34 Mango plantation 2,614 2,614 2.0 5,228 Logan plantation 21 21 N/A N/A Orange plantation 7 7 N/A N/A Source: Commune Statistic 2019
4.3 Biological Resources
4.3.1 Protected Areas 113. Protected areas in Cambodia are under control of the MOE. While nominally there are 23 protected and wildlife conservation areas which have been administered since 1993 by the MOE (none of which are in Takeo Province), in 2008 the Law on Natural Protected Areas introduced an additional three categories of natural PA, bringing the total number of categories to eight. The sub- projects areas are not located is any Biodiversity Conservations Corridors designated area, natural PA, wildlife sanctuary, or sensitive water bodies (Figure 17).
47 Figure 18: Cambodia Natural Protected areas
Sub-projects location
48
4.3.2 Flora and Fauna Wildlife Species 114. As reported by Cambodian National Biodiversity Steering Committee, 2014 (NBSC, 2014), Cambodia’s species diversity consists of more than 135 species of mammals, 599 species of birds, 173 species of reptiles, 72 species of amphibians, 350 species of moths and butterflies, 955 fresh and marine fish and aquatic species, and 4,500 vascular plant species according to the most recent estimates of the Forestry Administration.
115. However, within the sub-project areas, there is no data or information related to terrestrial biodiversity, aquatic resources, protected forest, fauna and flora, and endangered species. Based on a field visit to the project sites and topography survey report (2020), there flora is limited to trees with low economic and biodiversity value, and vegetation and shrub growth along the reservoir embankments.
Table 17: Summary tree survey along Prey Kdouch and Kraing Ampil irrigation systems 1-Prey Kdouch N 2-Kraing Empil Common Common Scientific Name o. Scientific Name Name Name Acacia Acacia auriculiformis muell. 1 Acacia Acacia auriculiformis muell. Ampil Tamarindus indica L. 2 Ampil Tamarindus indica L. Ampil Teuk Pithecellobium duice 3 Breng kchol Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Breng kchol Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. 4 Chan ty Anacardium occidentale L. Chan ty Anacardium occidentale L. 5 Chombok Irvingia malayana Chrey Ficus microcarpa 6 Chongreak Albizia lebbekoides Dongkeabkd Coconut tree Antidesma cochinchinensis Doung 7 am Khnor Artocarpus heterophyllus 8 Doung Coconut tree Kor - 9 Kchoek Diospyros sylvatica Rutaceae Feroniella lucida Memecylon scutellatum Krasang (Scheff.) Swingle 10 Khmeas Mango Mangifera indica 11 Khnor Artocarpus heterophyllus Mkak Spondias pinnata 12 Khvit Limonia acidissima Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Rutaceae Feroniella lucida Pring Skeels 13 Krasang (Scheff.) Swingle Puth Trea Ziziphus mauritiana 14 Mango Mangifera indica Sdao Azadirachta indica Ant.Juss. 15 Mongsek Suregada multiflora Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Streblus asper Snay 16 Pring Skeels Ta sek Peltophorum dasyrrhachis 17 Sangkae Combretum quadrangulare Kurz Tek doskor Trigonostemon reidiides 18 Sdao Azadirachta indica Ant.Juss. Thnort Arecaceae 19 Snay Streblus asper Thnoung Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz 20 Srakhob - Trabaek Psidium guajava 21 Ta sek Peltophorum dasyrrhachis Trach Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer 22 Thlok Parinarium annamensis 23 Thnort Arecaceae 24 Thnoung Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz 25 Trach Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer
4.3.3 Aquatic ecosystem 116. Hydrology within the sub-project is studied regularly due to the annual changes in flooded rivers, upland streams, marshes, seasonally flooded fields and forests, and ponds and
49 impoundments which vary in water depth and quality. There are more than 200 fish species that inhabit the inland water of Cambodia and in the Mekong River. Most of these fishes are well adapted to fluctuating water levels and have a wide range of tolerance for temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Based on interviews with local farmer and communities, fewer fish species are commonly found in the sub-project areas (Table 18).
Table 18: Fish commonly caught in the subproject areas Local Name Scientific Name Common Trei Kranh Anabas testudineus Climbing perch Trei Chhpin Barbodes gonionotus Thai silver barb Trei Kagnchruk Botia modesta Red-finned loach Trei Ros/ Ptuok Channa striata Snakehead murrel Trei Andeng Tun Clarias macrocephalus Broadhead catfish Trei Khnong Veng Dangila lineata Labiobarbus leptocheilus - Trei Sraka Kdam Cyclocheilichthys repasson Barbodes Trei Riel Henicorhynchus siamensis Siamese mud carp Trei Kamphleav Kryptopterus moorei Micronema moorei Dorsal-fin catfish Trei Kes Micronema bleekeri Bleeker's sheatfish Trei Chhlang Mystus filamentus Hemibagrus filamentus Planet catfish Trei Kanh Chos Mystus mysticetus Cat-elog Trei Slat Notopterus notopterus Bronze featherback Trei Kramorm Ompok bimaculatus Butter catfish Trei Kros Phnom Poropuntius deauratus Yellow tail brook barb Trei Kanhchanh Pseudambassis notatus Indian glassy fish Chras Trei Kantrob Pristolepis fasciata Malayan leaffish Trei Kamphleanh Trichogaster trichopterus Three-spot gourami Cyclocheilichthys microlepis Neobarynotus Trei Angkat Prak - microlepis
Common fish species in the subproject areas
50
4.3.4 Cultural resources 117. Based on the field investigation and interviews with local villagers and authorities it was determined that there are no physical cultural resources existing in or nearby the Kraing Empil proposed irrigation sub-projects while there is one pagoda (Wat Prey Kdouch) located roughly 500 m south of Prey Kdouch reservoir (Figure 18).
Figure 19: Location of Wat Prey Kdouch
4.4 Socio-Economic Resources
4.4.1 Demography 118. The two sub-projects are located in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tram Kak district, Takeo Province. The proportion of females and males in the commune is almost the same (Table 19). Regarding ethnicity, 100% of commune residents are Khmer.
Table 19: Total population in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tramkak district, Takeo Province Total Total Average Woman No. Village name Male Female HH population person/HH headed HHs 1 Prey Kdouch 628 2,831 1,440 1,391 4.5 48 2 Trapeag Robong 205 838 413 425 4.1 22 3 Trapeang Kranhoung 301 1,267 655 612 4.2 23
51 Total Total Average Woman No. Village name Male Female HH population person/HH headed HHs 4 Trapeang Chork 149 658 301 357 4.4 15 5 Kkpob Svay 147 673 328 345 4.6 26 6 Plov Lok 217 949 512 437 4.4 31 7 Trappeang Skear 248 1,104 537 567 4.5 35 8 Prey Ta Loy 211 913 432 481 4.3 19 9 Bos Ta Phong 301 1,231 570 661 4.1 93 Total 2,407 10,464 5,188 5,276 4.3 312 Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021
4.4.2 Potential Beneficiaries 119. Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-projects are located in Trapeang Kranhoung commune, Tram Kak District, Takeo Province. Trapeang Kranhoung commune consists of nine villages, of which only seven villages are potential beneficiaries from the sub-projects. According to the 2020 population statistics, the total commune population is 10,464 people or 2,407 HH with an average HH size of four persons. Total beneficiary HH in the Prey Kdouch sub-project area is 800 HH and the expected beneficiary women headed HH is 136 HH. Total beneficiary HH in the Kraing Empil sub-project area is 410 HH and the expected beneficiary women headed HH household is 50 HH.
Table 20: Potential beneficiaries in Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-project areas No. Name of Sub- Village Name Total No. Beneficiary Beneficiary women project HH HH headed HH 1 Prey Kdouch 628 400 48 2 Trapeang Robong 205 95 20
3 Trapeang Kranhoung 301 100 15 Prey Kdouch 4 Trapeang Chork 149 50 10 5 Kkpob Svay 147 50 15 6 Plov Lok 217 60 18 7 Trapeang Skear 248 45 10 Total 1,895 800 136 1 Prey Kdouch 628 150 25 2 Kraing Empil Trapeang Robong 205 110 15 3 Trapeang Kranhoung 301 150 10 Total 1,134 410 50 Source: FSDD-Consultants, 2021 Note: The total beneficiary women headed HH in Prey Kdouch, Trapeang Robong and Trapeang Kranhoung which got benefits from Kraing Empil irrigation sub-project overlap with the Prey Kdouch irrigation sub- project.
4.4.3 Cropping Pattern 120. Wet season paddy rice is the dominant crop during the wet season. Additionally, maize is widely cultivated during dry season. As previously detailed, two rice crops are normally grown annually. After the second rice crop is harvested maize is planted (on an area of roughly 25% of
52 the command area) in late November and harvested in late March.
121. Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-projects will have two rice crops per year (Figure 19). Farmers in Prey Kdouch grow photosensitive rice varieties like Pkar Rumdounl and Pkar Kanhey and for the second rice crop in the late wet season rice is the dry season rice variety IR66. The varieties life cycle is 150 days for the first crop and 120 days for the second crop. Farmers generally grow 100% of the command area of Prey Kdouch subproject while late season rice cultivation is limited to 50% of the command area. Based on interviews with the local farmers, the average wet season rice yield is 2 tons/ha. The minimum rice yield is 1 ton/ha and the maximum rice yield is 4 tons/ha.
Figure 20: Cropping pattern for Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil
Figure 21: Crop seasonal calendar in Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil sub-project area
4.4.4 Main Occupational of Livelihood 122. Households in Trapeang Kranhoung commune mainly rely on rice growing as their main occupation, supplemented by other crops and off-farm and non-farm labor to increase HH income. Off-farm labor includes small business and animal raising. Additionally, many adults migrate to other provinces or neighboring countries to sell their labor in agriculture, building construction, and garment industries (for women. Some farmers sell their labor within the commune, undertaking transplanting, harvesting, plugging and other tasks. The occupations of men and women are similar but with some separation of responsibilities within HH. For example, men engage more in livestock rearing while women perform more household work and agricultural wage labor (Table 21).
Table 21: Work tasks performed by men and women (by village) Major occupations Other occupations Village Male Female Male Female Prey Kdouch • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Household work • Labor • Livestock rearing • Labor • Labor • Small Business Trapeang • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Household work Kranhoung • Labor • Livestock rearing • Labor • Livestock rearing • Small Business • Labor Trapeang • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Household work
53 Major occupations Other occupations Village Male Female Male Female Skear • Labor • Livestock rearing • Labor • Labor • Small Business Trapeang • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Household work Robong • Labor • Livestock rearing • Labor • Labor • Small Business Phlov Lok • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Household work • Labor • Livestock rearing • Labor • Livestock rearing • Small Business • Labor Trapeang • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Household work Chork • Labor • Livestock rearing • Labor • Labor • Small Business Khpob Svay • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Rice cultivation • Household work • Labor • Livestock rearing • Labor • Labor • Small Business
4.4.5 Wealth and Poverty 123. Based on a social-economic survey conducted by the CS5 team involving interviews with village chiefs and self-assessments by HH heads within the sub-project areas it was determined that 26% are poor and 74% are medium wealthy (Table 22). The main factors cited by poor HH was insufficient water, low crop yields (which could have been caused by the lack of water/irrigation facilities), unavailability of high-yielding varieties, lack of technical skills and capital to diversify HH income, and small land holdings. The same HH were asked to access the degree of self-sufficiency in term of food (rice) production, with 74% of respondents responding that they can produce enough rice for the entire year for HH consumption and 26% responding that they cannot produce sufficient rice to meet HH needs.
Table 22: Poverty situation in the villages by heads of households Household wealth assessment Well off Average Poor
Number reporting 0 20 7 % of respondents 0 74 26
Food safety as rate by respondents Responses
Sufficient rice supply for yearly HH consumption: Yes No NA Number reporting 20 7 0 % of respondents 74 26 0 Average No. of month insufficient supply 0 Number of month with insufficient supply: Average 2.0 Minimum 1.0 Maximum 3.0 Source: Socio-Economic Survey Report, 2020
4.4.6 Use of fertilizers and pesticides. 124. A socio-economic survey undertaken for the sub-projects found that nearly 100% of farmers apply chemical fertilizers and only 11% use organic manure. 92% of respondents applied
54 diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer, with an average application rate of 110 kg/ha at a cost of 256,000 Riel/ha. 96% of respondent applied urea, with an average application rate of 91 kg/ha at a cost of 168,000 Riel/ha. 18.52% of respondents applied insecticides and 51.85% of respondents applied herbicides at an average cost 90,000 Riel/ha for herbicides and 116,000 Riel/ha for insecticides.
V. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
125. The environmental risks from climate change need to be addressed in two different but complementary ways; (i) consideration of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; and (ii) climate proofing sub-project infrastructure against the effects of future climate change.
126. Net GHG emissions from the sub-projects are mainly related to agricultural activities, in particular CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions from rice paddy flooding and cultivation. GHG emissions from rice paddy fields have been extensively studied in India, Japan, and the Philippines (Table 23), and to a lesser extent in China and the USA. Only the studies in northern India monitored emissions of the suite of GHGs (CH4, N2O and CO2) in combination with different ranges of nitrogen fertilizer applications and on a range of soils. Studies have also compared the GHG emission consequences of different periods of inundation of rice crops.
Table 23: GHG emissions from rice paddy Location Methane (CH4) from Rice Paddy Northern India4 40 - 100 kg/ha Philippines5 100 - 150 kg/ha Japan6 150 - 200 kg/ha
127. The result of modelling studies reported in the Initial National Communication (INC) and the Second National Communication (SNC) of the Cambodian National Climate Change Committee indicated that Cambodia’s mean surface temperature has increased by 0.8°C since 1960, and that it will continue to increase at a rate of between 0.013°C and 0.036°C per year up to 2099. The rate of temperature increase will be higher in low altitude areas such as the sub-project sites which are between 10 and 20 m ASL. Under elevated CO2 scenario with low rate of emissions (SRESB1)7, it is likely that wet season rainfall will continue to increase in medium term, before beginning to decrease after 2050.
128. An increase in temperature is likely to affect agricultural productivity. According to the International Rice Research Institute, rice grain yields decline by 10% for each 1oC increase in minimum (night) temperatures during the dry season growing period.
129. Climate change is expected to alter the current runoff and rainfall regimes. Climate change assessments for Cambodia indicate higher but more variable rainfall, increased crop water demand, and more frequent and severe floods, droughts and wind storms.
130. Most of the increase in average annual rainfall predicted by models is expected to occur in the already wet months of the year, with only minor or no increase over the dry season. The higher temperatures will increase crop water demand. These changes in climate are currently having an impact on cropping regimes, and have the potential to further influence both dry and wet season rainfall characteristics in the sub-project areas.
55
VI. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
131. This chapter presents the potential environmental impacts of the sub-project during pre- construction, construction and operation phases and recommended mitigation measures to address such impacts. Analysis of environmental impacts focuses on civil works associated with the Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil irrigation rehabilitation in Takeo Province.
132. The technical design details on the sub-project civil works are not yet finalized thus the assessment of anticipated impacts and mitigation measures will be updated upon completion of the detailed engineering design.
6.1 Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits 133. Storage of water during the dry season will benefit: (i) local villagers around the reservoir and canals who utilize this water as a source of domestic drinking and irrigation water supply; and (ii) make available more water for use by birds and aquatic life.
134. Through the enhancement of agricultural activities and local incomes, in-migrant employment will benefit local communities as migrants come into the area for work. Additionally, local residents who have out-migrated for work may return home to resume farming.
135. Improved water control and management as a result of the sub-projects will enable local communities to better manage floods and drought. Training on irrigated agriculture practice will improve farmers' knowledge on soil management, enhanced farming practices, field water management, and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure; all of which strengthens the adaptive capacity of farmers to climatic variability.
6.2 Environmental Measures during Pre-Construction Phase 136. During the project design, anticipated environmental impacts includes:
(i) Structure: Three environmental issues are expected to result from the rehabilitation of existing irrigation structures. First, the need to maintain flows downstream through design on infrastructure and planning of water management to allow water to be diverted the reservoirs during flood periods which still maintaining downstream flow. Second, land acquisition for purposes of the sub-projects will be disruptive to people’s livelihoods, as would loss of trees necessitating. Loss of property and trees is being minimized by confining works to upgrading of the tops of reservoir embankments and on the upstream side slope. Third, good design and quality construction of irrigation infrastructure is essential to ensure that the design lifespan of infrastructure is achieved.
(ii) Irrigation Sub-project Sites: There are no significant environmental concerns with the location of irrigation infrastructure since the sub-projects will only rehabilitate distribution and drainage systems which have been in existence since the 1976-1978 Pol Pot regime.
(iii) Local Ecological Features: The Prey Kdouch and Kraing Empil irrigation sub-projects are located outside of all protected areas or sensitive biodiversity and aquatic habitats. The surrounding land use is paddy field, grassland and shrub. Significant potential impacts on local ecological features is not envisaged.
137. A number of environmental management measures will be implemented in the pre-
56 construction phase to ensure that appropriate plans and documentation requirements are in place to assess sub-project implementation safeguard performance. These are:
(i) Mitigation measures prescribed in the EMP are updated based on the detailed design. This will be the responsibility of the PMU which will be established and/or confirmed at the commencement of implementation. (ii) Final designs of embankments, siting of control structures and canal alignments will be completed after taking into account the EMP provisions. (iii) Engineering design will, to the extent possible, avoid impacts on environment and social receptors and consider sustainability, particularly impacts of climate change. (iv) Tender documents and contract documents will include provisions of the EMP and monitoring plan. (v) The GRM will be monitored to ensure that it is functional and updated as needed. (vi) Capacity building will be delivered on the implementation and supervision of EMP and environmental monitoring. The environmental safeguards officer will be involved in this training and where appropriate, there will be consultation and collaboration with MOE officers consistent with the provincial MOE mandate. Capacity building will be one of the PMU’s responsibilities.
6.3 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase 138. Contractor Performance and Site Management: The EMP will be implemented by a contractor to avoid or minimize negative environmental and social impacts. To ensure that construction contractors are able to implement the mitigation measures effectively, the project implementation consultant (PIC) will put in place the following arrangements: (i) environmental specifications included in contractor bidding documents; (ii) an appropriate environment section describing standards and responsibilities included in the bidder terms of reference; and (iii) clauses referencing the EMP mitigation provisions and monitoring plan written into construction contracts. Following the award of construction contracts, the successful contractor will prepare a site specific construction EMP (CEMP), including an emergency preparedness and response plan for construction emergencies and site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the PMU. The contractor will prepare monthly environmental management reports and submit to the PMU.
139. Institutional Arrangements: The executing agency (EA) is MAFF which has overall responsibility for sub-project management including safeguards implementation and securing government approvals, sub-project coordination, and reporting to ADB. Implementing agencies (IAs) are responsible for preparing environmental safeguards documents, EMP implementation, and monitoring and reporting to the EA. The PMU under MOWRAM will appoint an environmental safeguard officer (ESO).
140. The ESO will focus on: (i) assisting the PMU in implementing provisions of the sub-project IEE and EMP; (ii) providing training to provincial environmental safeguard focal points on IEE and EMP implementation; (iii) working with the provincial environmental safeguards focal points to implement the sub-project GRM; and (iv) reviewing semi-annual environmental monitoring reports (prepared by the consultant) and submitting these to the ADB.
141. Supervision of site activities will be the responsibility of the relevant ministry at the provincial level. In the package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TEO-CW15.1 irrigation sub-project, Takeo PDWRAM will be responsible for supervision of site activities, and will assign an environmental safeguards focal point to (i) oversee implementation of the sub-project EMP and monitoring plan; (ii) screen and categorize the sub-projects for environmental and social impacts; (iii) implement the GRM; and (iv) provide input as required to semi-annual environmental monitoring reports. 142. Cultural Heritage: During construction, contractor(s) will ensure that any local cultural sites
57 (including shrines, graves, and other artifacts) will not be disturbed by construction activity. Access to these sites will not be impeded, and after construction is finished any disturbed surroundings will be restored to pre-construction condition. Any issues related to this mater, must be raised with the PMU and competent authorities immediately. During construction, in case of chance finds, the contractor must immediately cease construction and inform the provincial department of Cultural and Fine Arts and follow their advice before recommencing construction.
143. Construction camps. Construction contractor(s) will establish offices and work camps which will generate sanitary wastewater and solid waste (general and kitchen waste). Proper disposal of wastewater and solid waste is essential. Construction contractor(s) are responsible for providing toilets served by septic tanks, and sufficient waste bins at strategic locations around work camps. Bins should be (i) protected from birds and vermin, and (ii) emptied regularly (using the nearest landfill as allowed by authorities). Contractor(s) will thoroughly clean and restore camp sites on completion of works.
144. Community and Occupational Safety and Health: Safety and health of both community residents and workers may be threatened by construction activities and COVID-19. Numerous workers will gather within the construction site, and due to typically confined conditions are at risk of disease infection and transmission. Surrounding residents may also be affected by noise and dust. Workers will additionally face construction safety risks. Further, heavy machine operators and truck drivers as well as surveyors and construction supervisors will spend time on construction sites and are subject to the same risks.
145. Measures to protect the community will include:
(i) Planning construction activities (including demolition work) so as to minimize disturbances to residents, utilities and services. Temporary land occupation will be planned well ahead of construction to minimize its impact. Land will be reinstated to its original condition after construction. (ii) Implementing safety measures around construction sites to protect the public, including warning signs to alert the public to potential safety hazards, and barriers to prevent public access to construction sites and unsafe areas. Ensure that all construction vehicles and machinery is regularly maintained. (iii) Ensure all residents are aware of the GRM and how to contact the GRM entry points. 146. Measures to ensure occupational health and safety will include:
(i) Following award of construction contracts, contractor(s) will develop an occupational health and safety plan for PMU approval. The plan shall be strictly adhered to during construction. (ii) Contractors(s) will be required by the PMU to ensure that their workers and other staff engaged in construction are operating in a safe environment. (iii) Contractors shall ensure that: (a) all reasonable steps are taken to protect any person on the site from health and safety risks; (b) construction sites are a safe and healthy workplace; (c) machinery and equipment are safe; (d) adequate training or instruction for occupational health and safety is provided; (e) adequate supervision of safe work systems is implemented; (f) means of access to and egress from the site are without risk to health and safety; and (g) personal protected equipment (PPE) such as gloves, face masks, boots etc. are provided to ensure worker safety. (iv) Workers will be required to wear PPE at all times while on construction sites. (v) Contractor(s) shall provide first aid facilities to construction workers and other staff. (vi) Construction site managers should educate workers on health and safety and
58 provide adequate training. (vii) Specific COVID-19 prevention and control measures which apply to construction sites and construction camps must be adhered to. Contractor(s) should provide training and awareness on Covid-19 prevention to all workers in accordance with MoH, WHO, and ADB guidance.
147. Hazardous and polluting materials: Construction material handling and disposal guidelines and directions that include spill responses will be prepared and implemented as per CEMP. The following measures will be taken to prevent pollution of soil and surface water/groundwater: (i) storage facilities for fuels, oil, cement, and chemicals will be located within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, and provided with bunds and clean-up equipment; (ii) vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent soil and surface water contamination; (iii) oil traps will be installed in service and parking areas to avoid contaminant spillage during vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and re-fueling; and (v) fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at an appropriate distance from streams and rivers, and canals and channels, and protected by temporary drainage bunds to contain spills.
148. Air pollution: During construction, heavy and light machinery will generate emissions, particularly CO2, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). Such emissions will be minimized through good equipment maintenance. Vehicle emissions should comply with both Cambodian emission standards and IFC EHS Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality guidelines.
149. Dust. Human health and environmental impacts could occur as a result of dust emissions from construction sites. To address this concern, water shall be sprayed during construction if the construction zone is located within 50 m from urban areas; particular care is needed near to hospitals, schools, and individual houses to ensure that dust is minimized.
150. Soil Erosion: Soil erosion will occur during earthworks along existing irrigation infrastructure. If not controlled this will cause deterioration in water quality and potentially impact on aquatic life. Good construction practices will be adhered to minimize soil erosion and siltation and replanting of vegetation will be completed as soon as practicable.
151. Time and Noise. The EMP outlines the need for contractors to meet with community representatives at the commencement of works in order to agree, among other things, on the timing of construction activities and to explain the avoidance and mitigation measures that will be applied. Noise can be expected during construction due to heavy machinery and truck operations. Construction activities will involve haulage vehicles, bulldozers, excavators, concrete-mixing plants, rollers, and other heavy machinery. Noise levels from large machines and heavy vehicles is typically in the range of 80-90 decibels on site (5 m from operating machinery). The transport of material, aggregate, concrete and waste material to and from sites will also cause noise impacts along the haulage routes. High noise levels will impact both area residents and construction workers on site, necessitating that mitigation measures to minimize potential impacts be strictly implemented.
152. Traffic accidents: Heavy equipment and machinery (heavy trucks, bulldozers, backhoes, etc.) being brought to construction sites, and frequent in and out of sites in the case of heavy trucks, pose a community safety risk, even though construction locations are not heavily populated, it is important that mitigation measures identified are adhered to.
153. Disposal of silt and sludge from dredging: Existing canals will be dredged to remove accumulated sludge which currently impedes water movement. Sludge must be carefully handled to avoid pollution of nearby streams and rivers and must be disposed to a suitable disposal area as directed by responsible authorities.
154. Construction Waste: Removal of old infrastructure (e.g., pipe culverts) will generate another solid waste category which must properly disposed. Contractor(s) will be required to work
59 closely with local authorities and the provincial MOE to identify disposal sites for construction waste.
6.4 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase 155. Inadequate O&M: Infrequent and poorly performed O&M of the rehabilitated irrigation systems could cause adverse environmental impacts. Establishment and operation of FWUC is part of the sub-project design and is an important part of the sub-project’s support structure. It is noted that the existing FWUC and Farmers Water User Groups (FWUGs) need to improve their capacity on technical aspects including maintenance, quality of management, and conflict resolution. As part of Output 2, the PMU will support the FWUC and FWUGs through the sub- project’s technical assistance initiatives which, among other activities, will aim to strengthen overall water management capacity of the FWUC in this project.
156. Water User Conflict: During operation phase, water use conflicts are expected between upstream and downstream water users. Normally, such conflict will result from insufficient quantity of water, competing water demand, and misunderstandings between upstream and downstream water users due to upstream users having easier access to water. The FWUG is expected to continue to have an important role to water management and sharing in order to avoid conflicts.
157. Water pollution and chemical fertilizer uses: The benefits resulting from the sub- project’s irrigation and drainage interventions will accrue to the beneficiaries through both intensification and expansion of agriculture due to the improved irrigation system. Increased agriculture intensity has the potential to increase use of agricultural chemicals by farmers, resulting in worsening water pollution. Mitigation measures include: educational/training program and public awareness focusing on fertilizer use, and ensuring compliance with Cambodian chemical use standards.
6.5 Unanticipated Impacts during Construction and Operation 158. If any unanticipated impacts become apparent during project implementation, the PMU will: (i) inform and seek ADB’s advice; (ii) assess the significance of such unanticipated impacts; (iii) evaluate the options available to address them; and (iv) prepare or update the IEE including EMP. ADB will help the PMU mobilize the resources required to mitigate any adverse unanticipated impacts or damage.
60 VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
159. Public consultations and stakeholder meetings were conducted during sub-project preparation in accordance with SPS requirements in order to obtain views and opinions regarding the planned irrigation infrastructure rehabilitation. Meaningful consultation is recognized as being essential to ensuring support for the sub-projects from local communities and to solicit feedback on how to improve the infrastructure design, construction plans, and health and safety provisions.
160. A number of meetings were conducted in different sub-project areas, involving provincial departments (PDWRAM/PIU, MOWRAM/PMU), CS1/PIC (including engineers and social and environmental safeguard specialists), CS5 (engineer, social and environment safeguards specialists), commune chiefs, village chiefs, and local farmers. The public consultation meetings were held on 2-3 February 2021 at Trapeang Kranhoung commune hall, Tram Kak district, Takeo Province (See Annex 2 for the participant list, meeting minutes, and photos of the public consultation meeting).
161. Discussions focused on the main social and environmental issues, including positive and negative impacts of the proposed sub-projects. The commune chief informed the meetings that the proposed sub-project is the rehabilitation of existing canals and embankments which are currently not functioning properly. Feedback was predominantly positive. A summary of comments and concerns raised by local residents and authorities is provided below:
Table 24: Comments and concerns of the local residents and authorities (Prey Kdouch Scheme) Information/Questions/ Concerns /Recommendation/Suggestions
1. Information Climate Change: Floods about once every year and the level of the flood is about 0.4-0.5 m and in 6-7 days it will return to normal. Water Consumption: Prey Kdouch Villager use tap water were source from the reservoir Cultural Resource: There is a pagoda in this sub-project location. 2. Question Mr. Kleb Chorn (Prey Kdouch Village): Will the project plan to dig deeper or widen the canal? Mr. Prom Van (Khpob Svay Village): According to the map, will there be water flowing down to the bottom part of the canal, which is his rice field located outside the sub-project site? Mr. Srey Moun (Trapeang Skear Village): 1. Will the project excavate the canal to build the embankments on both sides of the canal or one side? 2. How about the land which conflicts, how will the project solve this issue? Mr. Hem Phea (Trapeang Kranhoung Village): The local people have cleared small canals to make the land suitable for farming and housing. Will the project be able to restore the canals that local people have removed? And how many ha can this irrigation restoration project irrigate? 3. Recommendation/Suggestion/Concern Mrs. Ouer Hon (Khpob Svay Village): Concerned that construction workers will bring infectious diseases into the village, especially Covid-19. Suggested to construction workers to follow MoH’s preventive measures by wearing a mask, using alcohol-based hand sanitizers, and keep social distancing. Mr. Touch Nim (Trapeang Chak Village): Suggest to the project to install a drainage system to allow water to flow and distribute to all villages. Mrs. Chhea Vanrom (Prey Kdouch Village): Concerned about dust during project construction. Thus, suggested projecting constructors spray water regularly to prevent dust. Concerned about road damaged caused by construction trucks.
61 Mr. Phong Et (Trapeang Skear Village): Suggested recruiting local people to work without focusing on skills. Mr. Sun Heng (Prey Kdouch Village): Concerned about noise pollution, insecurity, and unsafety caused by the construction workers from outside the village. Suggested to recruit local workers to work. Mr. Mey Sahun (Commune Council): Worried the local people refused to donate their properties to construct the project as his experienced, when we have a meeting to discuss the project, the local villagers always agreed to donate their properties but when the project started to construct, they were reluctant and refused to donate. Mrs. Chouk Yom (Phlov Louk Village): Concerned about children drowning. Mr. Srey Moun (Trapeang Skear Village): Requested to put sewers in the canal to make the entrance to the house. Mrs. Som Thea (Khpob Svay Village): Requested for training related to fertilizer use and fertilizer waste management.
Table 25: Comments and concerns of the local residents and authorities (Kraing Empil Scheme) Information/Questions/ Concerns /Recommendations/Suggestions
1. Information Climate Change: Floods about once every year and the level of the flood is about 0.4-0.5 m and in 6-7 days it will return to normal. The extremely flooded area is Trapeang Robong Village. Water Consumption: Local people use tap water where source from the reservoir and groundwater (Average well depth is 24 m in Trapeang Kranhoung Commune. Except for Trapeang Robong village, there is no tap water yet. Cultural Resource: There is no pagoda and school in this sub-project location. 2. Question Mr. Hem Phea (Trapeang Kranhoung Village): 1. Does the project have support if people want to grow crops? 2. Does the project plan to find a market for the people? Mrs. Ing Mom (Prey Kdouch Village): During the construction, Can the constructor(s) use the machinery to clear my mounds? Mr. Em Sarom (Trapeang Robang Village): Will the project provide compensation to families whose projects have been completely affected the land? 3. Recommendation/Suggestion/Concern Mr. Neang Makara (Prey Kdouch Village): Concerned that construction workers will bring infectious diseases into the village. Suggested to construction workers to follow MoH's preventive measures. Mrs. Kong Rom (Trapeang Robang Village): Concerned that construction workers use drugs, and traffic the drugs to villagers. Requested to project manager cooperates with the commune authorities to prevent drugs. Mrs. Kong Theng (Trapeang Kranhoung Village): Concerned about the construction not complying with the construction standard. Suggestion: Carry out the construction in accordance with national construction standards. Mr. Em Sarom (Trapeang Robong Village): Concerned about dust during project construction and traffic accidents. Suggested spraying water regularly to prevent dust and follow the traffic law. Mrs. Ing Mom (Prey Kdouch Village): Concerned about the danger to cattle and unequal water consumption. Suggestion: Establish a training course on cultivation techniques and fertilizer application.
62 Mr. Em Sarom (Trapeang Robong Village): Concerned people refusing to cultivate rice or crops.
VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
8.1 Proposed Mechanism
162. The PMU will establish a Project Public Complaint Unit (PPCU) which will act as a central recording and coordinating unit for the sub-project. Each sub-project PMU will ensure that the GRM is publicized locally so that the community is fully aware of the mechanism and the local points of entry to it. Setting up of the GRM in the PMU and its initial implementation will be supported by the PMU ESO and the PIC’s environmental consultant. The PPCU will additionally be supported by a nominated provincial PIU environmental safeguards focal point, a representative of the implementation contracting firm, two representatives (one male, one female) of the village or farming community for which the sub-project is being implemented, and one representative of the commune.
163. The GRM will be accessible to diverse members of the community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth. Multiple points of entry, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, or e-mail, will be available. Opportunities for confidentiality and privacy for complainants will be honored.
164. When construction starts, a sign will be erected at each construction site providing the public with updated project information and summarizing the GRM process including details of the GRM entry points. The contact persons for different GRM entry points; PMU and FWUG leaders, contractors, and operators of project facilities will be identified prior to construction within Trapeang Kranhoung commune. The contact details for the entry points such as phone numbers, addresses, email addresses, and etc. will be publicly disseminated on information boards at construction sites, worker’s camp site and on the local government website.
165. The preferred sequence of action for complaints handling is that the complaint should be investigated and if considered legitimate be resolved by the unit receiving the complaint. If this is not possible, the complaint should be referred to the PMU (the wider membership of which will enable a response and actions which are appropriate and coordinated).
166. A GRC committee will be established before commencement of site works and be chaired by the PMU. The committee will have members from the PMU/MOWRAM (e.g. PDWRAM) commune councils, and women’s organization. Grievances can be filed in writing or verbally with any member of the committee. The committee will have 15 days to respond with a resolution. If unsatisfied with the decision, the existence of the GRC shall not impede the complainant’s access to the Government’s judicial or administrative remedies.
8.2 GRM Procedure and Timeframe
167. The procedure and timeframe (Figure 21) for the GRM resolution process is summarized below:
Stage 1: If a concern arises during construction, the affected person will submit a written or oral complaint to the contractor, or village chief/commune directly to address the issue. Whenever possible, the contractor, or village chief/commune will resolve the issue directly with the affected person. The contractor will give a clear reply within one week. If successful, the contractor will inform the PPCU accordingly. Stage 2: If no appropriate solution can be identified, the contractor should forward the complaint to the PIU/provincial environmental focal point within five working days. The complainant may also decide to submit a written or oral complaint to the PIU/provincial environmental focal point, either directly or via one of the GRM entry points, FWUC or other
63 farmer representative groups. Stage 3: If no appropriate solution can be identified by the PIU/provincial environmental focal point within five working days, the complainant may also decide to submit a written or oral complaint to PMU/environmental safeguards. The PMU will investigate and identify the solution and provide a clear reply for the complainant within five working days. The PMU SEO will assist in replying to the affected person. The PMU will, in a timely manner convey the complaint/grievance and suggested solution to the contractors or operators of facilities. The contractors during construction and the operators during operation will implement the agreed upon redress solution and report the outcome to the PPCU within seven working days 168. During construction, the PPCU will be informed by contractors and construction supervisors, cooperative board or PMUs if people complain about the project. During operation, the PPCU will be advised of complaints by the PDWRAM and the cooperative. The PPCU will also inform the ADB project team and submit all relevant documents.
169. The PMU will maintain records of complaints and actions taken to correct them. This data will be included in the PMU’s reports to the ADB.
Figure 22: Grievance Redress Procedure
170. ADB’s Accountability Mechanism: This mechanism provides a forum where people adversely affected by an ADB-assisted project can voice and seek solutions to their problems and report alleged noncompliance with ADB’s operation policies and procedures. The Information Guide can be downloaded through this link: https://www.adb.org/documents/information-guide-
64 consultation-phase-adb-accountability-mechanism. Those who want to make a complaint with the ADB can refer to the sample letter of complaint adapted from the Information Guide as shown in Figure 21.
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.1 Introduction
171. This EMP covers all phases of sub-project implementation from preparation through commissioning and operation, and it aims to ensure satisfactory implementation of mitigation measures and conduct of monitoring to confirm plan effectiveness. Relevant parts of the EMP will be incorporated into the construction, operation, and management activities of each sub-project. Environmental protection measures will: (i) avoid, and (ii) where avoidance is not possible, minimize and mitigate environmental impacts; and (iii) achieve compliance with national environmental regulations and ADB SPS.
172. Environmental monitoring programs will be carried out to evaluate the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts and the performance of the environmental protection measures.
9.2 Responsibilities for Implementation
173. Supervision and monitoring of project-related environmental activities during the preconstruction, construction and operation phases will be the responsibility of the EA, which in this case is MOWRAM. The assigned ESO in the PMU will oversee overall management, coordination and reporting and obtaining ADB and government approval where required. Supervision of site activities will be the responsibility of the Takeo PDWRAM, which will assign an environmental safeguards focal point in the PIU. The major responsibilities of the environmental safeguards focal point are to ensure that:
(i) Mitigation measures and monitoring of these sub-project activities are carried out in accordance with the EMP; (ii) Environmental monitoring, comprising taking samples and analysis is being carried out; and (iii) Reporting is performed in compliance with ADB and the Government of Cambodia requirements.
174. The main environmental guidance during the implementation phase will be provided by the PIC Environment Specialist. The role of the PIC will be to work as part of the PMU, helping them fulfil their supervision and monitoring responsibilities. The PIC will also prepare monitoring reports for submission to ADB. The PIC will be contracted by the PMU for the duration of the loan implementation period.
175. Two individual consultants will support the PMU during the life of the project; an international Environment and Climate Change Specialist and a National Environment and Climate Change Specialist.
176. Contractors will be engaged by the PMU for construction. Relevant IEE and EMP content will be included in tender and contract documents. The PMU will be responsible for preparing contract documents. Contractors are responsible for satisfactorily implementing all environmental mitigation measures under PMU supervision.
177. The Takeo PDWRAM is responsible for environmental monitoring during sub-project operations.
65 9.3 Summary of Potential Impacts
178. Table 26 summarizes the potential impacts of the sub-projects during construction and operation, as well as corresponding mitigation measures designated to minimize those impacts.
179. Mitigation measures will be incorporated into tender documents, construction contracts, and operational management procedures. The effectiveness of these measures will be carefully monitored through construction and operation phase environmental monitoring to determine whether to continue measures unchanged or to make corrections.
9.4 Summary of Management and Monitoring Cost
180. The costs of implementing the EMP environmental management and impact mitigation measures will be included in the design costs, construction contracts and operational budgets. Detailed budget allocations for all EMP line items will be developed by the PMU with the assistance of the Environment Specialist. Cost estimates for the implementation of the EMP and environmental monitoring for the sub-project, public consultations and capacity building are summarized in Table 24. Compliance monitoring costs will be borne by the EA and implementing agency as part of their implementation functions. Internal monitoring costs will be borne by the contractors and the EA. Independent monitoring costs will be from the PMU consultancy budget. Before implementing the monitoring plan, responsible agencies will present a more detailed breakdown of the estimated budget. During project implementation, budgets will be adjusted based upon actual requirements. Contractors will bear the costs of all mitigation measures during construction, which will be included in the tender and contract documents. Takeo PDWRAM will bear the costs related to mitigation measures during operation. Costs related to environmental supervision during construction and operation will be borne by Takeo PDWRAM and the operators. Costs for capacity building will be borne by the sub-projects as a whole.
181. PMU monitoring activities during construction and the initial operational period will be funded from the construction budget. PDWRAM ongoing monitoring costs will be covered by their operational budget.
Table 26: Sub-project cost estimates: EMP and monitoring Item Estimated Costs ($) Source of Funds Environmental mitigation (including EMP 6,700 Contractor Budget operationalization) Environmental monitoring (including water quality 3,800 PMU Budget testing, soil & excavation testing, Public consultation 2,500 PMU Budget Total $13,000
Table 27: EMP abbreviations Abbreviation Abbreviation PMU Project Management Unit PPIU Provincial Project Implementation Unit
PIC Project Implementation FWUC Farmer Water User Community Consultants TA Technical Assistance WUGs Water User Groups
66 Table 28: Environmental management plan Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
1. Recommendation during pre-construction phase
Timing of Works The works involved in the pre- D1 Short To minimize the impact of the project in the N/A - PMU/PPIU construction of the Prey Kdouch and term commune early discussions should take - PIC Kraing Empil Irrigation reservoir are place with commune heads regarding the - PMU/PPIU expected to take up to five work schedule and to agree on times when (engineer) months. This will involve extensive the PIC can operate. vehicle movements, removal of spoil, installation of new gates etc. which will impact upon the daily lives of people in the commune.
UXO Project works will take place in D2 Short To avoid any risks, at all sites where Contractor - PMU PPU areas that are already well trafficked term excavation or ground clearance needs to take - Monitor by: and therefore is unlikely to present a place and where there is a potential UXO risk PMU//PIC significant UXO risk. During the an approved mine clearance agency should (environment, public consultation on 2-4 February be engaged for an agreed package of engineer) 2021, nobody raised concerns about verification, detection and clearance work to a UXO risk at the sub-project sites. ensure that all areas where excavation, or It was an existing irrigation since the access construction will take place are clear Pol Pot regime. However, borrow of UXO. pits which has still to be identified could pose a UXO risk.
Downstream Increased irrigation could cause a D2 Medium Technical assistance will provide training for Project cost - PMU/PPIU/PIC: impacts (Water decrease in the available water for farmers on irrigated agriculture practices to Engineer Quantity) downstream farmers. However, the improve knowledge on soils and appropriate - FWUC sub-projects are small and such risk responses, field improvement and - Monitor by: is not likely to be significant. preparation for irrigation, field water PMU/PPIU/ PIC management, maintenance of water depth, (environment, level and timing, and role of drainage and its engineer) benefits. As water availability monitoring will be conducted in downstream villages during wet and dry seasons to minimize adverse
67 Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
impacts and take necessary remedial measures in a timely manner as necessary.
Existing On-site Impacts on the palm trees D2 Short - The drawing of alignment of the Project cost - PIC: Engineer vegetation and term embankment was moved to the inner side - Monitor by: food trees (there of the reservoir’s embankment to PMU/PPIU/ PIC are palm trees) avoid/minimize the impacts of palm trees (environment, located along the outer side of the engineer) reservoir’s embankment - Possibility to remove the food trees from embankment and replanting within suitable places
Arsenic in - Groundwater in the area is D2 Long - Contractors should be aware of potential Unit cost in - PIC: Engineer groundwater understood to have a very low term arsenic issues and although there is no Table 24 - Monitor by: levels of arsenic, however as other need for activities to extract groundwater it PMU/PPIU/ PIC sub-project areas will be different should be included as information about the (environment, caution and testing is site. engineer) recommended. - The contractor shall monitor the ground water quality within or nearby the project sites.
Floods and - Some sections of the project D2 Long - Impacts therefore will be reduced or Cost of the - PIC: engineer extreme weather alignment will be affected by Term avoided by appropriate qualitative design re- - Monitor by: events, and flooding and erosion, especially and experiential contractor together with vegetation PMU/PPIU/ PIC erosion during the rainy season environmental consideration including re- (included in (environment, - Floods and other extreme weather vegetation programs along alignment where construction engineer) events will potentially damage rice there is potential to be affected by erosion. period) field in reservoir due to raising - Designing must be considered on flood of /upgrading an embankment the rice field located in upper of reservoir and ensure the water level in this reservoir are extended not exceeding 150 m from the embankment
Funeral areas - Based on the visit in December D1 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2019 and March 2020, there are
68 Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
no any funeral areas within the proposed project.
Development of - The contractor should develop the D1 Short - The contractor shall carry out these plans in - PIC: engineer CEMP CEMP before commencement of Term order to minimize the environmental - Monitor by: site work. This CEMP should be impacts as well as to the public health PMU/PPIU/ consisted a number management (environment, plans such as solid waste, engineer) environmental health & safety, Covid-19 health management plan, emergency response, dust and noise.,etc. 2. Environmental Impacts during Construction
Dust from - An adverse environmental impact D2 Short - Water shall be sprayed during construction In contract of - PIC: engineer construction could occur during the Term if the construction zone will be located close a contractor - Monitor by: works construction phase in case of 50 m to urban areas such as village, bidding PMU/PPIU/ improper construction hospital, school and so on to ensure that package (environment, management but is not likely dust is minimized throughout the engineer) significant. construction zone. Dust and material - An adverse environmental impact D2 Short - Dry material handling and transport In contract of - Contractor Monitor Transportation could occur during the construction Term generate large amounts of dust thus the a contractor PMU/PPIU/ phase in case of improper Contractor shall prepare a dust control bidding construction management but is program, and water shall be sprayed where package not likely significant. dry materials are handled, crushed and transported. - Vehicles transporting materials are to be covered fully and limited speed to reduce spills and dust. - Watering in regularly on the access road and within sub-project sites - Follow the Cambodian laws and regulations/guidelines Air pollution and - An adverse environmental impact D2 Short - Vehicles and equipment are to be In contract of - Contractor noise could occur during the construction Term maintained to meet Cambodian emission a contractor - Monitor by: phase in case of improper and noise standards. bidding PMU/PPIU/PIC 69 Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
construction management but is - Consultation with the beneficiary package (environment & not likely to be significant. community will occur at commencement of Engineer) construction to specifically discuss management and mitigation of potential short- term air and noise pollution. - To minimize impact, construction within 100m of a village or town is to be prohibited to lunch hours and night time. - Follow the Cambodian laws and regulations/guidelines, especially, air pollution and noise disturbance sub-decree - It is possible for contractor to have new equipment’s and vehicles for construction work, and well maintenance. Human waste - An adverse environmental impact D2 Short - Provision of sanitary facilities (toilets, In contract of - Contractor /wastewater from could occur during the construction Term burying, etc.) with proper waste disposal a contractor - Monitor by: construction and phase from workers. This will will be provided by contractors. bidding PMU/PPIU/PIC camp generate flies and transmitted - The toilet with septic must be installed far package (environment & diseases which will possibly result enough from water sources in accordance Engineer) un-sanitation in the areas. with guidelines/ regulations - Wastewater from worker camps - Provide training on the waste management will impact on the environment and to worker before commencement work community health Solid waste - Solid waste can create nuisance D2 Short - Every camp and work site should be clean In contract of - Contractor generation from and bad odor, encourage disease Term during stay and before moving to a new a contractor - Monitor by: construction and vectors (such as flies and rats), site. bidding PMU/PPIU/PIC camp, work sites blocked drainage system and - The temporary storage of solid waste package (environment & and workers hazard to environment. Hence, resulting from construction, camp of Engineer) sufficient garbage containers are workers and from kitchen shall be stored in to be provided in construction the properly place camps and at work site, and be - Work closely with local authority to identify emptied daily, the waste being the disposal area for dumping construction disposed of in an approved dump waste in properly manner. site. - Provide training on the waste management - Solid waste will be occurred due to to worker before commencement work
70 Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
the clearing, grubbing and remove the old structures, and impact on community heath Traffic accident - Some heavy equipment (heavy D1 Short - Construction vehicles shall comply with In contract of - Contractor and traffic jam trucks, bulldozers, backhoes, etc.) Term national regulation on speed limitation, a contractor - Monitor by: from construction will be brought to the construction especially at market, school, hospital, urban bidding PMU/PPIU/PIC vehicle areas for excavation and areas. package (environment & movements construction works. They will only - Keep road space or bypass for travelers to engineer) be transported in and out during avoid traffic jams. the construction period and in - Vehicle for construction should park at relatively small numbers. Even designated safe places. though the project area not heavily - All workers need to be equipped with safety populated, no serious disturbance equipment such as: glove, boot and safety is envisaged; however it will hat, etc. possibly cause accidents to local - Contractor shall provide training on the communities, traffic jam and dust. safety management to workers and local communities before commencement work Soil erosion - Soil erosion will occur during D2 Medium - Hence good construction practices shall Estimated - Contractor earthwork and clearing along the help to mitigate soil erosion and siltation. costs - Monitor by: bank or existing irrigation. This will Additionally, re-planting of vegetation will included PMU/PPIU/PIC cause deterioration in water quality also help to mitigate erosion. in EMP Table (environment & and impact on some aquatic - The raising an embankment shall be well 24 engineer) resources. compacted, making gentle slope and construction activities shall be avoided during the raining season - Contractor and PIC: In contract of Worker safety and - Some workers will be recruited for D3 Short - Workers should wear protection equipment Engineer in a contractor health, and construction activities and workers' Term during works to ensure that they are safe corporation with bidding Covid-19 camp will be constructed. These and good health. local authority prevention will include non-skilled workers, package A contractor should develop a - Monitor by: operators and drivers as well as - guideline on working mechanism, PMU/PPIU/PIC surveyors and construction health and safety during construction, (Environmental supervisors. Since the works will especially, should follow the Occupational Engineer)) be relatively small scale and Health and Safety (OHS). expected to be completed within
71 Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
one year, large numbers of - Contractor shall provide first aid treatment workers are not expected. to the construction staffs and workers. However, safety and health, and Manager should educate his workers on COVID 19 impacts will be also health and safety projection. expected during this phase. - The contractor should provide the training and awareness on Covid-19 prevention to workers and their staff in accordance with guideline of MoH and WHO. Some guidance for preventing the spread of COVID 19 are, as the following: • The contractor will provide safe, suitable and comfortableaccommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath); with an ample supply of clean water and the bathrooms have liquid soap provided for hand washing. • First aid supplies and personal protected equipment (PPE) will be provided for worker
Conflict - Some workers will be recruited for D2 Short - A contractor should develop a guideline In contract of - Contractor construction activities and workers' Term on staff management and policy. Manager a contractor - Local authority camp will be constructed. These should educate his workers to avoid any bidding - Monitor by: will include non-skilled workers, conflict may happen in advance. package PMU/PPIU/PIC operator and drivers as well as - Contractor shall provide training on the (environment) surveyors and construction safety and security management to workers supervisors. Since the works will and local communities before be relatively small scale and commencement work in order to minimize expected to be completed within the conflict one year, large numbers of - Work closely with competencies authority workers are not expected. as well as local authority for solving the However, conflict will be also conflict expected. - Preference for engagement of local labor to reduce conflict from outside labor –
72 Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
contractor to demonstrate actions taken to engage local staff. Transmitted - Some workers will be recruited for D3 Short - A contractor should develop a guideline In contract of - Contractor diseases construction activities and workers' Term on health and safety management during a contractor - Monitor by: camp will be constructed. These construction. bidding PMU/PPIU/PIC will include non-skilled workers, - Manager should educate /training his package (environment & operators and drivers as well as workers and local villagers on health and engineer) surveyors and construction HIV program, and especially, on how to supervisors with different prevent the transmitted diseases. gender. Therefore, the HIV transmission will be expected. Damage trees - Some trees along the bank of the D2 Long Term - Re-growing trees thus they can protect In contract of - Contractor in along the bank of existing irrigation dam will be erosion, reduction of evaporation and a contractor cooperation with existing irrigation affected during clearing activities. complementary to environment. bidding local authority However it is not recommended to - Minimizing the cutting food trees along the - Monitor by: damage all trees along the bank embankment and access road to the sub- PMU/PPIU/PIC except those are not avoidable. project (both sides) and on the slope of (environment, embankment in order to minimize the Engineer) impacts - Possibility to remove the food trees from embankment and replanting within suitable places Pollution from - The impact is temporary, as the D2 Medium - Secure and controlled storage of all toxic In contract of - Contractor fuels and black oil risk will be confined to the Term and hazardous materials including fuels and a contractor - Monitor by: construction period. black oil. Provide sanitation arrangements bidding PMU/PPIU/PIC at work sites, to avoid no raw sewage (environment & released into drains or streams. engineer) Maintenance of vehicles and plant in sound operable condition, preventing oil leakages and excessive exhaust emissions. - Black oil should be stored in the safe place and manner in order to ensure that this oil is not polluted to the water sources.
73 Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
Local - Some local workers will be D1 Short - Contractor should provide opportunity to the - PDA/PDWRAM Employment recruited due to the construction Term local villager both non-skill to work for the - Monitor by: PMU/ taken place in their community sub-project construction PPIU/ PIC (environment)/ PDWRAM/ MOWRAM 3. Environmental Impacts during Operation
Surface Water - Currently, use of agricultural D3 Long Term - An educational program on fertilizer Estimated - PDA/PDWRAM and Ground water chemicals is available in the standards and use, as well as potential costs included - Monitor by: PMU/ pollution project area. The primary objective environmental impacts, will be provided as in EMP Table PPIU/ PIC of the Project is to provide part of the ongoing agronomic support from 24 (environment)/ supplementary wet season PDAFF. PDWRAM/ irrigation and dry season irrigation - Environmental monitoring of a surface MOWRAM but the project scale is very small. water and ground water quality at upstream Therefore, it is not likely to highly and downstream is conducted by significantly increase the use of PDAFF/MAFF or by MOWRAM agricultural chemicals. /PDWRAM to assess any negative impact However environmental on the water bodies and collaborate with consideration, especially about the PDOE/MOE to ensure appropriate use of toxic chemical used must be agricultural chemicals and fertilizer. considered. Inadequate O&M - Poor and inadequate O&M of the D3 Medium - Acceptable and appropriate O & M should Project cost - FWUG / improved irrigation systems could Term be developed for sustainable operation and (in design, Engineer/Environme cause unintended adverse maintenance. capacity nt/ Capacity environmental impacts. - Sufficient training to FWUGs must be also building and Building Specialists - Establishment and provided thus they will be able to manage, FWUG - Monitor by: operation of FWUC is part of the operate and maintain the irrigation in package) PMU/PPIU/ project design and support. The sustainability. PIC/PDWRAM PDA in cooperation with PDWRAM should provide a technical support to set up FWUCs and FWUGs. A FWUC is the governing board, normally comprising chairman,
74 Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
deputy chairman, secretary and treasurer. A FWUG is charged with undertaking or ensuring the key activities - operation and maintenance and is also involved in collecting irrigation service fee. The FWUCs through a project technical assistance to strengthen overall water management capacity of FWUCs. Accident - Some sections of the sub-project D3 Long Term - A safety management program should be Estimated - PPIU/FWUG/ Local are located near residential areas provided by the project in cooperation with costs authority where children or a vulnerable FWUC and local authority. included - Monitor by: adult could possibly fall into and - Contractor shall install the safety sign in EMP PMU/PPIU/ drown in the irrigation water. boards and inform to the local villagers and Table 24 - (environment)/ local authority PDWRAM Conflict of water - This can occur between D3 Long Term - These misunderstandings should be Estimated - PPIC/FWUG/Local utilization downstream and upstream water avoidable with support of FWUC and proper costs Authority users where inappropriate O&M manual. included /Environment/ CD management combines with - Educational program for water saving use in EMP - Monitor by: inequitable sharing; a lack of should be provided and include concepts of Table 24 PDWRAM/PMU/ understanding would need to be where equitable water sharing and effective PPIU/ addressed management should be applied - (environment) Engineer, CD) Floods and - Floods and other extreme weather D3 Long Term - The upgrading of embankment should be Included in - PPIU/FWUG/Local extreme weather events will potentially damage rice ensured that the water level in reservoir will Project Cost authority/AC events field in reservoir due to not flooded the paddy field of local farmer - Monitor by: raising/upgrading an embankment located upper of reservoir (150m from PDWRAM/PMU/ dam). PPIU - Regularly control the function of all - Environment structures as well as water gate, so that specialist these structures keep water level safer for rice field in upper of reservoir. - The controlling of water level in the
75 Signifi- Potential Impacts Nature of Impacts cance Duration Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities
reservoir is required in order to avoid flooding of rice field for local farmer located in upper of reservoir - Water gate and other structure facilities must be required to ensure their function are well operation and can keep water level at limitation 4. Environmental and Social Benefits
Increasing - Improved water control and D4+ Long Term - Strengthen capacity of FWUC and local Cost in - PPIU/FWUC/Local agricultural management as due to an authority for flood control, management and package of authority/CD activities and upgraded irrigation scheme will maintenance of the irrigation. FWUC and - Monitor by: farmer’s enable communities to manage capacity PMU/PPIU/ knowledge flood and drought. Training in building - (environment)/PD irrigated agriculture practice will WRAM/MOWRAM improve farmers' knowledge on /MAFF soils and appropriate response, field improvement and preparation for irrigation, field water management, maintenance of water depth, level and timing, role of drainage and its benefits, strengthening adaptive capacity of farmers to climatic variability Employment - Through enhancement of D3+ Long Term - Strengthen capacity of FWUC and local Cost in - PPIU/FWUC/Loca agricultural activities and local authority for problem solutions, package of l authority incomes, in-migrant employment management and maintenance of the FWUC and - Monitor by: will benefit local communities who irrigation. capacity PMU/ migrate for work. building PPIU/(environm Additionally some migrant ent)/ employees will return home with PDWRAM/PDA improved agriculture skills and will / MOWRAM have a chance to find a job at the locality. NB: Significant: There is a range of numbers used ranging from: D1=little significant – D4 significant impact
76 9.5 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting
182. The subproject monitoring program will focus on the environment within the subproject’s area of influence (Table 29). The program considers both the scope and frequency of monitoring. The monitoring result will be accessed in order to meet with the national and international standards/guidelines.
(iv) The sub-decree No 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control is dated on April 6th, 1999. (Table for Lake and Reservoir) (v) The sub-decree No 36 ANRK.BK on Solid Waste Management is dated on April 27th, 1999. Table 29: Environmental monitoring plan Parameters Location Frequency Costs Responsibilities Pre-Construction Planning for design as Understanding the value Ongoing It will be - P and PMU to well as implementation of top soils, the need to site specifically inspect will include monitoring to manage site waste and to managem woven into ensure that all structures maintain a clean and safe ent contractual and canals of the site will be monitored. documents. irrigation system are managed in a systematic manner adopting clean management procedures by contractors. Existing on-site - All on-site vegetation Once at One day - National vegetation and food trees designated for the pre- including Nominated (there are palm trees and protection and constructi logistics Provincial coconut etc.) inclusion in the finished on period. Officer to visit site should be site PIC & identified. (Some sites PMU may have none). - Mostly, food trees existing along the dam as well as on and along the embankment, and access road to sub- projects. Surface water quality: - Any surface water Once at A unit cost of - PIC and PMU pH, TSS, EC, NH4+, associated with the pre- $420 per NO3-, PO4, DO, BOD5, building sites and constructi suite of tests. COD, Oil & Grease, irrigation sub-projects on period. Total-Coliform requires the testing of water to establish baseline water quality for surface water which enters and will leave the project site. Groundwater quality: - Groundwater quality Once at A unit cost of - PIC and PMU “Priority Parameters”: pH, within and nearby the pre- $420 per suite Turbidity, Arsenic, Iron, proposed sub-project constructi of tests both TDS, Pesticides, Total- areas should not be on period. for ground. Coliform, compromised at all during construction stage. CEMP by contractor - Contractor shall Once at It will be in the - PIC and PMU advance preparing the the pre- contractual CEMP before constructi documents
77 Parameters Location Frequency Costs Responsibilities commencement of site on period. work During Construction Dust and noise - Site inspection of sub- Monthly A unit cost of - PIC to project site one day supervise and monitoring PMU to inspect including logistics Existing On-site food - Site inspection of Monthly Unit cost of - PIC and PMU trees(there are palm sub-project sites as one trees and coconut etc.) appropriate. vegetation and - Along the existing embankment and on the slope of embankment (from both sides) and access road Surface water quality: Any surface / canal water Semi- A unit cost of - PIC and PMU pH, TSS, EC, NH4+, 100 m downstream of annually $420 per NO3-, PO4, DO, BOD5, major construction sites suite of tests. COD, Oil & Grease, where there could be Total-Coliform some contamination. Groundwater quality: Groundwater quality Semi- A unit cost of - PIC & PMU “Priority Parameters”: pH, nearby or within annually $420 per suite Turbidity, Arsenic, Iron, proposed sub-project of tests both TDS, Pesticides, Total- areas should not be for ground. Coliform, compromised at all during construction stage. Solid Waste Management Building site and Camp Monthly Unit cost of - PIC and PMU sites (worker and one day to inspect engineer) are to be kept monitoring clean and orderly to including minimize prospect of logistics accidents. All waste is to be segregated by type and be placed in a prescribed and dedicated location for removal. EHS (for community and Construction sites, Monthly Unit cost of - PIC and PMU occupation) worker camps and one day access road to borrow pit monitoring sites including logistics Operation Phase - Surface water quality: Any surface water Semi- A unit cost of - P pH, TSS, EC, NH4+, associated with sub- annually $420 per suite MU and IAs to NO3-, PO4, DO, BOD5, project sites and nearby of tests both contract an COD, Oil & Grease, the sub-project sites. for ground organization to Total-Coliform and surface do sampling and water testing. testing. Groundwater quality: Groundwater quality Semi- A unit cost of - PMU to “Priority Parameters”: pH, should not be annually $420 per suite contract an Turbidity, Arsenic, Iron, compromised at all during of tests both organization to TDS, Pesticides, Total- operation. If considered for ground do sampling Coliform, necessary, sampling and surface and testing points, where available, water testing. could be identified during detailed design.
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183. During construction, the PMU will make appropriate arrangements for monitoring according to the EMP. Monitoring reports will be made available to MOE as required, on a quarterly basis during construction. When complaints are received from the public (either directly or via the formal grievance redress mechanism), monitoring staff will conduct additional inspections immediately.
9.6 Reporting
184. Environmental monitoring report will be prepared semi-annually for the EA by the environmental and climate change specialist, CS1/PIC in collaboration with the PMU/ESO, for submission to ADB. The reports will be included all indicators specified in the EMP monitoring plan, performance monitoring indicators, and relevant national and international environmental quality standards and guidelines. Reporting requirements are summarized in Table 30.
Table 30: Reporting requirements Report Frequency Purpose From To
Contractor’ EMP implementation environmental progress and monitoring Monthly monitoring result Contractor PMU Progress Report Contractor’ Full EMP Environmental Implementation and PMU Adherence to Contractor Monitoring Quarterly Environmental progress report Covenants Full EMP
Environmental Implementation and Monitoring Semi- Adherence to PMU ADB progress report Annually Environmental Covenants
9.7 Training Program and Institutional Capacity Review and Needs
185. A training program is required to address the safeguard reporting and implementation requirements during construction. The engagement of a contractor firm/consultants will be critical to strengthen capacity of PIU and PMU staff and to ensuring monitoring and reporting are managed effectively during implementation. The proposed training required for project implementation is summarized in Table 31.
Table 31: Training requirements Cost Subject/Content Participants Trainer Frequency (US$) EMP implementation –roles and responsibilities, PMU, PIU, Environmental Once prior to monitoring, local authority, 6,000 Specialist construction consultation training, Contractors supervision and reporting
79 Cost Subject/Content Participants Trainer Frequency (US$) Local Grievance Redress Once prior authorities, Environmental Mechanism – roles before 3,000 communities, Specialist and responsibilities construction PMU, PIU, Environmental Monitoring – Once prior monitoring methods, Contractors, Environmental before 1,680 data collection and PIU, PMU, Specialist construction processing, reporting systems Operators, Contractor Once prior Maintenance training staffs, workers, firm/consultants before 3,000 program PIU, PMU and operation local authority Total 13,680
X. CONCLUSION, ASSURANCES AND RECOMMENDATION
10.1 Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits
186. The irrigation sub-projects will: (i) increase the certainty and control of existing irrigation areas; (ii) enable expansion of irrigation into new areas; and (iii) create longer or new cropping periods on areas previously unavailable for parts of the year due to flooding.
187. In terms of areas sown, the sub-projects will increase potential rice growing areas by 687 ha. The beneficiaries of these changes will be local farmers, with flow-on effects to local commercial enterprises. Since rural populations are the poorest segment of the Cambodian population, poverty alleviation effects will be direct and sustainable.
10.2 Negative Impact
188. During construction, the main issues will be air and water pollution and soil erosion, which can be managed by strict control of construction contractors. Additional localized traffic hazards are anticipated and will be minimized by controlling site access and road safety planning. Health and safety of construction workers including COVID-19 is also a primary concern. Mitigation of construction phase impacts relies heavily on responsibility of works contractor(s) to follow specific mitigation measures intended to minimize environmental and social impacts. Thorough implementation of the EMP will rely on enforcement by the safeguards focal point in each provincial PIU and also by the PIC.
189. The main operations phase concerns are local increases in the levels of agricultural fertilizer and pesticide residues and their effects on water quality and people. Mitigation measures include capacity building and training under the sub-projects to encourage efficient and responsible use of fertilizers and pesticides.
190. There is also a concern that the irrigation schemes must be sustainable and responsibly managed, to ensure that agreed irrigation flows are maintained and other water users are not disadvantaged. The EMP requires a clear and detailed extraction plan for the cropping seasons
80 to be prepared as part of each sub-project and submitted to PIC before construction.
10.3 Assurances
191. The most important assurance, which will be included in the loan covenant, is that the PMU will satisfactorily undertake mitigation and management measures set out in the IEE and EMP (Table 28) and that effective implementation is assessed through conduct of a monitoring program, the results of which are regularly reported to ADB. Part of this monitoring and management commitment will be an assurance to implement and maintain an appropriate GRM covering sub-project construction and operation.
192. Other specific assurances are that:
(i) The sediment quality of spoil from channel dredging will need to be tested and assessed against the relevant standards before reuse or disposal. Sediment testing results will determine the requirements to ensure safe reuse. (ii) The sub-projects will deliver, as part of its capacity building and training component, training modules specifically tailored to the needs of farmers on IPM and low chemical cultivation applicable to cropping conditions and capacities in the local soil and climatic environments. (iii) O&M – Output 2 of the sub-projects is to deliver technical capacity building support and it is expected that this support will strengthen the procedures and day-to-day operations and maintenance of the sub-projects 193. The IEE study concluded that no serious negative environmental impacts are likely to result from the proposed development. The selected sub-project sites are not located in environmentally sensitive areas. Other reasons to for the ADB Category B categorization are that the:
(i) Sub-project is located in agricultural areas and primarily involves the rehabilitation of existing structures; and (ii) Sub-project is only small scale and therefore, the overall impact of the individual sub-projects will be small and cumulative impacts are unlikely
194. The sub-projects will contribute to improved agricultural production, flood control, and water supply for domestic use by improving irrigation and drainage facilities. Improved performance of the irrigation-drainage system will increase agricultural production and improve socioeconomic conditions for farmers. Rehabilitated embankments will increase flood protection and provide greater accessibility to the fields and roads. Local employment for construction and operation activities will create job opportunities.
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LIST OF ANNEXES
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Annex 1: REA CHECK LIST
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90 Annex 2: LIST OF PARTICIPANT AT MEETING, MINUTE OF MEETING AND PHOTOS
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