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Promotion of BAT and BEP to Reduce U-Pops Releases from Waste Open Burning in Tanzania

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Promotion of BAT and BEP to Reduce U-Pops Releases from Waste Open Burning in Tanzania UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO) PROMOTION OF BAT AND BET TO REDUCE UPOPS RELEASES FROM WASTE OPEN BURNING IN THE PARTICIPATING AFRICAN COUNTRIES OF SADC SUB- REGION (Tanzania) Baseline Assessment Report Submitted to UNIDO and DOE – VPO, URT Consultant: Report history: Stephen Emmanuel Mbuligwe (PE, PhD), Prepared: December 2018 P. O. Box 32641, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; First update: January 2019 +255 0767 900 145 Second update: February 2019 i PART A: PRELIMINARY ASPECTS i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I was contracted to carry out this assignment by UNIDO and worked under the auspices of both UNIDO and the Division of Environment (VPO). I am grateful to both for this. I especially acknowledge with gladness the guiding and supervisory roles played Erlinda Galvan of UNIDO and Issa Musa Nyashilu of DoE (VPO). Mr. Noel provided special assistance during the initial stages of this assignment, and for this I am very thankful. For their assistance, cooperation, and patience, thanks are due to environmental officers of Dar es Salaam City Council and Ubungo and Kigamboni municipal councils. Local government leaders in the project areas provided assistance and backstopping. This is heartedly acknowledged. Additional words of thanks are due to the following: - Spokespersons and staff of recycling companies and other entities involved in recycling of resources from solid waste, - Spokespersons and staff of companies and other entities involved in composting of solid waste organic fractions, and - Members of communities with whom we interacted or got help from during the course of this assignment. Even though its mention comes towards the end of the acknowledgement list, I owe a lot to Ardhi University for facilitating my execution of this assignment. Prof. Gabriel R. Kassenga, ARU Deputy Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, deserves a special mention on account of the sense of urgency and importance with which he handled the need for me to undertake this assignment. A team of dedicated professional and non-professional members assisted the consultant during the execution of this assignment. Their contribution to the success of the assignment is highly acknowledged. Mr. Nickson and Mr. Eliud are specially singled out for their key roles. Often reports say as much about the reporters as about what is reported on. By the same token, this report says something about me as a professional. I am grateful for the one of a kind moment in the sun that this assignment afforded me. I am very glad to have been given this opportunity to make use of my often underutilised expertise and long experience in waste management. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES1 INTRODUCTION This report presents the outcome of the assignment in connection with the project on: ”PROMOTION OF BAT AND BET TO REDUCE UPOPS RELEASES FROM WASTE OPEN BURNING IN THE PARTICIPATING AFRICAN COUNTRIES OF SADC SUB-REGION” with a focus on the Tanzania component. It is meant to report on the final outcome of the assignment. The assignment was carried out under the auspices of both the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and the Division of the Environment in the Vice President’s Office (DoE VPO). However, UNIDO was the specific contracting party. Specifically, the project spearheaded by UNIDO in collaboration with the Division of the Environment (VPO) is aimed at achieving continuing minimization of unintentionally produced POPs (u-POPS) release in the open burning sector through introduction of best available techniques and best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) measures at Kigamboni and Ubungo municipalities in Tanzania. The assignment which was carried out for this report avails baseline survey results which can be used in the next stage of the main project. ES2 DATA AND INFORMATION ACQUISITION METHODS The methods used to acquire and analyse the data and information for this assignment were selected on the basis of the required data and information. On the whole, the methods actually used were: brainstorming, reconnaissance surveys, review of various documentary sources of data and information, interviews, physical surveys and investigations, consultation for expert opinion, photography, and questionnaire surveys. ES3 CURRENT STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Kigamboni Municipality Existing solid waste management system Solid waste in Kigamboni municipality comes from various sources including residences, commercial premises, institutions and industries. Existing solid waste management options in the municipality include centralized and decentralized collection anddumping, burning, burying and recycling. Solid waste generation in Kigamboni municipality The average daily solid waste generation rate is 0.75 kg/c/day and the total quantity generated in the municipality is about 171 tons per day. iii Solid waste characterization Kitchen waste and other biodegradable organics are the main fractions in solid waste generated in the municipality. Solid waste composition at Kigamboni dump sites (TIPER and Mji Mwema) was almost the same as that obtained at generation points. Of all the waste fractions identified, the so called soft nylon was the most problematic to deal with since there are no recycling industries that accept these waste fractions in the region. In addition to the foregoing revelations, waste pickers are highly vulnerable to health and safety hazards because they do not use any protective gear. Amount of recyclables generated The total amount of recyclables generated in the municipality is 23.73 t/d and glass is the leading fraction accounting for 5.47 t/d (23%). Currently plastics, hard nylon, glass, aluminium and other metal items plus poly sacks are sorted and transported to processing industries available in Dar es Salaam. A large proportion is still left over. Some recyclables such as rubber, paper and textile are not recycled due to the absence of industries that are able and willing to recycle them. Amount of biodegradable wastes generated Biodegradable waste fractions (> 120 t/d) account for over 70% of the waste generated in Kigamboni municipality. These waste fractions are amenable to composting and the resulting compost can be used in urban agriculture. Waste collection service fees and payment for contractors Waste collection service fees range from TZS 3,000 to 170,000 per month for registered contractors while self-appointed contractors charge between TZS 1000 and 5000 per trip depending on the actual amount of solid waste to be transported. Payment of service fees by the beneficiaries is very problematic and is responsible for cessation of most contracts. Size of the population served by waste collection systems Based on our surveys and investigations for this assignment, 14,417 people equal to 7% of the municipality population are served by registered solid waste collection service providers, 36% equal to 74,147 residents are served by unregistered solid waste collectors and 57% of the population, which is equal to 117,400 people, is not served at all. Collection systems On the whole, the main waste collection system used in Kigamboni municipality is the door to door collection system. iv Services carried out by non-registered companies Solid waste collection In most parts of Kigamboni municipality solid waste is collected by non-registered individuals and based on the surveys and investigations carried out for this assignment, 90% of the illegal dumping sites are caused by non-registered solid waste collectors. Recyclables collection Recyclable solid waste fractions (plastics, aluminium and ferrous metals) are collected by non- registered individuals (scavengers) to middle men who then transport them to the processing industries. Also, what is left of these materials in the waste stream is picked up at the dump sites. Mode of collection for recyclables Recyclables are scavenged at generation points, and their sources include residential premises, commercial areas and institutions. The collection usually involves three players, scavengers who pick recyclable waste fractions directly from generation points, the middle man who buys these recyclables from the scavengers and finally the processing industries that process the recyclables Current recyclable materials The main recyclable materials collected are plastics and ferrous and aluminium metal items. Plastics referred to here are mainly plastic bottles used for various drinks packaging. Ongoing project for optimized collection system The main project for optimization of solid waste management system in the municipality is the proposed Kisarawe landfill which is to cover 154 acres. It will reduce waste transportation round trip distances. Solid waste sorting In Kigamboni, Tungi and Somangila wards, sorting activities are conducted at the dump site where valuable materials including plastics, ferrous metals and aluminium items, and poly sacks are picked out and transported to processing industries for recycling. Segregation and sorting of solid waste at generation points is conducted by a small number of residents most of whom can be found in Kigamboni, Kimbiji and Somangila wards. Burning practices Burning practices were observed mostly in Kimbiji, Somangila, Kibada and Vijibweni wards. In most cases residents who burn their waste have enough land and are still conducting small scale farming. v Proposed final use of generated solid wastes Reuse Some of materials considered as waste can be reused in the community. Glass bottles, nylon bags, poly sacks and plastic bottles can be reused
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