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Political Ecology, Mountain Agriculture, and Knowledge in Honduras

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Political Ecology, Mountain Agriculture, and Knowledge in Honduras Political Ecology, Mow1tai11 Agriculture, and Kno,vledge i11 Honduras Kees Jansen POLITICAL ECOLOGY, MOUNTAIN AGRICULTURE, AND KNOWLEDGE IN HONDURAS Thela Latin America Series is published jointly with the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), Programa de Costa Rica and The Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CLACS) of Utrecht University, the Netherlands. Thela Latin America Series es una edición conjunta con la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), Programa de Costa Rica y el Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CLACS) de la Universidad de Utrecht, Holanda. Series Editors/Redactores de la Serie: Dirk Kruijt CLACS, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands Rafael Menjívar FLACSO de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Editors/Redactores: Michiel Baud Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands Jürgen Golte Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Francisco Lasarte CLACS, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands Paul van Lindert CLACS, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands Menno Vellinga CLACS, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands José Joaquín Brunner FLACSO de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile Carlos Iván Degregori Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima, Peru Wilfredo Losano FLACSO de La República Dominicana, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic/Secretary General of the FLACSO System, San José, Costa Rica Hector Dada FLACSO de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador Rodolfo Stavenhagen CES, El Colegio de México, Mexico D.F., Mexico Francisco Weffort FLACSO de Brasil, Brasilia, Brazil The following books have been published in Thela Latin America Series/Thela Latin America Series ha publicado los siguientes libros: 1. Dirk Kruijt: Revolution by Decree, Peru 1968-1975 2. Klaas Wellinga: Entre la poesía y la pared - Política Cultural Sandinista 1979-1990 3. Carlos Alba Vega/Dirk Kruijt: The Convenience of the Miniscule - Informality and Microenterprise in Latin America 4. Kees Koonings: Industrialization, Industrialists, and Regional Development in Brazil - Rio Grande do Sul in Comparative Perspective 5. Angela Delli Sante: Nightmare or Reality - Guatemala in the 1980s 6. Paul van Lindert & Otto Verkoren (eds.): Small Towns and Beyond - Rural Transformation and Small Urban Centres in Latin America 7. Wil G. Pansters (ed.): Citizens of the Pyramid - Essays on Mexican Political Culture 8. Rob van Vuurde: Los Países Bajos, el petróleo y la Revolución Mexicana, 1900-1950 9. Jeanette Kloosterman: Identidad Indígena: "Entre Romanticismo y Realidad" 10. Ton Salman: The Diffident Movement - Disintegration, Ingenuity and Resistance of the Chilean Pobladores, 1973-1990 11. Willem Assies: Going Nuts for the Rainforest: Non-Timber Forest Products, Forest Conservation and Sustainability in Amazonia Political Ecology, Mountain Agriculture, and Knowledge in Honduras Kees Jansen THELA PUBLISHERS AMSTERDAM 1998 Jansen, Kees Political Ecology, Mountain Agriculture, and Knowledge in Honduras / Kees Jansen. - Amsterdam : Thela Publishers. - (Thela Latin America Series ; nr. 12) ISBN 90-5538-030-X NUGI 653/835 © Kees Jansen, 1998 Cover Design: Mirjam Bode All rights reserved. Save exceptions stated by the law no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, included a complete or partial transcription, without the prior written permission of the publisher, application for which should be addressed to the publisher: Thela Publishers, Prinseneiland 305, 1013 LP Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Phone: +31 (0)20 625 54 29, Fax: +31 (0)20 620 33 95 E.mail: [email protected] Contents Lists of Tables and Figures vii Preface ix 1. Environment and Agriculture in Honduras: the Study of Producer Strategies 1 Environmental deterioration in Honduras: uncertainty and multiple causes 1 Nature, population dynamics, and market development 4 Perspectives on agrarian change and environmental deterioration 11 Research methodology 22 Structure of the book 26 2. Fencing in Value: Land and Social Institutions 28 The latifundio-minifundio model in Honduras 28 Early titling: liberal development or peasant production? 29 Land concessions and the commons 37 Fences and violence: law and local rules 41 Managing inequality: an aborted land reform 47 Land titling: new institutionalized insecurities 53 Space, mediating institutions and the meaning of land value 59 3. Land Use Dynamics: Heterogeneity and Diversity 63 Change, standardization and diversity 63 Environmental heterogeneity in El Zapote 64 Production for the market: cattle, coffee and tule 67 The dynamics of non-market productive activities 77 Land use and farm technology of José and Excequiel 82 Diversity and the reproduction of multiple structuring principles 97 4. Spotting environmental change: beyond conventional agronomy and local discourse 101 Problems of understanding environmental change 101 Perceptions and responses to the fallow crisis 103 Burning: multiple interpretations of a practice and its effects 110 Vegetation, climatic change and water 120 Agro-chemicals and the limits of escape 124 Beyond conventional agronomy and local discourse 128 v 5. Social Differentiation and Labour Relations 132 Representations of labour relations 132 Local narratives of wealth, accumulation and poverty 133 Establishing control over labour 141 A typology of producers 152 Nickel and dime capitalism 160 6. Knowledge: Locality, Context, and Content 162 The rediscovery of local knowledge 162 Local knowledge in El Zapote 166 The nature of local knowledge 171 Dominant narratives 178 The transience of intervention 184 Locality, context, and content 192 7. Explaining the Social Origins of Environmental Deterioration: Relativist `Post'-Theories or Realist Political Ecology? 194 Emerging environmentalism in the Honduran agricultural sector 194 Environmental deterioration and its multiple relations with society 204 Political ecology in reconstruction 213 Notes 227 Glossary 251 Bibliography 254 vi List of Tables and Figures Tables 2.1 Land titles of interest to the villagers of El Zapote. 30 2.2 Recorded land concession in El Zapote between 1917 and 1974 37 2.3 Land use by Excequiel 43 2.4 Land properties of Alfredo Luna in 1965 50 2.5 Delineated area and issued titles in El Zapote 55 3.1 Views on diversity in agricultural systems 64 3.2 Registered sales of local products to national trade networks in 1950 67 3.3 Livestock and pasture expansion in El Zapote 69 3.4 Expansion of coffee production in El Zapote 72 3.5 Variation in coffee yields (1992-1993) 72 3.6 Variations in maize yields in El Zapote in three different seasons 78 3.7 Variable costs of maize production (milpa) in 1993, made by José 84 4.1 Percentage of the land that lies fallow in El Zapote (1952-1992) 240 4.2 Frequency of different fallow lengths in maize rotations in El Zapote 104 4.3 Association between burning and the use of inputs 118 4.4 Association between burning and tenure type 119 5.1 Types of producers in El Zapote in the 1990s, land distribution and farm technology 156 5.2 Number of producers participating in PRODESBA groups in El Zapote 157 6.1 Lunar cycle in El Zapote 169 6.2 Influence of the moon on some agricultural activities 169 6.3 Knowledge and technology interventions in El Zapote 185 Figures 2.1 Map of land titles in El Zapote 30 2.2 Land distribution in El Zapote and Santa Bárbara in 1974 48 3.1 Sketch of the locations of the fields in the surroundings of El Zapote 65 3.2 Land use in El Zapote as a percentage of the enumerated area 68 3.3 Variations in coffee yields in relation to finca size in El Zapote 73 3.4 Distribution of labour over different field activities in time on Excequiel's farm in 1994 91 3.5 Cropping calendar of Excequiel in 1994 92 3.6 Amount of labour hours in the field used for various activities 93 4.1 Land in fallow available for food grain production per farm size class in El Zapote 109 vii Preface Don Reducindo accompanied me on many walks to his fields or fields of other producers. He is a stocky, broad-shouldered man who enjoys talking with a particular vivid style, fond of using gestures as he speaks. I loved the beautiful mountain landscape, he did not. Hillsides are hard to work and yields are low. He took plenty of time to tell me about village life, agriculture, the past, and his personal feelings. Likewise, his wife Victoria was always ready to help or be interrogated. In their house maize, beans or tule on the mud floor were invariably put aside, and fowl, pigs, and children chased away to offer us their only chair or a bag of maize to sit on in order to carry on hours and hours of conversation. Victoria prepared the most tasty tortillas, tamales and home roasted coffee whenever we visited her. She was very keen on recalling family networks, household compositions, and historical facts. Both had strong opinions, they did not hesitate to relate their personal histories, were open for discussion and prepared to explore different explanations. They had a good feeling for gossip and the impulse to keep abreast of everything happening in the village, and they were optimistic about life and the future of humanity, although pessimistic about the principles of those in power. Victoria and Reducindo are natural storytellers and became very good friends. In contrast to many scientists they took a more open and critical attitude towards exploring the interweaving of personal perceptions of natural events, land struggles, agricultural practices, political power, crop choice, family ties, prices, and so on. It was normal for them to talk about the influence of the moon one minute, while the next recalling past conflicts about land. Combining such apparently different factors is often necessary to understand why producers do what they do. I hope that I do justice to their ideas and lives when I fit such talks in a single analysis which tries to unravel the socio-economic causes of environmental deterioration in mountain agriculture in Honduras.
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