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Notes on Emigration from the Palatinate to Galicia and the German Settlements There
“There is nothing to be gained in Poland”, Notes on emigration from the Palatinate to Galicia and the German settlements there Essay written by Hans Christian HEINZ On the pre-history of the emigration to Galicia from southwestern Germany The Peace of Ryswick (or Rijswijk) in 1697 ended the more than eight decades of war (from the Thirty Years’ War to the Nine Years’ War, which includes the Palatinate and the Orléan Wars of Succession) in the Palatinate (Pfalz) and its surroundings – with all its devastation, destruction, looting, contributions to troops passing through and not least because of the great loss of population, which was not supposed to equalize again until 1725. But the religious peace was again endangered by the so-called simultaneum (i.e. simultaneous regulation for Roman Catholics and Protestants of all confessions; this involved mutual tolerance on the same territory and, in practice, the sharing of a church building for worship). At the end of the 17th century, the slogan “I can not do more” made the rounds, which meant “without me” and reflected the exhaustion of the inhabitants of the Palatinate. Only a small proportion of them had sought an improvement in their living situation to date, such as since the 1670’s emigration to North America. With the exceptionally severe winter of 1708/09 – which the German geologist, paleontologist and Palatine local historian Daniel Häberle (1864-1934) describes as follows: “The wine froze in the barrels, the birds fell dead from the air, almost no vine was preserved; for years the viticulture, the main acquisition branch of the Palatinate peasants, was destroyed.” – occurred the first of many extreme weather conditions of the 18th century. -
Galicia and Bukovina
HISTORIC GALICIA SITES SERVICE AND BUKOVINA A RESEARCH HANDBOOK ABOUT WESTERN UKRAINE, LATE 19TH - 20TH CENTURIES. Occasional CANADIANA Paper MAY No. 20 1 4 ?990 March 1990 John-Paul Himka /dbcna CULTURE AND MULTICULTURALISM National Library Bibiioth^que Rationale 1^1 of Canada du Canada GALICIA AND BUKOVINA: A Research Handbook About Western Ukraine, Late 19th and 20th Centuries John-Paul Himka Historic Sites Service Occasional Paper No. 20 March 1990 Prepared for: Published by: Alberta Culture & Multiculturalism Historic Sites Service Historical Resources Division © 1990 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Alberta The Historic Sites Service Occasional Papers are designed to permit the rapid disseminaton of information resulting from Historical Resources programmes of the Department of Culture & Multiculturalism, Province of Alberta, Canada. They are intended primarily for interested specialists, rather than as popular publications for general readers. In the interests of making information available quickly for these specialists, normal production procedures have been abbreviated. CONTENTS List of Tables 9 List of Maps 11 List of Illustrations 12 Abbreviations 13 Foreword 14 Preface 15 Chapter I. Geographical Coordinates 1 A. Administrative Divisions, 1772-1867 (Circles) 1 1. Terminology and Introductory Survey 1 2. Eastern and Western GaMcia 3 3. The Status of Bukovina 5 B. Administrative Divisions, 1867-1914 (Districts) 6 C. Judicial Districts 13 D. Eparchies 17 E. Interwar Administrative Divisions in Brief 24 F. Current Administrative Divisions 24 G. Concordance of Localities in the Maps 27 H. Glossary of Place Names in the Maps 31 I. Topographical Guides 35 J. Regional Almanacs 36 K. Maps 37 L. Map Collections 37 1. -
Actas Estrasburgo.Pdf
Public Authorities and the Training of Religious Personnel in Europe La formation des cadres religieux en Europe Proceedings of the XXVth Annual Conference Strasbourg/Klingenthal, 21-24 November 2013 Actes du XXVème colloque annuel Strasbourg/Klingenthal, 21-24 novembre 2013 FRANCIS MESSNER (ed.) Public Authorities and the Training of Religious Personnel in Europe La formation des cadres religieux en Europe Proceedings of the XXVth Annual Conference Strasbourg/Klingenthal, 21-24 November 2013 Actes du XXVème colloque annuel Strasbourg/Klingenthal, 21-24 novembre 2013 Granada, 2015 Ces actes du colloque du Consortium européen pour l’étude des relations Eglises/Etat sont dédiés au professeur Francesco Margiotta-Broglio membre fondateur et premier président du Consortium. © Los autores Editorial Comares, S.L. Polígono Juncaril C/ Baza, parcela 208 18220 Albolote (Granada) Tlf.: 958 465 382 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.editorialcomares.com http://www.comares.com ISBN: … • Depósito legal: Gr. … FOTOCOMPOSICIÓN, IMPRESIÓN Y ENCUADERNACIÓN: COMARES Professor Norman Doe is very grateful for assistance with refinement of the English texts from the following Cardiff Law School undergraduates: Joshua Atkins, Conor Bisson, Charlotte Brett, Ella Carroll, Jessica Etheridge, Bethany Fensome, Chloe Halloran, Elinor Hughes, Thomas Jaynes, Lauren Quinn, Olivia Samuel, Becky Rogers, Nia Webb, Sadie White, Sarah White, and Kimberley Williams. Francis Messner tient également à remercier Lucie Veyretout pour son travail de relecture. TABLE DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1 Francis Messner LA FORMATION DES CADRES RELIGIEUX EN EUROPE – TOILE DE FONDS HISTORIQUE .......... 9 Brigitte Basdevant LES POUVOIRS PUBLICS ET LA FORMATION DES CADRES RELIGIEUX EN EUROPE. LE CADRE POLITICO-NORMATIF ITALIEN .................................................. 27 Roberto Mazzola LA FORMATION DES CADRES RELIGIEUX EN FRANCE.................................. -
Visions Cannot Be Neglected – Compilation of General Pēteris Radziņš Writings
hen reading, studying and researching the works of General WRadziņš, one must take into account what the General said about the importance of understanding the history of war when planning the WRITINGS RADZIŅŠ PĒTERIS GENERAL OF COMPILATION development of modern armed forces: “Every educated leader in war must thoroughly study the history of both war and politics because it is an expected part of their knowledge, their specialty, and their peacetime preparation work.” VISIONS CANNOT BE NEGLECTED – BE NEGLECTED VISIONS CANNOT VISIONS CANNOT BE NEGLECTED Every new war brings new surprises. These surprises cannot be overcome by formations or stagnant tactical techniques; an army will only be able – COMPILATION OF GENERAL to overcome these surprises if it is trained in the real art of war, not according to rigid techniques and templates. This true art of war must PĒTERIS RADZIŅŠ WRITINGS be learned from the history of war, but not only from one’s own history because the conditions of war that once existed will not repeat a second time: something completely different will be faced in every new situation. The ideas of great leaders in war are simple in their genius, yet extremely diffi cult to apply. The greater a soldier’s talent – the closer he or she stands to this genius – the better and easier it will be for him or her to employ the ideas generated by these great leaders in war. Those of lesser talent, who are unable to fully comprehend and interpret an idea’s deeper meaning, are limited to applying only outer constructs, i.e.