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Racial and Ethnic Groups in the Gulf of Mexico Region: Creole and Multiracial 1 Bama (Eble 2008)

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Racial and Ethnic Groups in the Gulf of Mexico Region: Creole and Multiracial 1 Bama (Eble 2008) April 2014 Research Report #122 Racial and Ethnic Groups in the Gulf of Mexico Region Introduction climate of the region through the focuses primarily on the Creoles. tradition of Mardi Gras, ethnic food It also describes some multiracial As part of a larger project that ways, commitment to Catholicism groups with a historical presence, examines demographic and com- and culture of revelry. as well as the current trends in munity-level changes in the Gulf of & Multiracial multiracial identity in the Gulf Mexico region, we reviewed racial These eight groups emerged as sig- of Mexico region. Concentrated in and ethnicity literature for eight nificant through the existing litera- coastal Louisiana, Creoles represent key groups with significant influ- Creoleture that details their unique efects one of the larger and more well- ence in part, or all, of the region. in building the culture, economic known multiracial (or mixed-race) The Gulf of Mexico region is incred- stability and political climate in the groups that have long histories in ibly diverse, with more than 13.5 region, as well as their ties to the oil the region. More recently, data from million residents who trace their ori- and gas industry operating in the the 2000 and 2010 censuses show gins to scores of places in Europe, Gulf of Mexico. For each group, we that a sizeable portion of Americans Africa, Asia and Latin America (see focused our review on common ele- and Gulf Coast residents persist in Table 1). ments such as the culture, history, claiming multiracial identities. immigration, ties to the oil and gas Of these various groups, we have industry and economic standing of focused our reviews on eight specific Origins and History the group. In addition to these com- racial, ethnic and ancestry groups: Terminology mon elements, we examined other African-Americans, Cajuns, Creoles, prominent themes that emerged Creole is a polysemous term, used Croatians, Latinos, Native Ameri- for particular groups. For instance, at different times and various geo- cans, Vietnamese and Other Asians the effects of Hurricane Katrina on graphical areas to describe diverse (not Vietnamese). Although some the Vietnamese fishermen living in identities, languages, people, eth- of these groups may be small in southern Louisiana was widely dis- nicities, racial heritages and cultural number, their effects on the region cussed by scholars and thus became artifacts (see, for example, Bras- have been substantial (see Table 2). a prominent discussion in our review seaux 2005; DuBois and Melancon For instance, although only about of the literature on Vietnamese liv- 2000; Domínguez 1986; and Long 7.8% of the residents in the re- ing in the region. 1980). Contemporary use of Creole gion identify as Cajun/French, this in the United States is restricted to group has had significant effects on Below you will find the eighth in southern Louisiana and the coastal shaping the cultural and economic this series of reviews. This review portions of Mississippi and Ala- Table 1. Diversity in the Gulf of Mexico Region Table 2. Groups of Interest in the Gulf of Mexico Region Ancestry Category Number Percentage of Racial/Ancestry Group Number Percentage of Total Population Total Population British 15.36% 2,147,789 African-American 2,568,703 19.14% French 7.81% 1,092,377 Cajun 1,092,377 7.81% German 8.71% 1,218,236 Croatian 6,422 0.05% Middle Eastern 0.49% 68,544 Latino 3,988,491 29.72% Northern/Eastern European 5.24% 733,424 Native American 85,455 0.64% Southern European 3.09% 432,724 Other Asian 396,007 2.95% Sub-Saharan African/West Indian 1.22% 170,670 Vietnamese 154,669 1.15% Total Population: 13,985,914 White 8,912,239 63.72% Table 1 data from ACS Five-Year Estimates. Two or More Races 305,214 2.27% Table 2 data from ACS Five-Year Estimates and 2010 Decennial Census. Numbers do not add to 100 percent because individuals can indicate more than one race, ethnic- ity or ancestry group. “Other Asian” refers to Asian groups other than Vietnamese. LSU AgCenter Research Report #122 Racial and Ethnic Groups in the Gulf of Mexico Region: Creole and Multiracial 1 bama (Eble 2008). Precise defini- Figure 1. tions and explanations of Creole are difficult to establish because “al- most everything about the word is contested” (Mentz 2004: 14). Debate continues over the derivation of the word itself, with some crediting Por- tuguese (crioulo) while others look to Spanish (crollo) or French (créole) origins (see Brasseaux 2008; Hall 1992; Long 1980; and Tregle 1992). Uses of Creole have shifted and evolved over the time, and conse- quently the term has come to mean very different things to different people. Creole individuals typi- cally identify their ancestries back Data from U.S. Decennial Census. (Multiracial population in millions in parentheses.) to some combination of French, Spanish and/or Haitian settlers who Origins History came and lived in the area prior to Creole populations in the Gulf of Like many ethnic populations, the Louisiana Purchase. Some of Mexico region trace their heritage the Creoles celebrate their rich and these early settlers coexisted with back to “Old World” origins in Eu- complex history. To better under- Native Americans and, therefore, rope and Africa (see e.g., Edwards stand the conditions through which some Creoles also may claim a Na- 1994; Hanger 1996; Henry and Creoles came to occupy a unique po- tive American heritage (see Jolivétte Bankston 2002; and Mandelblatt litical, economic and social position 2007 or Thorne 1987). 2002). Colonial expansion of Euro- in the Gulf of Mexico region, we Although the general contempo- pean political powers throughout present an overview of how Creole rary understanding is that Creole the world, from the 16th through identity was formed – and persisted is a mixed-race identity that has at the 18th centuries, gave rise to – in the face of several shifts in state least some African ancestry, some numerous Creole languages and sovereignty. scholars distinguish between “Cre- cultures. These Creole societies oles” and “Creoles of Color,” which shared some common features such Under French Sovereignty would suggest important differences as “structured economic, and often Beginning with Jacques Cartier’s within the shared identity (e.g., political, contacts with Western exploration of the St. Lawrence Douboid and Harvath 2003; DuBois Europe, a self-image as pioneering River in 1534, France gained sov- and Melancon 2000; Dorman 1996; societies surviving or thriving in ereignty over vast geographical and Eble 2008). These distinctions nearly unlivable surroundings and territory in North America. Even- may have further varied geographi- a heterogeneity of physical appear- tually, the French established five cally as the tripartite racial caste ance, language and cultural heri- colonies: Canada, Acadia, Hudson system was more firmly entrenched tage” (Domínguez 1986: 13). Early Bay, Newfoundland and Louisiana in coastal than in prairie parishes uses of the term Creole tended to (Pritchard 2004; Johnston 2001). in Louisiana (Kammer 1941). Still include anyone “born in, native to Administration of the French North today there are Louisianans who or committed to the area of living,” American Empire was located in identify as Creole but claim no and this meant slaves were included Louisiana, which extended from the African ancestry at all (Brasseaux, (Braithwaite 1971: xv; see also Bras- Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes Fontenot and Oubre 1994; Domín- seaux 2005). Initially self-adoption and encompassed most of the Mis- guez 1986; and Dormon 1996). To of the term carried a political impli- sissippi River’s drainage basin. An this end, a working definition of cation where Creoles felt differently administrative capital originally was Creole is dependent on the historical about their homeland than did their established in Mobile but later was and social context in which the term progenitors (Long 1980). moved to Biloxi. Eventually, due to appears (Domínguez 1986; Hirsch fears surrounding diseases, hurri- and Logdson 1992; and Henry and canes and tides, the inland harbor Bankston 2001 1998). capital La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans) was established. 2 LSU AgCenter Research Report #122 Racial and Ethnic Groups in the Gulf of Mexico Region: Creole and Multiracial Colonization was undertaken by pean settlers, immigrants, black to the Spanish elites, land ownership military personnel, French settlers slaves, Mulattos and free people also was granted to several Franco- and French-Canadians. In addi- of color (Dominguez 1986). Such phone groups: Royalist aristocracy tion to these groups, large numbers designation is problematic, however, seeking refuge from the French of enslaved Native Americans and insofar as the term Creole often was Revolution, white Creole bourgeoi- indentured servants were included used interchangeably with other sie, Acadians recently deported from in the colonial population, which terms such as “slave,” “negro,” “na- Canada and free people of color, as in later years constituted nearly tive,” “Indian,” and “Creole negro.” well as a small group from French- half of colonial Louisiana popula- In fact, Dominguez (1986:98) notes controlled portions of the island of tion (Young and Young 1992). As records from the French colonial Hispaniola. colonial expansion increased, the government include references to system of indentured servitude Creoles but there is “little evidence As a result of these Spanish became strained due to a narrow- of an exclusive
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