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Factors Affecting the Identifica- Tion of Phytoplankton Groups by Means of Remote Sensing

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Factors Affecting the Identifica- Tion of Phytoplankton Groups by Means of Remote Sensing NASA Technical Memorandum 108799 Factors Affecting the Identifica- tion of Phytoplankton Groups by Means of Remote Sensing Ellen C. Weaver, San Jose State University, San Jose, California Robert Wrigley, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California Janua_ 1994 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California 94035-1000 IL TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 2 2. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 4 3. CURRENT EFFORTS ........................................................................................................ 4 3.1 Estimates of total chlorophyll a from satellite (CZCS) data .................................. 5 3.2 Estimates of primary productivity from satellite data .............................................. 6 4. BEYOND THE COASTAL ZONE COLOR SCANNER AND CHLOROPHYLL A : CAN ALGAL GROUPS BE IDENTIFIED REMOTELY BY THEIR SPECTRAL SIGNATURE? ............................................... 8 5. ANALYSIS OF ALGAL PIGMENTS ............................................................................ 12 6. _ CAN ACCESSORY PIGMENTS BE DETECTED BY BACKSCAqTERED LIGHT? .................................................................................... 17 7. CAN PHYTOPLANKTON BE IDENTIFIED REMOTELY BY FLUORESCENCE? ............................................................................................. 19 8. GELBSTOFF, OR YELLOW MATTER ........................................................................ 22 9. CAN ANY DISTINCTION BE MADE AT PRESENT (WITH CZCS IMAGES) AMONG DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHYTOPLANKTON? .......................................................................................... 23 9.1 Coccolithophorids ..................................................................................................... 23 9.2 Trichodesmium (Oscillatoria) .................................................................................. 23 9.3 Red and brown tides ................................................................................................ 24 10. SENSORS CURRENTLY SCHEDULED AND PLANNED FOR LAUNCH ............................................................................................................ 24 11. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 27 12. REFERENCES CITED .................................................................................................... 29 13. APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................... 39 _NG PAGE BI.ANK NOT FILM_C,_L) iii =. Factors Affecting the Identification of Phytoplankton Groups by Means of Remote Sensing Ellen. C. Weaver San Jose State University Robert. C. Wrigley NASA/Ames Research Center SUMMARY A literature review was conducted of the state of the art as to whether or not informa- tion about communities and populations of phytoplankton in aquatic environments can be derived by remote sensing. In order to arrive at this goal, the spectral characteristics of various types of phytoplankton were compared to determine first, whether there are charac- teristic differences in pigmentation among the types and second, whether such differences can be detected remotely. In addition to the literature review, an extensive, but not exhaustive, annotated bibliography of the literature that bears on these questions is included as an appendix since it constitutes a convenient resource for anyone wishing an overview of the field of ocean color. The review found some progress has already been made in remote sensing of assemblages such as coccolithophorid blooms, mats of cyanobacteria, and red tides. Much more information about the composition of algal groups is potentially available by remote sensing particularly in water bodies having higher phytoplankton concentrations, but it will be necessary to develop the remote sensing techniques required for working in so-called Case 2 waters. It is also clear that none of the satellite sensors presently available or soon to be launched is ideal from the point of view of what we might wish to know; it would seem wise to pursue instruments with the planned characteristics of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Tilt (MODIS-T) or Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS). 1. INTRODUCTION This report has as its major goal an assessment of whether or not information about communities and populations of phytoplankton in aquatic environments can be derived by remote sensing. In order to arrive at this goal, the spectral characteristics of various types of phytoplankton are compared to determine first, whether there are characteristic differences in pigmentation among the groups and second, whether such differences can be detected remotely. Mitchell and Kiefer have aptly stated an optimistic view to support such an effort. "...in situ or remote optical sensors may be capable of supplying information on algal physiol- ogy and ecosystem characterization including the extent of photoadaptation and the accumu- lation of small detrital particles derived from grazing." [1] A concurrent opinion comes from Millie and his colleagues: "High-resolution airborne remote sensing provides a means for monitoring local phytoplankton dynamics in temporal and spatial scales analogous to biotic and abiotic processes affecting such dynamics and necessary for applications to ecological research and fisheries or aquacultural management." [2] Ocean color has proven to be a rich and dependable source of information on the abundance and distribution of phytoplankton, all of which contain chlorophyll a, the green pigment which is virtually the universal converter of light energy to chemical energy on earth. Chlorophyll a absorbs light particularly efficiently in the red and the blue portions of the spec- trum. It is the absorption in the blue, when compared to absorption in the green, which is the basis for the quantitative detection of chlorophyll a. All phytoplankton - microalgae* and cyanobacteria - have pigments in addition to chlorophyll a which modify or mask its green color. Thus these organisms may appear brown, yellow, blue-green, even red. Several researchers have pointed out the desirability of being able to remotely identify and quantify pigments in addition to chlorophyll a. Richardson and her associates, for instance, point out that the optical characteristics, i.e. the color, of the salt evaporation ponds which they were studying were determined by the biota, which consist of dense populations of algae and pho- tosynthetic bacteria containing a wide variety of both photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments, and that the spectral signature of these pigments could be determined remotely. [3] In a similar situation, Millie's group used the Calibrated Airborne Multispectral Scanner aboard jet aircraft to provide reliable estimates of chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations and phytoplankton standing crop in a series of finfish impoundments which varied dramati- cally. [2] The same is true of bodies of water in which the organisms are far more dispersed. Bidigare, with others, has been particularly active in elucidating the relationship between spectral irradiance in seawater and the phytoplankton pigments responsible, particularly of the chlorophylls. [4, 5] *Algae refers to eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, classified by some as Piantae, and by others as Protista. Until the last decade or so, photosynthetic bacteria containing chlorophyll a and evolving oxygen (cyanobacteria) were included in the term 'algae', being called "blue-green algae" or "cyanophytes". However, in recent years, the fact that cyanobaeteria are prokaryotes, and clearly belonged in a different kingdom than any eukaryotic organism, has generally led to their exclusion from the term"algae". However, their role in the environment as primary producers, i.e. as reducers of carbon dioxide and evolvers of oxygen, makes it logical to include them functionally with the algae. 2 There are many examples of the potential value to biological oceanography of the ability to remotely sense photosynthetic pigments in addition to the ubiquitous chlorophyll a, and its degradation products; i.e., the other chlorophylls and the photosynthetically important carotenoids, as well as the phycobilins. Since the ensemble of pigments gives a mass of phytoplankton its characteristic color, it follows that the color can inform about the pigments present. The bluish green of chlorophyll a is often not obvious to the eye, but is masked by the other pigments which develop in aquatic organisms not only characteristic of a species, but also modified in response to the light environment and nutrition available. This report will show that there are pigments which may be correlated with particular groups of algae (often here referred to loosely as "taxa") or cyanobacteria, the eucaryotic algae and cyanobacteria being collectively termed "phytoplankton". It will also consider the potential for correlating such pigments with a spectral signature which might be detected remotely, thus indicating the presence of large numbers of a given group. As noted above, there
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