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Of Indigenous Ungulate Herbivory on the Vegetation of Sanbona Wildlife Reserve in the Little Karoo

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Of Indigenous Ungulate Herbivory on the Vegetation of Sanbona Wildlife Reserve in the Little Karoo Current status and impact (2004-2015) of indigenous ungulate herbivory on the vegetation of Sanbona Wildlife Reserve in the Little Karoo Liesl Vorster Supervisors: Town Simon W. Todd M. Timm Hoffman Cape of University Dissertation presented for the degree of Master of Science In the Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town March 2017 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town DECLARATION I know the meaning of plagiarism and declare that all of the work in the dissertation, save for that which is properly acknowledged, is my own. Signature: Date: 10th March 2017 CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... iii 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 2. Literature review .................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Indigenous animals and their impact on arid and semi-arid rangelands ................ 6 2.2. The influence of climate on semi-arid rangelands ............................................................. 13 2.3. Current concepts of rangeland dynamics .............................................................................. 15 2.4. Vegetation monitoring ................................................................................................................... 18 2.5. Management implications ............................................................................................................ 20 3. Study area ................................................................................................................................23 3.1. Climate ................................................................................................................................................... 23 3.2. Physical Environment ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.3. Biological Environment .................................................................................................................. 25 4. Methods ....................................................................................................................................30 4.1. Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Vegetation monitoring ...................................................................................................................... 30 Field surveys ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Rainfall ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 Stocking rates ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Herbivore areas of preference ....................................................................................................... 37 Soil sampling ......................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2. Data analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 38 Identification of current plant communities............................................................................ 38 Community change over time ........................................................................................................ 38 Role of herbivory versus rainfall in community change ..................................................... 43 Indicators for management............................................................................................................. 44 5. Results.......................................................................................................................................46 5.1. Vegetation communities ................................................................................................................ 46 General description of the communities ................................................................................... 50 Cover ........................................................................................................................................................ 55 Abundance ............................................................................................................................................. 55 Species Richness .................................................................................................................................. 58 Unique species ...................................................................................................................................... 61 5.2. Vegetation change from 2004 to 2015 ................................................................................... 62 Cover ........................................................................................................................................................ 62 Species Richness .................................................................................................................................. 62 Growth forms ........................................................................................................................................ 63 Community-level changes over time ........................................................................................... 66 5.3. Rainfall ................................................................................................................................................... 76 5.4. Stocking rates ..................................................................................................................................... 79 5.5. Areas of preference ........................................................................................................................... 80 5.6. Changes to the individual plots ................................................................................................... 82 5.7. Rainfall and stocking rate as an influence on vegetation change .............................. 88 5.8. Indicator species ................................................................................................................................ 89 6. Discussion ................................................................................................................................96 6.1. Plant communities ............................................................................................................................ 96 6.2. Vegetation change over time ....................................................................................................... 97 6.3. Vegetation change in response to rainfall and stocking rate .................................... 100 6.4. Implications for management and conservation ............................................................ 102 Stocking rates ..................................................................................................................................... 102 Indicator species................................................................................................................................ 105 Adaptive management .................................................................................................................... 107 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 110 8. References ............................................................................................................................ 114 9. Appendices ........................................................................................................................... 136 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My appreciation and gratitude goes to: My supervisors, Simon Todd and Timm Hoffman for their guidance, advice and patience. Nelmarie Saayman, Hannes Botha, Christie Rheeder and Rudi Swart from the Department of Agriculture, for their invaluable assistance in the annual surveys, and for those that assisted before I started. Andrew Slater who assisted with reorganising 12 years’ worth of field survey data. Sanbona and the Caleo Foundation in allowing me the opportunity to improve my knowledge for conservation sake. And to Layla, Mia and Paul in my absence in our family life while I was trying to achieve this. i ABBREVIATIONS AS Aeolian
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