Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan and Amendment to the GWRC Parks Network Plan
Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan and amendment to the GWRC Parks Network Plan
He taonga mo tätou Lakes and wetlands of national significance officers fromGreater WellingtonRegionalCouncil(GWRC). Te RoopuTiakiconsistsofthree trusteesofPortNicholsonBlockSettlementTrust(PNBST)andthreesenior Members ofTe RoopuTiaki PNBST Trustee Mark Te One for thisgenerationandgenerationstocome.Therefore,everyone whocontributed concerning theLakesKohangapiripiriandKohangatera.Theselakesaretreasures Greetings tothemanydifferentstrandswhosupportedthisimportantkaupapa He pounamuēneitaongamotātouonaianeimengāreangakeitehaeremai.
No reiraeteitimerahikoutouiwhakatakotomaiowhakaaro, Mihi aturāengākarangatangamahatautokotiamaiiteneikaupapa whakahirahira otewā. Ara koKohangapiripirirāuaKohangatera. PNBST Trustee Puketapu Te Rira(Teri) moemoea tēnākoutou,koutoukatoa. their thoughtsanddreams,greetingssalutations. PNBST Trustee Chairperson Te RoopuTiaki Liz Mellish
GWRC Biodiversity Manager Tim Porteous GWRC Environment Manager General Nigel Corry
GWRC Manager Parks Amanda Cox
1 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 2 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Taiao) highlights someoftheuniquelandscape, The NaturalEnvironment section(Section 4Te written) preserved. landscape isunderstoodandtheir histories(oraland significance oftheculturaland naturalfeaturesofthe in accordancewithkaitiakitanga principles.Thatthe and otherwaahi taongaoftheParangarahu Lakes Area the historicandculturalheritage,sitesofsignificance the needtoprotectthisheritage: (tree carvings).ManagementObjective 4reflects the importanceofkarakatreesanddendroglyphs reconnection withthelakesareaandasectionon Taranaki Whānuihistoryof connection,lossand native reserve blockhistorytodemonstratethe It includesanoverview oftheParangarahu with theareathatisperhapslesswell known. aspects ofMāorihistoryandvalues associated Section 3(MahiTangata) providesaninsightinto in Section2. in thecontextofMoemoeā-Vision framework Mouri Ora.Theseprinciplesarefurtherexplained Integrated CatchmentManagement Approach; and Lakes Area are:Kaitiakitanga;Co-Management; principles formanagementoftheParangarahu for sustaininghumanwell-being. Theguiding nurturing biodiversity, forregeneratinglife,and be recognisedandsoughtafterasaplacefor and thewetlands andlakesthemselves will that thecombinedcatchmentsofLakes names ofthetwoLakesanditisaspirational The useoftheterm‘kohanga’buildson nurturing lifeandwellbeing’. plan. KohangaOramaybeinterpretedas‘anest developed toachieve theMoemoeā-Vision ofthe agencies, landownersandcommunitygroupsare Objective 8:Strategicpartnershipsbetween Moemoeā-Vision. ThisisreflectedbyManagement progress towards achievingthe‘Kohanga Ora’ manage theParangarahu Lakes Area andto strong relationshipswithotherstosuccessfully of theRoopuTiaki.TheTiakineeds Council undertheguidanceandleadership Conservation andGreaterWellington Regional and staffofHuttCityCouncil,Department Whānui, community groups, interested individuals kōrero withmembersoftheiwiTaranaki The planhasbeendeveloped jointlythrough Pencarrow Lighthouseislocated. Rae-akiaki (Pencarrow Head)wherethehistoric harbour entrance,nestledbehindthedistinctive Te Wellington’s SoutheastCoastadjacenttothemain area ofnationalsignificanceandlocatedalong Lakes Area. Thelakesandwetlands arean Kohangatera andthebroaderParangarahu the taongaofLakeKohangapiripiriand a sharedvisionforpreservingandprotecting intertwining ofmultipleintereststrandstodevelop This Co-ManagementPlan istheresultof The strengthofaropeisinitsmanystrands. Executive Summary Protect andmanage Section 5covers currentmanagementbyGreater the Lakes. indigenous floraandfaunapopulationsinaround Lakes Area ecosystemtosustainvitalandhealthy maintain theecologicalintegrityofParangarahu Management Objective 1: of themourilakesandthisisreflectedin of theeelfisheryisconnectedtorestoration eel fisheryforcustomarypurposes.Restoration a longtermgoaltorestoretheonceabundant the openingoflakesatseaoutletswith priority issueforTaranaki Whānuiistoimprove animals andhumanactivities.Furthermore,a include aquaticweeds, terrestrialweeds, pest be addressed.Keyriskstotheecologicalintegrity rankings, therearestillrisk,threatsandissuesto ranked 47th.Notwithstandingthesenational Lake Kohangapirpiri’sconditionis‘high’and it at10thrankingoutofatotal206lakes;and nationally outstandingbotanicalvalues, placing Lake Kohangatera’sconditionis‘excellent’with very highlyonthenationalLakesSPIindex: based ona2011NIWA survey, thelakesareranked of theParangarahu Lakes Area. Forexample, geological, ecological and cultural heritage features recreational pursuits atParangarahu Lakes Area. and management of,customaryactivities and outlines therules relatingtotheprovision for, Section 7(Rulesforuseand development) implications. are likelytohave significantfunding andresource which contributetotheMoemoeā –Vision and not occurwithinthe10-year lifeofthisplanbut timeframe; andLong-termactionswhichmay or canwait tobeachieved withina3-10year actions thatrequirefundingbidstoachieve, within thenextthreeyears; Mediumpriority actions orthosethatrequireresourcesandfocus activities or‘businessasusual’;Immediatepriority objective, whichareprioritised as:Current objectives andthespecific actionsforeach Section 6providesdetailsoftheeightmanagement nurtured fromtheexperience. natural environmentandtovisitorsbeingrefreshed Recreation opportunitiesleadtoappreciationofthe Whānui iwiandthecommunity. activities atthelakesandmanagementbyTaranaki Foster kaitiakitangaandgreaterparticipationin community andkaitiakiinterests:Objective 5: objectives reflecttheneedtobalancerecreation, to thereserve land.Thefollowingmanagement policies oftheCo-ManagementPlan astheyapply (PNP Amendment). Thiswillstatetherelevant include achapterontheParangarahu Lakes Area plan fortheregionalparksandforests)will GWRC Parks NetworkPlan (themanagement responsibility undertheReserves Act 1977. The in relationtoGWRC’sdelegatedmanagement reserves withintheParangarahu Lakes Area Wellington RegionalCouncil(GWRC)ofthe Restore themouriand Objective 7:
Whānui andGreaterWellington RegionalCouncil. managers toachieve themutualgoalsofTaranaki both aspirationalandpracticalintheway itdirects Plan isintendedtohave a10-year lifespanandis systems usedbyGWRC.TheCo-Management planning andreviewcyclethatalignstocurrent and includesanannualworkprogramme, implementation monitoringandreviewprovisions The finalsectionoftheplansetsout and Prohibitedactivities. activities; ManagedRestricted Allowed activities;Taranaki WhānuiKaitiaki resource consent. Activities arecategorisedas: (in theformofalease,licenceoreasement) as ofrightandothersthatrequireaconcession constraints onthetypeofactivitiesthatcanoccur Resource Management Act 1991providessome Legislation undertheReserves Act 1977and
3 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 4 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Section 7:Rulesforuseanddevelopment Section 6:ManagementObjectives and Actions Section 5:ManagementofthelandasaRegionalPark Section 4:Te Taiao –NaturalEnvironment Section 3: Section 2:Moemoeā–Vision Section 1:Introduction Executive Summary Table ofContents Archaeological sites Post TreatySettlement-aneweraofpartnership(PNBST&GWRC) Parangarahu Lakes Area aspartofEastHarbourRegionalPark Parangarahu Blockreserve landtitleandalienationhistory Early Māori He KōreroWhakamarama Moemoeā –Vision Structure oftheManagementPlan Governance rolesandmanagementresponsibilities Titles andlegalstatus Location Relationship tootherdocuments Process fordevelopment ofplan Purpose ofthePlan Restricted activities Managed activities Taranaki Whānuikaitiakiactivities Allowed activities Threats 35 Cultural heritageresources Flora Fauna Ecosystems Landscape andgeology Mahi Tangata –humanactivitiesandlandtransactionsover theyears 23 23 22 16 15 13 11 11 45 45 45 45 45 39 37 33 32 28 28 27 27 15 11 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 2 References Appendix 3:LetterofsupportfromDOC Appendix 2:Recordedarchaeologicalsites Appendix 1:Listoflandsandlegaldescriptions Section 8:Implementation,monitoringandreview Other Reading Archaeological Sources Review Reporting Monitoring Works programmingandfunding Rules applyingtoactivitiesintheParangarahu Lakes Area Prohibited Activities 58 58 49 49 49 49 46 46 55 54 52 51 49
5 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 6 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Figure 1.KeyLegislation>StrategicPlanning/InfluentialdocumentsOperationalPlanning. Lakes Area apart.TheGWRCParks Network East HarbourRegionalPark ofwhichParangarahu plan fortheregionalparksandforests)includes The GWRCParks NetworkPlan GWRC Parks NetworkPlan and documentsareshowninFigure1. Moemoeā-vision ofthisplan.Keylegislationplans the development andimplementationofthe documents willrequireconsiderationthroughout influence theCo-Management Plan. These and documentsthathave beendrawnonand There areanumberof Acts, planninginstruments Relationship tootherdocuments hearings assetoutintheReserve Act 1977. consultation throughwrittensubmissionand by Taranaki Whānuiiwimembers,andformal face workshopsandhuitofacilitateinvolvement used todevelop theplan,incorporatingface to administrative support. A two-phaseprocesswas with supportfromGWRCstaffandPNBST The planwas preparedbyaprojectteam Process fordevelopment ofplan achieve themutualgoalsoftwoparties. and practicalintheway itdirectsmanagersto policy andactions.Theplanisbothaspirational guiding principlesandthemanagementobjectives, the Parangarahu Lakes Area, settingthevision, It istheguidingdocumentformanagementof Trust (PNBST)fortheParangarahu Lakes Area. by GWRCandPortNicholsonBlockSettlement This planoutlinestheco-managementapproach Purpose ofthePlan Section 1:Introduction Conservation Act1987,PortNicholsonBlock(Taranaki WhänuikiTe UpokooTe Ika)ClaimsSettlementAct Resource Management Act 1991 (NPS, NES) Reserves Act 1977, Biosecurity Act 1993, Wildlife Act1953, Resource ManagementAct1991(NPS,NES)Reserves1977,Biosecurity1993,Wildlife Regional andDistrictPlans,BiodiversityStrategy, RegionalPestManagementStrategy, 1 (themanagement Wellington ConservationManagement Strategy(1996) Parangarahu LakesConservationCovenant2009 Parangarahu LakesArea Co-ManagementPlan 2009, Local Government Act2002. 2009, LocalGovernment Operational Plans,KNEPlans GWRC ParksNetworkPlan Regional PolicyStatement PNBST StrategicPlan Key Native EcosystemPlans (KNEP)andthis 2011-2021, GWRCmaintainsoperationallevel the goalsofGWRCBiodiversity Strategy and habitatsofthreatenedspecies. effects ofresourceuseonindigenousecosystems protect indigenousbiodiversity andtocontrolthe Resource Management Act 1991tomaintainand GWRC alsohasresponsibilitiesunderthe Resource Management Act 1991 vision ofthisplan. were drawnupontocreatethesharedMoemoeā- Parks NetworkPlan andPNBSTStrategicPlan The visionandguidingprinciplesofbothGWRC plan. Plan andthespecificobjectives andactionsinthis by thegeneralprovisionsofParks Network management oftheseareas,GWRCwillbeguided responsibility undertheReserves Act 1977.In for whichGWRChasdelegatedmanagement within thisplanastheyapplytothereserve land Area, providingtherelevant policiescontained Plan includesasectionontheParangarahu Lakes Section 8:Implementation,monitoringandreview. providing appropriateon-goingsupport.See on priorityissuesundertheirjurisdictionand Term Plan to ensure GWRC is capable of delivering Plan willfeedintoandinfluencetheGWRCLong- It isanticipatedthatanumberofactionsinthis Long-Term Plans undertheLGA Plan (2013). implementation ofParangarahu Lakes Area KNE plan providespolicyandactionstoenablethe 3 Guidedby 2
Map 1:Locationandlandmarks(GWRC) participation. plan relieson adjacentlandowneragreement and success ofsometheactions proposedbythis on adjoininglandowners.The implementationand has nostatutoryweight andplacesnoobligations of theParangarahu Lakescatchment area,thisplan Although someadjoiningprivate landformspart shown onMap2. owned byorvested inPNBST andGWRCas status. Thisplanappliesspecificallytothetitles of landparcelsdifferentownershipandlegal The Parangarahu Lakes Area comprisesanumber Titles andlegalstatus lakes Pencarrow andFitzroy). lakes KohangapiripiriandKohangatera(formerly escarpment liethenationallysignificantfreshwater Pencarrow Lighthouse is located. Behind the coastal akiaki (Pencarrow Head)wherethehistoric entrance, nestledbehindthedistinctive Te Rae- Southeast Coastadjacentthemainharbour Pencarrow Lakes)islocatedalongWellington’s The Parangarahu Lakes Area (formerlythe Location
7 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 8 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan i The CrownStratumisdefinedinthe Port Nicholson Block(Taranaki pursuant tosection 26oftheReserves Act 1977. stratum reserves inanadministeringbody however itisstillpossibletovest thecrown Reserve air above thelakebedisclassified asScientific comprising thespaceoccupied bywater and # Thecrownstratum,beingthatpartofthelakes material andtraditionalfoodplantsfibres. Taranaki Whānuitoremove medicinalplant the owner(PNBST)mayauthorisemembersof There isalsoaspecialconditionwhichmeans • • • • objectives ofthecovenant arefourfold: Reserves Act 1977conservation covenants. The Section 27Conservation Act 1987and Section77 former esplanadereserves andaresubjectto * Thesetitlescomprisethelakebedsand Map 2:TheParangarahuLakesArea landtitlesandownership(GWRC) Ex 0 (A) I (H T Pu T f Pu (B) Pu Pu (C (I Sc (E) T Pu Pu T Pu (D (F T T Su Pu (G) T Pu I n o n it it ) it it it it it c rm c ) ) ) ) l l l l l l l c ie Wahnui ki Te Upoko o Te Ika)ClaimsSettlement Act 2009. rpo rpo rpo rpo
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( D ( ) H ) ( Upoko oTe Ika) Claims Settlement Act2009came Port NicholsonBlock(Taranaki Whānui kiTe Whānui kiTe UpokooTe Ika(Taranaki Whānui). and managethesettlement packagefor Taranaki PNBST was established in August 2008toreceive Port NicholsonBlockSettlementTrust(PNBST) available onrequestfromGWRCorPNBST. copy oftheMemorandumUnderstandingis PNBST andseniorstaffmembersofGWRC. A the Lakes.Itiscomprisedofbothmembersfrom and advisingonannualworkprogrammesfor the managementofParangarahu Lakes Area tasked withdeveloping a long-termvisionfor and GWRC.TheRoopuTiakiisanadvisorybody PNBST, representingtheiwiofTaranaki Whanui, a MemorandumofUnderstandingagreedbetween The RoopuTiakiwas establishedin2012through Te RoopuTiaki have legislative responsibilities. involved becausetheyarelandownersbutmost the Parangarahu Lakes Area. Someagenciesare involved inthegovernance andmanagementof The followingsectiondescribestheorganisations responsibilities rolesGovernance andmanagement Area andadjacentlandsrefer Appendix 1. descriptions thatmakeuptheParangarahu Lakes For alistofthetitleswithrelevant legal E ( I ) ) ( G Pri ( F ) v
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l a n d may affectthe reserves administered byDOC Until thattime, componentsofthisplan that integrated formanagement andcontrolpurposes. area, includingtheparcels heldbyDOC,willbe It istheintention,infuture, thatthewhole the scientificreserve. stratum, includingtheabilitytorestrictaccesson retains administrationoftheoutletandCrown to GWRCundertheReserves Act 1977whileDOC scientific reserve). Therecreationreserve is vested occupied bywater andairabove thelakebedsisa and theCrownstratumofbothlakes(thespace recreation reserve, theoutletofLakeKohangatera land andassets.TheCrownownssomeofthe The DepartmentofConservation managesCrown Department ofConservation (DOC) Tiaki. Three GWRCseniorstaffaremembersofRoopu in theParangarahu Lakes Area. key guidingdocumentsforGWRCsinvolvement Parks NetworkPlan andBiodiversity Strategy region’s mostimportantbiodiversity sites.GWRC area bothasaplaceofrecreationandonethe provide servicestoensuretheviabilityofthis Environmental Monitoringdepartmentsall GWRC Parks, Biodiversity, Biosecurity,and for theRegionalPlan whichcovers thisarea. Harbour RegionalPark. GWRCisalsoresponsible land atParangarahu Lakes Area aspartofEast number ofRegionalParks andForests,including GWRC isresponsibleforthemanagementofa Greater Wellington RegionalCouncil(GWRC) by PNBST. Three membersoftheRoopuTiakiareappointed 4. 3. 2. 1. goals: The StrategicPlan ofPNBSTsetsoutfourstrategic Vision ofPNBSTis: Kohangapiripiri andtwodendroglyphsites.The esplanade reserves ofLakeKohangateraand Lake included ownershipofthelakebedsandformer into forceon2September2009.Part ofthepackage ahurea papori,rangatiratangaoTaranaki Whānuikite Ki tewhakahou,whakapakarimewhakanikonikoi cultural, socialandeconomicwell-being ofTaranaki To restore,revitalise,strengthenandenhancethe and environmentalwell-being. To restoreandenhanceournaturalresources To enhanceculturalwell-being. To achieve socialandwhanauwell-being. economic andfinancial well-being. To maximisewealth creationandachieve Whānui kiteŪpokooIka. Ūpoko oteIka 4 5 are implementation oftheDistrictPlan forthisarea. as theterritorialauthorityresponsiblefor area, aslandowner,infrastructureproviderand HCC holdanumberofresponsibilitiesforthis Hutt CityCouncil(HCC) under theReserves Act 1977. Wildlife Reserve (Map2(I))toScientificReserve reclassifying theexistingGovernment Purpose As thisplaniswritten,DOCintheprocessof management, freshwater fisheriesandpestcontrol. Lakes, forexample,culturalmaterials,species other matterssectionsrelevant to Parangarahu the DeedofSettlement,whichincludesamong signed ageneralrelationshipprotocolaspartof Values thatmustbeprotected.DOCandPNBST 2009 setsouttheConservation Values andReserve each lake signed by DOC and landowner PNBST in Parangarahu LakesConservation Covenant for fauna asfarpossibleintheirnaturalstate. A the wetlands andpreservingindigenousflora the highwater qualityofthelakes,maintaining DOC retainsaparticularinterestinpreserving this isprovidedin Appendix 3. Management Strategyforthearea.Confirmationof mustn’t beinconflictwithDOCsConservation takiwa, including freshwater fisheries.Thetakiwa but alsothecustomary fisheriesinterests inthe settlement assetsof Te Atiawa/Taranaki Whānui, for thecommercialfisheries interestsandfisheries Trust isaregisteredcharity, notonlyresponsible o tePoMaraeandWaiwhetu Marae).TheFisheries Wellington andLower Hutt(Pipitea Marae, Tatau through thethreeTaranaki Whānuimaraein in Wellington region.The Trusteesareelected managing fisheriesof Taranaki Whānui/Te Atiawa Trust isaMandatedIwiOrganisation(MIO)for Te Atiawa kiteUpokooIkaaMauiPotiki (Fisheries Trust) Te Atiawa kiteUpokooTe IkaaMauiPotikiTrust by HCC,asistheoutletofLakeKohangapiripiri. Coast RoadandtheParangarahu Lakesisowned Part oftheescarpmentbetween thePencarrow Fitzroy Bayandmaintaintheroad. Quarries Ltdwhoextractsandandshinglefrom land managementpurposes,aswell asHorokiwi section ofthecoastholdkeysandhave accessfor Vehicle Use2012-2017. basis ofthePencarrow CoastRoadPolicyfor use oftheroadisgrantedthroughHCCon of maintainingthesewer outfall.Permission for Lakes Area, andisownedbyHCCforthepurpose coast andistheprimaryaccesstoParangarahu the ocean.ThePencarrow CoastRoadfollowsthe and (mainly)residentialwaste anddischarges to Treatment Plant whichcollectstrade,commercial outlet. Thisserves theSeaviewWastewater located immediatelywest oftheKohangapiripiri HCC managesthePencarrow Headsewer outfall, 6 Landownersalongthis
9 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 10 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan adjacent landownersandHorokiwiQuarriesLtd. Incorporated, Wellington Wildfowlers Club, Mainland IslandRestorationOperation(MIRO) and BirdProtectionSocietyLower HuttBranch, New ZealandIncWellington Region,Royal Forest interests intheLakesincludingFishandGame There areanumberofothergroupswithspecific Area Others groupswithinterestsintheParangarahu Lakes recreation reserve. which itsits. Access tothissiteisthroughthe Lighthouse andthesmallparceloflandupon HNZ ownsandmanagestheHistoricPencarrow (refer Map3,p23). archaeological sitesintheParangarahu Lakes Area an archaeologicalsite.Thereareanumberoflisted the HNZwhereworkmayinvolve disturbanceof archaeological authoritymustbeobtainedfrom addition toanyresourceconsentsrequired,an responsibilities regardingarchaeologicalsites.In and heritagelistings,theHNZretainsregulatory authorities throughtheirDistrictPlan policies heritage isgenerallyadministeredbylocal 1993. Whileprotectionforland-basedhistoric prescribed undertheHistoricPlaces Trust Act The HNZwork,powers andfunctionsare Heritage NewZealand(HNZ) Pipinui PointjustnorthofMakaraBeach. extends fromWindy PointinPalliser Bayto 7
life, andforsustaininghuman well-being. a placefornurturingbiodiversity, forregenerating themselves willberecognisedand soughtafteras of theLakesandwetlands andlakes and itisaspirationalthatthecombinedcatchments ‘kohanga’ buildsonthenamesoftwoLakes nurturing lifeandwellbeing’. Theuseoftheterm Kohanga Oramaybeinterpretedas‘anest The Roopu Tiaki Moemoeā – Vision for this plan is: role ofnurturinglifeandwellbeing. so thattheland,lakesandwetlands canfulfiltheir nurture thistaongathroughcarefulmanagement of theParangarahu Lakes Area andtheneedto nest (kohanga)isusedtorecognisetheimportance In theLakescontext,conceptofaprotective protected bypredatorprooforboundaryfencing. island’ conceptwherethedesignatedislandareais conservation andprotection,akintothe‘mainland (precious resource)warranting thehighestlevel of is consideredbytheRoopuTiakitobeataonga a lakeofnationalsignificance.Thecombinedarea catchment areas.LakeKohangateraisclassifiedas Kohangatera andtheirassociatedwetlands and two Lakes;LakeKohangapiripiriand The Parangarahu Lakes Area containsthe Moemoeä –Vision or footnotes. definitions forsomeMāoriconceptswithinthetext interchangeably inthisplan.Theplanprovides Common andMāorinamesareused Te Reo 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. way: Essentially theplanisstructuredinfollowing the Parangarahu Lakes Area willberealised. for outlininghowtheMoemoeā-Vision for This managementplanisthekeydocument Structure oftheManagementPlan Section 2:Moemoeä–Vision Kohangapiripiri –Kohangatera-KohangaOra Rules foruse. Management Actions Management Objectives Te Taiao –NaturalEnvironment Mahi Tangata –Humanhistory Guiding Principles Moemoeā -Vision andOrangaOutcomes nests nurturinglifeandwellbeing • • • workshops andRoopuTiakimeetings: of thefollowingideasgeneratedduringvision The ‘KohangaOra’visiondrawstogethersome literal meaninggiven is‘nestbaskinginthesun’. ‘nest’ butonebaskinginthesun(terā),and taken tobeashelteredplace,againlikened piripiri, thehollowoccupiedbyKohanga-te-rāis nest baskinginthesun.IncontrasttoKohanga- Kohanga-te-rā hasbeeninterpretedasmeaninga cling (piripiri),hence‘astronglyclingingnest’. by theMāoriasa‘nest’(kohanga),whichhadto containing thelagoonwas figuratively referredto lake isavery windswept placeandthehollow Kohanga-piripiri isastronglyclingingnest.The One interpretationofthemeaningname • • • • New life,hopeandanewgeneration(people (whether plant,animalorhuman) A nurseryshelteringandprotectingtheyoung and development Kohanga isanestfornewlife,younggrowth a communitytocareforourenvironment. It takesacommunitytoraisechild–it business) development (research&development, Incubator -forideasandintellectual Early learningandeducationisimportant outcomes andresilienceinfuture Foundations laidwell leadtostronger and environment) 8 9
11 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 12 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Figure 1: Framework of the Roopu Tiaki Moemoeä–Vision Figure 1:FrameworkoftheRoopuTiaki native fisheryoftheLakesasa self-replenishing mahingakai 4. 3. 2. 1. Restoration oftheeeland ii for Taranaki Whänui activities andrecreationaluse. of theParangarahuLakesAreaforfuturegenerations withtheprovisionofappropriatevisitor of theParangarahuLakesArea.Thisprinciplemeans balancingpreservationandenhancement Mouri Ora in isolationbutasalivingorganicsystemwitheach partconnectedtotheotherparts. mixed ownershipcomplexities.Water, wetlands, flora,faunaandpeopleissuesarenotmanaged Area willtakeintoaccountthecatchmentareasof bothLakesnotwithstandingthelegaltitleand Integrated CatchmentManagementApproach participation. as culturalredress.Theco-managementpartnershipwillfostercommunitycohesionand Lakes Area,reflectingthe Treaty Settlementand returnoftheLakesto Taranaki Whänui Co-Management Parangarahu LakesAreaareleftinabetterstateforfuturegenerations. involved inmanagementorgovernanceactivitiesacttoprotectthemouriandensure Kaitiakitanga Tuna Heke Mouri (orMauri): anenergyorlifeforcethat tangatawhenuaconsiderexistsinall thingsinthenaturalworks, includingpeople. Mouribindsand animates allthings in thephysicalworld. Without mouri, manacannot flowintoapersonorobject. Spelling ofMouriis Taranaki Dialect. Kohangapiripiri –Kohangatera-KohangaOra Three OrangaOutcomes Principles forManagementoftheParangarahuLakesArea –Managementdecisionsandactionswillaimtoimprove, notdegrade,themouri –Taranaki Whänuiexercisekaitiakitangaovertheirtaongaandallpeople –Te RoopuTiaki providesleadershipforco-managementoftheParangarahu Nests nurturinglifeandwell-being ii of birdsandindigenousspecies and arevitalisationofTaranaki Flourishing forestedlandscape ecosystem sustainsmultitudes and healthywetland-lake Whänui culturalpractices Manu Korihi Moemoeä -Vision Indicatorsoflife,healthandwell-being -ManagementoftheParangarahuLakes Managers, Visitors andTaranaki personal, communityandtribal Tangata Kaitiaki protecting thecatchmentsas taonga whichcontributesto Whänui areactiveKaitiaki wellbeing • • • • Vision statementinclude: the achievement of“Tuna Heke”inthisMoemoeā- of thismanagementplan.Positive indicatorsfor iwi membersduringtheearlyconsultationphase source isapriorityobjective expressedbymany restoration of this taonga species and valuable food is aseriousconcernforTaranaki Whānuiand commercial eelingandoverfishing inrecent years iwi over thecenturies.Thelossofeelsthrough and mahingakaiforTaranaki Whānuiandother that theseLakeswere onceasignificanteel fishery all native fishspeciesandtheacknowledgement this Moemoeā-Vision statementitalsorepresents (eels) between theLakesandsea,bothways. In Tuna hekereferstotheseasonalmigrationsoftuna 1. Tuna Heke-MigratingTuna Tangata Kaitiaki. The outcomesare:Tuna Heke,ManuKorihiand being). outcomes (indicatorsoflife,healthandwell- The threeeggswithinthenestrepresentoranga framework (Figure1). the various partsoftheMoemoeā–Vision This sectionprovidesanexplanatorynarrative of He Körero Whakamarama guests withtraditional kaiofhighvalue; ability formana whenuatomanaakiesteemed customary harvest accordingtotikangaand A self-replenishingfishery thatcansustain the Lakesatappropriatetimes oftheyear; and other native species to migrate to and from ocean entrancesforbothLakes allowingtuna Successful andfunctioningfishpassagesatthe cycle oflife; moana (ocean)forspawningandcontinued kohanga nurseryoftheLakestoreturn migrating femaletunareadytoleave the Abundance oftuna,particularlymature Upoko oTe Ika; economic well-being ofTaranaki Whānuikite strengthen andenhancethecultural,social statement ofPNBST-Torestore,revitalise, wellness ofthepeopleandalignstovision A healthyfisheryhasapositive impactonthe • • Vision statementinclude: achievement of“ManuKorihi”inthisMoemoeā- Co-Management Plan. Positive indicatorsforthe groups whocontributedtothedevelopment ofthis by Taranaki Whānuiandmanyindividuals of theLakesareaisapriorityoutcomesought fauna. Restoringtheindigenousfloraandfauna large numbersofbirds,insectsandothernative is capableofnurturingandsustaininglife return ofaflourishingforestedlandscapethat In thisMoemoeā-Vision statementitsignalsthe birdsong heardinahealthyforestfullofbirds. Manu Korihiisthenoisy,rousingchorusof 2. ManuKorihi-Birdsong • • • ‘Kohanga Ora’ Moemoeā-Vision. Itwillrequire significant progress towards achieving the the Parangarahu Lakes Area and tomake relationships withothersto successfullymanage The RoopuTiakineedsstrong andenduring responsibilities toprotecttheir culturalheritage. iwi memberstobetterexercise kaitiakitanga return oftheLakestoTaranaki Whānuienables Treaty Settlementrecognisesthisrelationship.The with theLakesandsurroundingwhenua.The Whānui hasakaitiakirelationshipandconnection the Moemoeā-Vision. As manawhenua,Taranaki Tangata Kaitiakiisthethird orangaoutcomein 3. Tangata Kaitiaki - People workingtogetherasKaitiaki • • • • • • planting programmeandforestregeneration; Increasing birdsongindicatessuccessful impact onthewellness ofthepeople; A healthyngahere(forest)hasapositive revitalised andenhancedwithnewresearch. Matauranga Māorioftunaandfishingis objectives forrestorationofecosystems; Alignment withGWRCParks NetworkPlan as productive nurseryandbreedinghabitats; Clean healthywater andwetlands functioning revitalised andenhancedwithnewresearch. Matauranga Māorirelatingtothengahereis Taranaki Whānuimarae,plantsforrongoa; feathers forweaving, woodforcarving,kai able tosustainfuturecustomaryharvest e.g. Profusion ofindigenousplantsandanimalsis means lessmanagementresourceover time; Self-regeneration ofindigenousplants/species protect indigenousbiodiversity; Non-native animalsandplantsaremanaged to city; healing, re-energising,andrespitefromthe Wairua isrestoredgivingpeopleaplacefor life; and valleys arerepletewithbirdandinsect Mouri ofthengahereisintactandforest
13 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 14 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Above andbelow:SitevisitwithTaranaki WhänuiandGWRCstaff. • • • • Kaitiaki” include: Positive indicatorsfortheachievement of“Tangata community groups,andotherinterestedpeople. scientists, heritageexperts,recreationalusers, landowners, localandcentralgovernment staff, makers, whanau,hapū,iwiofTaranaki Whānui, kaitiaki includetheRoopuTiaki,electeddecision kaitiaki. People workingtogetherastangata sustained actionover generationsbymany tangata combined commitment,sharedresourcesand standard practiceforParangarahu area; Integrated catchmentmanagementapproachis management; participating inallareasofgovernance and Taranaki Whānuiiwimembersare and localgovernment; and innovative co-managementbetween iwi Roopu Tiakileadsbestpracticecollaborative generations ofiwiKaitiaki. and inturnpasstheirknowledge ontonew kaitiakitanga accordingtotheirtikanga Taranaki Whānuiiwimembersexercise • • • • • • assessment toolsandtechnology; and culturalindicatorsaswell asscientific incorporate MataurangaMāorimethodology Environmental monitoringsystems well-being; heritage resourceswhichpositively impactson environment, wāhitapu,archaeologicaland are engagedinprotectingthenatural Community groupsandindividuals mouri. amenities areprovidedwithoutdegrading Appropriate recreationalactivitiesand Whānui andthewiderWellington community. and environmentalwellbeing ofTaranaki Lakes contributetoeconomic,cultural,social Wānanga andeducationalactivitiesatthe Whānui KaitiakiGuides; visitor interpretation,includingTaranaki preserved andprotectedwithappropriate Dendroglyph (treecarvings)arerecorded, fishery; of theLakecatchments,particularlyeel Iwi Kaitiakiregularlymonitortheoranga called Whetu Kairangionthehillabove whatis Tara andWhatonga thenestablishedafortress Whanganui-a-Tara’ orthegreatharbourofTara. Mātiu/Somes intheharbour whichwas named‘Te sons andfamiliesfirstsettled ontheislandof Leaving Mahiapeninsular, Whatongawithhis through thecentreofisland. Mahia peninsulardowntheeastcoastandback during theirfamousexploratoryjourneyfrom surrounding areaasapotentialsettlementplace Tara and Tautoki had identified ‘Para-ngarehu’ and and hissonTautoki byhissecondwife,Reretua. and hissonTara-ika byhisfirstwifeHotuwaipara, Parangarahu andWellington areawere Whatonga Some 600-700years ago,thefirstsettlersin (Somes andWard islandsinWellington harbour). Te Ure-o-Kupe(SteepleRock), MatiuandMakaro including Te Tangihanga-o-Kupe (BarrettReef), still rememberedtodayinkeycoastallandmarks time inWellington harbourwherehisnameis Head). Traditionssaythathestayed forashort Wellington harbouratTe Rae-akiaki(Pencarrow across whatisnowFitzroyBaybeforeentering entrance tothelakesorseainletsashesailed at Parangarahu buthemayhave sightedthe journey. TherearenoaccountsofKupestaying mark significantevents, peopleorplacesinhis Kupe namedmanynaturallandscapefeaturesto octopus ofMuturangi). Island inpursuitoftewhekeaMuturangi(the Matahorua downtheeastcoastofNorth area athousandyears agoashesailedhiswaka of thefirstvisitorsto Parangarahu coastal discoverer ofNewZealand,was possiblyone Kupe, thelegendaryPolynesianexplorerand Early Mäori Harbour RegionalPark ResourceStatement,2007. has beenpreviouslywrittenaboutintheEast of landmanagementbyGovernment andGWRC The Europeansettlerandfarminghistoryera and reconnectionwiththiswhenuathelakes. the Taranaki Whānuihistoryofconnection,loss of Parangarahu landblockhistorytodemonstrate section isbroadlychronologicalwithanoverview with theareathatisperhapslesswell known.The aspects ofMāorihistoryandvalues associated the managementobjectives andaninsightinto managers andinterestedreaderssomecontextfor endeavours togive Parangarahu Lakes Area developed postTreatysettlement,thissection As thisisthefirstCo-Management Plan tobe Section 3: and Tara remarked, “Thisisaplacesuitable forus.” from whichplacetheyexplored thesurrounding district, Palliser Bay),thencetoPara-ngarehu (Pencarrow Head), Rangi-whaka-oma (CastlePoint),thencetoOkorewa (in After anexaminationofthatdistrict,theycameonto transactions overtheyears Mahi Tangata –humanactivitiesandland 10 Traditionstellthat 12 13
11 follows: called Takapau-rangi and which isdescribedas Inland oftheParangarahu pāwas aplaceofrefuge Head). called FitzroyBay,nearOrua-Poua-Nui(Baring It was situatedontheeasternendofwhatisnow (referred toasPara-ngarehu inhistoricalaccounts). Tautoki’s fortwas thefirstpāat Parangarahu the rangewest ofFeatherston). Te Rere-a-Mahanga(nearTe Toko-o-Houmeu,on uptotheheadandon Heretaunga (Huttriver) the Wairarapa withtheboundarybeing Wellington harbour.Tautoki’s peopleoccupied the west andsouthofWellington, including Tara’s people(NgaiTara) occupiedareasaround which was anisland(MotuKairangi)intheirtime. now WorserBayontheMiramarPeninsula but the areabyNgātiMutunga. the early1830’sNgātiIrahad beendriven outof Parangarahu andOrongorongoarea.However, by Wellington harbourandaroundthecoastto with pāandkaingaonthe eastern shoresofthe acknowledged astangatawhenuainthisera Ngāti Ira(andKahungunu)were Tangata Whenuafrom1820 with NgatiIrawhohadmigratedfromTolagaBay. area formanygenerationsandlaterintermarried Whatonga andNgaiTara continuedlivinginthe area isacknowledged here.Thedescendantsof connection ofRangitānewiththeParangarahu ancestor oftheRangitāneiwi.Thehistorical and theirsonRangitānewas theeponymous Tautoki marriedWaipuna, adescendantofKupe, Lake Kohangatera. lagoons, knownnowasLakeKohangapiripiriand access totherichfreshwater fisheryoftheeel and seafishingresourcesofthebayas well as of FitzroyBayandproximitytoboththekaimoana and strategicpositionwithviewsover thewhole tribal warfare, Parangarahu pāprovidedafortified In theseearlyyears ofMāorisettlementandinter- so largeasTe Whetu-kairangi Para-ngarehu, whichwasalsoalargefort,thoughnot side(Pencarrowof theeastern Head)wasthesiteof the fortofTautoki, thatisPara-ngarehu, onthepoint ngarehu thatrefuge campwassituated of theGreat HarbourofTara, inlandofthefortPara- at theheadofWainui-o-mata, alagoontotheeastward fallen fort,orbattlefield,waslocatedat Takapau-rangi, women, oldmenandchildren, when fleeingfrom a The refuge hamletprepared asadwellingplacefor 17 15 14 16
15 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 16 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan peoples of Awa andothertribes:— to Miti-kakau,Taringa-kuri, andtheassembled to HonianaTe Puni,toNgatata,Kiri-kumara, Peehi madethefollowingremarksinhisspeech the tworangatiraandtheirpeopleatHutt, When thepeacemakingwas beingdiscussedby the NZCompany‘purchase’ofPortNicholson. agreement was 23September1839justdaysbefore Peehi Tu-te-pakihi-rangi. Thedateofthepeace Te WharepouriandNgātiKahungunu rangatira, peace agreementbetween Te Atiawa rangatira, conflicts between theiwi were settledbythe side oftheRimutakarangewere removed, and at Parangarahu orelsewhereontheWellington Any remaininginterestsofNgātiKahungunu Te Atiawa /Taranaki WhānuikiteŪpokooIka 1839 Peace Agreement between NgātiKahungunuand occupation). since thattimemaintainingahikaa(rightsof continuous occupationofTe Whanganui–a-Tara Chatham Islandsin1835.Te Atiawa have beenin and Taranaki kinwhentheydepartedforthe Ira butlefttheseinthecontroloftheirTe Atiawa cultivations atParangarahu afterdefeatingNgāti Ngāti Mutungatookover theoldpāsiteand Parangarahu area: Ngāti Kahungunuinconnectiontothe Oral historyaccountsofthiseraalsomention also beevil. his weaponisanevilweapon,andintentionsmay Who cantellwhetherheiskindandjusttoman?For at thisnewfolk,thepakeha,andhischaracteristics. Kahungunu assembledbefore you.Nowweare looking Now Nukuisdead,andhere amIandthechiefsof friend NukuTe Moko-ta-houtoreturn tothese parts. dwelling atNuku-taurua,whitherhewenttoinducehis you folknowbefore me.Well, yonderisTe Whare-pouri weapon isthemusket,thenIreturned here tomeet proceed totheregion occupiedbythepeoplewhose dwell uponthelandsofstrangers.Iwasinducedto to takemyland;byyouIwasforced todriftawayand given younocausetocomehere andattackme “List untome,Oyepeopleshere assembled.Ihad never found. mere waslostthere. Ithasoftenbeensearched forbut Pencarrow Head,andinthefightavaluablegreenstone Kahungunu chiefataspotlittletotheeastof Te Kume-roa tellsmethatNgati-IrakilledaNgati- coast), andatParaoa-nui. Orongorongo (alittletotheeastofabove,on Kohanga-te-ra (justoutsidePencarrow Head), Te Mahau,Whio-rauatOkiwi(byPatu-kawenga), Ngati-Ira were destroyed atWai-whetu (Huttvalley), main rangebeasashoulderfor us.Thegulches land. Yonder standsthegreat Tararua range,letthe This ismymessagetoyou:—Icannot occupyallthe 19 18 alienation history Parangarahu Blockreserve landtitleand works takingsandrestrictive Crownpolicies. leasing arrangements,alienationofland,public of culturalresourcesdespiteexclusionbyfarm eel fishing,coastalandseasonalharvest tangata whenuarightsatParangarahu through Upoko oteIkahave continuedtoexercisetheir The peopleofTe Atiawa /Taranaki Whānuikite rangatira. honour thepeaceagreementbetween thetwo of theoriginalstonemarkerthatwas erectedto as ‘Te Wharepouri’smark’.Itindicatestheplace commemorative stonecairnandplaqueknown kilometres northofCastlepointthereisa Today atapointonthecoastaboutthree and Whangapiripiri. at Parangarau andtheeellagoons;Whangatera 4704 acres,2roods,1perches ofunsurveyed land The Parangarau (Parangarahu) blockcomprised Deed 1847) Parangarahu Block-PitoneNo.2(McCleverty’s iwi aspartofculturalredress. significant dendroglyphsites,to Taranaki Whānui and LakeKohangapiripiritwoculturally former esplanadereserves ofLakeKohangatera significance ofthereturnlakebedsand importance ofthe2009treatysettlementand it attemptstoprovidesomecontextasthe Lakes Area byTaranaki Whānui.Indoing so, control, connection,andaccesstotheParangarahu last 165years toillustratethelossofmanagement the leasingandalienationsthatoccurredover the a briefhistoricaloverview ofsomeexamples The followingnarrative isincludedtoprovide to theLakesanditsresources. the peoplewhohave connectionstothiswhenua, Parangarahu Lakes Area andtolearnmoreabout understanding aboutthehistoryofwider that couldhelptobroadeniwiandcommunity day. Thatisapotentialfutureresearchproject alienations thatoccurredfrom1840tothepresent history to show all the land transactions, leases and possible tocompleteacomprehensive block In thedevelopment ofthisplanithasnotbeen northward alongitssummit. main ridgetoRemutaka,alongthatTararua, andon between thetwopeoplesranfrom Turaki-rae alongthe thereto, withmany, manyspeeches.Theboundary The offer ofpeacewasaccepted,bothsidesagreed neighbours formehence-forward.” side,Iwilldrinkoftheirwaters.Remainhereeastern as the watersthereof; thegulliesthatdescendon side,foryoutodrink that descendonthewestern 21 20 Figure 2: and peopleofPitonepā: McCleverty andthesetwenty-one Māorirangatira October 1847byLieutenant-ColonelWilliam as partofthePitoneBlockDeedsignedon13 The landblockwas formedonthewrittenrecord that thelakeswere oncearms orinletsofthesea. or harbourwhichsupportsthegeologicalevidence awa. ‘Whanga’couldbeinterpreted asbay, inlet, noun, forexample,KoPitonetepa,Korokoro te be explainedasaparticleusedbefore aproper Whangapiripiri, withouttheprefix ‘Ko’whichmay of thenamesLakes,beingWhangateraand Also noteworthyinthe1847Deedisspelling reflect thedropped ‘h’in Taranaki spokendialect. is withoutthe‘h’,beingParangarau.Thismay It isnotedthatthespellingofParangarahuhere Napaki Henere Te Ware Waitaratioro Patene Wiremu Paruku Pani Aperahama Ko tePuni 13 October184723 Plan ofNativeReserveatParangarauattachedtoPitoneBlock(McCleverty’s Deed),Wellington District, Mohi Taiata Manihera teToru Kopu Haimona Patara teTapetu Hohua teAtua Tuari 22 Wirihana Puremu Wirihana Watene Panapa Pitione Hohua Parete Hakopa Rerewa Hone teMeke E. PakiTaura 1847: comments inhisfinalreportdated20November Tribunal notedandrecordedMcCleverty’s own extent oflandintermsacreage,theWaitangi (Ohariu) (91431acres).Notwithstandingthelarge Parangarau (Wainuiomata) (4704acres),andOpau Orongorongo (6990acres),Korokoro(1214 outlying McCleverty reserves whichincluded The Parangarahu blockwas oneofthefourlargest belonged tothemalready. because thelandassignedtoMāoribyMcCleverty found thatnogenuineexchangetookplace, were investigated bytheWaitangi Tribunalwhich ‘exchange’ fortheircultivations. Thesetransactions McCleverty assignedlandtoWellington Māoriin cultivations onsectionsclaimedbysettlers. The McCleverty transactionsconcernedMāori Orongorongo andParangarau little landavailableforcultivation,particularlythoseat …may appearlargeinextent,butreality theypossess much oftheirbestland. company butatconsiderablecosttoMäori,wholost were obtainedatvirtuallynocosttotheCrown orthe As aconsequence,thevaluableMäoricultivations 24 25
17 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 18 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan probably otherwiselieunoccupied’. earning ‘fairannualrents’ on landthat‘would leasing landtoEuropeans and, inhisopinion, owners atParangarahu andOrongorongowere the Native population.Kempobserved thatthe the Wellington regiontocarryoutacensusof In 1850,H.Tacy Kempvisited Māoripāaround Otahi orOtahui. Māori womanofNgātiRuanui,whosenamewas Rhodes-Moorhouse) whowas borntoaTaranaki two Pākehā wives whakapapa interest, Rhodes had no children by his of theuppercatchmentlandbothLakes. reserve. JohnCameronisshownastheowner Pencarrow coast,justnorthoftheLighthouse Crown grant852)ontheharboursideof the ownerofa30acreblock(section69,possibly the Parangarahu Block.W.B. Rhodes isshownas block showsatleasttwosettlersowninglandin A latersurvey plan(SO10240)oftheParangarahu Advertiser: the NewZealandColonistandPortNicholson placing thisadvertisement inthelocalpaper, his farmingenterprisebyerectingastockyard, grazing cattle. leasing landatParangarahu fromlocalMāorifor colonist, William Barnard(Barney)Rhodes,was McCleverty Deedof1847,atleastoneEuropean As earlyas1841,somesixyears beforethe European settlersandearlyfarmingat Parangarahu bays.Thestructureeastern isnotthelighthousebutaround timbertowertoactasoneoftwobeacons. between thetwolakes.Inforeground, travellersonthecoastaltrackfrom theWairarapa headingtowards MtCameron andthe Figure 3:‘Pencarrow HeadFitzroy Bay’,engravingbySamuelCharlesBrees publishedinLondon1849. Lookswestfrom theridge August 17,1842. apply attheStores ofW. B.RHODES&CO.Wellington, persons willingtocontractputuptheabovemay WANTED, aStockyard erected nearPencarrow Head TO FENCERS. 27 In1842Rhodeslookedtodevelop 31 28 30 , but had a daughter (Mary Ann 29 Of Wairarapa andWellington, areoccasionallyvisited Pitone, andPipitea,onthecoastbetween Three smallfishingvillagesbelongingtoKaiwara, Orongorongo 38th Settlement.Mukamuka, Pa-rangarahu, and lighthouse keepers: of thePencarrow lighthouseandresidence for dates belowshowtheearlyestablishmenthistory erected [and]paintedwhitewitharedflag. of acottageandthenin1844,37footbeacon was 1842 therewas only abeaconinthebaywindow at Te Rae-akiaki(Pencarrow Head).Initiallyin vocal intheircallstogetcoastallightingerected treacherous forshippingandearlysettlers were The entrancetoWellington harbourwas akiaki) Beacon andlighthouseatPencarrow Head(Te Rae- probably otherwiselieunoccupied. certain incomefromtherentsoflandwhichwould and theNatives derive anannualandalmost their fatcattlewithinashortdistanceoftown, there isamutualbenefit:Thecontractorshave formerly were, (therunsbeingclearlydefined) with amuchbetterunderstandingthanthey rents, andasthesearrangementsarenowmade and SheepRunstoEuropeansatvery fairannual some timepast,letbytheNative ownersasCattle Beacon attheheads,arenow,andhave beenfor Orongorongo, withinashortdistanceofthe The Blocksorreserves atParangarahu and Table fortheWellington District. census takenofthoseSettlements,withReportand by Natives fromthosePas, whoareincludedinthe 32 33 Key Figure 4:DocumentsignedbyMäoriforreceipt ofpayment of£138sterlingforsaleTe RaiakiakiblockatParangarahu payment foroccupationfrom1July1865. and paidtheMāoriowners£138plus£35rental land situatedatTe RaiakiakiorPencarrow Head that theCrownpurchasedsixty-nineacresof In anycase,itwasn’t until24September1873 lands atornearthelighthouse. or firewoodtaking,andforcattletrespassontheir demands totheGovernment forfirewoodcutting pā ownershadforsomeyears madecompensation archival recordssuggestedhowever thatthePitone beacon orthemorepermanentlighthouse.The were consulted,oragreedto,theerectionof It isnotknownwhethertheMāorilandowners 1871 1865 1863 1 January1859 21 June1858 July 1857 • • • • • • keepers erected. general government. government toMarineBoard. transferred fromprovincial lit forthefirsttime. packages. the barque Ambrosine in480 UK. Woodside IronWorks,Dudley, Cochrane andCompanyof of thelighthousefromMessrs New residencesforlighthouse The lighthouseissoldtothe Control ofthelighthouse New Zealand’sfirstlighthouseis The lighthousearrives onboard Tender acceptedforthecasting 34 high tidemark. Kohangapiripiri andontotheforeshorebelow which reachesrighttotheseaoutletofLake the lighthouseblockinpinkcomprising60acres attached totheDeedofSaledocumentshows of 13October1847Pitonilands. successors ofawardees oftheMcCleverty award They signedintheircapacityasawardees or Makareta. Mawene Hohua;and Hana tePuni; Ngapaki tePuni; Henare tePuni; as: Māori signatoriestotheDeedofSalearerecorded lakes as‘saltwater’isinteresting andmay wording inthetitleorder. Thedescriptionofthe this cleartotheJudge,whoincludedabove Lakes tobeofsuchsignificancethattheymade Lakes area andconsidered theeelfisheryofthose maintaining theirconnectionwiththeParangarahu strong indicatorthatPitone Mäori,in1867,were two saltwaterlakesforeelfishing”.Thisisa specified thattheParangarahublock“includes It issignificantthatthe1867Judge’s order on eelpopulationsandsalinitylevels. contribute tofuture culturalandscientific research
35 Thesketch 36
19 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 20 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan iii own brandedflockuntilaround 1868whenafter also inthebusinessofsheep farmingwithhis Mawene Hohua,anotherMāoriof Petone pā, was Wellington Māoriand it didn’tlastforlong. Tribunal notedthiswas notthe‘norm’ for in termsofWellington pastoralism.TheWaitangi and thatheheldapositionofsomeimportance Parangarahau numbering 300sheepatPitoneand1500 report dated28July1868. ‘flock owner’ inthe Wellington SheepInspector’s Henare Te Puniisoneof15Natives listedasa their ownsheepfarmingbusiness.Forexample, sufficient landandopportunitytoownrun among thefewMāoriownersinWellington with at Parangarahu toPākehāpastoralistsandwere Pitone Māorileasedsomeoftheirreserved land Māori sheepfarming have provided. land closertothenewtownofWellington could term, ifnottheirlong-termeconomicneedsthat which tomeettheirsubsistenceneedsintheshort afforded PitoneMāoriwithsomemeans plus eelweirs, andfishingstations. Wellington harbour,didcontainsomecultivations, barren coastalblockdistantfromtheirpāonthe Māori, althoughsituatedonarugged,relatively that theParangarau reserve assignedtoPitone McCleverty reserves, theWaitangi Tribunalnoted In itsinvestigation intotheadequacyof1847 Henare tePunishallfurnishapropersurvey. branch oftheNgatiawa tribeif,withinsixmonths, trustees forthemembersofNgatiTawhirikura in favour of Henare te Puni and Ngapaki te Puni as made anorderfortheissueofaCertificateTitle August of1867.On5September1867,JudgeSmith acres) commencedintheNative LandCourtin Title investigations totheParangarahu block(5150 Title investigation Inspector's Report, dated 28July1968 Spelling variation ofParangarahu, asprinted in Wellington Sheep Pakeha wasleasingtheblockas asheeprunintheir the Parangaraublockin1867,butafewyearslater Petone Mäoriwhowere recorded asrunningsheepon into theiralready largeruns.Anexceptionwere the who coulduseitmore effectively byincorporatingit instead renting theirreserve landtoPakehapastoralists up pastoralism,whichrequired considerablecapital, Significantly, Mäorifailedforthemostparttotake and thatsuchMäoriwere seriously prejudiced thereby. pastoralism orotherfarmingandland-useactivities), equal footingwithPäkehä(particularlybytakingup made adequateprovision for Mäoritodeveloponan cultivation andresource-gathering needs,andwhich land baseforboththeirshort-andlong-term to setasidereserves which leftthemwithanadequate who were partiestotheMcCleverty deedsbyfailing the rightsofMäorilivinginPortNicholsondistrict The Tribunal findsthattheCrown neglectedtoprotect place. 41 iii indicatesasubstantialenterprise 40 Histwoflocksofsheep 38 As suchit 37 39 Daniel Riddiford. ‘transferred’ tolocalPakeha farmerandpastoralist his deathitseemsthatflockof950sheep were Post on27January1939. public worktakingwas advertised intheEvening Parangarahu 1Ablock.TheProclamationforthis lighthouse atBaringHeadsituatedonpartofthe In 1932theGovernment decidedtobuildanew Public workstakings number ofthedeceasedowners. same time,theJudgemadesuccessionordersfora and individualshareholderswere named. At the divided intonineparcelsofNative freeholdland partition ordersandtheParangarahu blockwas 12 June1912thatJudgeGilfeddermadethefinal Act of1908.Itwas notuntilthefollowing year on had notbeenregisteredundertheLandTransfer to cancelthe1889partitionasPartition Orders On 21September1911theNative Ministerapplied parcels. hapu, inordertoidentifyentitlementtheeight which individualsbelongedtoNgatitawhirikura to collectkarakaberriesfromParangarahu, and had cultivations atParangarahu, whohadbeen parcels. Various peoplegave evidenceaboutwho the partitionofParangarahu blockintoeight made anapplicationtotheNative LandCourtfor In September1889HenaretePuniandothers Partition ofParangarahu Block Issue 2666, 11 April 1868, Page 3) Figure 5: Notice(Wellington Independent, Volume XXII, lighthouse interms ofthePublicWorks Act,1928. the Schedulehereto wastakenforthepurposes ofa Zealand Gazette,1938,page2, thelanddescribedin dated 23rd December, 1938,andpublishedintheNew NOTICE ISHEREBYGIVENthat byaProclamation 44 43 46 45 been researched here.Thereis,however, some payments for thesepublicworkstakings hasnot The detailofany consultationorcompensation Trustee. of takingasarchive recordsrefer totheMāori land was still inMāoriownershipatthetime Parangarahu 5Band6blocks.Itappearsthatthe Kohangapiripiri seaoutlet.Thisaffectedthe the purposesofasewer outfallneartheLake Drainage Boardoccurredaround1962-1965for Another publicworkstakingbytheHutt Valley passed outofMāoriownershipbefore1938. This suggeststhattheParangarahu 1Ablock had Government byalocalfarmer, MrEricRiddiford. the lighthousewas builtonlandpresentedtothe the MaritimeNewZealandwebsite statesthat A shorthistoryoftheBaringHeadlighthouseon Figure 6:PlanofParangarahuBlockshowingpartitioninto9sub-blocks,c1912(Archives NZ) Works Dept.,Wellington, 24/1/39 N. E.HUTCHINGS,AssistantUnder-Secretary. Public of theMinisterPublicWorks.— the planmarkedP.W.D. 99626,depositedintheoffice District; asthesameismore particularly delineatedon VIII, Pencarrow SurveyDistrict,in theWellington Land 1, 2,and3,ParangarahuNo.laBlock,situatedinBlock taken, 42acres 2roods, beingportionofSubdivisions SCHEDULE: Approximate area ofthepieceland 47 46 the currentfour Responsibletrusteeslisted onthe Takarangi Ahu WhenuaTrustsetup in1996and Both blocksareadministered bytheTupoki- • • ownership, namely: Parangarahu block(5150acres)remaininginMāori In 2013thereareonlytwoparcelsoftheoriginal Remnants ofParangarahu block reserved land findings’. evidence abouttheseparticularcasestomake Māori isregrettable,theTribunalhasinsufficient of theareareserved landlefttoWellington breach, statingthat‘whiletheoverall reduction claimants’ argumentstoreachafindingofTreaty The Waitangi Tribunalwas notpersuadedbythe Wai 145fourthamendedstatementofclaim. constituted abreachoftheTreatyassetoutin (182 acres)andsewer outfallpurpose(25acres), the Parangarahu blockforlighthousepurposes specific publicworkstakings,includingthoseof evidence thatMāoriownersconsideredsome the same29owners. Parangarahu 2CBlock(123.3481hectares)with 29 owners;and Parangarahu 2B1Block(54.2051hectares)with 49
48
21 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 22 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Parangarahu 2B1 andParangarahu2Cblocks Conservation andseveral environmental groups Regional CouncilandtheDepartmentof was purchasedfor$215,000bytheWellington known asBurdenBlockofOrongorongoStation not have publicprotection.In1992thearea,then protected, thelandsurroundingLakesdid While theLakesandesplanadestripwere Management Reserves. of Conservation estateanddesignatedasWildlife the Lakeswere transferredintotheDepartment Council asesplanadereserve. InDecember1987, the lakeswas vested inthethenHuttCounty ‘Pencarrow lakes’anda20metrestriparound Lands andSurvey acquiredthebedsoftwo Orongorongo station,theDepartmentof In 1981,duringthesubdivisionof halted anyprogress. mooted, butoppositionbytheprivate landowners concept ofcreatingaPencarrow RegionalPark was were grazedbysheepandcattle.Inthe1970s surrounding thelakesrightdowntoshoreline, Farm andOrongorongoStation,includingthehills Throughout muchofthe20thcenturyGollans Regional Park Parangarahu LakesArea aspartofEastHarbour Hunter andDebra-AnnOkeroa-Garner. Kipo Butler-Monu,Eva LianneHemara,Lee Māori LandCourtdatabaseare:MaramaJosephine Sewer outfallsignageandinfrastructure near theentrance toLake Kohangapiripiri 50 adjacent landownertotheeastofarea. grazing licencegrantedtoMrMikeCurtis,the reserve statuswas soughtforthe360haanda cultural, naturalandlandscapevalues. Recreation bringing intopublicprotectiontheoutstanding Park, allowingpublicaccesstothisareaand This purchaseexpandedEastHarbourRegional and theQueenElizabethIITrust). Society, the East Harbour Environment Association (The Lower HuttRoyal ForestandBirdProtection the landavailable forthesettlement. strips surroundingthelakestoCrown,making Around thistimeHuttCityCounciltransferredthe with Parangarahu Lakes Area adoptedatthattime. there was areviewofthenamesusedforarea, history. As aresultoftheTreatySettlementin2009 the morerecentEuropeanfarmingandlighthouse the Pencarrow LakesBlockwhichreflectedonly park. At thispointintimetheareawas known as undertaking environmentalrestorationinthe improving thetracksandinfrastructure Wellington. Over timeplansdeveloped for Conservation, HuttCityCouncilandGreater management oflandbytheDepartment developed in1995,attemptingtocoordinate The firstmanagementplanforthearea was
www.maorilandonline.govt.nz Map 3:CulturalHeritageSitesatParangarahuLakes development ofthisCo-ManagementPlan. sign aMemorandumofUnderstandingandthe Parangarahu Lakes Area. Theoutcomewas to relation tocollaborative managementofthe PNBST helddiscussionspost-settlementin holistically andinpartnership,GWRC In recognisingtheneedtomanagethisarea and LakeKohangatera. and airstrataabove bothLakeKohangapiripiri reserve. TheCrownretainsownershipofthewater Greater Wellington andismanagedasarecreation surrounding theesplanadelandisownedby lakebeds andtheesplanadeland.Thearea A conservation covenant isincludedover the Port NicholsonBlockSettlementTrust(PNBST). dendroglyph sitewas vested intheTrusteesof esplanade landsurroundingbothlakes,andthe Lake KohangapiripiriandKohangatera,the (Taranaki Whānui),ownershipofthelakebeds claims ofTaranaki WhānuikiTe ŪpokooTe Ika cultural redresstosettlethehistoricalTreaty came intoforceon5 August 2009. As partof Te UpokooTe Ika)ClaimsSettlement Act2009 The PortNicholsonBlock(Taranaki Whanuiki partnership (PNBST&GWRC) Post Treaty Settlement-aneweraof T o p . o g r a p h i c
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23 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 24 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Kohangapiripiri Dendroglyphs: 1959 ontheoccasionofhissecondvisitto the discovery inhisNotebookdated19December September 1959. Adkin recordsthe significanceof made byGeorgeRBullandGLeslie Adkin on27 on thewestern sideofLakeKohangapiripiriwas carvings) onkarakatreesatWaimikomiko swamp The Europeandiscovery of dendroglyphs(tree Karaka treesanddendroglyphs Accidental Discovery Protocol. GWRC Parks Network Plan and the current GWRC the principlesofthisplanandbypolicies care anddealtwithappropriately,asguidedby Such newdiscoveries shouldbetreatedwith shipwrecks orpotentiallykoiwi(humanbones). be very violent,andcanoccasionallyreveal buried period. be discovered, especiallyfromthepre-European and thereremainsthepotentialforfurthersitesto large andactive humanpopulationalongthiscoast to have beenlocated.However therehasbeena over theyears andthemajorityofsitesarelikely Area hasbeenstudiedbymanyarchaeologists Harbour RegionalPark. TheParangarahu Lakes lists therecordedsitesforwholeofEast maintain arecordofheritagesites. Appendix 2 Both HNZandtheNZ Archaeological Association Potential fordiscovery ofunrecordedheritagesites 52 Theseaandweather alongthecoastcan vi
Ian Barber vi Adkin, GeorgeLeslie, 1888-1964: EthnologicalnotebooksRef:MS- form ofMāoriartinmainlandNZ. the trunksoflivingtreesandareanextremelyrare dendroglyphs aresimplifiedmotifsincisedinto to similardiscoveries elsewhere.Keyes notedthat archaeologists withinformationwhichcouldlead establish therecordandprovideNZfield Ian Keyes wrotehisarticlein1968 reports were publisheduntilarchaeologist Dominion newspaperon1July1961.Nofurther (NZ’s FirstTreeCarvings)publishedinthe supplied materialandillustrationsforanarticle In 1959,MrG.L. Adkin andDr.T. Barrow Archaeologist reportsondendroglyphs Karaka trees withdendroglyph (April2013) Papers-6061-45 Comprisesnotesonsecondandthirdvisitstoexamine natlib.govt.nz maps, drawingsandphotographs), Mäorinotebook(vol44), http:// the kohangapiripiri dendroglyphs, 19Dec1959, 16Jan 1960(with found butsoonnoticedadditionalexamples. with theauthenticityofdendroglyphs previously was examinedfirstandDrBarrow wasnotonlysatisfied observe thephenomenonforhimself….Thesingletree Ethnologist DominionMuseum,hewasdesirous to was brought tothenoticeofDrTBarrow, Chief and symbolicsignificance…Whentheoccurrence up interesting problems ofculturalconnection considerable ethnologicimportanceandoneopening on karakatrees canberegarded asaneventof The discoveryinNewZealandofdendroglyphs 53 tofurther
Ian Barber Karaka trees withdendroglyph (April2013) assigned archaeologicalreference numbers. around LakeKohangatera which have been Their articlealsolistsanumber ofkarakatrees likely maximumageforthetrees.(Keyes 1968:109). likely tobelessthanabout200years old, beingthe other trees.Theyalsonotedthattheglyphsare condition andnoinformationisavailable onthe least oneglyph(fig2inKeyes 1968)isinapoor in 1968,theynotedthatTree1survives andat respect tothedendroglyphsdescribedbyKeyes including theParangarahu Lakes Area. With further archaeologicalsurvey atFitzroyBay, In 1988,Walton andMcFadgen known intheCookStraitarea. the largestofdolphinfamilyandaspecieswell possibly representakillerwhale(Orcinusorca), that portraywhalesordolphins.Figure2could and ventral finswhichsuggeststylised motifs not showtailoutlinesbuthave prominentdorsal themselves topossibleidentificationastheydo Keyes suggeststhatsketches2,4,and11lend Kohangapiripiri Figure 8:Keyes-Illustrationsofglyphsonkarakatrees at 54 conducteda • • • • • Act 2009 Whānui kiTe UpokooTe Ika)ClaimsSettlement Section 47ofthePortNicholsonBlock(Taranaki could belostforever bywildfire. (tree carvings)recordedasarchaeologicalsitesthat Kohangapiripiri, thereareancientdendroglyphs and HeritagePlaces alsonotesthatatLake Heritage GuidanceSeries–FireSafety The HNZSustainableManagementofHistoric piripiri -Dendroglyphs. Resource; R27/62-NortheastofLakeKohanga- dendroglyphs asaSignificant Archaeological The HuttCityDistrict Plan includesthe Recognition ofsignificancedendroglyphs carved’. that EastHarbourkarakatreeswere deliberately opinion that‘thereisnounequivocalevidence unpublished reporttoGWRCin2013. The followingstatementsaretakenfromBarber’s Kohangapiripiri. assessment ofthedendroglyphsatLake Ian Barbertoconductfurtherarchaeological dendroglyphs, GWRCengagedarchaeologist management objectives inrelationtothe To assistthedevelopment ofappropriate Recent archaeologicalassessment carved. argue thatany scar shapesonTree Awere deliberately before. However, there isnocompellingreason to have contributedtothisdamage since1959oreven interpreted asdendroglyphs. Itispossiblethatpeople that couldalsoaccountforthe earlierbarkdamage scarred of exfoliation naturallysince1959inapattern This meansthatthetrunkofAdkin Tree Ahasbeen appear immediatelybelowthis shapeare notpresent. In the1959photographtrunkscarsthatnow otherwise openandingrass. both fencedareas. Theloweraspectofbothgulliesis including gorseencroaches ontheupslopemarginsof track atthebaseofgullies.Shrubvegetation that are accessiblefrom, andcloseto,thewalking Adkin Trees AandB4are eachfencedinreserve areas trees recorded byAdkin canbeidentifiedcurrently. gully,the north-western onlytwoofthefourkaraka (December 2012,April2013)andarchival research. In have beenre-assessed byBarber (2013)from fieldvisits The purported‘dendroglyphs’ aboveKohangapiripiri from GWRC. to beaccessiblebyarightofway easement not toberateable ki teUpokooTe Ika to beheldforthebenefitof Taranaki Whānui interest purposes ofaplaceculturalandhistorical to besetapartasaMāoriReservation forthe to vest intrustees 56 providesforthedendroglyphsite: 55 57 Itishis
25 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 26 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan pages 33-34. and aresourceimportanttoMāori,isdiscussedin Kakara treesastaongatukuiho,culturalheritage protection, pestcontrol,andinterpretation. Roopu Tiakiagreethatthesiterequirescontinued GWRC andTaranaki Whanuimembersofthe of thesite.Inapracticalmanagementsense, ongoing koreroanddebatetoaddthemana be embracedandtheRoopuTiakiencourages ambiguity oftheiroriginandmeaningshould tree markingsarespecialandunique.The considers thatthekarakatreesanddendroglyphs/ October 2013and,notwithstandinghisopinion, The RoopuTiakidiscussedtheBarberreportin Barber concludesthat: the possibilityofanineteenthcenturyageatleast. size oftheremaining Kohangapiripiritrees allowsfor production managementinthisregion. Themoderate reminders ofearliersettlementandfood ofthepatterns drupes. Karakatree locationscanserveasimportant South Islandforthefoodvalueoftree’s nutritious Mäori introduced karakatothelowerNorthIslandand do atleastrepresent aculturalconnectiontothepast. Harbour karakatrees were deliberatelycarved,they While there isnounequivocalevidencethatEast been river valleys, ornarrowinletsofthesea. Kohangatera totheeast,arethoughthave once The Lakes,Kohangapiripiriinthewest and have shapedthegeologicallandscape. how earthquakesandcoastalweather patterns cliffs areuniqueandimpressive featuresthatshow and thesea,upliftedbeacheswave-cut landscape. Thelargegravel barsbetween thelakes area canbemappedbylookingattheshapeof The geologicalhistoryofParangarahu coastal Landscape andgeology are highlightedinthissection. significant value andsomeoftheseuniqueaspects ecological andculturalheritagefeaturesof The areaencompasseslandscape,geological, Taranaki WhānuiandtheRoopuTiakiasataonga. The Parangarahu Lakes Area isregardedby Section 4:Te Taiao –NaturalEnvironment 58 metre andcreatedextensive swamp andwetlands. 1855 lowered water levels ofbothlakesbyover a drain atlowtide.Themostrecenttectonicupliftin Lakes arenowcutofffromtheseaanddonot Earthquakes have upliftedtheareasothat wetlands. Mt Lowry(373m)throughbeechforest,farmsand stream isGollansStream,whichflowsdownfrom has amuchlargercatchmentof1700ha.Themain farmed. Kohangateraisthelargerlakeandalso wetlands andregeneratingbushthatwas once The catchmentis280hawhichincludesintactbush, Stream) whichflowsfromMtCameron(260m). and isfedbyCameronCreek(Waimikomiko Kohangapirirpiri isthesmalleroftwoLakes they arefedbyquitedifferentcatchments. Although thelakesarevery closetoeachother, Lake Kohangatera Lloyd Homer ©Institute of Geological & Nuclear Science Ltd south. the shinglebeachto the northandenclosedby by Camerons Creek from Lake Kohangapiripiri:fed
27 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 28 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan iv plants andanimals. ecological functionbymanaging threats,likepest the native plantsandanimals,as well as the provide ongoingprotection tomaintainorrestore The KeyNative Ecosystemsprogrammeaimsto protection ofitsbiodiversity values isfunded. programme, throughwhichthemanagementand of this,isparttheGWRCKeyNative Ecosystem assessed inNZ(BevClarksonpers.comm.2013). excellent condition,secondoutofthe177swamps assessed LakeKohangapiripiriwetland asbeingin condition today.In2006LandcareResearch more recentlybyaquaticweeds, areinexcellent lakes, whilehistoricallyimpactedbygrazing,and The wetlands locatedatthenorthernendsof condition is‘high’,placingit47th. at 10thbestoutofNZlakes.LakeKohangapirpiri’s nationally outstandingbotanicalvalues, placingit Lake Kohangatera’sconditionis‘excellent’,with surveyed bothLakesatParangarahu andfound referred toastheLakeSPIIndex.In2011,NIWA and theextentimpactofinvasive weeds, the diversity andextentofnative vegetation NIWA surveys lakesaroundNewZealand,noting State ofthelakesandwetlands threatened speciespresentinthearea. Refer GWRCKeyNative EcosystemsPlan foralistof National ImportanceorRAMSARdesignation. ideal candidatesforrecognitionthroughWaters of uniqueness oftheParangarahu Lakesmakesthem animals, andalsoarangeofinterestingplants.The for anumberofindigenousfish,birdsandother very healthy.Becauseofthis,theyprovidehabitat Despite beingsoclosetourbanareastheLakesare lowland lakes. of landuseintensificationaroundtheseshallow increasingly rareacrossNewZealandasaresult water vegetation ofcoastallagoonshasbecome examples oflowland lagoonsystems.Thebrackish The Parangarahu Lakesarenationallyoutstanding Ecosystems drop very quickly. flood orstormevents andcancauselakelevels to separate themfromthesea.Thisoccursduring infrequent breachingofthegravel barriersthat The hydrologyoftheLakesisdominatedby kohangapiripiri formonitoringoflake levels See graphs.gw.govt.nz/lake-kohangatera-2 andgraphs.gw.govt.nz/lake- 59 iv Area contains Parangarahu Lakes Key Native Ecosystems nationally. Because type, regionallyand examples oftheir the bestremaining ecosystems thatare a numberof 61 60 stream flows(seefishpassagetextbox). the naturalcycleofbeachbreachingduringhigh freshwater fishhighlightstheneedto maintain the Lakesandcoast.Thepresenceofendemic the patternofbreachinggravel barsbetween the fishcommunitiesoflakesareinfluencedby complete theirlifecycles(theyarediadromous), most native fishneedaccesstoorfromthesea compromise ofmigratorypathways. Because numbers offisharepresent,primarilyduetothe banded kōkopu,andsmelt.However, onlylow eel, commonbullies,lamprey,inanga,giantand in theircatchments,includingshortandlongfin some orallofthetimeinlakesfurtherup Several native fishspeciesareknowntobepresent Native fish Fauna strengthen theMoemoeā-visionofthisplan. them. TheKNEPobjectives complimentand necessary actionsthatwillbetakentoachieve GWRC aimstoachieve forthearea,aswell asthe KNEP describesthebiodiversity objectives that GWRC KeyNative EcosystemPlan (KNEP). values willbesetoutmorespecificallyinthe and protecttheParangarahu Lakes’biodiversity Any operationalactivitiesplannedtomanage farming. for tuna/eelsprior totheclearingof land for above Lakesmostlikelyprovided abetterhabitat the Lakesandsea.The streamcatchments and ashorterlengthofsand andgravel between probably morecertainwith higherlakelevels In earlierMāoritimeselver survival rateswere survival inthelifecycleforeelstheseLakes. The elver stageisthemostdifficulttimefor passage/ culverts andinto theLakes. gravels inspringtimetogettheelvers throughthe the Lakesandsufficientflowthroughor overthe happen thereneedstobesufficient waterlevels in colour andtheformofajuvenile eel.Forthis to to makethetransitionanelver anddevelop salt water oftheseatofreshwater andstart glass eelswillcommencetheirjourneyfromthe and thereissufficienthydraulicconnection,the eels. Whenfreshwater flowsoutfromthelakes the entrancetolakeoutlets,changingglass of freshwater andsomewillarrive onthecoastat across thePacific Ocean,willhomeinonsources freshwater. Theincominglarva, havingdrifted seasonal migrationbetween theseaand Tuna have certainrequirementsforsuccessful later torecreationalandwildlifereserves. were converted topastureforcattleandsheep significance waned over the years asadjacentareas Whānui andtheearlieriwiofregion.That importance totheiwiofTe Atiawa/Taranaki described aseellagoons.Thissignifiedtheir In theearlysurvey mapsoftheLakesthey are Tuna/Eels inKohangapiripiriandKohangatera 62 The that themouriofLakeshas beenrestored. are restoredthenthetangata whenuawillconsider need ahelpinghandandwhen theeelpopulations These Lakesandtheirdwindling eelpopulation If theeelsarehealthythen soisthewater body. closely connectedwiththe mouriofawater body. whakapapa andmanyMāoriseetheeelasbeing In tradition,Māoriconnecttotuna/eelsby improved, however eelcancopewiththetrout. could arrive iftheseapassagewas openedupand to happenwithouthumanintervention. Trout the likewere introduced,althoughthatisunlikely if pestfishsuchascarp,perch,tench,ruddand many years away. Theeelhabitatwoulddegrade restored toconsiderablenumbers,whichmaybe until suchtimeastheeelpopulationhasbeen Whānui donotenvisagetuna/eelsbeingharvested the feederstreamsarenot.Te Atiawa/Taranaki lakes areofflimitsforcommercialeeling,although The tuna/eelisaniconicspeciesforMāori.These environment (seefishpassagetextbox). of recruitmenttheglasseelintoLakes eel environmentbecauseoftheuncertainty The Lakesarenolongerahighqualitytuna/ river atnightintheTararua Ranges(http://en.wikipedia.org) New ZealandLongfineel(Anguilladieffenbachii) seenina maturing. a differentnicheintheecosystemwhenitis It issmallerwhenitmigrates.alsooccupies life spanandreachessexualmaturityfaster. like Australia aswell. Theshortfinhasashorter australis) isalsoindigenousbutfoundinplaces females tomigrate.Theshort-finnedeel(Anguilla The malesareusuallyyoungerwhentheyjointhe before theyhave theurgetojointunaheke. females reachingmaturityinaround30years dieffenbachii), whichhasalonglifespanwith home totheendemiclongfinnedeel(Anguilla fall orlive inthewaters. TheLakeshave been invertebrate communityandotherspeciesthat some willremainintheLakeslivingoff catchment streamstolive tomaturityhowever The eelswillusuallyfindtheir way intothe long oceanjourney. pointed noseasitsbodystartstochangeandgetready forits A tunahekefrom theMökauRiver. Notetheenlargedeyeand
NIWA – www.niwa.co.nz
29 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 30 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan for themaraetables. sustain customaryharvestand supplytraditionalkai freshwater habitatfornativefishspecies,ableto the ParangarahuLakesasa healthynurseryand contribute tothelongterm goalofre-establishing members ofTe Atiawa/Taranaki Whänuithatwould research, andculturalenvironmental monitoring by programmes suchasregular fishsurveys,species The FisheriesTrust hasalso identifiedkeywork outlets atcriticalperiodsforseasonalmigrations. strongly supportstheopeningoflaketosea to restore theeelfisheryatParangarahuLakesand The FisheriesTrust hasadvocated formanyyears fish biodiversityoftheParangarahuLakes. promote theconservationandrestoration ofnative species monitoringandbiosecuritymeasures will management initiativesincludingculvertmonitoring, McEwan recommends thatanumberoffuture migration periods. cutting mayalsobenecessaryduringkeyfish Intervention onthebeachinformofchannel- while deterringexoticfishfrom enteringthe Lakes. culvert designthatwillallownativefishtomigrate mouth ofLakeKohangapiripiri.McEwanconsider investigated optionstoimprove fishpassage atthe In 2013,fresh waterecologistAmberMcEwan, of greatest concern. have shownthattheLakeKohangapiripiriculvertis Subsequent recordings ofbreach eventsatthelakes fish passagethrough improved lakehydrology. outlet ofbothLakeswere required toimprove and concludedthatchangestotheculvertsat In 2007SinclairKnightMertzexaminedtheissue alignment. has three concrete culvertsandalessobstructive a barriertothepassageoffish.LakeKohangatera lakebed tothegravelsdownstream. Thispresents is perched, creating a500mmverticaldrop from the Kohangapiripiri hasasingleconcrete culvertwhich This haschangedthefunctioningofLakes.Lake culverted toprovide foraroad around thecoastline. Since the1960soutletsofbothLakeshavebeen and otherindigenousfishspecies. sea migratoryspeciessuchastuna,inanga,kokopu effect ofreducing theconnectiontoLakesfor reduction from sandmining.Thishasallhadthe the accretion ofsandandgravel build-up,withsome lake toseaoutletshavegenerallybeensubject the riversofOrongorongo andWainuiomata. The effects ofthemovement sandandgravelsfrom with tectonicupliftsoverthecenturiesandfrom the The hydrology andgeography oftheLakeschanged Fish Passage 64 65
63
Figure 9:Thelifecycleoffreshwater eels.
Pauline Roberts, Royal Society of New Zealand Primary Science Teacher Fellowship, 2009, www.niwa.co.nz
31 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 32 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan MIRO memberatworkinoneofthefencedrestoration areas lifecycle (seefishpassagetextbox). dependent onmigratoryfishtocompletetheir present attheLakeshowever theyareheavily New Zealand’sfreshwater mussel,kakahiis e.g. SouthernBellFrog. the Lakeswillbewidespread Australian species ignored” in2002.Frogsandtadpolesobserved at when Gibbsdescribedthemas“almostcompletely invertebrates attheLakeshasn’timproved from Reporting andmonitoringoffrogs provide protectionfrompredation. where boulderbedsandcrevicedclifffaces skink have beenobserved inthecoastalhabitats Common gecko,commonskinksandacopper is asignificantmainlandlizardsitefor Wellington. abundance oflizardsalltheregionalparksand Parangarahu Lakes Area hasthegreatest Native lizards,frogsandinvertebrates mallard andparadiseduck. Californian quail,fantail,pukeko,blackswan, common speciesoftensightedatthelakesare are knowntovisitandhuntatthesite.Other NZ shoveler, bellbird,ternsandshags.NZfalcon Also presentareNZpipit,scaup(blackteal), dotterel and variable oystercatchers. beaches areimportantbreedinghabitatforbanded bittern, piedstiltandspotlesscrake.Theshingle including greyduck,NZdabchick, Australasian open water andwetland habitatforwaterfowl, species. TheLakesthemselves provideexcellent native birds,anumberofwhicharethreatened The areaprovidessignificanthabitatformany Native birds 66 outside thefencedplots. 2007) andthefocusisnowtoextendplanting planted asperalandscaperestorationplan(Park, natural state.Sixnodeshave beenfencedand returning theblocktosomethinglikeitsformer help to‘kick-start’theecologicalprocessesof source forbirdstodisperseacrosstheareaand established, thenodeswillprovidenative seed nodes inthesouthernareaofLakes.Once the regenerationprocessbycreatingnative plant Island RestorationOperation(MIRO)areassisting Members ofthecommunitygroupMainland quantity anddiversity. to recolonize,orbereplanted,arevery limitedin means thattheseedsourcesavailable forplants on private landimmediatelytothenorth.This forest inthenorth-west corner,andasmallpatch primary andsecondary(regenerated)inlandhill remaining forestfloraintheparkisasmallareaof that littleindigenous vegetation remains.Theonly farming, thehill-slopeswere modifiedtotheextent settlement byMāoriand,later,withEuropean has changedsignificantlyover the years. During The plantcover oftheParangarahu Lakes Area Forest Flora have beeninplacesince2007. measures tocontrolgorseandstopitestablishing along thecoastalescarpmentbetween theLakes, dominate muchofthearea.Foraccessibleareas regeneration andgorse,tauhinumānukanow grazing in2004,therehasbeensubstantialshrub Since the Parangarahu Lakes Area was retired from
Owen Spearpoint Gibbs (2002). summary ofthewetland speciesisprovidedby plus smallareasofharakekeflaxland. Auseful ustulatus sedgeland,Carexgeminata are Rauporeedland,toetoegrassland,Cyperus wetland, interspersedwithstretchesofopenwater, The mainvegetation assemblagesthatmake upthe Wetland plants vegetation andthehabitatitprovidesatsite. the additionalbenefitoflegalprotectionfornative which isagreenhousegas.Thecovenant provides to thesequestrationofatmosphericcarbon(CO2), recognises thecontributionthislandusemakes (planted) native vegetation regeneration.Italso covenant identifiesbothnaturalandassisted recreation reserve atParangarahu Lakes.This Sink Covenant over themajorityofGWRC In 2013,GWRCregistereda50year Forest Forest sinkcovenant found thatithadexpandedrapidlyandisbecoming the GollansStream in2011andby2013NIWA Egeria wasfoundintheopenarea ofwaterwithin lake andEgeriadensiainitsuppercatchment. Elodea canadensispresent inthemainbody of the Lake Kohangaterahastheinvasiveoxygenweed outstanding conditionoftheselakesandwetlands. There are significantthreats already present tothe Aquatic weeds Native EcosystemPlanformore information). protect thevaluesofLakes(seeGWRCKey the optionsforcontrolling theseaquaticweedsto in orontheLakes.Itisalsoimportanttoconsider it isimportanttoplacestrictcontrols onactivities example viacontaminatedequipment,boats,ornets, Given thattheweedsare transferred bypeople,for of theLakes,alsorequire control/containment. whichistolerant ofthesalinitylevels as hornwort prevent theirspread. Otherpotentialthreats, such Lakes’ ecologicalvalues,andcare mustbetakento These invasiveweedsposeasignificantthreat tothe single-species bedsinshallowwaterbodies. environments andiscapableofformingdense, Elodea isalsoasuccessfulcoloniserindisturbed Egeria’s migrationdownstream andintothelake. has sofaractedasanaturalbarriertoprevent weed beds.ThethickvegationofGollansSwamp capable offorming4to5mtallsurfacereaching nutrient enrichedlakeswithpoorwaterclarity, vegetation. Egeriaisacompetitiveplantinshallow expanded outfrom theedgesintoadjacentnative occurs. Ithasformedlargeweedbedsandalso (90%) intheopenwateroflakeletwhere it more entrenched. Itisnowthedominantplant 67 Karaka flowersatLakeKohangapiripiri,6Sept2012 areas andedgesofbothLakeKohangapiripiri The presenceofkarakagroves, besidethewetland Wetlands Karaka Groves aroundParangarahu Lakesand Cultural heritageresources westerly aspecthave a“hotrocks”flora. faces, forexamplethehotdrybluffswithanorth the speciesdeterminedbydirectioneachbluff The rockybluffscontainaninterestingflora,with the Lakes,makingarearelatively gorsefree. an ongoingprogrammeofgorsecontrolbetween species. Theseareashave been fencedandthereis terraces containnumerousrareplantsandanimal Above thebeaches,coastalescarpmentand disturbance orweeds. are nowregeneratingnaturallyintheabsenceof quarrying, roadconstructionand4WDtraffic,but beach have previouslybeensubjecttosand Muehlenbeckia ephedroides. plant andanimalspeciescanbefound,including delicate andfragile. communities, whicharealsosomeofthemost some ofthelakelandscape’smostuniquebiotic The raisedcoastalshinglebeachescomprise Beach andcliff vegetation lower Wainui-o-mata valley. karaka extendedforhalfamile(0.8km)alongthe (15 acres)aslate1890andin1859agrove of Wellington coastasinglegrove stillcovered 6ha karaka groves were very extensive. Onthesouth sustain localMāoripopulations.SomeWellington nutritious foodsourceanddietarysupplementto have beendeliberatelyplantedtoprovidea region butgroves suchasthesewere likelyto trees donotoccurnaturallyintheWellington occupation sitesandcultivation byMāori.Karaka Lake Kohangatera,isregardedasanindicatorof 68 Several rareandendemic 70 69 Sectionsofthe
Kim Skelton
33 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 34 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan programme fortheParangarahu Lakes Area. part oftheculturalrevitalisationandreforestation establishing karakagroves or‘orchards’mayform by gorse,andgenerallynotingoodhealth.Re- Kohangapiripiri, arebark-damaged,surrounded Some ofthekarakatrees,especiallyaroundLake the Parangarahu Lakes Area requiringprotection. important totheculturalheritagelandscapeof iwi asasignificantpartoftheirhistoryand The karakagroves areseenbyTaranaki Whānui the hapūover theharvest season. would have involved youngandoldermembersof preserving offoodstocks(berries,eels,fishetc) sheltered placeswheresummercampsandthe time waka beingpaddleduptheLakestothese the Lakes.However, itiseasytoimagineold still bevisitedusingthemarkedtracksaround Today theremnantsofthesekarakagroves can Court on13September1889: recorded inevidencegiven intheNative Land presence of‘cultivations’ atParangarahu is The seasonalharvest ofkarakaberriesandthe Waikanae Mäori group roasting karakaberriesatWhakarongotai, cultivated previouslywere [listof27names] who hadnorightthere.Thepersons went there.Manypeoplewent theretogetBerries went toParangarahu togetBerriesMuandothers Parangarahu. Helived atPitoone.Whenthepeople us. DidnotseeWikiriwha andkaMangaringaat Page 226…SawMuatParangarahu hewent with Rauakitua andotherstoPitoone… Ngatihine. EruerateUkucamewiththehekeof Ngatihine. MuTahua belongedtoNgatituand to Ngatitu.RangiahutabelongedNgatituand cultivated atParangraahu. EruerateUkubelonged the EuropeansbutnotatParangarahu. Pakitaura Ruta hadcultivations onthelandnowoccupiedby cousin ofPakitaura….[Whakapapa table] Ruta Paruka belongstoNgatiTawhirikura was a Page 225 71 Karaka fruit the berriesbecomefreeoftoughhuskandby stream water foroneortwoweeks. Oncesoaked, for upto12hours,thenimmersedinrunning so astoremove thepoisonbyboilingorsteaming even death.Thekernelswere carefullyprepared spasms, convulsion,permanentdisfigurementand poisonous ifconsumedraw,causingsevere muscle strong apricotflavour.Thekernelshowever are of thebrightorangefruitisedibleandhasa Karaka fruitripenlatesummerandtherawflesh Karaka Berries spikes was bakedintoacake. food sourceandtheyellow pollenfromtheflower raupō seedheads.Thestarchyrhizomeswere a inside ofthepoiisstuffedwithfluffydown traditional covering materialforpoi,while the kites andwoven hats.Thedriedleaves arethe rafts. Theleaves were usedforcanoesails, bundles ofstalkscouldbemadeintotemporary the walls androofsofwharestorehouses The long1–4mstalkswere usedforthatching traditionally usedallpartsofthistaongaspecies. Kohangapiripiri andLakeKohangatera.Māori found inabundancethewetlands ofLake Raupō isawell-known swamp-loving plant Raupō (bulrush) cooked tosoftenthemforeating. berries couldbestoredforseveral monthsandre- out foreating.Cookedandpreserved karaka forefinger it was possibletogetthesoftsubstance and pressingeachhalfbetween thethumband cutting thehuskaroundmiddlewithashell Women andraupowhare, KarakaBay, Wellington 75 72, 73,74 76
Murray Parsons programme atParangarahu Lakes Area. taonga plantspeciesforthe culturalplanting plants whichshouldbeconsidered aspriority Landcare Researchhasproduced alistofweaving native speciesfoundatParangarahu Lakes. sought afterbysomeweavers butnotlistedasa example isKuta(bamboospikesedge)which are usuallyfoundinswamp orwetland areas. An of weaving plantsandbirdfeathers,some ofwhich weavers foraccesstolocal,sustainableplantations Whānui weavers andotherWellington-based eel traps.ThereisagrowingdemandbyTaranaki rope, tukutukupanels,thatching,birdcagesand by Māoriforweaving garments, cloaks,kete, material andbirdfeatherswere traditionallyused plants andsupportedvarious birdspecies. Plant contained awidevariety ofindigenoustreesand and thehillsides,valleys, wetlands andlakes The Parangarahu Lakes Area was onceforested Weaving plantsandmaterials www.gw.govt.nz/raupo called pungapunga. spikes, mixedwithwater, andbakeditintocakes the abundantwind-blownpollenfrom theflower stuff theirpillowsandmattresses. Mäoricollected fluffy seeds,whichearlyEuropean settlersusedto long, brown spike(bulrushhead).Thespikesrelease flowers, whichare denselyclumpedintoasingle, filled rhizomes(underground stems).Ithastiny winter andgrows againinthespringfrom starch these largerareas ofraupo. Raupodiesbackover threatened maketheirhomein Australasianbittern hectares offertileswamp. Spotless crakeandthe months. Raupocanbethedominantplantover inundated areas thatmay be verydryinthesummer from fairlydeepandpermanent waterstoseasonally wetland plant.Itisavigorous plantthatwillgrow Raupo (bulrush) isadistinctiveandabundant 77 • been identifiedandarelistedbelow. of Parangarahu Lakes.Someparticularissueshave There arearangethreatstotheecologicalvalues Threats • • • Wharariki Toetoe köuka Ti Raupö Pïngao Neinei Kiekie Käretu Käpüngäwhä Houhere Harakeke Mäori name the sea(seefishpassagetextbox) Restricted fishpassagebetween theLakesand Plan. will continueaspartofimplementing theKNE birds. Trappinghasoccurred since2009and cats areamajorpredatorof thesethreatened indicated thathedgehogsand perhapsferal banded dotterelsontheshingle beacheshas Investigation intothenestingsuccessof on coastalandwetland birdsandtheireggs. cats andhedgehogs Mustelids (stoats,ferrets&weasels), rats, use oftoxinsandtraps. bovine tuberculosis(TB),mainlythroughthe programme aimstocontrolthevectors of throughout thelower East Harbourarea.Their since 2006,aspartofawider-scaleoperation undertaken possumcontrolintheblock Possum animals arethemainfocusofcontrol: controlled tosomedegree.Thefollowing present atParangarahu Lakesarebeing Animal pests:mostpestanimalsspecies spread; marramcontrol. boneseed beyondBurdansGatetoprevent edge species dominant; thecontrolofexoticwetland from thecoastalscarpwhereitisnotyet Terrestrial weeds: stagedremoval ofgorse aquatic weeds textbox) Canadensis, Egeriadensia trichophyllus Potamogetoncrispus Aquatic weeds, including : The Animal HealthBoardhas mountain flax toetoe cabbage tree bulrush golden sandsedge grass tree kiekie holy grass lake clubrush lacebark New Zealandflax name Other common Beggar’s ticks; : Thesemustelidspredate and hornwort(see Ranunculus thecontrolof Phormium cookianum Cortaderia spp. Cordyline australis Typha orientalis Ficinia spiralis Dracophyllum spp. Freycinetia banksii Hierochloe redolens tabernaemontani Schoenoplectus Hoheria sextylosa Phormium tenax Scientific name , Elodea
35 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 36 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan threats. Refer Objectives 2&7foractionstoaddressthese • o o o Human activities: farmers madeaware ofwandering stock. the blockareshotbyGWRCofficersand interim goatsandpigsthataresightedwithin upgraded thisissuewilllessenbutinthe inadequate boundaryfencing. As fencesare as well assheepandcattle-largelydueto continues tobeincursionsofgoatsandpigs the removal ofstockfromthearea,there Ungulates (stock,deer,goats&pigs) park. Lakes. specifically aquatic weeds toorbetween the use. by humanactivityincludingoff-road vehicle are vulnerabletobeingtroddenordisturbed Impacts ofincreasedvisitornumberstothe Introduction andtransferofweeds, Raised beachfloraandfaunacommunities : Despite carried outalongthedunesfrom Burdans gateto poppy(Glauciumflavum)hasbeen targeting horned other weedsonthedunes.Extensivecontrol work reduced GWRCisnowlookingatcontrolling various As thedensityofmarramgrasshasbeen banded dotterel. also provided asuitablebreeding habitatforthe in theareas cleared. Destructionofthemarramhas native dunecushionplantcommunityhasthrived annually. Significantprogress hasbeenmadeandthe dunes. Sincethencontrol workhasbeenundertaken GWRC tofundamarramcontrol programme onthe partnership wasformedbetweenHCC,DOCand of marramgrass(Ammophilaarenaria). In2009a gravel duneswere beingthreatened bytheinvasion The surveyidentifiedthatthenaturalvaluesof plant-insect interactions. shingle size,pristinenature, rare plants,moths,and are considered tobeofnationalimportancedue immediately belowLakeKohangapiripiri.Thedunes plant speciesbeingpresent onthegraveldunes was quiteuniquewithanumberofrare cushion found thatthecoastalplantcommunityinarea the coastaldunesbordering theLakesarea. Itwas In 2008Landcare Research conductedasurveyof A successstory:beatingbackMarramGrass. spraying programme). Rocky Point(inconjunctionwiththemarramgrass ongoing Māori use,thehistoriclighthouse and (refer Section 3).Evidenceofpre-European and The heritagevalues ofthis areaareexceptional immediate actionproposed bythisplan. loop trackalongthesideof Kohangateraisan removed in2013.Completionofanalternative the boardwalk northofLakeKohangaterawas to circumnavigateeachof the lakeshowever permits. Untilrecentlyvisitorshave been able and thenventure intotheLakesiftimeandenergy escarpment tothehistoricPencarrow Lighthouse The majorityofvisitorswillfollowthepathup across totheSouthIsland. over Wellington harbourandfurtherouttosea Lakes, andfromhighervantage pointswidevistas views oftheruggedcoast,panoramicscenesat watching andphotography.Visitors canenjoy the areahasbecomeapopularlocationforbird activities arewalking andmountainbiking are illustratedonMap4.Theprimaryrecreation The tracksandactivitiesprovidedforinthepark Recreation for undertheReserves Act 1977. GWRC hasdelegatedmanagementresponsibility policies ofthisplanastheyapplytoreserve land Network Plan -toaccommodatetherelevant have amendmenttheEHRPchapterofParks give effecttothisco-managementplan,GWRC co-management hasevolved. Torecogniseand to Taranaki Whanaui,andfromthis,aneweraof lakes, andthedendroglyphsiteswere returned lakebeds, formeresplanadestripsofthetwo As aresultofTreatySettlement,in2009the GWRC. Ha ofCrownownedrecreationreserve vested in the 360HaofGWRCrecreationreserve andthe14 Network Plan (2011),whichincludesasectionon regional parksandforestsistheGWRCParks restoration. Thecurrentmanagementplanfor infrastructure andundertakingenvironmental time planshave beenpreparedforimprovingpark that formedEHRPwas developed in1995.Over The firstmanagementplanforthepubliclands granted however thisceasedin2004. Regional Park (EHRP). A grazinglicencewas Lakes Block,was includedwithintheEastHarbour and theland,thenreferredtoasPencarrow of thearea.RecreationReserve statuswas sought outstanding cultural,landscapeandnaturalvalues the area,bringingawareness andprotectiontothe and wetlands. Thispurchaseallowed publicinto Lakes inrecognitionoftheimportancelakes of farmlandthatsurroundedtheParangarahu environmental groups,GWRCpurchased360Ha In 1992withthesupportofDOCandseveral Regional Park (seealsopage22) Parangarahu LakeslandaspartofEastHarbour Section 5:ManagementofthelandasaRegionalPark Scientific). to theLakes(refertextbox:FromWildlife to fauna andpreservation ofthequalities unique focus tothepreservation ofindigenousfloraand Scientific Reserve shiftstheprimarymanagement on theLakes.However, thenewclassificationof Reserve allowed recreationalshootingbypermit reserve classificationof Wildlife Management Lakes bypermitfromDOC.TheLakes’previous dedicated shooters each year and is managed at the activities. Duckshootingattractsasmallgroupof exception fordogsassociatedwithduckshooting ecological values however therehasbeenan are notpermittedattheLakesduetohigh by permitandrestrictedtospecifictracks.Dogs and horseridinghaspreviouslybeenmanaged There hasbeennocampingallowed inthearea, this plan. values withintheparkandthisisanobjective of knowledge andimprove interpretationofthese relationship providesopportunitytosharethis people visitthereserve. and heritagevalues don’tfeatureasareason visitor surveys however disclosedthatcultural shipwrecks arevisibleandwell recorded.Recent lake weeds withinand betweenthe Lakes. to theLakesas awaytostopthespread ofaquatic water ecologists istorestrict any recreational access species. Recommendationfrom NIWA andfresh the uniquevalueswithinand exterminatingexotic stratum) givesastrong weightingtoprotecting to scientific reserve statusfortheLakes(crown Lakes isprohibited. Thechangefrom wildlife reserve of Egeriaoccursandanymovement betweenthe within GollansWetland where themaininfestation principles. Exclusionareas includetheopenwater can occurandmore rigorgivento‘check,clean,dry’ had somerestrictions placedonwhere intheLakesit discovery oftheinvasiveaquaticweeds,huntinghas a smallgroup ofhunters.Inrecent years,sincethe Duck huntingattheLakesisapopularpastimeof the Lakesthatexistonprivateland. This continuestobethecasefortributariesof eeling couldtakeplacebyconsentofthelandowner. were formallypartofOrongorongo Stationand taking ofeelsisprohibited. Priorto1984the Lakes of commercial purposeandtherefore commercial notice (18thFebruary1988)makesnomention Management Reservesin1987andthegazette were transferred intotheDOCestateasWildlife eeling attheParangarahuLakes.TheLakes sometimes beenraisedinrelation tocommercial the establishmentofreserve. Thisquestion has prohibited unlessthetakingwasaconditionof or killingoffaunaforcommercial purposesis relates tothetakingorkillingoffauna.The Reserves Act1977.Section50(1)ofthis Reservesare administeredWildlife underthe From WildlifetoScientific 78 Thenewco-management
37 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 38 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Map 4:Parangarahu LakesArea, mapofrecreational activities karaka groves. In 1959 Adkin discovered thedendroglyphin and have formedthebasisforplantspecieslists. and N.T. Moarfocusedonrecordingtheecology trees ofthearea.BotanistssuchasRuthMason the 1950sstudiesfocusedonnative plantsand have happenedalongWellington’s southcoast.In clues forunderstandingthewiderchangesthat on geologyastheareaprovidessomeimportant subject ofscientificresearch.Initiallythefocus was Right fromtheearly1900sareahasbeen Education, researchandmonitoring Block owners. permissions from Pencarrow Station and Takarangi for thepublicbeyondLakes,willrequire Rimutaka Cycleroute.Securingongoingaccess to accessBaringHead/Ōrua-pouanuiandthe for recreationalcyclistsandwalkers wanting access beyondtheHCCownedroadisdesirable outfall west ofKohangapiripirioutlet.Public by HCCrunsbetween BurdensGateandthesewer Horokiwi Quarry.Theroad,ownedandmanaged Pencarrow Lodgevisitors,contractorsand management agencies,private landowners, access totheLakesandbeyondforpublic, end. Pencarrow CoastRoadprovidesimportant Pencarrow CoastRoadfromBurdansGateroad Access totheLakesisbyfootorcyclevia Access Legend Pencarrow lighthouse Gravel road Tramping track Walking track andMt. biking Grassland Wetlands Scrub Broadleaf forest ®rowth Mixed forest historic
96 Lighthouse Track Parangarahu Lakes Area Parangarahu Lakes Block
circuit
KohangapiripiriLake 157
Cameron Ridge terraces Marine Fitzroy Bay
Track 108 47
KohangateraLake landowners. ReferObjective 8. maintaining goodrelationshipswithadjacent Land managementincludesestablishingand Chapter 4,NaturalEnvironment. of pestanimalandplantthreatsarediscussedin responsible agenciesandvolunteers.Management to somedegreeduecombinedeffortsby Plant andanimalpestsarebeingcontrolled Land management,pestcontrol undertaken. of thenestingsuccessbandeddotterelhasbeen lakes and on the coast and a specialist investigation has beeninvolved inbirdmonitoringaroundthe completed. OrnithologicalSocietyofNewZealand Bird, fishandlizardsurveys have alsobeen LakeSPI (SubmergedPlant Indicators)assessment. national wetland conditionmonitoringandNIWAs Lakes arenowincludedintheLandcareResearch’s In 2006vegetation mappingwas undertaken.Both changes thatoccurredaftergrazingwas stopped. and photopointswere establishedtorecordthe Vegetation Survey plotswere installedin2004 GWRCs biodiversity monitoringprogramNational monitoring andresearchattheLakes. As partof ownership therehasbeengreateropportunityfor Certainly, sincetheareacameintopublic 182 Lakes Block circuit
145 Gollans Stream Gollans 1 kilometre
200 wetland 140 High point High Viewing point Wildlife biking Mountain Tramping Walking Mapboard Bridge orboardwalkBridge Lighthouse 133 (height inmetres) 224 potential toallow customaryharvest inthefuture. sustaining andinsomeinstances thriving,with we willseeecosystemsthatareincreasinglyself- through humanaction. As actionsareundertaken, improve theorangaofParangarahu Lakes Area others remainmoreintact. Thereisscopeto Some ecosystemsarehighlymodifiedordegraded, overall healthoftheParangarahu Lakes Area. ecosystems thatcontributetotheorangaand recognises theinterconnectednessofvarious Adopting anintegratedcatchmentapproach around theLakes. indigenous floraandfaunapopulationsin Area ecosystemtosustainvitalandhealthy ecological integrityoftheParangarahu Lakes Objective 1:Restorethe mouri andmaintainthe Objectives and Actions for activitiesonreserve land. policy, includingtheadministrationofconcessions resourced forundertakingimplementationofthe the immediatefuture,GWRCismainagency built upwithinGWRCandTaranaki Whānui.In capacity (skills,resourcesandexperience)are that theleadagencymaychangeover timeas lead agencynotedalongside.Itisanticipated management relationship.Eachactionhasa strengths thateachpartnerbringstotheco- The implementationofthisplanreliesonthe • • • • based onpriority: actions aredescribedandhave beencategorised Moemoeā –Vision. Undereachobjective various focus fortheRoopuTiakiinworkingtowards the this plan(andbeyond).Theobjectives providethe and actionstobeundertakenduringthelifeof This sectionprovidesthemanagementobjectives Introduction Section 6:ManagementObjectivesandActions implications. likely tohave significantfundingandresource contribute totheMoemoeā–Vision. Theyare not occurwithinthelifeofthisplanbutcould actions thatareinter-generationalandmay Possible long-termopportunities: occur withina3-10year timeframe achieve, orcanwait tobeachieved. Thiswould immediate priority,requirefundingbidsto either followonfromactivitiesthatarean Medium priority: (within thenextthreeyears) resources andfocusintheimmediatefuture Immediate priority: usual’ undertaken andareconsidered‘businessas Current activities: thosethatarealreadybeing those activitiesthatmay those thatdemand those Actions: v valued siteandthepotentialfornewinfestations and wetlands highlights thefragilityofthishighly types ofinvasive aquatic pestplantintheLakes indigenous floraandfauna. Thepresenceoftwo exterminate exoticfloraandfaunapreserve there isarequirementtoasfarpossible As theLakeshave scientificreserve classification, effects ofprimarilyexoticpestplantsandanimals. health isreducingoreliminatingthenegative The secondaspectofimprovingenvironmental Parangarahu Lakes Area. where theseinterferewiththeorangaof Objective 2:Controlpest plants/animals 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.6 te Upoko oteIka)DeedofSettlement DOC Protocolascontained inPort NicholsonBlock(Taranaki Whanui ki nets). as rongoa, kai,weavingofbasketsand may beaccessedforculturaluse(such include potentialsitesandspeciesthat significance, maintainviewshaftsand growing conditions,protect sitesof To managereplanting tooptimise consistent withthisplan. Native EcosystemPlan,inamanner through theParangarahuLakesKey To managebiodiversityinthearea Immediate priority actions thatmayaffect theseowners. biosecurity issuesorothermanagement access, andearlynoticeofany regularly communicateovervehicle and otheradjoininglandowners To workcollaborativelywithHCC managing theParangarahuLakesArea. DOC andPNBSTisconsidered when To ensure theprotocol between Strait andTararua EcologicalDistricts. using plantssourced withintheCook tree speciesthrough activereplanting To encouragethereturnofnativeplant/ Current activity(businessasusual) practices. and express theirculturalvaluesand enable Taranaki Whänuitomaintain priority giventotaongaspeciesthat in theParangarahuLakesArea, with provide ahighchanceoftheirsurvival where conditionscanbecontrolled to To reintroduce ‘oncepresent’ species Possible longtermopportunity discharges. catchment streams from erosion and of lakemargins,wetlandsandupper riparian marginsandtheprotection through restoration plantingon To improve thenativefishhabitat Medium priority v GWRC LEAD TW/HCC GWRC/ TW/DOC GWRC LEAD GWRC TW/ LEAD GWRC TW/ LEAD
39 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 40 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Actions: Whānui. provides forcustomaryharvest forTaranaki covenant forthelakebedswhichspecifically to. Thismustbebalancedagainsttheconservation if biosecuritymeasuresarenotcarefullyadhered 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 a) dotterel), including: improving nativebird life(e.g.banded a focusonreducing predators and To undertakepestanimalcontrol with compromise themouriofLakes. eradication processes whichdonot fish incursionsthrough appropriate Lakes torespond toanyseriouspest To workwithDOCasmanagersofthe Current activity(businessasusual) necessary formanagementorresearch. exclusion area apartfrom those prohibiting allactivitieswithin the canadensis andEgeriadensaby To control infestationsofElodea Immediate priority Parangarahu LakesArea. sheep, pigsandcattlefrom the boundary fencing,eliminatinggoats, to installandmaintainstock-proof To workwithadjoininglandowners Maui Trust (FisheriesTrust). the Te AtiawakiteUpokooIkaa freshwater fisheriesinpartnershipwith processes tomanagecustomary eel fishinganduseappropriate tikanga current MPIprohibition ofcommercial To supportthecontinuationof occurrences ofpestplants. and appropriate control ofanynew boneseed, plusongoingsurveillance poppy,grass, horned beggars ticksand a current focuson:gorse,marram targeted control ofpestplants,with To workwithHCCandDOCtodo environment. on otherspeciesandthereceiving pest control desired, budgetandeffect depending onthescaleandnature of mechanical methodswillbetolerated A rangeofchemical,manualor d) c) b) and GWRCstaff using Taranaki Whänuiiwimembers To investigatelocalcontrol measures and weasels),hedgehogs,ungulates To control mustelids(stoats,ferrets shooting (goats andpigs)through trapsand lakes. to control gamebird speciesatthe To partnerwithappropriate agencies management ofpossums To ensure ongoingeradiation GWRC LEAD GWRC Trust Fisheries GWRC/ TW/ GWRC GWRC GWRC LEAD priority objective ofthismanagement plan. the eelfisheryin Parangarahu Lakes Areaisa kai atmaraetomanaakimanuhiri. Restorationof tikanga, especiallytheabilitytoprovidetraditional Whānui inmaintainingtheirculturalpracticesand (eels) areataongaspeciesthatvitaltoTaranaki contributed tothecollapseofthiseelfishery. Tuna fish passagethroughroadingculverts have all as raisedgravel beaches,andalterationofthe to theseaoutletscausedbynaturalfactorssuch eeling, overfishing, farmingactivities,changes many generations. A combinationofcommercial fishery andmahingakaifortangatawhenuaover The Lakeswere oncerecognisedasamajoreel catchments. Kohangapiripiri andLakeKohangatera Objective 3:RestoretheeelfisheryofLake 2.7 2.9 2.8 f. e. d. c. b. a. invasive weedintheLakes: ensure thatthere isnofurtherspread of to adopt,thefollowingmeasures to advocate toDOCandotherlandowners To adopt,orwhere appropriate catchment. and streams onproperties inthe native vegetativebuffers towetlands aquatic weedinfestations.Enhance or remove, where practical,invasive Work withthelandowner(s)tocontrol minimal effect onnativeaquaticfauna. canadensis andEgeriadensawith To trialsolutionsthattargetElodea biosecurity threats. the aquaticweedinfestationsand online andwrittenpublicationson Educate thepublicthrough signage, Clean, Dryprinciples) cleansing ofequipment–Check, phytosanitary practices(disinfectant only. Allaccessmustadhere tothe research andmanagementpurposes limit accesstothewaterbodyfor Notwithstanding (a)and(b)above, signage onsite Standard OperationProcedures and Kohangapiripiri through theuseof between LakesKohangateraand Control themovementofequipment (Canadian pondweed)are found waterweed) andelodiaCanadensis zone where egeriadensia(Brazilian access totheareas andbuffer Prohibit alltypesofrecreational and/or eradication management optionsforcontrol of eachweedtoensure andidentify Determine through surveytheextent the lakes Review recreational duckhuntingon DOC GWRC/ GWRC GWRC oral historiesandassociated tereo. cultural heritage,withafocusonpreservingthe this objective referstothe intangibleaspectsof archaeological sitesreferto Appendix 3.Further, occupation too.Foralistofthecurrentlyrecorded that therearesignificantsitesrelatingtoEuropean these areprimarilyofMāoriorigin,itisrecognised found withintheParangarahu Lakes Area. While This objective is focused firstly on the physical sites histories (oralandwritten)preserved. features ofthelandscapeisunderstoodandtheir That thesignificanceofculturalandnatural accordance withkaitiakitangaprinciples. waahi taongaoftheParangarahu Lakes Area in cultural heritage,sitesofsignificanceandother Objective 4:Protectandmanagethehistoric Actions: 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 Potiki Trust (FisheriesTrust). Te AtiawakiteUpokooIkaaMaui in partnershipwithiwikaitiakiandthe in theParangarahuLakesArea working based policyforcustomaryeelfishing To developanappropriate tikanga Possible longtermopportunity tikanga associatedwiththeeelfishery. Taranaki Whänuiculturalpracticesand contribute totherevitalisation of programmes andwänangathat To facilitateandsupporteducational Area. the eelfisheryatParangarahuLakes knowledge andmataurangaMäoriof projects thatincrease scientific To facilitateandsupportresearch Medium priority kaitiaki where possible. purposes, usingTaranaki Whänuiiwi and managementdecisionmaking to collectandstore dataforanalysis in bothLakesandcatchments quality ofeelhabitatsandstocks To carryoutregular monitoringofthe currently hasaperched outlet. given toLakeKohangapiripiri,which channels andculverts,withpriority construction workstoimprove the To seekfundingfornecessary Immediate priority seasons. native fishmigrationsintheappropriate opening oftheseaoutletstoallow through thechannelsandculverts best optionforimproving waterflow system ofbothLakesandidentify To review andanalysecurrent hydrology Current activity(businessasusual) TW LEAD TW TW LEAD TW All LEAD All LEAD Actions: 4.6 4.5 3.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.11 4.10 4.9 4.8 4.7 destruction anddegradation. carvings) from vandalism,damage, To protect thedendroglyph (tree Immediate priority access. degradation andtoprovide appropriate vandalism, damage,destructionand historic Pencarrow Lighthousefrom To workwiththeHNZtoprotect the course ofwork. archaeological sitesbedisturbedinthe Discovery Protocol shouldany To followtheGWRCAccidental use anddevelopment. coast,fromthe southern inappropriate and interglacialmarineterracesalong geological features, theraisedbeaches To advocatefortheprotection of this managementplan. conflict withtheMoemoeä-visionof use anddevelopmentoractivitiesthat and catchmentsfrom inappropriate To protect theParangarahuLakesArea and culturalheritagewähitaonga. avoids, orminimisesimpactsonhistoric park activitiesdevelopinawaythat restoration plans,visitoramenitiesand To ensure thatenvironmental Current activity(businessasusual) relating totheplace. minute evidenceorotherdocuments links torelevant maps,Mäorilandcourt names, oralhistories,videointerviews, a culturallayerwithhistoryofMäori using GIStechnologyandincluding Cultural HeritageMappingproject Parangarahu LakesArea through To record culturalknowledgeabout Possible longtermopportunity communicators orguides. Taranaki Whänuiiwimembersaskey and wherever possibleusing documents, interpretative panels) (e.g. tours,events,webandwritten the area through variousmediums To promote theretelling ofstories degradation ofthisheritage. to minimisedamage,destructionand for example,topromote protection or and culturalheritagewähitaonga, values ofthehistoric,archaeological to raisepublicawareness aboutthe To provide appropriate information information. waahi taongaandrelated historical archaeological andhistoricsites, To maintainadatabaseof Medium priority maps. appropriate indicateusingsignageand of features withinthearea andwhere To research traditionalMäorinames TW LEAD GWRC GWRC TW GWRC/ TW GWRC/ TW GWRC/ LEAD TW LEAD TW TW GWRC/ TW GWRC/ LEAD GWRC TW/
41 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 42 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Actions: measurable progresstowards theMoemoeā-vision. community membersisvitaltoachieving The continuedsupportandinvolvement of kaitiakitanga responsibilities. practice, andtofulfilstatutorymanagement Taranaki Whānuitodemonstrateco-governance in This isimportantforboththeCounciland manuhiri (hostingand/orguidingofvisitors). restoration, culturalwānangaandmanaaki volunteering, educationactivities,environmental at alllevels forexample,throughstaffing, it ishopedthattherewillbeincreasedengagement governance/management level ofengagementand >> visitors.TheRoopuTiakigroupsitsinthe >> internshipsvoluntaryworkeducation ranges from:governance >>paidmanagement that isavailable toTaranaki Whānuiwhich iwi kaitiaki.Thereisacontinuumofengagement mātauranga tobepassedonnewgenerationsof co managementopensupnewopportunitiesfor The Treaty Settlement cultural redress package and community. management byTaranaki Whānuiiwiandthe participation inactivitiesattheLakesand Objective 5:Fosterkaitiakitangaandgreater 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 by Taranaki Whänuiinthearea, suchas To revive culturalpractices undertaken taonga therein. the ParangarahuLakesArea andthe to developmätaurangaMäoriabout replenish theirculturalpätaka, and restore tikanga/culturalpractices,to wänanga byTaranaki Whänuito To facilitatedayandovernight Medium priority planting, pestcontrol, monitoring). in environmental restoration (e.g. and Taranaki Whänuiiwimembers engage agencies,thecommunity To facilitatecollaborativeprojects that Immediate priority participation. the uptakeofopportunitiesfor To monitorandreport yearlyon principles ofkaitiakitanga. sense ofguardianship andapplyingthe the valuesofarea andfosteringa emphasis onincreasing awareness of Taranaki Whänuiiwimembers,withan To identifyopportunitiesforinvolving Taranaki Whänuiiwimembers. or removal ofculturalmaterials process fortheintroduction, use To approval facilitateaRoopuTiaki Current activity(businessasusual) purpose ofcultural harvest. preservation ofkarakagroves forthe To investigateoptionsfortheactive or weaving. fishing, gatheringofplantsfor rongoa other kai,sustainablecustomary eel seasonal harvestofkarakaberries and vi by TW TW TW LEAD TW GWRC/ LEAD TW GWRC/ TW TW GWRC/ LEAD • • • • • • the lakeecosysteminclude: Physical elementsthatreflectthestateofmouri ecosystem healthfromaMāoriperspective. of thisareatoMāoriandbeingablereporton emphasis onunderstandingculturalimportance monitoring. However, todate,therehasbeenlittle by various agenciesthatprovideabaseforfuture There have beenanumberofstudiescompleted tangata kaitiaki. reported inausefulandpracticalmannerforall perspectives, andimpactsaremeasured making isinformedfromMāoriandnon-Māori- Objective 6:Lakesmanagementdecision- viii vii vi Actions: 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 good aquality, ifnotbetterquality, thantoday. taonga areavailable foruseandenjoymentbyfuturegenerations inas protection ofthetaongaParangarahu Lakes Area sothatthese as guardians, protectors andcaretakers andwhoareinvolvedinthe cultural obligationsasmanawhenua, andother tangatatiakiwhoact Kaitiaki forthepurposesofthisplanmeans iwikaitiakiwhohave PNBST aspartofDeedSettlement). practices (seeCulturalMaterialssectioninDOCProtocolsignedwith to Taranaki Whanui inmaintainingandexpressingculturalvalues and derived fromanimals, marinemammalsorbirdswhichareimportant Cultural Materialsincludeplants, plantmaterials, andmaterials Policy, page13. Adapted frommauri indicatorsin Te Runangao Ngai Tahu Freshwater productive capacity. fitness forculturalusage;and catchment towetland, tolakeandoutsea; continuity offlow water fromtheupper depth andflowof water; indigenous floraandfauna; life supportingcapacityandpresenceof water; aesthetic qualitiese.g.clarityandsmellof new research. Mäori relating tongahere (forest) with To revitalise andenhancematauranga indigenous fisheryforthefuture. undertaken toprotect and sustainthe technology andinnovativeresearch species intheLakesarea with new Mäori abouteelandothernativefish To revitalise andenhancematauranga Medium priority particularly duringeelmigrationtimes. fish migrationthrough theseaoutlets, water flowandlevelstypesof To carryoutregular monitoringofthe managers. to enableinformeddecisionmakingby vitality oftheParangarahuLakesArea understanding oftheoverallhealthand vision. Theaimistobuildastronger related totheorangaelementsof using scientificandculturalindicators and programme thatenablesreporting To establishamonitoringframework Immediate priority vii
viii TW TW LEAD TW GWRC/ GW/TW LEAD Actions: unsuitable. into areasthatmaybeculturallyorecologically to areasandactivitiesthatareappropriatenot put inplace.Itisalsoimportanttodirectvisitors area to absorb use and where limits may need to be It isimportanttounderstandthecapacityof reflects thisisolation. low visitornumbersandaexperiencethat from thecarparkandurbanareameansrelatively lighthouse. However, theremotenessofLakes higher lookoutpoints,includingthePencarrow Lake Kohangapiripiriandaccessanumberof Currently tracksallowvisitorstocircumnavigate experience. and beingrefreshednurturedfromthe to appreciationofthenaturalenvironment Objective 7:Recreationopportunitieslead 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.1 lake, intheleeofwindandbasic For example,apicnicarea near the • • • and enjoymentofthearea, whilst: will allowvisitorstoextendtheirstay appropriate standard, amenitiesthat To provide andmaintaintoan Medium priority names forplacesandlandmarks. To revive theuseoftraditionalMäori Immediate priority rähui safety, parkoperations,wähitapuor public accessforreasons suchaspublic To temporarilyclosepartsofthesiteto reporting totheRoopuTiaki. well asvisitorexperience,withannual To monitorvisitoruseandimpact,as 7 Rulesforuseanddevelopment). objectives ofthisplan(refer toSection that are consistentwiththevisionand To administerconcessionsforactivities programme. annual Great OutdoorsSummerEvents To includetoursofthearea inthe bikers. shared usebywalkersandmountain walking trackstandard thatprovides for To maintainatracknetworkto Current activity(businessasusual) guide groups. To buildcapacity ofthelocaliwito written/visual interpretation. and cultural–usingbothpeople and the storiesofarea, bothnatural To developinnovativewaystotell toilet facilitiesatasuitablelocation. setting andheritageofthearea. ensuring thatdesignreflects the and culturalsensitivity environmental qualityand ecological avoiding areas ofoutstanding unstable landorerosion avoiding naturalhazards such as TW HNZ GWRC/ TW/ GWRC LEAD TW LEAD TW GWRC/ GWRC TW GWRC/ GWRC GWRC LEAD Actions: plan. developed toachieve theMoemoeā-vision ofthe agencies, landownersandcommunitygroupsare Objective 8:Strategicpartnershipsbetween 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 of landcovered withinthisplan. implement beyondthelegalboundaries To seethevisionrecognised and Possible longtermopportunity the vision. work programme andprogress towards land managementtodiscusstheyearly landowners andagenciesinvolvedin To meetannuallywithadjacent this plan. of thevision,valuesandobjectivesin improve awareness amongstakeholders meeting theobjectivesofthisplan,and (time, money, skills)tobeusedin support contributionsofresources To developpartnershipsthatwill Immediate priority Parangarahu LakesArea. in environmental restoration ofthe To workwithcommunitygroups Current activity(businessasusual) LEAD HCC/TW DOC/ GWRC/ All LEAD GWRC LEAD
43 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 44 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan oversight. covenant beingfollowed andRoopuTiaki to tikangaandtheconditions oftheconservation the area,followingactivities mayoccursubject Taranaki Whānuitakinguptheirroleaskaitiakiof exercise theirkaitiakiresponsibilities. Topromote ownership itisimperative thatiwiareableto Recognising thatthisareaisnowinjoint Taranaki Whänuikaitiakiactivities Health Act. Biosecurity Act, ForestRuralFire Act orthePublic access isanobligationunderaspecific Act,suchasthe maintenance andpestcontrol.Sometimes,restricting may befrom(butnotlimitedto)naturalhazards,park site, orwherethereisadangertothepublic,which environmental orculturaldegradationofaparticular restrictions ofaccesswherecontinuedwillcause Lakes Area sonoapprovals arerequired.Theremaybe Allowed activitiesmayoccurasofrightatParangarahu Approvals required: d. c. b. a. (of lessthan30people): allowed tobeundertakenbyindividualsorgroups well-being ofvisitors.Thefollowingactivitiesare park values andprovideforthehealth,safety but maybesubjecttorestrictionsprotectthe These activitiesmaybeundertakeninthepark Allowed activities activities carriedoutformanagementpurposes. obtaining consent.Thissectiondoesnotapplyto for various activitiesandtheprocessrequiredfor This sectionstateswhatpermissionsarerequired use (throughprohibitions,limitsandconditions). through visitingalsorequiressomerestrictionsof Lakes Area andtheexperiencethatpeoplereceive the protectionofvalues oftheParangarahu easement) orresourceconsent.However, for a concession(intheformoflease,licenceor that canoccurasofrightandothersrequire provides someconstraintsonthetypeofactivities Act 1977andResourceManagement Act 1991 Lakes Area. LegislationundertheReserves activities andrecreationalpursuitsatParangarahu the provisionforandmanagementofcustomary This partoftheplanoutlinesrulesrelatingto Section 7:Rulesforuseanddevelopment non-commercial purposes Filming orphotographyforpersonal,familyand Walking, running,hiking,trampingonalltrails Picnicking (includingtheuseofgasstoves) in designated picnicareas trails. with considerationtootherusersonshared Mountain bikingondesignatedsharedtrails, Managed activities their nextmeeting. and thenretrospectively grantedbytheRoopuTiakiat agreement between aGWRCandPNBSTrepresentative short timeframesinvolved, approval maybegrantedby permits whichareprocessedbyGWRC.Wherethere Regional Parks wheresomeoftheseactivitiesrequire Roopu Tiaki(referobjective 5.1).Thisdiffersfromother be plannedandundertakenwiththeapproval ofthe These activitiesarepartofparkmanagementandwill Approvals required: f. conductingresearch. e. day/overnight wananga d. culturalhealthindexmonitoring c. b. a. ix in advance orretrospective) fromtheRoopuTiaki. relevant officer. All permitswillrequireapproval (either generally bemadeonlineandwilldealtwithbythe which isadministeredbyGWRC. Applications can These activitiesarehandledthroughthepermitsystem Approvals required **Not associatedwithtangatawhenuaactivities. c. b. Conductingresearchoreducationaltours** a. permit systemorrangerapproval: between users. Allocation ismadethrougha to avoidover-allocation ofresourcesandconflict regulate temporaryexclusive useofanarea,and use. Permits areusedwherethereisaneedto allocation ofaparkareaorstructureforspecific specific locationandmayinvolve temporary These activitiesaregenerallyundertakenina eel collection** planting ofnative vegetation andrestockingof Collection ofnaturalmateriale.g.seed species suitableforweaving cultural harvest ofkaraka,rongoaandplant learning. www.maoridictionary.co.nz conference, forum, educationalseminar. (noun)tribalknowledge, lore, Wananga (verb) (-hia,-tia)tomeetanddiscuss. (noun)seminar, groups Specified siteandparkfacilitiesreservations for collection ofnaturalmaterialsforotherpurposes e.g. seedandmouristones ix
45 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 46 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan c. Depositing rubbish b. Erectionofprivate dwellings andstructures a. Spreadingofashesorbody parts The followingactivitiesare prohibited: Forests andReserve Bylaw 2009. through theGreaterWellington RegionalParks, Enforcement ofallactivitieswillgenerallybe incompatible withthevalues beingsafeguarded. environment, onotherapproved activitiesorare because oftheirpermanentadverse effectsonthe These activitiesareconsideredinappropriate Prohibited Activities the jurisdictionofeachagency. areas andlandtitlescovered bytheplantounderstand make adecision.RefertoSection1ofthisplanforthe as theadministeringbodywherethereisadelegationto remains theresponsibilityoflandowneroragency on acourseofactionmadebutfinaldecisionmaking considered bytheRoopuTiakiandrecommendations All decisionsonrestrictedactivitieswillbeinitially Approvals required the finaldecision. legislation requiresthataparticularbodymakes concession toGWRC,PNBSTorDOCwhere recommending theapproval ordeclineofa body forallconcessions,andwherenecessary Roopu Tiakiwillbetheinitialdecisionmaking and ForestsConcessionGuidelines2013.The Parks NetworkPlan 2011andtheGWRCParks by GWRCusingtheguidelinessetoutin The processingofallconcessionswillbemanaged • Beofacommercialnature. • • They may: declined. can beeitherapproved, subjecttoconditions,or applications mayneedtobepubliclynotifiedand and appropriatenesstothelocation.Some considered onitsindividualmerits,compatibility the activityisapproved. Eachapplicationis case-by-case assessmentisneededastowhether in thismanagementplan.Bytheirnature,a ‘allowed’ or‘managed’arenot‘prohibited’ These areactivitiesthatnotspecifically Restricted activities extended periodoftimeorbelargescaleevents reserve. concession tooccuronrecreationorscientific provisions aroundwhatactivitiesrequirea legislation. TheReserves Act setsoutspecific easement undertheReserves Act 1977orother Involve theexclusive useofanareafor Be activitiesthatrequirealease,licenceor m. All miningactivities. l. Quarrying k. Recreationalhunting j. Hangglidingandparapenting i. Motorisedrecreation h. g. Dogwalking f. Horseriding e. Fireworks d. Lightingfires Wilderness camping(notassociatedwithan activities) overnight whananga,refertoTangata Whenua ACTIVITY CATEGORY: DOC retainscontroloftheissuingpermitsforactivitiesonLakes(ScientificReserv Explanation: Approval formanagedactivitiesandTaranaki Whānuikaitiakiactivitiesisgiven bytheRoopuTiaki. Area. This tableisincludedintheGWRCParks NetworkPlan EastHarbourRegionalPark –Parangarahu Lakes Rules applyingtoactivitiesintheParangarahuLakesArea Camping (wilderness based)** Camping (wilderness Camping (designatedsites)** Ashes –burial/spreading Animals, excludingdogs/horses Aircraft landings ACTIVITY INPARKS Lease/licence Informal games Hunting Horse riding Hang gliding/parapenting Fishing** Fireworks Fires (open) Firearms (refer alsotoHunting) Filming (commercial) 30 people) Events (commercial, orlargerthan Dog walking Commercial activity Collecting naturalmaterials** CATEGORY ACTIVITY Allowed n/a Includes conductingresearch. Not associatedwithovernightwananga SPECIFIC RULES licence. Act1977foranyapplicationsaleaseor Reserves Note: Thisareaissubjecttorequirements ofthe management purposes. DOC. Anyotherhuntingisundertakenonlyfor Duck shootingbypermitfromFishandGame regulates recreational fishingandculturaltake The Fisheries(AmateurFishing)Regulations1986 controlling statutorybodies andlandowners.Note: Subject toappropriate permits andlicencesfrom Managed Restricted e CrownStratum). Prohibited
47 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 48 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan undertaken. relevant landownerandstatutorybody,GWRCwillgrantaccess over landitadministerstoenablethoseactivitiesbe Explanation: Whereduckshooting,fishingoruseofaboatontheLakesfromPNBSTland,hasbeenapprov **Excluding thatassociatedwithTaranaki Whānui kaitiakiactivities. Walking, tramping,running Tangata Whenuakaitiakiactivities Swimming /BoatingWaka** Picnicking Mountain biking special events) Motorised recreation (CatB: casual) Motorised recreation (CatA:club/ ACTIVITY INPARKS CATEGORY ACTIVITY fauna, wananga,culturalmonitoringandresearch. natural materials,restockingoffloraand collectionof approval. Includes:culturalharvest, Subject totikangabeingfollowedandRoopuTiaki duck huntingpermits. Unless formanagementpurposesoraspermittedby (for lessthan30people). Includes theuseofgasstovesindesignatedplaces recreational vehiclespermittedperday. a permitsystem.Thereismaximumnumberof Pencarrow RoadaccessiscontrolledbyHCCvia SPECIFIC RULES ed bythe 7. Monitoringwillmeasuretheextenttowhich objectives andmultipleactionsstatedinsection This planwillbemonitoredagainstthe8 Monitoring Parks OperationalPlan. recommended workprogrammeintheirannual Where applicable,GWRCwillincludethe earlier. there isopportunitytoachieve theseactions or support.Whereadditionalfundingisobtained, Plans andthosethatrequirealternative funding be includedintheGWRCLongTerm and Annual priorities forfunding,identifyingthoseactionsto for collaborationandparticipation,adviseon yearly workprogramme,includingopportunity monitoring andreporting,willrecommendathree to beprioritised.TheRoopuTiaki,informedby be implemented,limitedfundingrequiresthese While thisplansetsoutthebreadthofactionsto the LocalGovernment Act 2002. Long Term and Annual Plan processessetoutin is throughGWRCandapproved throughthe Under thecurrentregime,majorityoffunding Works programming andfunding Section 8:Implementation,monitoringandreview Figure 10:Planreview andreporting process (Sep –3yearspast) against CMPObjectives Reporting Roopu Tiaki (ongoing) Monitoring CMP Review Nov) 10 yearsahead.(Oct/ prioritises workfor3& recommends and Roopu Tiaki monitoring, newmanagementissuesthatrequire review orvariation isinitiatedearlier as aresultof to ensuretheplanremainsrelevant, unlessa The planwillbereviewed atleastevery 10years Review Figure 10). works andidentifyingareasforreview(refer plan. Thesereportswillassistinprogramming the purposeofassessingeffectiveness ofthe be carriedoutthreeyearly bytheRoopuTiaki,for Reporting againstthe8objectives ofthisplanwill Reporting used toassesstheeffectiveness ofthisplan. concessions issuedandresearchprojectswillbe engagement, visitorsurveys, permitsand monitoring, culturallevel ofwhānau Information gatheredthroughenvironmental timeframe ofthisfirstCo-Management Plan. their focusandwillnotbefullyachieved inthe to doso.Manyoftheobjectives arelong-term in the co-governance partnersareworkingtogether the objectives arebeingmetandtheway inwhich Reserves Act 1977,asapplicable. follow theproceduresetoutinSection41of policy orchangesinlegislation.Plan reviewswill (July –yearahead) Parangarahu LakesArea work programmes for Operational Plan& Annual Parks (June) Annual PlanProcess GWRC LongTerm and
49 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 50 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Appendix 1:Listoflandsandlegaldescriptions B A A H G Above G F D Above E D C Ref Plan Curtis M &J Martin J & HNZ HCC HCC Crown Crown PNBST GWRC Crown PNBST PNBST GWRC vested in Crown, Owner Company Ltd to Fitzroy BaySand Profit-a-pendre right Fee simple Fee simple Historic Reserve City DrainageBoard) in thenameofHutt (originally acquired Held infeesimple Main sewer as ScientificReserve be vestedinGWRC Reserve. Proposed to management) Purpose (wildlife Government Scientific Reserve Act) s27 Conservation Reserves Actand covenant (s77ofthe conservation * Subjectto (NZG 1995,p.234). Recreation Reserve Parangarahu Scientific Reserve Mäori Act) (Te Ture Whenua Mäori Reservation Act) s27 Conservation Reserves Actand covenant (s77ofthe conservation * Subjectto p. 3528) (NZG 2006No.118, Recreation Reserve Pencarrow Head Purpose 14.32 Area Ha 205.35 1366.71 (2400m²) 0.24 6.9698 30.34 1.26 33.06 7.8 (strip) bed) 33.06 (lake 362.48 12.30 (507m²) 0.0507 3.25(strip) 3.51 8.79 CFR 503493 WN41A/384 CFR N/A CFR 498572 CFR 503492 CFR 488810 Number Title WN47C/264 CFR280816 WND1/1106 WNB2/620 CFR unknown N/A 11 DP53891 409042 andLot Section 2SO Lot 1DP74247) 406982 (formally Section 3SO 1 SO406979 53891 &Section above Lot9DP Water andair 406982 Survey SO Section 1-2 Lot 10DP53891 406979 and Section 1SO Lot 9DP53891 District Pencarrow Survey Section 2BlockV description Legal 53890 Part Lot8DP Lot 2DP369053 Pencarrow Section 3BlockV Block Parangarahu 5B 460979 andPart Section 2SO District Pencarrow Survey 1 BlockV and Section Harbour District Section 84 409042 Section 1SO SO 409042 above Section2 Water andair of theoutlet.Includes and striponeitherside Lakebed ofKohangatera surrounding theLakes Larger landparcel GWRC Proposed tobevestedin above Kohangapiripiri. Water andaircolumn dendroglyph 2 parcels containing esplanade strip lake. Includesformer excludes outletofthe Kohangapiripiri, but Lakebed of Pencarrow Lighthouse escarpment adjacentto Area abovecoastal Description boundary ofLakes Farmland, toeastern boundary ofLakes Farmland, tonorthern Lighthouse Historic Pencarrow legal road Kohangapiripiri andsea/ Area between Coast Road alongPencarrow Kohangatera Dryland outletarea of GWRC. Proposed tobevestedin above Kohangatera. Water andaircolumn former esplanadestrip
51 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 52 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan xi x following listingshave beenextractedfromtheCityofLower HuttDistrict Plan. located andthenbytheirsitenumber.SoR27/62isthe62ndrecordedonR27mapsheet.The recording informationonarchaeologicalsites. The NewZealand Archaeological Association (NZAA) SiteRecordingSchemeisanationalsystemfor Appendix 2:Recorded archaeological sites R28/14 R28/12 R28/11 R28/10 R28/9 R28/8 R28/7 R28/6 R28/5 R28/4 R27/206 R27/199 R27/111 R27/110 R27/109 R27/108 R27/107 R27/106 R27/105 R27/93 R27/84 R27/83 R27/82 R27/81 R27/80 R27/79 R27/78 R27/77 R27/76 R27/75 R27/74 R27/73 R2772 R27/71 R27/69 R27/68 R27/67 R27/66 R27/65 R27/64 R27/62 Significant ArcheologicalResources, Pg14E/17, CityofLowerHuttDistrict Plan, 2004 New Zealand Archaeological Association’s Archaeological SiteRecording Schemewebsitewww.archsite.org.nz (accessed 10/04/2013) Map sheet/SiteNumber Fitzroy Bay Baring Head South ofLakeKohangatera Fitzroy Bay Fitzroy Bay Fitzroy Bay Fitzroy Bay Fitzroy Bay Fitzroy Bay Near Fitzroy Bay Pencarrow Head Pencarrow Head Pencarrow Head and PencarrowOn thecoast,betweenEastbourne Head and PencarrowOn thecoast,betweenEastbourne Head and PencarrowOn thecoast,betweenEastbourne Head and PencarrowOn thecoast,betweenEastbourne Head and PencarrowOn thecoast,betweenEastbourne Head and PencarrowOn thecoast,betweenEastbourne Head East ofLakeKohangatera Northeast ofLakeKohangatera East ofLakeKohangatera East ofLakeKohangatera East ofLakeKohangatera East ofLakeKohangatera Northeast ofLakeKohangatera Northeast ofLakeKohangatera North ofLakeKohangatera North ofLakeKohangatera North ofLakeKohangatera North ofLakeKohangatera North ofLakeKohangatera West ofLakeKohangatera East ofLakeKohangatera Northeast ofLakeKohangapiripiri South ofLakeKohangapiripiri East ofLakeKohangapiripiri Pencarrow Head Pencarrow Head Northeast ofLakeKohangapiripiri General Location x Sitesarereferredtobythemapsheetonwhichthey karaka trees Karakas karaka grove Terraces stone lines karaka trees karaka trees karaka trees karaka trees Terraces pits/terraces Terraces midden/ovens Terraces Pa Pa dendroglyphs cooking area Ovens Terraces pits/ovens wall/midden/pits pits/ovens/midden Midden stone rows karaka grove karaka trees Shipwreck (Devon) Lighthouse Midden Midden house Midden midden/oven Midden Midden/ovens karakas/midden Karakas karaka trees karaka trees karaka trees Site type xi 1963 1963 1963 1987 1970 1963 1963 1963 1963 1967 1987 1987 1987 1962 1987 1987 1987 1982 1964 1982 1994 1995 1995 1987 1987 1963 1963 1995 1999 1956 1956 1956 1956 1962 1962 1966 1963 1963 1963 1963 Date recorded R28/247 R28/43 R28/42 R28/39 R28/38 R28/37 R28/36 R28/30 R28/20 R28/18 R28/17 R28/16 R28/15 Fitzroy Bay Fitzroy Bay Baring Head Baring Head South ofLakeKohangatera South ofLakeKohangatera Fitzroy Bay Fitzroy Bay At theendofCoastRd Baring Head Dugouts Pits Shipwreck (Paiaka) midden/ovens midden/ovens cave withmidden Burial ovens/workshop Terraces Karakas Terraces pits/stone walls rock shelter 2004 1995 1994 1963 1963 1963 1963 1994 1963 1963 1963 1987 1964
53 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 54 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan Appendix 3:Letterofsupportfrom DOC - Selby Lynly 2014 June 27 Cross referencing the Draft Parangarahu Lakes Area Co Co Area Lakes Parangarahu Draft Thank you for giving the Department of Conservation the opp Draft Parangarahu Lakes Area Co Lynly, Dear 6011 Wellington Pipitea Shed 39, 2 Fryatt Quay Council Regional Wellington Greater DOCDM www.doc.govt.nz Box 5086 PO Office Wellington / Pōneke Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai Acting Partners Angus Hulme Kind regards owner land as Ika manager land statutory the significance. national and regional their prevent the to lakes of the integrity furtherecological spread of invasive weed the managing to approach aprecautionary supports Conservation of Department The Actions, allof which accord Conservation Management Strategy Wellington (1996 Wellington Strategy Management Conservation 04 4 04 Office Poneke/Wellington the Lakes area. of management ongoing the to approach aunited supports Conservation of Department The alignment. general in are 708425 / ahulme / 708425 1433779 , Lambton Quay Neal Neal - Moir hip Manager hip Section Objectives the6 of proposed the draftrefersand Management to plan of the lake beds lake the of - [email protected] , Wellington 6145 Wellington of the Recreation the of Reserves with thewith objectivesConserva of - in drawing up this plan is acknowledged. acknowledged. is plan this up drawing in management Plan. management - management Plan management The role o role The f Greater Wellington Greater f - 2005) shows that the twodocuments and Taranaki Whanui ki Whanui Taranaki and - management Plan and the the and Plan management ortunity to comment on the tion Management Strategy tion Regional Council , recognising te Upoko te o te te o as as . 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. References page 242 “Waitangi TribunalTe Whanganui aTara meonaTakiwa: ReportontheWellington District”,2003, Provinces ofTaranaki, Wellington andHawke’sBay,1847. H. HansonTurton, “Plans ofLandPurchasesintheNorthIslandNewZealand” VolumeTwo: Island ofNewZealand:Volume Two, H.Hanson Turton,1878 Tur02Nort/Tur02Nort0125.gif inTurton, H.Hanson,MāoriDeedsof Land PurchasesintheNorth Tur02Nort/Tur02Nort0124.gif page104-105isEnglishtranslationofDeednzetc.victoria.ac.nz/etexts/ No. 8page103Māoriversion containsnames ofthosewhosignedDeed,nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/etexts/ PITONE BLOCK(MCCLEVERTY’S DEED),WELLINGTONDISTRICT., 13October, 1847,Deeds Settlement Trust& Wellington Tenths Trust,RaukuraConsultants,November 2010,p13 Morrie Love, “CulturalReportKohangateraandKohangapiripiri”preparedforPortNicholsonBlock Elsdon Best,“TheLandofTara andtheywhosettledit”,Volume27,No.107,1918p109 ibid. p174 of PolynesianSociety,Volume18,No.4,1909,p171 “History andtraditionsoftheTaranaki coast:Ch.XVcontd. Ati-Awa return toTaranaki”, TheJournal Settlement Trust& Wellington Tenths Trust,RaukuraConsultants,November 2010,p13 Morrie Love, “CulturalReportKohangateraandKohangapiripiri” preparedforPortNicholsonBlock ibid. p163 Elsdon Best,“TheLandofTara andtheywhosettledit”,1917,Volume26,p162 Elsdon Best,“TheLandofTara andtheywhosettledit”1917,pp28-29 Purposes FundBoard,WhitcoullsLtd:Christchurch,pp27-28 Te RangiHiroa,(SirPeter Buck),“TheComingoftheMāori”, 1982reprint,firstpublished1949,Māori Elsdon Best,“TheLandofTara andtheywhosettledit”,1917,Volume26,p153 14 November 2012 Encyclopaedia ofNewZealand”,www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/map/14150/kupes-place-names, lastupdated Rāwiri Taonui, “Ngāwaewae tapu–Māoriexploration-Wairarapa andWellington Te Ara -the www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/wellington-region/page-5, lastupdated13July2012. Chris Maclean,“Wellington region-EarlyMāorihistoryTe Ara -theEncyclopaedia of NewZealand”, Purposes FundBoard,WhitcoullsLtd:Christchurch Te RangiHiroa(SirPeter Buck),“TheComingoftheMāori”,1982reprint,firstpublished1949,Māori ibid. J.B Palmer quotedin Adkin, TheGreatHarbourofTara, p31 te_Ika_a_Maui_Potiki_Trust_submission.pdf 2013, www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/pdf-library/block-offers/2012/submissions/T Ministry ofBusinessandEmployment,“ReportonconsultationinrelationtotheproposedBlockOffer Documents/a-z/Pencarrow%20Coast%20Road%20Policy%20for% 20Vehicle%20Use%202012-2017.pdf HCC, “HCCPencarrow CoastRoadPolicyforVehicle Use2012-2017”www.huttcity.govt.nz/ GWRC, “Biodiversity Strategy2011-21”,www.gw.govt.nz/our-role-in-biodiversity maori.nz/assets/PDFs/Five-Year-Strategic-Plan.pdf PNBST, “Taranaki WhānuikiTe UpokooTe Ika.Five Year StrategicPlan 2011-2015”,www.pnbst. Resource Management Act 1991,s6(c) maori.nz/assets/PDFs/Five-Year-Strategic-Plan.pdf PNBST, “Taranaki WhānuikiTe UpokooTe Ika.Five Year StrategicPlan 2011-2015”,www.pnbst. wellington-parks-network-plan GWRC, “GreaterWellington RegionalCouncilParks NetworkPlan 2011”,www.gw.govt.nz/greater- e_Atiawa_ki_te_Upoko_o_
55 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 56 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 53. 52. 51. 50. 49. 48. 47. 46. 45. 44. 43. 42. 41. 40. 39. 38. 37. 36. 35. 34. 33. 32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25. Association Newsletter 1968Volume11 No3,pp103-110 I. W. Keyes, “Dendroglyphs fromLakeKohanga-piripiri, EasternWellington, NZ”, Archaeological ibid, pp29-30 Harbour-Resource-Statement-2007.pdf GWRC, “EastHarbourResource Statement”,www.gw.govt.nz/assets/P “Māori LandCourtdatabase”, www.maorilandonline.govt.nz ibid, page454 accessed fromwww.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/, 2003,p453 “Waitangi TribunalReport:Te WhanganuiaTara meonaTakiwa: ReportontheWellington district”, - Taking forsewer outfall(R19529030), Archives NZ,1965 Māori Trustee-Parangarahu 5Band6,Block 5,Pencarrow Survey District-Hutt Valley DrainageBoard navigation/Lighthouses-of-NZ/Baring-head-lighthouse.asp “Baring HeadLighthouse”,www.maritimenz.govt.nz/Commercial/Shipping-safety/Aids-to- Evening Post,VolumeCXXVII,Issue22,27January1939,p2,paperspast.natlib.govt.nz succession to Amiria MatoroirangiinParangarahu Block,(R22405069), Archives NZ,1913 258/13 Notes onblockhistoryfoundinPetitionAlice MaryTe No.[Number] Puni.Forrehearingre Wellington MinuteBook3,casestarted13September1889,p220 Wellington Independent,VolumeXXII,Issue2666,11 April 1868,p3,paperspast.natlib.govt.nz accessed fromwww.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/, 2003,p276 “Waitangi TribunalReport:Te WhanganuiaTara meonaTakiwa: ReportontheWellington district”, Henare Te Puniwas recordedasrunning1400sheepatParangarahu in1869and1870,cited Wellington Independent,VolumeXXIII,Issue2760,21November 1868,p3,paperspast.natlib.govt.nz ibid, page267 accessed fromwww.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/, 2003,p262 “Waitangi TribunalReport:Te WhanganuiaTara meonaTakiwa: ReportontheWellington district”, Wairarapa MinuteBookNo.1,pp64-65 “Parangarahu Titleinvestigation” casestartdate28 August 1967,orderdate5September1867, ibid. “Pencarrow Lighthouse-Wainuiomata (R23446743)”, Archives NZ,DeedofSaleDocument527,1873 pencarrow-lighthouse/key-dates, lastupdated20December2012 Ministry forCultureandHeritage,“Pencarrow Lighthouse”,www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/ natlib.govt.nz New ZealandGazetteand Wellington Spectator,Volume V, Issue342,1May1844, Page 1,paperspast. Wellington Independent,VolumeVI,Issue510,31 August 1850,Page 3,paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2011, citedonen.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barnard_Rhodes-Moorhouse “DancingInTheSky”,docudrama,MāoriTelevision,Julian Arahanga (director), broadcast25 April www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1r7/rhodes-william-barnard Brad Patterson, ‘Rhodes, William Barnard-Rhodes’from“DictionaryofNewZealandBiography”, Pencarrow CrownGrant-Survey Office PlanSO10240(R22548944),c.1850-c.1900, Archives NZ paperspast.natlib.govt.nz New ZealandColonistandPortNicholson Advertiser, VolumeI,Issue8,26 August 1842,Page 1, Eastbourne, NZ:HistoricalSocietyofEastbourne”,2001,pp37-38. A. Beagleholeand A. Carew,“Eastbourne:ahistoryoftheeasternbaysWellington Harbour “Pencarrow HeadFitzroyBay”1849, Alexander Turnbull LibraryE-070-015 ibid. arks-and-Recreation/Misc/East- 78. 77. 76. 75. 74. 73. 72. 71. 70. 69. 68. 67. 66. 65. 64. 63. 62. 61. 60. 59. 58. 57. 56. 55. 54. GWRC Regional Park Visitor Survey –EastHarbour RegionalPark 2013/2014. animals-fungi/plants/ethnobotany/weaving-plants Landcare ResearchManāki Whenua,“Weaving plants”, www.landcareresearch.co.nz/science/plants- Wellington, NewZealand.natlib.govt.nz/records/22784295 1/1-020509-G. Wright, HenryCharlesClarke, 1844-1936:Negatives. Ref: Alexander Turnbull Library, fungi/plants/ethnobotany/weaving-plants/information-sheets/raupo Landcare ResearchManākiWhenua,“Raupo”,www.landcareresearch.co.nz/science/plants-animals- maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz Makareti (MaggiePapakura) Penniman T. K.“TheOld-timeMāori”,London,Gollancz,ed.1938.cited “Karaka” Te Karaka,Issue45,www.tekaraka.co.nz p44-45 www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/te-ngahere-forest-lore/page-6 ”,lastmodified22September2012 Rāwiri Taonui. ‘Te ngahere–forestlore-Fruitingtrees’,“Te Ara -theEncyclopaedia ofNewZealand, Wellington, NewZealand.natlib.govt.nz/records/22786504 PA1-o-229-48-4.Hislop, HaroldStevens, d 1933:Photographalbums.Ref: Alexander Turnbull Library, govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/DSIS101.pdf, March2003 in Wellington Conservancy (excludingChathamIslands)”,DOCScienceInternalSeries101,www.doc. John Sawyer, BruceMcFadgenandPaul Hughes,“Karaka(CorynocarpuslaevigatusJ.R.etG.Forst.) Conservation, 2002,p19 John Gibbs,“Pencarrow Lakes:Conservation Values andManagement”PreparedfortheDepartmentof factsheets/rare-ecosystems/coastal/shingle-beaches Landcare ResearchManākiWhenua,“ShingleBeaches”www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/ NIWA, “LakeSPI assessment oftheParangarahu Lakes&LakePounui”,2011 Council, 2010 R. Romijn,"LizardFaunaofWellington’s RegionalParks”, preparedforGreaterWellington Regional (ibid) Lakes”. PreparedforRoopuTiaki,2013 A. McEwan, “Considerationsforrestorationofnative freshwater fishpopulationsinthe Parangarahu Wellington RegionalCouncil,2007 Sinclair KnightMerz(SKM)“Pencarrow LakesFishPassage Investigation”, preparedforGreater “Key Native Ecosystems”www.gw.govt.nz/kne/ ibid ibid, p.6 Council, NIWA ClientReportNo.HAM2011-038,2011 Pounui: withreferencetomanagementofecologicalvalues”, preparedforGreaterWellington Regional Mary deWinton, PCChampionandRWells, “LakeSPIassessmentoftheParangarahu LakesandLake Council, 2012,p11 MWH “GollansStreamandWetland Flooding Assessment”, preparedforGreaterWellington Regional Wellington RegionalCouncil, August 2013 (‘dendroglyphs’)”, EastHarbourRegionalPark, PreliminarydraftofunpublishedreporttoGreater Ian Barber,“Archaeological assessmentofreportedcarvingsonkaraka(Corynocarpuslaevigatus)tress legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2009/0026/latest/DLM1525949.html “Port NicholsonBlock(Taranaki WhanuikiTe UpokooTe Ika)ClaimsSettlement Act2009”,www. 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57 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan 58 Parangarahu Lakes Area Co-Management Plan New Zealand,2007 C. J.R.Robertson,etal.“Atlas ofBirdDistributioninNewZealand1999-2004”,OrnithologicalSociety Park LandscapeEcologyandHistory(PreparedforGWRCDOC),2007 Geoff Park, “A landscaperestorationplanfortheKohangaLakesblock:EastHarbourRegional Park”, Geoff and theimplicationsofbreachingtosea”,unpublishedMScthesis,MasseyUniv Nicholson, C A. “Diversity, distributionpatternsandrecruitment offishintheLakeKohangateracatchment Council, NIWA ClientReportNo.HAM2013-052,2013 Mary deWinton, “LakeSPIsurvey ofLakeKohangatera:2013”,preparedforGreaterWellington Regional Other Reading Wellington Archaeological Society,“FitzroyBay: Afurtherarchaeologicalsurvey”, Wellington, 1987 “Māori sitesinFitzroyBay.NZ Archaeological Associationnewsletter”6,1963pp125-134 355 J. Palmer, “NotesonMāorisitesineasternWellington Harbour”,JournalPolynesianSociety65,1956pp 342- Archaeological Association newsletter6,1963,pp118-125 B. McFadgen,“MāorioccupationofthePencarrow Survey Districtrecordedonearlysurvey records”NZ NZ Archaeological Association newsletter11,pp103-110 I. Keyes, “DendroglyphsfromLakeKohanga-piripiri,eastern Wellington” 1968 of ScienceandTechnology, vol3,nos5&6,1921,pp229-231 C.A. Cotton,Forhowlongwill Wellington escapedestructionbyearthquake?TheNewZealandJournal C. Ingram,“NewZealandShipwrecks”, A Hand A WReed:Wellington, 1977 Archaeological Sources ersity, 2008 The Greater Wellington Regional Council promotes Quality for Life by ensuring our environment is protected while meeting the economic, social and cultural needs of the community
For more information contact:
Greater Wellington Regional Council Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust August 2014 PO Box 11646 PO Box 12164 GW/CP-G-14/77 Manners Street Thorndon Quay Wellington 6142 Wellington 6144
04 384 5708 www.pnbst.maori.nz www.gw.govt.nz