1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP Manoel Carlos

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1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP Manoel Carlos Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Manoel Carlos Aguiar Kuhne As estratégias de produção em The Ren & Stimpy Show: O reconhecimento pelo desenho animado da década de 1990. Mestrado em Ciências Sociais São Paulo 2020 1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Manoel Carlos Aguiar Kuhne As estratégias de produção em The Ren & Stimpy Show: O reconhecimento pelo desenho animado da década de 1990. Mestrado em Ciências Sociais Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Sociais sob a orientação da Profª. Drª. Rita de Cássia Alves Oliveira. São Paulo 2020 2 Banca Examinadora: --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- 3 Dedicatórias: A minha família que sempre me demonstrou apoio, e alimentou meu imaginário com desenhos animados. Pai, Mãe e minha irmã. Dedico esse trabalho a vocês. 4 O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Código de Financiamento 001. 5 Agradecimentos Agradeço imensamente antes de tudo, a minha família que sempre me apoiou até o momento da conclusão deste trabalho, e sempre acreditou em meu potencial nos estudos. Manuel Carlos Vieira de Carvalho Kuhne, Maria Angélica Aparecida Aguiar Kuhne e Ana Carolina Aguiar Kuhne. Amo muito vocês três e sei que sempre poderei contar com vocês a meu lado. Agradeço também com muito reconhecimento de sua competência e companheirismo neste trabalho, a minha orientadora Rita de Cássia Alves Oliveira, que me apresentou a possibilidade interdisciplinar presente nos Estudos Culturais, como me fez crer que todo e qualquer objeto de estudo é relevante e potente em novas descobertas. 6 Resumo Este trabalho tem o objetivo de identificar as estratégias de produção presente na produção animada da década de 1990, The Ren & Stimpy Show (1991), que resultaram em um fenômeno de público para sua época em conjunto de polêmicas referente a seu conteúdo. Por meio do repertório teórico-metodológico dos Estudos Culturais realiza-se um mapeamento sobre produtores envolvidos na série animada, de modo que revele as codificações que permitiram seu endereçamento de público. Através do entrelaçamento teórico com o objeto de estudo, houve a possibilidade de constatar diversas estratégias pelas quais se faz da produção, reconhecimento a seu público. Palavras-chave: Estratégias – desenho animado – Televisão – Contexto histórico - Nickelodeon 7 Abstract This work aims to identify the production strategies present in the animated production of the 1990s, The Ren & Stimpy Show (1991), which resulted in an audience phenomenon for its time in a series of controversies regarding its content. Through the theoretical- methodological repertoire of Cultural Studies, a mapping of producers involved in the animated series is carried out, in order to reveal the encodings that allowed them to address the public. Through the theoretical intertwining with the object of study, it was possible to see several strategies by which production is done, recognition to its audience. Keywords: Strategies - cartoon - Television - Historical context - Nickelodeon 8 Sumário Introdução 1. The Ren & STimpy Show: contextos históricos e televisivos 1.1. The Ren & Stimpy Show, um desenho animado da década de 1990 1.1.2. Controvérsias e conflitos sobre a produção 1.2. A TV nos anos 1990 nos Estados Unidos: desenhos animados nas TVs a cabo 1.2.1. O Contexto dos Estados Unidos no início da década de 1990 1.2.2. A tv a cabo no início da década de 1990 nos EUA 2. Produtoras e produtores de The Ren & Stimpy Show 2.1. Sobre a importância de mapear produtores e produções 2.2. Produtoras 2.2.1. Nickelodeon e MTV: Do sistema QUBE a canais da rede Viacom 2.2.2. A produção no estúdio Spumco 2.2.3. Estúdios de animação envolvidos na produção por temporadas 2.3. Produtores 2.3.1. Produtores-chave dos Nicktoons 2.4. Os criadores da série animada The Ren & Stimpy Show 3. Estratégias de produção da série animada 3.1. Estratégias de produção na indústria cultural 9 3.2. A produção de The Ren & Stimpy Show 3.2.1. Estratégias do canal a cabo 3.2.2. Estratégias dos criadores 3.2. Antecedentes e referências visuais na construção da série animada 3.2.1. A criação dos protagonistas 3.2.2. Referencias visuais na história da animação 3.2.3. A técnica linguagem visual Gross Up Close Up Introdução O desenho animado surge como uma vertente da indústria cinematográfica durante a transição do século XIX para o século XX, época em que iria se consolidar a industrialização do cinema (Abel, 2010). Considerada como parte da nova magia do cinema, eram conteúdos transmitidos antes dos filmes com atores, como algo experimental. Em um período de dez anos, de 1908 a 1917, o desenho animado passaria a se tornar uma arte autônoma (Barbosa Junior, 2002). Para Theodor W. Adorno e Max Horkheimer (2006), que consideravam o cinema como o expoente máximo da degradação cultural, o desenho animado é visto como uma produção de entretenimento da indústria cultural, esta que sujeita os indivíduos a dominação cultural por meio do consumo, sem que se reconciliem consigo mesmo, alienando-se pelo consumo. Os filósofos discutem sobre o fator surpresa presente nos filmes para se recorrer ao absurdo, e acrescentam que essa tendência se impõe totalmente nos cartoons, em que a personagem do filme de animação é tratada como um farrapo. A diversão organizada se converte em crueldade organizada, assim descrevem, por exemplo, o Pato Donald: “Assim como o Pato Donald nos cartoons, assim também os desgraçados na vida real recebem a sua sova para que os espectadores possam se acostumar com a que eles próprios recebem (Adorno, 2006: 114). ” Para esses autores, produções como os desenhos animados do Pato Donald, que fazem uso do absurdo e da violência como fator surpresa, cumprem a função racionalizar 10 o prazer pela comédia enquanto um prazer pela violência cometida contra a personagem animada, violência que lhe conformam em seus cotidianos, como algo consolidado e disciplinado. Douglas Kellner (2001), por outro lado, estudou o caso da repercussão negativa gerada pelo desenho animado Beavis & Butt-head (1993), devido ao comportamento debochado das personagens diante de imagens televisivas enquanto apreciam conteúdo de teor sexual ou violento. Em sua época, essa produção incitou jovens a cometerem atitudes vistas no programa, queimando casas e torturando animais. No entanto, no lugar de extrair um comportamento conformista dos espectadores em relação ao conteúdo consumido, Kellner enxerga a expressão da irritação social de seus espectadores em relação a seu contexto social e histórico. Nessa concepção, a violência presente no desenho animado embora incite a reprodução, o excesso presente no conteúdo se reflete em uma reação violenta contra o próprio cotidiano. O que antes distanciava da realidade, reaproxima os indivíduos pelos quais determinado conteúdo se faz reconhecimento, pois vão de encontro a seu cotidiano e repertório próprio. As produções animadas do Pato Donald e Beavis & Butt-head aqui trazidas como exemplo são produções de suas épocas e codificam para o público de seu tempo o seu próprio contexto social. Desse modo, há uma diversidade de trabalhos que fazem uso do desenho animado como objeto de investigação que buscam relacionar as produções com aspectos sociais e o cotidiano de seu público, dentre outras assimilações que nos permitem descobrir pela análise desse tipo de objeto. Há um contingente majoritário de trabalhos acadêmicos sobre desenho animado na área da educação, como exemplo a tese A natureza no desenho animado ensinando sobre homem, mulher raça etnia e outras coisas mais... (2003) de Eunice Aita Isaia Kindel que faz uso da vertente dos Estudos Culturais para apresentar as representações de gênero, sexualidade, raça, etnia, nação, classe social e natureza produzida nos desenhos animados lançados na década de 1990 pelos estúdios Disney e Dreamworks, sendo cinco produzidos pela Disney: Vida de Inseto (1998), O Rei Leão (1994), Rei Leão II – o reino de Simba (1998), Pocahontas – o encontro de dois mundos (1995) e Tarzan (1999); e um filme produzido pela Dreamworks, FormiguinhaZ (1998). Outro trabalho da área da educação que faz uso dos desenhos animados como objeto de estudo é o artigo Os cientistas nos desenhos animados e os olhares das crianças (2005) de Maria Inês Petrucci Rosa, Bruna Eichenberger Ludwig, Ioli Gewehr Wirth, Paula Cardoso Franco e Tenile 11 Fiolo Duarte. Neste trabalho, os autores analisam imagens de cientistas presentes nos desenhos animados e programas infantis e investigam a respeito de suas influencias nas manifestações das crianças sobre o trabalho do cientista e suas maneiras de produzir conhecimento. Um terceiro trabalho, também da área da educação, é o artigo A recepção dos desenhos animados da TV e as relações entre a criança e o adulto: Desencontros e encontros (2005) de Adriana Hoffmann Fernandes e Maria Luiz Bastos Magalhães Oswald que discute a complexidade das relações entre adultos e crianças na contemporaneiadade por meio de um estudo da recepção dos desenhos animados e, assim como a tese de Kindel citada acima, faz uso teórico dos Estudos Culturais, mas em sua vertente latino americana. E por fim, um último artigo da área da Educação, Sincretismo em desenhos animados da TV: O Laboratório de Dexter (2005) de
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