UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education GEOGRAPHY 0460/01

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education GEOGRAPHY 0460/01

Paper 1 October/November 2005

1 hour 45 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

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If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. The insert contains Photograph A for Question 4 and Figures 10A and 10B for Question 6.

This document consists of 13 printed pages, 3 blank pages and 1 insert.

SPA (DR) S84485/4 © UCLES 2005 [Turn over www.theallpapers.com 2

1 (a) Study Figs 1A and 1B, which show information about HIV/AIDS in southern Africa.

TANZANIA N

Key: MOZAMBIQUEMOZAMBIQUE Adult rate of ZAMBIA HIV/AIDS infection MALAWI less than 10% ZIMBABWE 10.1 to 15% NAMIBIA BOTSWANA 15.1 to 20% 20.1 to 25% SWAZILAND over 25%

LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA

0 400 800 1200 1600 km

Fig. 1A

Orphans as a result of HIV/AIDS (as a percentage of all children under 15 years) 40 1995 35 2000 2005 30 projected 2010 25

10 % of children under 15 years 5

0 Malawi Zambia Lesotho Namibia Tanzania Botswana Swaziland Zimbabwe South Africa Mozambique

Fig. 1B

(i) Use Fig. 1A to name one country where over 25% of the adult population are infected with HIV/AIDS. [1]

(ii) Use the information in Fig. 1B to:

A. state the percentage of children who will be orphans as a result of HIV/AIDS in Lesotho in 2010,

B. name a country where the expected percentage of orphans will be decreasing by 2010. [2]

(iii) Using only information from Figs 1A and 1B, compare the impacts of HIV/AIDS in Botswana and Tanzania. [3]

(iv) Suggest the likely impacts of HIV/AIDS on the economies of those countries where rates of infection are high. [4]

(b) Study Fig. 2 which shows the predicted population pyramid for Botswana in 2020.

The overall shape shows what the pyramid would be like if there was no threat from HIV/AIDS. The white pyramid shows what is likely to happen as a result of HIV/AIDS.

age 81–85 with HIV/AIDS 76–80 71–75 old dependent without HIV/AIDS 66–70 61–65 56–60 51–55 46–50 41–45 economically 36–40 active 31–35 26–30 21–25 16–20 11–15 young 6–10 dependent 0–5 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 males females population (thousands)

Fig. 2

Describe the likely impacts of HIV/AIDS on the size and structure of Botswana’s population. [3]

(c) Describe the different ways by which the dependent population is supported in developed and developing countries. [5]

(d) What strategies are being used to try to reduce the spread of disease in developing countries? You may refer to examples which you have studied. [7]

2 (a) Study Figs 3A and 3B which show information about the percentage of people living in urban settlements in different parts of the world.

Percentage of population in urban settlements, 2000

Key: 0 – 19.9 20 – 39.9 40 – 59.9 60 – 79.9 80 – 100

Fig. 3A

80 developed countries 70

60 developing countries 50

10 % of population living in urban settlements 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 year projected figures Fig. 3B

(i) What is an urban settlement? [1]

(ii) Using only information from Fig. 3A name:

A. a country where over 80% of the population lives in urban settlements,

B. a continent in which most countries have between 20% and 59.9% of their population living in urban settlements. [2]

(iii) Using only information from Fig. 3B, compare the changes in the growth rates of the urban population in developed and developing countries. [3]

(iv) Suggest reasons for the different growth rates of the urban population in developed and developing countries. [4]

(b) Study Fig. 4, a map of part of the urban settlement of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

0 204060 metres Key: tarred road brick/concrete houses vacant land

unmade road (mud) water standpipe industrial land area of self built houses open drain small business shops marshy land

Fig. 4

(i) Give three pieces of map evidence which suggest that this area is part of a squatter settlement and not occupied by high cost housing. [3]

(ii) Suggest why many people living in rural areas in developing countries made the decision to migrate to urban settlements such as Dhaka. [5]

(c) Describe what has been done to improve the quality of life in squatter settlements in developing countries. You may refer to examples which you have studied to illustrate your answer. [7]

3 (a) Study Fig. 5 which is a sketch of Mount Etna during a volcanic eruption in 1983.

Ash cloud from main crater

Diversion canal

Active crater

Re-directed Biancavilla lava flow Ash fall from volcano Rocca Present cloud lava flow Nicolosi Ragalna

Fig. 5

(i) Mount Etna is an active volcano. What does this mean? [1]

(ii) Identify the main hazard from the volcanic eruption which threatened:

A. Rocca and Ragalna,

B. Nicolosi. [2]

(iii) Describe the possible impacts of the volcanic activity shown by Fig. 5 on the people who lived close to Mount Etna. [3]

(iv) Describe what can be done to protect people from volcanic eruptions. [4]

(b) Study Figs 6A and 6B (opposite) which show information about the eruptions of Mount Etna.

(i) Use evidence from Fig. 6A only to compare the lava flows of 1923 and 1983. [3]

(ii) Explain how volcanoes are formed at destructive plate boundaries such as the one shown in Fig. 6B. You may use a labelled diagram in your answer. [5]

(c) Many people live close to the volcanoes which are shown in Fig. 6B. Explain why people choose to live close to active volcanoes. You may refer to examples which you have studied. [7]

y dar N un Bo k ar l P a n Key: o ti a lava flow N 1923 1923 and date

2153 direction of recent lava flows

minor craters 3340 spot heights 2153 (metres)

Valle del Bove

1290

1983 1098

Ionian Sea

0 km 5 0 miles 3

Fig. 6A

0 100 km Key: Volcano ITALY Destructive plate bondary Direction of plate movement E L A T E U R A S I A N P

Vesuvius Mediterranean Sea

Stromboli Vulcano Etna A T E A F R I C A N P L

Fig. 6B

4 (a) Study Fig. 7 which shows the drainage basin of a river.

Key: 1000mm isohyet (line joining places of equal average 2000mm annual precipitation) river/stream 1800mm 1600mm watershed 1400mm sea

2000mm 1800mm 1600mm 0 50 100 150 1400mm km 1200mm X

1200mm

Fig. 7

(i) What is the average annual precipitation at point X? [1]

(ii) What is meant by the terms:

A. drainage basin,

B. watershed? [2]

(iii) Describe and suggest reasons for the likely differences in discharge of the river at points X and Y. [3]

(iv) What natural feature is shown at W? Explain how this feature may have been formed. [4]

(b) Study Photograph A (Insert) which shows an upland river and its valley.

(i) Describe the main features of the river and valley which are shown in Photograph A. [3]

(ii) Explain how natural processes of weathering and erosion shape river valleys such as the one shown in Photograph A. You may use labelled diagrams in your answer. [5]

Describe the advantages and difficulties for people of living on the flood plain of a river. You may refer to examples which you have studied. [7]

5 (a) Study Fig. 8 which shows the distribution of industrial areas in Brussels, the capital city of Belgium.

Rotterdam A12

N C Antwerp a n a 9 1 Key:

E 1 A City Centre

d NEDER-OVER a EU headquaters o HEEMBEEK Brussels R National ng Ri 201 ter A Airport Embassies, departments Ou and head offices EVERE- A10 E Zone of traditional 40 BRUSSELS industries Cologne City boundary A3 E40 Canal Major routeways ST. LAMBRECHTS- WOLUWE (motorways/autoroutes) X Y d Other main roads a Z o R University g in R r Science parks MIJLEMEERSCH e t u

E l a 41 n 9 1 a 1 C E 7 A Paris 05 Luxembourg km

Fig. 8

(i) Using evidence only from Fig. 8, give one reason for the location of the traditional industries. [1]

(ii) Which science park is located:

A. next to an area of traditional industry,

B. 5 km NE of the city centre? [2]

(iii) Study Table 1 which shows the different locations in Brussels which a firm making electrical components has occupied in recent years. These are labelled on Fig. 8 as X, Y and Z.

Table 1

Date Place Area Employees Work area Land value per m2

Room above 1979 X 140m2 13 garage Very expensive

Old existing 1987 Y 325m2 70 Expensive building

Purpose built 2 building in a science 2000 Z 65000m 600+ park alongside a Less expensive motorway

Suggest three reasons why the firm moved from location X to location Y in 1987. [3]

(iv) Using information from Fig. 8 and Table 1, suggest reasons for the location and development of science parks in Brussels. [4]

Question 5 continues on page 12

(b) Study Fig. 9 which shows where major manufacturers assemble cars in Eastern Europe.

Czech Republic Poland Mlada Boleslav Warsaw Skoda/Volkswagen FSO/Daewoo Lublin Daewoo Bielsko Biala Fiat Tychy Fiat

Slovakia Bratislava Skoda/Volkswagen

Romania Craiova Slovenia Daewoo Novo Mesto Pitesti Renault Dacia

Bulgaria Hungary Varna Szentgotthard Rover GM Esztergom Suzuki

Fig. 9

(i) Suggest reasons why some of the world’s major manufacturers have located car assembly plants in Eastern Europe. [3]

(ii) Explain why the building of new car assembly plants would be welcomed in countries such as these. [5]

(c) Describe and explain the factors which encourage the development of craft industries. You may refer to examples which you have studied. [7]

6 (a) Study Figs 10A and 10B (Insert) which show the Kaiparowits Plateau area in the state of Utah, USA in 1960 and 2000.

(i) Use Fig. 10A to state which of the following occupied most land in 1960. residential areas wilderness areas farmland roads and railways [1]

(ii) Use Fig. 10B to identify the names of:

A. the National Forest north of Henrieville,

B. the wilderness area immediately to the east of the Paria River. [2]

(iii) Use the information in Figs 10A and 10B to identify three changes which took place in the Kaiparowits Plateau area between 1960 and 2000. [3]

(iv) Suggest reasons why the Kaiparowits Plateau area is attractive to tourists. [4]

(b) Study Fig. 11 which describes a proposal to mine coal in part of the Kaiparowits Plateau.

Andalex, a Dutch coal-mining company, wants to develop part of the Kaiparowits Plateau. Here it is estimated there may be up to 7 billion tonnes of low-sulphur coal lying close to the surface. The details of the proposal are: • to mine 3 million tonnes per year in opencast mines. • to transport the coal 320 km in 42-wheel trucks to the railway at Iron Springs. • to transport the coal by train from the nearest railway at Iron Springs to the port of Los Angeles for export to Japan, Korea and Taiwan. • to build a new 35 km highway and electricity lines across the Kaiparowits Plateau.

Fig. 11

(i) What arguments are likely to be used by Andalex that the proposal should be allowed to go ahead? [3]

(ii) Explain why many people will think that the development should not go ahead. [5]

Choose one of the following economic activities. tourism agriculture manufacturing industry Name an area which you have studied where the environment is at risk from the activity which you have chosen. Describe the attempts which have been made to maintain, conserve or improve the quality of the environment of your chosen area. [7]

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Question 1 Graphs © Philip Allen Publishers, ‘Geography Review’, Jan 2003. Question 2 © The Geographical Association, 2000. Question 2 Fig. 3a © The Geographical Association, 2000, ‘Geography Magazine Millenium Special’. Question 3 © Philip Allen (2003), ‘Geography Review’. Question 3 Fig. 5 ‘Natural Systems and Human Responses’, R Prosser. Published by Thomas Nelson & Sons © Nelson Thornes Ltd. Question 5 Fig. 9 Heinemann Educational (2002). ‘Geography Matters Book 3: Teachers Resource Pack’. Question 6 © Philip Allen (1997), ‘Geographical Review’.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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