HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Medieval Europe Teacher Guide Joan of Arc Charlemagne Saint Benedict of Nursia Battle of Hastings Medieval Europe Teacher Guide Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation (www.coreknowledge.org) made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial—You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike—If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. 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ISBN: 978-1-68380-000-2 ISBN: Medieval Europe Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................... 1 Medieval Europe Sample Pacing Guide .................................. 17 Chapter 1 Changing Times ...................................... 23 Chapter 2 The Not-So-Dark Ages ................................. 36 Chapter 3 Two Churches ......................................... 42 Chapter 4 Prayer and Work ...................................... 53 Chapter 5 Charlemagne ......................................... 63 Chapter 6 A Feudal Society ...................................... 72 Chapter 7 To the Manor Born ................................... 77 Chapter 8 Life in a Castle ....................................... 85 Chapter 9 Days of a Knight ..................................... 96 Chapter 10 A Serf and His Turf ................................... 103 Chapter 11 City Life ............................................ 108 Chapter 12 Women in the Middle Ages ........................... 115 Chapter 13 William the Conqueror ............................... 121 Chapter 14 Henry II .............................................. 130 Chapter 15 Thomas Becket ...................................... 137 Chapter 16 Eleanor of Aquitaine ................................. 145 Chapter 17 Magna Carta ....................................... 152 Chapter 18 A New Kind of Government ........................... 159 Chapter 19 The Hundred Years’ War ............................. 166 Chapter 20 Joan of Arc ........................................... 175 Chapter 21 The Black Death ..................................... 184 Teacher Resources ................................................. 190 Medieval Europe Teacher Guide Core Knowledge Sequence History and Geography 4 UNIT 3 Introduction ABOUT THIS UNIT The Big Idea After the collapse of the Roman Empire in western Europe, a period of unrest, conflict, and transformation took place. Many of the developments that occurred in western Europe during the Middle Ages are still relevant today, including laws that originated hundreds of years ago. The Middle Ages occurred between ancient and modern times, or from the fall of Rome in 476 CE to the years just before the early Renaissance, around 1350. During this period Christianity was the dominant religion in western Europe, and feudalism, a system in which land was offered in exchange for loyalty and military support, was the dominant political arrangement. The Middle Ages was an era of lords, knights, and castles but also of nuns and monks, peasants and serfs. Religious figures, such as Saint Benedict, Hildegard of Bingen, and Thomas Becket, played important roles—as did kings and queens such as Charlemagne, William the Conqueror, and Eleanor of Aquitaine. In the late Middle Ages, as feudalism weakened and kings grew stronger, some of the modern monarchies of Europe began to emerge, as did a growing sense of loyalty to monarchs. France and England fought each other in the Hundred Years’ War. The French heroine, Joan of Arc, helped France win the war, but England emerged from this lengthy conflict with a stronger sense of nationhood. English kings, such as King Henry II and King John, attempted to consolidate royal power but were forced to make concessions to the nobles by establishing Parliament and signing Magna Carta, a document that guaranteed people certain rights. The growth of cities and the rise of strong governments, along with the ravages of the Black Death, helped usher in a new age. INTRODUCTION 1 What Students Should Already Know Students in Core Knowledge schools should be familiar with: • Greek and Roman history • Volga, Danube, and Rhine Rivers; Mediterranean Sea • Christianity and Islam • Constantine: the first Christian emperor • Vikings from Scandinavia Time Period Background What Students Need to Learn This timeline provides an overview of key events. Use a classroom timeline with • Geography related to the development of western Europe students to help them sequence and relate events that occurred over hundreds of years. – Rivers: Danube, Rhine, Rhône, and Oder All dates are CE. – Mountains: Alps and Pyrenees – Iberian Peninsula: Spain and Portugal 200 Beginning of Germanic invasions of Europe – France: the region known as Normandy – Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, and Baltic Sea 410 Rome sacked by the Visigoths – British Isles: England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales; the English Channel • Background 450–1350 Traditional dates for European Middle Ages – Beginning about 200, nomadic, warlike tribes began moving into western Europe, attacking the Western Roman Empire; city of Rome Rise of feudalism as political sacked by Visigoths in 410; Attila and the Huns threaten Rome. and military system – Peoples settling in old Roman Empire, including Vandals (compare Rise of manorialism as English word vandalism), Franks in Gaul (now France), Angles in economic system England (compare Angle-land), and Saxons in England. – The Middle Ages are generally dated from about 450 to 1350. Attila and the Huns threaten Rome – Approximately the first three centuries after the fall of Rome (476) are sometimes called the Dark Ages. mid-400s Invasions of England by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes • Development in the history of the Christian Church – Growing power of the pope (bishop of Rome) 476 Fall of Rome – Arguments among Christians leading to the split between Roman 496 Clovis and the Franks Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church accept Christianity – Conversion of many Germanic peoples to Christianity 800 Charlemagne crowned – Rise of monasteries and preservation of classical learning Emperor of the West 2 MEDIEVAL EUROPE 1054 Schism between Western Catholic and Eastern Christian Churches What Students Need to Learn CONTINUED • Charlemagne 1066 Battle of Hastings – Temporarily unites the Western Roman Empire; crowned emperor by 1100s Rise of chivalry the pope in 800 – The idea of a united “Holy Roman Empire” 1154–1189 Reign of Henry II and institution of jury system – His love and encouragement of learning • Aspects of feudalism, including: life on a manor; castles; lords, vassals, 1154 Eleanor of Aquitaine freedmen, and serfs; code of chivalry, knights, squires, and pages marries King Henry II • The Norman Conquest: location of the region called Normandy; William 1170 Thomas Becket, archbishop the Conqueror and the Battle of Hastings, 1066 of Canterbury, murdered • Growth of towns as centers of commerce; guilds and apprentices; the 1200s Growth of towns and weakening of feudal ties commerce, guilds, and apprentice system • England in the Middle Ages 1215 Magna Carta – Henry II - Beginnings of trial by jury 1295 Model Parliament - Murder of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral 1330–1450s Hundred Years’ War - Eleanor of Aquitaine – Significance of Magna Carta, King John, 1215 mid-1300s Black Death – Parliament and the beginnings of representative government 1431 Joan of Arc executed – The Hundred Years’ War and Joan of Arc – The Black Death sweeps across Europe INTRODUCTION 3 AT A GLANCE The most important ideas in Unit 3 are: • Geographical features, such as rivers, mountains, and large bodies of water acted as both routes and barriers in the development of Europe. • The term Middle Ages refers to the period after the decline of the Western Roman Empire and before the modern period. • The Church became the greatest source of stability in the life of medieval Europeans. • Political concerns as much as doctrinal differences led to the split between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches in 1054. • Feudalism was the political system of reciprocal responsibility that developed in medieval Europe to enforce law and order. • Manorialism was the economic system of medieval Europe. • The Normans under William the Conqueror invaded and took control