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Apostila Ipv6 Básico Apostila IPv6 Básico Antonio Marcos Moreiras Edwin Santos Cordeiro Rodrigo Regis dos Santos Alexandre Yukio Harano Eduardo Barasal Morales Heitor de Souza Ganzelli Tiago Jun Nakamura Rodrigo Mattos Carnier Tuany Tabosa Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br São Paulo 2012 Apostila do curso: IPv6 Básico - http://ipv6.br - rev.2012.07.22-01 1 Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR Diretor Presidente Demi Getschko Diretor Administrativo Ricardo Narchi Diretor de Serviços Frederico Augusto de Carvalho Neves Diretor de Projetos Especiais e Desenvolvimento Milton Kaoru Kashiwakura Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Tecnologia de Redes e Operações - CEPTRO.br Antonio Marcos Moreiras Coordenação Executiva e Editorial Antonio Marcos Moreiras Autores / Design / Diagramação Antonio Marcos Moreiras Edwin Santos Cordeiro Rodrigo Regis dos Santos Alexandre Yukio Harano Eduardo Barasal Morales Heitor de Souza Ganzelli Tiago Jun Nakamura Rodrigo Mattos Carnier Tuany Tabosa Apostila do curso: IPv6 Básico - http://ipv6.br - rev.2012.07.22-01 2 Sobre o CEPTRO O Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Tecnologias de Redes e Operações é a área do NIC.br responsável por iniciativas que visam melhorar a qualidade da Internet no Brasil e disseminar seu uso, com especial atenção para seus aspectos técnicos e de infraestrutura. A equipe do CEPTRO desenvolve soluções em infraestrutura de redes, software e hardware, além de gerenciar projetos executados por parceiros externos. Os Pontos de troca de Tráfego do PTTMetro, espalhados por todo o Brasil, são o serviço mais importante do CEPTRO, ajudando a organizar a infraestrutura da Internet no país, tornando-a mais resiliente e diminuindo seus custos. A equipe atua também na medição da qualidade da Internet, por meio de iniciativas como o SIMET (medição de qualidade na última milha) e SAMAS (medição de qualidade entre provedores). Realiza ainda a divulgação da Hora Legal Brasileira via Internet, com o NTP.br, conduz estudos sobre a Web, atua em projetos para fomentar a criação de conteúdo multimídia em língua portuguesa na Internet, como o portal de vídeos Zappiens.br, além de outras iniciativas. O trabalho do CEPTRO é financiado pelo registro de domínios ".br". Sobre o IPv6.br O IPv6.br engloba uma série de iniciativas do NIC.br para disseminar o IPv6 no Brasil, coordenadas pelo CEPTRO. Entre elas pode-se citar o sítio Web http :// ipv 6. br , o blog http :// ipv 6. br / blog , o validador de sítios Web para IPv6 http :// ipv 6. br / validador , o curso e-learning http :// ipv 6. br / curso . O IPv6.br também oferece cursos presenciais gratuitos, com teoria e prática num laboratório multivendor, para provedores Internet e outros Sistemas Autônomos. Entre 2009 e 2011 cerca de 1700 pessoas foram capacitadas nesses treinamentos. O material didático do curso, do qual esta apostila faz parte, foi desenvolvido pelo NIC.br e está disponível sob uma licença Creative Commons bastante permissiva, podendo ser usado livremente para disseminar o conhecimento. As iniciativas englobam ainda o fornecimento de transito IPv6 gratuitamente, em caráter experimental, para os membros do PTT Metro São Paulo, a realização de palestras em universidades, empresas e eventos de tecnologia, bem como a realização de eventos sobre o IPv6, como os “Fóruns Brasileiros de Implementadores IPv6”, e os diversos “IPv6 no Café da Manhã”. Apostila do curso: IPv6 Básico - http://ipv6.br - rev.2012.07.22-01 3 Licença Esta apostila está disponível sob a licença: CREATIVE COMMONS Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Brasil (CC BY-SA 3.0) O texto integral da licença pode ser obtido em: http :// creativecommons . org / licenses / by - sa /3.0/ br / legalcode Você tem a liberdade de: ● Compartilhar — copiar, distribuir e transmitir a obra. ● Remixar — criar obras derivadas. ● Fazer uso comercial da obra Sob as seguintes condições: ● Atribuição — Você deve creditar a obra da forma especificada pelo autor ou licenciante (mas não de maneira que sugira que estes concedem qualquer aval a você ou ao seu uso da obra). Este trabalho deve ser creditado ao NIC.br e deve ser sempre mencionado que o trabalho original pode ser encontrado em http :// ipv 6. br . ● Compartilhamento pela mesma licença — Se você alterar, transformar ou criar trabalhos derivados desta obra, você poderá distribuir a obra resultante apenas sob a mesma licença, ou sob uma licença similar à presente. Ficando claro que: ● Renúncia — Qualquer das condições acima pode ser renunciada se você obtiver permissão do titular dos direitos autorais. Para esta finalidade, entre em contato via email [email protected] ● Domínio Público — Onde a obra ou qualquer de seus elementos estiver em domínio público sob o direito aplicável, esta condição não é, de maneira alguma, afetada pela licença. ● Outros Direitos — Os seguintes direitos não são, de maneira alguma, afetados pela licença: ○ Limitações e exceções aos direitos autorais ou quaisquer usos livres aplicáveis; ○ Os direitos morais do autor; ○ Direitos que outras pessoas podem ter sobre a obra ou sobre a utilização da obra, tais como direitos de imagem ou privacidade. ● Aviso — Para qualquer reutilização ou distribuição, você deve deixar claro a terceiros os termos da licença a que se encontra submetida esta obra. Apostila do curso: IPv6 Básico - http://ipv6.br - rev.2012.07.22-01 4 Índice Sobre o CEPTRO...................................................................................................................................3 Sobre o IPv6.br......................................................................................................................................3 Licença..................................................................................................................................................4 Capítulo 1: IPv6: Histórico e motivação................................................................................................8 1. O desenvolvimento da Internet e o rápido esgotamento dos endereços.........................................9 2. CIDR, NAT, DHCP e endereços privados..................................................................................11 3. IPng, a nova geração de IPs........................................................................................................13 4. Entendendo a distribuição dos endereços na Internet..................................................................15 5. A transição do IPv4 para o IPv6.................................................................................................17 Referências:....................................................................................................................................22 Capítulo 2: Cabeçalho..........................................................................................................................23 1. Cabeçalho IPv4...........................................................................................................................23 2. Cabeçalho IPv6...........................................................................................................................24 3. Campos do Cabeçalho IPv6........................................................................................................27 3.1. Cabeçalhos de extensão......................................................................................................28 3.2. Hop-by-Hop........................................................................................................................29 3.3. Destination Options............................................................................................................29 3.4. Routing...............................................................................................................................30 3.5. Fragmentation.....................................................................................................................31 3.6. Authentication Header e Encapsulating Security Payload..................................................31 4. Referências.................................................................................................................................32 Capítulo3: Endereçamento...................................................................................................................33 1. Representação dos endereços .....................................................................................................33 2. Tipos de endereços IPv6 ............................................................................................................34 2.1. Endereços Unicast .............................................................................................................34 2.1.1. Identificadores de interface .............................................................................................36 2.1.2 Endereços especiais .........................................................................................................36 2.2. Endereços Anycast .............................................................................................................37 2.3 Endereços Multicast ............................................................................................................37 3. Políticas de alocação e designação..............................................................................................40 4. Recomendação do NIC.br...........................................................................................................41 Capítulo
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