208 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JULY 17 Mr. REED. Can the Senator from California tell us of any Mr. WATSON. I would like to ask the Senator whether or other Senator who wishes to speak on the pending treaty this not, beginning next Tuesday morning at 11 o'clock, he is willing evening? to fix a limitation of 10 minutes on debate for each individual Mr. JOHNSON. At present, none. Senator on each reservation and the treaty itself? Mr. REED. It is 7 minutes to 5, and I move that the Senate Mr. JOHNSON. He is not. stand in recess until 11 o'clock to-morrow. Mr. WATSON. I desire to serve notice now that we will have The motion was agreed to; and (at 4 o'clock and 53 minutes a session on Saturday. · · p. m.) the Senate took a recess until to-morrow, Thursday, July Mr. JOHNSON. May I suggest to the Senator that we meet 17, 1930, at 11 o'clock a. m.) also on Sunday? Mr. WATSON. Yes; the Senator may suggest that, but, as he treated my suggestion to him, I do not agree. That will gi\e SENATE Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Monday in which the oppo THURSDAY, July 17, 1930 nents of the treaty may have additional time in which to express themselves. I have no desire--- (Legislative day of Tuesday, July 8, 1930) 1\Ir. JOHNSON. I simply want to thank the Senator from The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m., on the expiration. of the Indiana for his kindness. I appreciate beyond words that he recess. will give us until Monday next in which to express ourselves. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senate resumes the considera Mr. WATSON. I am glad the Senator is so thoroughly satis tion of the naval treaty. fied with the situation. The truth is that a clear majority and LONDON NAVAL TREATY a very heavy majority are in favor of a vote. There has been no. desire at any time to shut off debate, but it became very In executive session the Senate, as in Committee of the eVIdent yesterday that there is quite a bit of talking indulged in Whole, resumed the consideration of the treaty for the limita for the purpose of killing time. There is no desire on the part tion and reduction of naval armament signed at London, April of the majority-and I have discussed it with many of them 22, 1930. to shut o~ any legitimate debate, but there is a desire to pre Mr. FESS. Mr. President, I suggest the ab ence of a quorum. vent taiJnng for the express purpose of dissipating a quorum. The VICE PRESIDEN'.r. The clerk will call the roll. Having a clear majority, we do not intend that that shall be The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following Senators done. answered to their names : l\lr. JOHNSON rose. Allen Goldsborough Mcl\faster Shortridge Mr. WATSON. Does the Sen'ator desire to ask me a question? Bingham Gould McNary Smoot Black Greene 1\Ietcalf Stephens Mr. JOHNSON. No; I do not want to ask a question. When - Blaine Hale Norris Sullivan the Senator concludes I shall proceed. Borah Harris Oddie Swanson Mr. WATSON. That is the situation. Of course if we have Capper Hastings Overman Thomas, Idaho Caraway Hatfield Patterson Thomas, Okla. the majority that I think we ha\e, we shall then h~ve to resort Copeland Hebert Phipps Townsend to the only method we have left to us of closing debate. Couzens / Johnson Pine Trammell Mr. ROBINSON of Indiana. Mr. President-- Dale Jones Reed Vandenberg Deneen Kean Robinson, Ark. Wagner The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Indiana Fess Kendrick Robinson, Ind. Walcott yield to his colleague ? Fletcher Keyes Robsion, Ky. Walsh, Mas. - Mr. WATSON. Certainly. George La Follette Schall Walsh, Mont. Gillett McCulloch Sheppard Watson Mr. ROBINSON of Indiana. I am wondering who it was Glenn McKellar Shipstead that was talking to kill time yesterday. Mr. McMASTER. I desire to announce that my colleague the Mr. WATSON. I do not like to mention any names. I do senior Senator from South Dakota [Mr. NoRBECK] is unavoid not know whether my colleague was on the fioor yesterday. ably absent on official business, and that he will be absent for Mr. ROBINSON of Indiana. There were three speeches made the remainder of the session. yesterday, I believe, and I wondered if my colleague would state Mr. McKELLAR. I wish to announce that my colleague the where the time killing took place. As a matter of fact all junior Senator from Tennessee [Mr. BROCK] is unavoidably de speeches kill time. I do not know how much good they d'o so tained from the Senate. I ask that this announcement stand far as convincing ·other Members of the Senate is concerned. for the day. I have a notion, however, that tho e who do speak are anxious Mr. SHEPPARD. I desire to announce that the senior Sena that the country should know what their views are. Here is a tor from South Carolina [Mr. SM:ITH] and the senior Senator matter which has been before the Senate now for less than two from Mi souri [1\:Ir. HAWES] are detained from the Senate by weeks, and it would seem almost impossible that much time illness. could be killed in that short space of time when the country is I tal o wish to announce that the senior Senator fl·om New simply being told what the treaty contains and the rea ons some Mexico [Mr. BRATTON] and the junior Senator from South of us have for being opposed to it. Carolina [Mr. BLEASE] are detained from the Senate by illness Whether speeches were made yesterday for it or against it, I in their families. am not certain, because I was not in the Chamber all the time, I also announce that the Senator from Arizona [Mr. AsHURST], but I think it rather difficult to say that time is being killed the Senator from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS], the Senator from deliberately when less than two weeks have been spent in the Texas [Mr. CoNNALLY], and the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. consideration of a treaty which changes all the naval relations BARKLEY] are ab ent on official busine s, attending se ions of of the United States with the two most prominent naval powers the Interpar1iamentary Union in London. of the world. Mr. SWANSON. My colleague the junior Senator from Vir Mr. WATSON. Mr. President, I understand the importance ginia [Mr. Guss] is unavoidably detained from the Senate. I of the treaty. Every Senator here understands the importance ask that this announcement may stand for the day. of it. Every Senator here now has his mind made up definitely Mr. FESS. I desire to announce that the junior Senator from as to how he is going to vote on the question. So far as influ North Dakota [Mr. NYE] is detained on business of the Senate, encing the Senate is concerned, I do not think debate will change attending sessions of the special committee to investigate cam votes. No one has at any time sought to cut off legitimate de paign expenditures. I will let this announcement stand for the bate. I shall not mention names, and my colleague knows I day. should not, but it is true that on yesterday a speech was made Mr. KEYES. I desire to announce that my colleague the for the express purpose of delaying action until another Senator senior Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. MosES] is absent arrives in the city. We were told so in express terms. I do from the Senate on account of a death in his family. I ask that not desire to mention any names, but I can do so if pressed on this announcement may stand for the day. the subject. Mr. NORRIS. I desire to announce that my colleague the All I want to say is that if the Senator from California [Mr. junior Senator from Nebraska [Mr. HowELL] is absent from JoHNSON], having charge of the opposition, will agree that on the Senate on account of illness in his family. Tuesday we may begin a limitation of debate, as a matter of The VICE PRESIDENT. Sixty-three Senators have an course we will not seek to apply cloture. That would give the swered to their name . A quorum is present. opposition Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and ·Monday, in addi Mr. WA.TSON. Mr. President, with the kind permission of tion to the days they have had, and it would simply mean that the Senator from California [Mr. JoHNSON], I would like to ask the same Senators who have spoken hitherto will speak again. him whether or not he is ready at this time to agree on a time That is all right, but we can not sit here interminably to per toro~? · mit the same Senators to speak when the great majority are Mr. JOHNSON. He is not. ready to vote. 1930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 209 1\Ir. JOHNSON. Mr. President, my distinguished friend from There being no objection, the communication was ordered to Indiana speaks for the great majority of the Senate. I do b~ printed in the RECORD, as follows : not doubt in the slightest degree that he is speaking for the THE FIRST AVENUE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, great majority of the Senate, and I do not doubt that I may St. Petersburg, Fla., July 12, 1!)30. be in a very woeful minority in the Senate ; but I am engaged in a task here concerning this treaty that far transcends in The First Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church at St. Petersburg, importance the leadership of the Senator from Indiana upon Fla., representing in membership 915 residents of this city and 600 constituents, respectfully request the Senate of the United States to this sid~r any other man's personality. The contest in which I am engaged will receive from me the best that is in ratify at this special session the treaty which resulted from the recent me. I ask no quarter from any source or under any circum London naval conference. ~ stances. I know no other way to fight when I am fighting for We further urge upon our Senators that the right of parity in naval my country than, if necessary, to die; and I am willing, sir, tonnage equal to that of Great Britain be not exercised unless in the so far as this debate is concerned and the treaty is concerned, opinion of the Senators there is likelihood of early conflict with our that the Senator from Indiana and the great majority for whom Anglo-Saxon brother nation across the Atlantic. Such conflict does he speaks in this body may do just exactly as they please. not in the mind of this church and its constituency lie within the field I am asking no favors of any man upon this floor or of any of possibility and therefore such expenditure for unneeded naval craft majority, even if I am standing here all alone. I will protect would appear to us as a waste of the citizens' money and out of har what rights I have as best I can, and I will present, God willing, mony with the spirit of international comity and brotherhood, for just as long as I am able, to the people of the United States which this church unanimously stands: Be it the inequities and the iniquities of a treaty that deals with Resoll:ed, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to Senator DuN their future and with their defense. So CAN U. FLETCHER with the request that he present the same to the United States Senate, and that copies be sent to the President of the Lay on Macduff; United States, the junior Florida Senator, and the President of the And damn'd be him that first cries, "Hold, enough!" United States Senate. I am .going to the bat just as hard as I can in the contest Respectfully submitted. that I am waging. Go on with your majority; put on your SCHUYLER E. GARTH, cloture if you wish to put it on. The only times in reality, Minister. save possibly once, that cloture has been put on in this body T. J. PRICE, has been when we were acting in behalf of some foreign Distt•£ct Superintett€Wnt. adventure or misadventure. Let cloture be put on now in this Mrs. R. T. MILLIREN, adventure that is foreign in character which is before the Church Secretary. Senate. I make no agreement; I stand here upon my rights. A. R. WELSH, I will go on as best I can, and when God no longer permits me Chairman Trustees. to stand upon my feet or express myself upon this treaty I 0. M. MINNICH, will take my medicine as I have been accustomed to do always Olwirtnan Stewards. in the past whenever any occasion should arise. So, move on, G. L. QUEEN, sir, with your cloture. Do it on a treaty that affects our Chairman Group Leaders. Republic and that deals with our national defense. Mr. HALE. Mr. President, I should like to ask the Senator NORTH CAROLINA AND ITS PROGRESS-RADIO ADDRESS BY SENATOR from Indiana a question. OVERMAN Mr. WATSON. I will be glad to answer the Senator. Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. l\Ir. President, the genial and Mr. HALE. I understand the Senator from Indiana has said able junior Senator from North Carolina [Mr. OVERMAN] de that if an agreement shall not be reached before next Tues livered a very eloquent message over the radio last night on day to limit debate to 10-ril.inute speeches the Senator will the subject of North Carolina and its progress. I ask that his proceed at that time to invoke cloture. address and the introductory remarks made in presenting him · Mr. ·wATSON. No; before that time. to the American audience by Mr. Frederic William Wile may be Mr. HALE. Before that time? printed in the RECORD. Mr. WATSON. Yes. There being no objection, the introductory remarks of Ur. Mr. BALin. The Senator has said that every Member of the Wile and the address by Senator OVERMAN were ordered to be Senate has made up his mind how he is going to vote on the printed in the RECORD, as follows: treaty. Possibly that may be true as to the treaty itself; I FREDERIC WILLIAM WILE'S INTRODUCTION OF SENATOR OVERMAN, OF NORTH am not certain of that; but certainly every Senator has not . CAROLINA, O!i JULY 16, 1930 made up his mind that he will vote against any reservation that may be proposed, has he? The gaze of visitors to the United States Senate seldom fails to be Mr. WATSON. So far as I know, every Senator has not done attt·acted by a patriarchal figure on the Democratic side of the aisle. so, I will say to my friend from Maine. We are entirely He is the silver-haired veteran who has adorned the Chamber for more willing that the reservations should be debated. The one than a quarter of a century, and who, after March 4 next will be the reservation which has taken up so much time, and the consid ranking Member of that body, with 28 years of continuous and dis eration of individual Senators, has been the one proposed by tinguished service to his credit. the Senator from Nebr;1ska [Mr. NoRRis]. I think that reser LEE SLATlllR OVERMAN, soon to become the senior Senator from North vation is fairly well understood. Other reservations, I am told, Carolina, stands at my side, ready to participate in this notable will be offered, and there is no disposition on the part of those welcoming ceremony. with whom I am associated to shut off debate on those reser If looking the part were all there is to being a great Senator, he vations. would fill the role as few men now In public life could fill it, for in · Mr. HALE. I myself expect to offer a reservation- dignity, bearing, and commanding appearance he is almost without a Mr. WATSON. The Senator expects to offer only one? peer. l\fr. HALE. I may offer more than one. It seems to me that But he is much more than the physical ideal of a statesman. He ls the one I have in mind, which will affecf the question of the right, a statesman. If some of you are not familiar with his nanie, his voice, for which the United States has always stood, of being allowed or his picture, it is because he prefers the counsels of wisdom to to build the type of ships the country needs, subject to treaty flamboyancy of speech and the arts of advertisement. limitations within a category, is of sufficient importance to He specializes in constructive concentration on the Nation's problems consume more than 10 minutes, either by a Senator defending it instead of adding to its overproduction of words. When he rises to or a Senator speaking against it talk, he always has something to say. Mr. WATSON. Let me ask the Senator, Is the reservation He is a great and a consistent Democrat. He believes In party gov to which he refers to a section of the treaty or is it a reserva ernment. His vote and influence in the Senate are always at the tion to the resolution of ratification? disposal of his party leadership. 1\Ir. HALE. I have not as yet decided that point; I have He is the ranking Democratic member of the three powerful Senate not as yet framed the reservation in final form. Committees on Appropriations, the Judiciary, and Ru1es. · The VICE PRESIDENT. The treaty is before th~ Senate as Senator OVERMAN was 76 years yount; last January. He has been in Committee of the Whole and is open to amendment. in politics for 53 ot them. He learned the game at the elbow of the Mr. FLETCHER. I ask unanimous consent to have printed venerated Gov. Zebu1on Vance, whom he served as private secretary in in the ·RECORD a communication from the First Avenue Meth the late seventies. · odist Episcopal Church, of St. Petersburg, Fla., urging the The people of North Carolina have honored him with high office so ratification of the London naval treaty. uninterruptedly that he has become an institution. LXXIII-14 210 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE · JULY 17 The Land of the Sky is· entitled to be proud of its representation in l invite those who may be listening to come to North Carolina and the· Senate by this noblest Roman of them all. I hold It a high privilege · see for themselves what this great State offers in the way of oppor to present not only to his devoted North Carolinians but to the Nation, tunities; come and live with us and take part in this great march of which be serves no less faithfully, the Hon. LE111 S. OvmnMAN. progress, and I can assure you a royal old-time southern welcome. The spirit of our people is expressed in the sentiment contained in our State song: ADDRESS BY SENATOR OVERMAN "Carolina, Carolina, heaven's blessings attend her ; Several weeks ago I was invited by the manager of station WBT, at While we live we will cherish, protect, and defend her." Charlotte, N. C., to come down and make a 5-minute talk this evening, when the great Columbia Broadcasting System would present an in I only have five minutes. I thank you and good night. augural program dedicated to Charlotte and tbe Carolinas over a nation DUTCH HARBOR wide book-up, but on account of my official duties in Washington I had to decline. However, through the courtesy of the Columbia Broadcast 1\lr. COPELA~'D. Mr. President, I have received a very in ing System I was invited to speak from WQsbington. This I am glad , teresting letter which I wish to have printed in the RECORD. to do, and am happy to send greetings to the good people of Charlotte It deals with the problem of Dutch Harbor, to which I re and North Carolina, and congratulate them in getting this great con fel"red in my speech on the lOth of July, and confirms, from an nection, which will give so much entertainment and pleasure to our authoritative source, the importance and significance of that people. This occasion marks another step forward in the splendid harbor in connection not alone with the defen e of the Philip progress which has taken place in the old State. pines but the delense of the continent itself. Standing here before the microphone, 400 miles from my home, my _'l,he VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the letter will heart turns back to the great old State and my beloved people. be printed in the RECORD. The State of North Carolina has a most remarkable history. The The letter is as follows : marvelous progress which has taken place enables me to tell the millions Dow~snLLE, DELAWARE CoUNTY, N.Y., July 14 19SO. who may be listening to-night of the wonderful development of this Hon. ROYAL S. CoPELA D, State. Senate Offioe Building, Washington, D. 0. More than a year before the Declaration of Independence at Phila DEAR Srn AND SENATOR : As a unit in the citizenship of New York delphia, North Carolina at Charlotte threw otf the British yoke of op State, though politically opposed to you, permit me to commend the pression and declared her independence. She was the last State to go stand taken in maintaining the authority of the Senate, which I believe into the Federal Union and the last to go out. She would not join the you to be taking without partisan ends in mind. Union because of the failure of the adoption of the 10 amendments, and · While undoubted altruistic motives move the Pre ident in his cft:orts did not go in until these amendments were written in the Constitution to make the United States the ministering angel for the dawn of peace, Itself, which says, among other guaranties, the powers not delegated to it still appears that, -constitutionally, the Senate should be the directing the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by 1t to the agency of the angelic activities. States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people. For Again, in writing this I thought that it might in part counterbalance more than two years she was a free and indPpendent sovereignty; she the opinions of the 25 ladies more happily vacation]ng at Cape May than did not vote for George Washington for President and only went in in in special se ion at torrid Washington. November, 1789, when she became a part of this great Union. BefOi'e closing may I trespass upon your time concerning what follows ? 100 This great old State with her per cent pure American blood has Replying to Senator WALSH of Montana, page 64, CONGRESSIONAL always been jealous of the rights of her people ; she has fewer alien REcORD of July 10, relative to Dutch Harbor as a continental defense, born than any other State in the Union. you answered, •• Not at all; but for the defense of the Philippines and She voted against secession in April, 1861 ; and not until the Presi our possessions in the Eat." You are aware that the main portion of dent called for 75,000 troops to fight the sister States did she conclude Japan and our Pacific States lie in, approximately, the same latitude, it she had to fight she would fight on their side, and voted to secede on with Dutch Harbor almost directly north of Honolulu, from which it is May 20. After withdrawing . the State sent more troops to the distant about 2,000 miles, and from a parallel of latitude connecting Southern Army than any other Southern State, sending 15,000 more Yokohama and the Pacific coast, midway between San Francisco and soldiers than she had voters. She lost in that great war 40 per cent Los Angeles, about 1,000 miles. On the other band, the distance from of her voting population; and in killed, wounded, and other casualties Yokohama to Honolulu is 3,400 miles. It appears, therefore, that more than any other Confederate State. North Carolina accepted her Dutch Harbor would not only be invaluable as a Philippine defense but, defeat in good faith, however, and these veterans returned to a land in conjunction with naval preparations in the Sandwich I lands, a of sorrow, ruin, and devastation, but with renewed vigor and with patrol would readily be e tablished between the two bases aero s the that supreme courage they exhibited in the war they and their sons line of advance of oriental forces, where the advantage of time would' an_!i their sons' sons went to State building. Since that time her progress, be with us by at least 1,400 miles, thus forming a very effective line both industrially and agriculturally, has been not only most won of first defense for continental United States. derful but marvelous. She now pays more taxes to the Federal Gov It has often occurred to me that if, in conjunction with the e, another ernment than any ot~er State, with the exception of New York, pay strong base were established in the Galapagos Island area there would ing more than a quarter of a billion dollars toward the expen es of be inclosed in a great, almost impenetrable triangle that part of the this great Government. Pacific which stretches from the Panama Canal north. Dutch Harbor She has more cotton mills than any State in the Union ; more peo i , I believe, in the warm north Pacific current and open the year ple employed than any Southern State; she has the largest furniture around. These are the ideas of defense, in the main, which writer on manufactw-ing city in the United States, with the exception of Grand sea power such as Captain Mahan set forth, and they are in line with Rapids, Mich. ; she produces more tobacco and the valuation of the England's care of her interests throughout the seas of all the world. crop is larger than any State in the Union; she is not only great in Very sincerely yours, dustrially but great in agriculture, her farm crops being valued higher HOWARD B. GOETSCHJUS. than any other Southern State, with the exception of Texas, which has four times a large an area, and North Carolina ranks fourth in ARTICLE BY FORMER PRESIDENT COOLIDGE the United States. With her splendid climate and fertile soil she can In connection raise any crops grown, with the exception of tropical and subtropical Mr. COPELAND. this I also a k that the -ser monette by Calvin C<>olidge published in this mOl~ning's news products. I have stood on plantations in North Carolina and seen papers may be printed in the RECORD. wheat growing in one field, cotton in another, corn in another, tobacco There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in another, oats in another, vegetables in another, wonderful orchards and beautiful purebred cattle grazing in the valleys and grass-covered in the RECoRD, as follows : hiUs. Calvin Coolidge says : North Carolina has the highe t mountain peaks east of the Rockies " The world does not make real progress as fast as some expected. and her scenery is unsurpassed anywhere. She has hundreds of miles Like backward people with free constitutions reverting to revolution, of coast stretching along the .Atlantic Ocean; her sand bills, pine tbe nations have made numerous agreements with each other for peace forests, and mountains with her wonderful hotels stand with open and then turned their attention to preparation for war. In spite of all arms inviting those who are seeking health and pleasure. In good the high resolutiolis, all the solemn treaties, all the carefully prepared roads she is unrivaled and unsurpassed; leads all the Southern States organizations set up for the peaceable adjustment of international dis in water-power development, and in this stands third in the Nation ; putes, the world is arming more heavily than before the war, and we leads in estimated wealth, with the single exception of Texas, in the hE.'ar too m~ny distinct utterances of hostility. This is a disconcerting entire South. North Carolina appropriates more money for public change from the spirit of the Paris Peace Conference. Then there was di~agreement schools than any other Southern State, and bas more children in 1 about reparations and allocation of territory. but ab olute schools than any other. First in the United States in the number of · accord by friend and foe alike on the principle of reduction and limita natil"e miner&ls. tio.n of armament11 and the maintenance of peace. 1930 ,• OONGRESSION .AL RECOR.D-SEN.ATE 211 "It was so nominated in the treaty of Versailles. Germany con in number, must be started before July 1, 1927. Construction sented to disarm on tbe agreement of the other parties to the treaty to was started on the first two ships in 1926, and the other' six disarm. Yet only the United States bas proposed and secured :my prac were laid down shortly thereafter. tical agreements for limitation of armaments. It has not been possible ·At the present time five of these ships are in commission, and to secure much real reduction. The war curbed for a time but has not the last three will be finished within the next nine months. greatly changed the spirit of the nations." Those of us who were in the Senate in 1927 will recall the cruiser figllt .to approp_riate funds to start the construction of LONDON NAVAL TREATY the last three of the cruisers authorized by the act of Decem In executive session the Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, ber 8, 1924. The administration then in power, in disregard re umed the consideration of the treaty for thE> limitation and of the time clause in the law authorizing the ships, submitted reduction of naval armament signed at London, April 22, 1930. no budget estimate for their construction ; and it was only Mr. HALE. :Mr. President, in the speeches of both the Sena after a bitter fight in the Senate that the necessary appropria tor from Arkan, as [Mr. RoBINSON] and the Senator from Penn tions we.re included. sylvania [Mr. REED] recently delivered in the Senate, great The Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. REED], who has re stress is laid upon the fact that at the time of the convening of cently stated on the floor of the Senate that he was horrified the London conference w~ bad in commission only one 8-inch to find that in this auxiliary class of ships the United States gun cruiser and ten 6-inch-gun cruisers of the Onwha class, was in a condition of almost hopeless inferiority, voted against and that, therefore, we were in a very difficult position to treat the appropriation for the construction of the last three of these with Great Britain and Japan on this category of ships. cruisers. Both Senators also stressed the fact that the country bad Shortly after the close of the Geneva conference, with its been allowed to drift into this deplorable condition of affairs, failure to reach an agreement on a limitation of auxiliary and they have laid the fault, by inference, at the door of those classes of ships, the Secretary of the Nav-y, with the approval who were responsible for the maintenance of our Navy. of President Coolidge, presented to Congress a large building I think I have fully explained the situation in the sp eeo~ program, providing for the building of 25 cruisers and a number which I recently delivered on the floor of the Senate, but it of other auxiliary vessels. Hearings were held before the com will do no harm to bring the matter up once more and to show mittees of Congress, and the pacifists of the country stirred up a again the entire fallacy of the claims made by the ·e two Sena mighty opposition to this so-called " imperialistic " measure. tors, both delegates to the London conference. Congress finally cut down the program to 15 cruisers and 1 air Let me say at this point that it is extremely embarrassing to craft carrier, and on March 3, 1928, the so-called cruiser bill me in my criticism of the London treaty to have to include in was reported to the House by the House Naval Affairs Com such criticism two of the Members of this body, for whom as mittee. The bill passed that body on March 17, 1928, and came Senators I have the highest esteem. These Senators were not to the Senate. It was found impossible to secure action on the put on the delegation at the request of the Senate, and their bill before the adjournment of the session in the summer of pre ence on the delegation can not be said to indicate in any 1928, though I tried my best to get action on it ; and it was not way that they officially represent the United States Senate. until February, 1929, that the bill passed the Senate and CriticLm of the treaty obviously must involve criticism of the became a law. . delegates framing the treaty, and that criticism I feel in duty This bill provided for the construction of 15 cruisers and bound to make as chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs authorized the expenditure of a sum of money sufficient to build of the Senate, whose obvious duty it is to do what is in his them, of the treaty cruiser type. The bill further provided that power to protect the naval defense of the rountry. 5 of these cruisers should be started during the fiscal year 1929, At the time of the authorization of the 1916 building program 5 during the fiscal year 1930, and the last 5 during the fiscal we had in the cruiser class a certain number of antiquated and year 1931. very slow cruisers, the more powerful of which came within the In the annual naval appropriation bill for 1930 the Congress armored-cruiser class, a class of ship which since the World War appropriated specifically sums of money to start the first five has practically gone out of existence. of these cruisers and to proceed with their construction during In 1916 we had 10 of these armored cruisers, 5 so-called light the fiscal year 1930. cruisers of the first class, 4 of the second, and, I think, 15 of The bill further provided a sum of money sufficient to start the third class-very small ships. the second five cruisers of the program before the 1st of July, The 1916 program provided for the laying down of 10 fast, 1930. modern light cruisers, the need of which with the fleet was at There was a further provision in the bill that if the con that time very great. At the time of the authorization of these struction of any vessel therein authorized to be undertaken in cruisers there were in the navies of Great Britain and Ger the fiscal year 1929 or the fiscal year 1930 was not so under many many fast unarmored 6-inch-gun cruisers but no cruisers taken in that fiscal year, such construction should be under of this fast type mounting guns larger than 6-inch. taken in the next succeeding fiscal year ; in other words, that Prior to the planning and laying down of these cruisers the all 15 cruisers must be started~ before July 1, 1931. British had authorized five cruisers of 9,750 tons each, mount The keels of 2 of the first batch of 5 cru:sers have already ing 7%-inch guns, to be used for raider chasing away from the been laid down, and the assembling of parts for • the other fleet in the World War; but the move on the part of the 3 and their awarding to Government navy yards has already British was largely an experimental one. In any event, for work been undertaken. with the fleet and under the guns of the 6 battle cruisers That the second batch of five cruisers have not yet been provided in the 1916 program, ships of a speed nearly equal started is due to presidential and not to congressional inac to their own, these 10 cruisers of the Onz,aha class were at tion, as Congress appropriated the necessary funds to start that time held to be the latest and best thing in modern cruiser and carry on the construction of both sets of cruisers. construction. ' In any event, under the law all of the 15 ships must be At that time the so-called 8-inch-gun, 10,000-ton very fast started before the 1st of next July ; and, allowing three years treaty cruisers had, of course, not been conceived of, and the for their construction, all will ·be in commission before the 1st usefulness of the HawkVn.s type of cruiser, the 7lh-inch-gun of July, 1934. The time clause in the cruiser bill makes it no cruiser, was still in question. paper program but a program that must and will be carried out • Two of the Omaha class of cruisers were laid down in 1918 unless Congress repeals the law or the administration disre and the remaining eight in 1920. gards it ; and this the administration can not do, under a fur At the time of the Washington conference all of these cruisers ther provision of the law, unless an international agreement were under construction. Out of the Washington conference intervenes. came the fast 8-inch-gun 10,000-ton treaty crui ·er. Our delegates therefore went to the London conference with The Japanese were the first to lay down modern, fast, 8-inch the certainty in their minds, and with full knowledge in the gun cruisers, and they commenced their program by laying down minds of the delegates from the other countries parties to the four in the early part of 1924. These four vessels were vessels conference, that by the end of the fiscal year 1934-two and of a smaller type than the 10,000-ton treaty type, but mounted one-half years before the date of the expiration of the London the same 8-inch guns. Great Britain followed suit shortly after treaty-the United States would hav_e in actual commission with five 10,000-ton, 8-inch-gun cruisers of the Kent class. twenty-three lO,O~ton, 8-inch-gun-cruisers, aggregating 230,000 At the end of the year 1924, one year and four months after tons, and ten 6-inch-gun cruisers of the Omaha class, aggre the coming into effect of the Washington treaty and shortly gating 70,500 tons ; and that is no indication of hopeless in after the programs of Japan and Great Britain had been author feriority in which our country found itself at the conference. ized, we authorized the building of eight of this type of ship. The talk made by the Senator from Arkansas [l\Ir. RoBINSON] In the law authorizing the building of these cruisers a pro and the Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. REED] about the piti vision was included that all of the 8-inch-gun cruisers, eight ful condition that we were in at the London conference, with ••
212 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--8ENATE JULY 17 only )-1 cruisers. in commission, is entirely misleading and. in out-traded and did not secure parity after the completion of the no way accurately presents the situation that faced our dele- &dney and Nelson I am willing to concede, and the arrange gates at the conference. ments made in the London treaty bring us up much more nearly I am amazed when I read that the Senator from Pennsyl- to parity with Great Britain than we have at the pre ent time. Yania was horrified when he discovered the condition that we On the other hand, the same arrangements place us in a po ition were in. The whole matter has been threshed out over and of slight disadvantage with Japan, who secures for herself over again on the floor of the Senate when the bills authoriz- better terms as to capital ships than do we. ing the cruiser construction and the annual naval appropriation Senator REED tells us that the comparative worthlessness of bills providing funds for the carrying out of the construction battle cruisers in an encounter with battleships was proved at have been before the Senate. the Battle of Jutland. I think he entirely loses si..,.ht of the The Senator from Pennsylvania did vote for the last cruiser fact that since the Battle of Jutland plunging fire, with airplane bill, providing for the construction of the 15 cruisers; and I will spotting, has been greatly developed and effective bits may now say for him that he was most helpful at that time in getting be secured at ranges well over 30,000 yards. the bill through the Senate, as was also the Senator from Arkan- As .plunging fire takes effect principally on the decks of hips sas [1\lr. RoBINSoN]. rather than on the sides, and as the battle cruisers caiTy a con- As far as the other categories of ships are concerned, in siderable deck protection, there is now a serious que tion as to battleships we have undertaken no new consb:uction since the whether these ships, which mount the same guns as the battle Washington conference, and, of course, we. could not do so under ships and which are very much faster ships, may not prove to the terms of the Washington treaty. be of a much high~r value than had been reckoned on when the In destroyers we have laid down no new ships because there complements of the fleet under the Washington treaty were has up to now been no occasion for doing so. We still have, made up. We must remember, too, that Great Britain has 4 and for several years to come will have, in commission and in of these battle cruisers, 1 of which she is to crap under the reserve many more ves el of this class than we use on a peace terms of the London treaty, and Japan also bas 4, 1 of which basis, and we have not been warranted under the circurustances she is to scrap under the terms of the London treaty. in starting any new destroyer construction. As the Senate The Senator speaks of the agreement in the Washington well knows, with this condition facing us, any proposition in- treaty that we should not proceed further with the fortification volving new building would inevitably meet with failu.re. of our Pacific islands, and takes the ground that under this In submarines very much the same situation faces us. We agreement we secured quite as much of an advantage as did have provided for a certain amount of new submarine construe- Japan. tion of a type in which we were lacking, about 10 000 tons being I think the best answer to the statement of the Senator is now under way, but we . till have, and for several years to come that Japan insisted upon the agreement, reduced her demand will have, a sufficient number of submarines not yet on the for a 1()-7 ratio to a 10--6 ratio, on account of its acceptance, obsolete list to keep up the number that we have deemed suffi- and specifically stated that she could not consider the capital cient for a peace-time footing. ship ratio as acceptable by the Japanese Government if the Obviously, both in destroye1·s and submarines we shall have Government of the United State should fortify or e tablh;h within a very few years a great amount of replacements to additional naval bases in the Pacific Ocean. This is clearly make, but those replacements must be made whether we have set forth on page 800 of the volume entitled "Washington a treaty or no treaty if we ru·e to keep up our Navy at even its Armament Conference Treaties." present strength, and the American people will not begrudge to On page 159 of the RECORD tile Senator tells us that the the Navy the appropriations necessary for this purpose. deferring of the 1·eplacement of the capital-ship program was It is unfortunate that the peak of replacement of the bulk the best le"Verage our delegate bad at the London couference, of our Navy should come at one particular period, b"!}t due to and that the delegates used that leverage to secure immediate the large number of effective ships left to us after the World parity with Great Britain in capital ships. War we have gotten by the period since the war with very little It seems to me that that leverage could have been used to money spent on replacements, and the time is now almost here great advantage in working out the terms of the cruiser prob when we mu t balance the savings that we have made. lem as well. Great Britain is manifestly in no position finnn- As I explained in my speech of Friday, July 11, the entire cially to spend the money necessary for the replacement pro Navy mu ~ t be replaced within a space of 20 years' time, and a gram at the pre::;ent time, and there is nothing to indicate that saving in replacement on one 3 ear must be met by a correspond- she will be in such a condition prior to 1936. We, on the con ing incren ·e in some other year. _ trary, could afford the replacement without any material dam- The hortage iu our Navy at the pre ent time is almost age to our people. entii·ely in crui ers and that shortage has been well provided for I can not feel that we played our cards very adroitly when we by the cruisers which have been authorized by Congress and got no further benefit out of this ace card of ours than that will be constructed unle s Congre s, by further legislative action, enumerated. prevent· it, or unle ·s, as I ha.ve said, a treaty agreement On page 159 of the REOORD the Senator speaks about the right intervenes. that we ecured at the London conference to modernize our ships. Senator tREED tells us that the world as a whole came to see In view of the fact that we have already modernized eight of that there was nothing but conflict, bloodshed, and misery to our existing- capital ships and have two others under moderniza follow such a course a had been taken by the Germans in their tion at the present time, . it seems to me rather a specious argo frantic building programs begun in 1911. ment to claim as a conces ion to us that we get the right without As I have pointed out already on the floor of the Senate, the question to modernize the remaining capital ships of our com distinction between the program of Germany before the war I plement under the London treaty. and any po. sible program we may lay down is that Germany The slight objection made by the British at one time to the •was arming her elf for purpo es of aggression, whereas the elevating of the guns of our battle hips, which comes under the purpo.:e of any program we may lay down would be to prepare head of mollernization, was satisfactorily adjusted by the St~te our ~ eives so that no other nation would deem it safe to make Department, and whether or not the London treaty is adopted war upon us. the remaining battleship will undoubtedly be modernized, as we Our purpose in providing armament is purely defensive. Ger- have a right to modernize them under the rulings of two former many's wa:s distinctly aggressive. Secretaries of State--Secretary Hughes and Secretary Kellogg. I quite agree with the Senator about the advantages of a On page 161 of the REC'OBD the Senator goes into the question reasonable limitation of armament, but that limitation must be of the offer of the General Board of the Navy of September 11, fair to all parties concerned, and if by reason of unfairness in 1929, to accept twenty-one 8-inch-gun cruisers, the ten 6-~nch-gun the agreement negotiated we refuse to ratify the agreement and cruisers of the OmaJ&.a. class, and the 35,000 tons of 6-rnch-gun then proceed to build up our Navy, there is no menace to the cruisers as parity with the British offer, and informs us that ' peace of the world in our so doing. this offer amounted to a recognition of the principle of dividing I am glad to see that in his recent speech Senator REED has the cruiser class into subcategories. abandoned the idea that at the Washington conference we were That question I covered, I think, very completely in my not supposed to secure the ~5 ratio with Great B1itain, and the recent speech in the Senate. However, to put the matter very 5-3- ratio with Japan until the completion of the replacement briefly, the offer of the General Board was a last-ditch offer, nrogram in 1942. ' made by them for the sole purpose of reaching an agreement for - Without any question, as indicated by Secretary Hughes in parity with Great Britain at the close of the year 1936. In his statement to the conference, our delegates secured not only the same letter the General Board explained and explicitly the ratio of 5-5-3 in 1942, but an immediate existing comple- stated that they much preferred the carrying out of existing ment of capital ships which at the time were supposed by our law, which would have given us twenty-three 8-inch-gun cruisers delegates to rep1·esent parity with the Briti h complement and and the 10 existing ships of the Orooha1 class, and, further, that a ratio of 5 to 3 with the Japanese complement. That we were nothing in their offer must be construed as an abandonment of 1930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENltTE 213 the American principle that within a category each country On page 162 of the RmooRD, Senator REED has said that the should have the right to build as u~ needs demanded up to the agreement as to parity with the Japanese in submarine tonnage limitation within the category. was, in the opinion of the naval advisers, fair to both countries, The offer of the General Board would not have resulted in and not unduly disadvantageou to the United States. the .e tablishment of subcategories. The London treaty deft- In the testimony before the Naval Affairs Committee I find nitely does establish subcategories, and definitely yields to the nothing to bear out this statement. Two of the witnes es, Ad British position demanding subcategories. If the London treaty miral Pringle and Admiral McLean, did testify that if the sub is ratified, we shall never get away from the subcategories divi- marine tonnage was cut down to about 25,000 tons they would sion herein acceded to, and tonnage parity in the future will ·be willing to concede parity with Japan, but even these wit-· mean tonnage parity in the subcategories. nesses further testified that parity with Japan could only be On page 160 of the RECORD the Senator speaks of a new type accepted on the very low figure of 25,000 ton . The only testi of cruiser which we are allowed to build under the terms of mony before the Naval Affairs Committee approving of the ar the Lonuon treaty-a 6-inch-gun cruiser of a tonnage anywhere rangement for parity with Japan in submarine tonnage was that up to the 10,000-ton limit of the Washington treaty. We are given by Admiral Pratt and to a certain extent supported by told by the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. RoBINSON] that this is Admiral Moffett. one of the valuable concesl'ions secured by the American delega- The testimony of nearly all of the naval advisers at the Lon tion, and that it was after considerable difficulty that our dele- don conference wa$ that they had nothing whatever to do with gate won the concession. the changing of the terms of the Japanese ratio, and that they As a matter of fact, 1\Ir. President, no such 5hip has ever did not expre s approval before the offer had been made to the been formally planned or designed, and from the general testi- Japanese. mony of the naval officers at the hearings the advantages of On page 163 of the RECORD the Senator from Pennsylvania such a ship are, to say the least, questionable. The testimony [Mr. REED] assures us that a great improvement is taking place -at the hearing-s showed that a 10,000-ton ship with 6-inch guns in the Franco-Italian situation, and that the outlook for their coul
1930 CONGRESSIONAL R.ECOR.D-SENATE · 215 · about revolution and spun Khaddar yarn beneath the shade of his humanity and of the Geneva Red Cross convention ot 1906 by the sheltering mango tree. British Indian government, which is one -of the signatory contracting At that time I was :.tma.zed at tbe effrontery or this diminutive fig powers, and to take necessary action," declares the r~solution. m·e-he could not weigh 100 pounds-defying the gre:.ttest Empire in DEPLORES " CALLOUS POLICY " the world. I wondered what weapons be could use, bow successful they It continues: would be, and how the British would retaliate. "This meeting draws the attention of the authorities of the Red Since then I have been a witness to what perhaps is entirely a new Cross societies and the St. John's Ambulance Association of India and torm of warfare--a contest between an unarmed populace and an or throughout the world to the callous policy of not providing ambulance ganized force, which now bas culminated in the present deadlock between and other neces .. ary medical facilities for the treatment and conveyance 1he British and "Gandhi Wallahs" on Bombay Island. of the wounded, and appeals to them to take proper measures for enforc Passive resistance is a long, long way from passivity, and against ing the rules providing for the neces .. ary facilities on an such occasions. the negatory force of nonviolence and boycott Gandhi bas been forcing "This meeting urges upon all medical men to support the national the British to revive or promulgate so many retrograde ordinances that movement to encourage Indian industries by using drugs and chemicals he has been making the Government walk backward through history. manufactmed in India by Indian firms, as far as available. As a pro He himself has been arrested and imprisoned without trial under ordi· test against this repressive policy and the atrocities perpetrated by nance 25 of the year 1827. the government, it further urges the boycott of drugs, preparations, and OUTWITS BRITISH FIRST appliances of British manufacture." After the British permitted Gandhi to embark on his famous salt A leaflet was circulated immediately after the meeting beaded " Boy demonstration, March 18, from Ahmedabad to Dandi (believing he would cott British Medicines," in behalf of the joint boycott committee ap· make a fool of himself), the first repressive measure which they bad pointed by the Bombay Medical Union and the Bombay chemists. It to revive against the forces that he started in motion was the "Bengal earnestly urged all chemists and druggists throughout India solemnly to ordinance," which provides for the arrest of suspects without a warrant. declare that henceforth they would not import, order, or undertake to That wa in .April. supply their customers with drugs, chemicals, patent medicines, appli Next was the press act, leaving it to the discretion of the local ances, instruments, or any other goods of British manufacture and that authorities to demand a cash deposit from the vernacular press for they would boycott all breakers of this declaration. good behavior, also the right to close down those publishing ·sedi· APPEALS FOR COOPElllTION tious material. "The joint boycott committee appointed by the Bombay Medical The third was tile viceroy's action on the Lahore conspiracy case, Union and the Bombay chemists," continues the document, "begs to where it legalized trial by a tribunal without a jury and no appeal draw your attention to the foregoing solemn declaration made by the agairult the judgment. chemists and requests the earnest cooperation of the public and doctors, Then, with clashes becoming frequent, the British revised the sedi· which alone would enable the chemists to implement the said declara tious meetings act, making it unlawful-where applied-for more than tion, and through such willing cooperation we shall jointly be able to four persons to meet together in a public place. This is the act which . encourage indigenous industries and drugs, chemicals, hospital cotton, has been force two months at Sholapur. and dressing instruments, etc., of Indian manufacture. We have, there· Then, with the growing revolt of the villagers in Gujerat, who fore, to ask you not to order any drugs of British manufacture. were refusing to pay land revenues, and with the increased effect of Henceforth and where India substitutes are not available to order the boycott, the viceroy promulgated the unlawful instigation and non-British substitutes. prevention or intimidation ordinances-under both of which offenders "For the guidance of doctors and druggists the joint boycott con can be anested without warrant. mittee is preparing a complete list of available Indian substitutes, and, The latest, passed only a few days ago, was the ordinance designed . where such are not available, non-British substitutes for British drugs, to destroy the sources of secret news sheets and congress bulletins, dressings, appliances, instruments, etc., and a copy of the same will be under which the entir.e Bombay "war council" was arrested and im supplied to you in due course. Thus we desire to cooperate with you pri oned last Thursday. and expect in return your cordial cooperation for the progress and pros· A magistrate at Gunter even made it unlawful to wear Gandhi perity of Mother India." CRps, and the district magistrate at Lahore has just served an order • BRITISH DOCTOR AMAZED upon the local. banks forbidding payment of any money to any repre -sentatives of the congress organizations in Punjab. British doctors with whom your correspondent discussed the reso "It is like standi.tg on an island," an Indian leader said to me, lutions to-night were so smprised that they were scarcely prepru:ed to "and it is getting smaller and smaller." accept them as true. They point out that many of the men who have It seems ironic that such repressive actions should have been taken taken this step against British medicine owe their entire careers very by a race which has been distinguished for its championship of ln· largely to British universities and British hospitals, while at the very dividual liberty, yet the mea ures seem to be the only answer the moment they decide upon this attack the whole country is covered with British are able to discover against the campaign of nonviolent civil British-owned and British-manned hospitals engaged in the alleviation disobedience. of the ailments of the Indian people. EACH LAW ADDS WOES It is hinted that the action is primarily one of reprisal against the recent decision of the General Medical Council in England not to accept Each ordinance invoked is but another challenge to the very thing the certificates of Indian Univer ity doctors, but the resolutions g() it is trying to crush-another law to be disobeyed. And as they be deeper than this. They are only another drastic move in the wide· come more harsh and oppressive, Gandhi's followers feel they are spread national campaign raging in India at the moment against every more justified in breaking them. · The result is an increasing number of arrests. But by this process thing that is British. tbe British face a continuation of the repressive process that leads toward no solution. Yet what can one do? That is the question MOVE TO S 'l'IFFES CAMPAIGN which most Englishmen are asking each other these days in Bombay. BOMBAY, June 8.-With the subjugation of northwest frontier tribes The answer seems to be to sit on the lid of t!J,e Indian agitation and men by British airplanes, and with the coming of the rainy sea on les try to bold it down until the London round-table conference. sening the activities of the Nationalist salt raiders, the Indian situation One thing is obvious. Indian nationalism is here to stay. Gandhi offered little of an exciting nature to-day. bas sho"'ll the Indians their power. Nationalist political activity continues, however, and at Jalapore a conference of civil disobedience volunteers under t he presidency of Mrs. [From the New York Tim('s, June 9, 1930] Mahatma Gandhi adoptell plans for a stiffening of the civil resistance BIDS INDIA BOYCOTT BltiTISH MEDICINES-BOMBAY MEDICAL PROlfESSIO~ movement. NAMES CO:tlMITTEE TO INSURE ALL DRUGGISTS HEED PLEA-PROTESTS The conference passed a resolution urging nonpayment of land reve " CALLOUS POLICY "-ASKS SWISS COUNCIL TO INQUIRE INTO GOVERN· . nue and a social boycott of Government servants, both of which are MENT'S "VIOLATIO~" OF LAWS OF HUMANITY AND RED CROSS forbidden in recent ordinance promulgated by the viceroy. The working committee of the AU-India National Congress concluded BoMBAY, June 8.-India has declared war on British medicine. This the sitting which began last Wednesday a.t Allahabad. Its activities decision was expressed to-night in a resolution unanimously adopted at a were kept secret, but it is understood the chief feature was a decision general meeting of the Bombay medical profession, when a boycott com to increase the program of picketing liquor and foreign cloth shops. mittee was appointed to insure that druggists throughout the country Some of the members, it is understood, were in favor of picketing henceforth deal only in India-manufactured or non-British medicines newspapers, but others felt such a program was not advisable at present. and drugs. • The resolution is one of protest against alleged " violations of the laws of humanity committed by government authorities in different parts SEVER.AL IIURT AT KARACHI of India against nonviolent Indian men, women, and children during the KARACHI~ IrmiA, June 8.-Several persons were injured in a clash lust · present nonviolent struggle for national liberation~" -· . ~- . - night between plain-clothes detectives ·and civil~ disobedience volunteers in · · "This meeting appe.als to the Swiss Federal Council to appoint an front of the home of ·the deputy superintendent of police, Rao Bahadur independent commission of inquiry into the violation or the laws of Daraindas Wadhumal. The crowd finally was dispersed. 216 CONGRESSIONAL R.ECOR.D-SENATE [From the New Republic, July 2, 1930] to a rain of lathi blows-refusing to move until completely laid TEMPORIZING WITH INDIA out. • • • " I stood within 5 feet of a Sikh leader as he took the lathi blows. The publication of the second volume of the Simon report is a crush He was a · short, heavily muscled man. The blows came--he stood · ing blow to those who had hoped that it might have an important effect straight. His turban was knocked off. • • • He closed his eyes in ending the terrible situation which exists in India. It is a reveal as the blows fell-until at last he swayed and fell to the ground. No ing fact that the na.me of Mr. Gandhi does not appear in the second other Sikhs bad tried to shield him, but now, shouting defiance, they volume at a.ll, and in the first only in two or three casual by-references. wiped away the blood streaming from his mouth. • * • [Restored As the authors say in their final statement all the conclusions in the to con ciousness] the Sikh gave me a smile and stood up for more." report had been reached before the outbreak of the present trouble, and In this episode of a single day in a single city, 500 men stood and no alterations have been made because of it. There may be something let themselves be battered into unconsciousness by the police, without to say for such a procedure cientifically, but there is nothing to say lifting a finger in self-protection. They did this because they believe in for it politically. A document bas been produced which might have " nonviolent noncooperation." Their action is a sufficient indication been of some value 10 years ago, or even 5, bot is absolutely useless of the depth of the passion for freedom which the British are now to-day. Even the moderate opinion in India will reject it. If the combating. We wonder how many readers of the New Republic there conference is held next autumn in London as planned, it must cer are who care deeply enough for any cause to suffer for it what these tainly throw the Simon report overboard at the beginning, if it is to Indians did. accomplish anything. Publication of this document bas. in fact, made Bombay is the answer to the Simon report. India to-day demands, in it less likely that the conference will ever be held, or that any attempt Gandhi's phrase, substantial independence--not necessarily in the form will be made to solve India's troubles except by force--if we may define of complete freedom; but with nothing less than genuine dominion that word to include the sheer weight of passive opposition by many status. The Simon report gives her no such thing, now or in the near millions of people. future. It is still possible that the conference may be held next At a time when even the most moderate Indians are asking flat and autumn in London, and that it may produce some basis for agreement, definite promises of immediate steps toward full dominion status, at but if so, it will be in spite of the. Simon report and not because of it. the very least, lhe Simon Commission publishes a report the net This document on which so much labor has been expended is dead at effect of which is to bind India tighter than ever to the British chariot birth ; and the Indian revolution will ignore it and go on. wheel. If this report were put into effect both the British provincial governors and the British Governor General would have tremendous powers. The provincial governors, just as at present, would be a.ble [From Young India, May 8, 1930] to dismiss their cabinets of native ministers at any time and take NO::-lVIOLENCE AT PESHAWAR over the full duties of government for themselves. They would be M. Abdul Qadir Kasuri, president Punjab provincial congress com specifically charged with the authority to· carry out the orders of the mittee, Lahore, and president of the Punjab Satyagraba committee, has central government and all laws of every sort, whether their minis circulated the following statement: ters wished it or not. The Simon Commission, anticipating criticism · "As various and conflicting versions of the happenings at Pe bawar ot this feature, urges on its behalf that it would be put into effect have been appearing from time to time, I have been at pain to discover only in emergency, and that under ordinary conditions the dyarcby the true fltcts a·s far as possible at this juncture. I have inter (the system whereby certain subjects are reserved for British admin viewed several responsible eyewitnesses, and after considering all the istration) would be abolished. But it is plain that self-government statements I believe the following version to he the nearest po ible to only during fair weather is not self-government at all, and the Indians truth. have enough intelligence to recognize that fact. " It is well known that the all-India congres committee deputation· Another serious weakne of the plan is that the members of the that went to make inquiry into the working of the northwe t frontier all important central legislative assembly would be elected, not by regulations was stopped at Attock early in the morning of 22d of April popular vote bot by the members of the provincial legislatures. They and not allowed to proceed any further. would be chosen on a basis of proportional representation in order to " Meanwhile all the prominent congre s leaders and worker with a provide spokesmen for the religious and racial minorities. While this large crowd bad assembled at the Pe hawar railway station for a fitting seems fair, critics of the Simon plan say that it is an attempt to reception to this deputation. When the news came through that the break up the legislative assembly into small blocs which . will fight deputation was not allowed to come to Peshawar a large procession each other futilely while the British continue to govern. At the same was taken out through the city, and in the e•ening a huge ma s meet time control of the army would be taken away from India once and ing was held to protest against the repressive licy of the Govern tor all and be given to London as an imperial matter. ment. It was al o announced at the meeting that the decision of the An attempt is made to meet the problem of the native states by frontier provincial congress committee that had already been arrived at having a council for Greater India, which would include representa to picket the five liquor shops in the city would be given due effect tives both of British India and of the states. This council would have to from the morning of the 23d. "consultative and deliberative functions," with regard to a stipulated " The frontier government, seeing the thoroughly bo inesslike prepara list of "matters of common concern." Assuming that the native states tions made by the congress committee to carry out the picketing and would send representatives to the council-an assumption which for fearing that it would have great etl'ect on the people, decided to arrest some of them is probably incorrect-it would have some value. It is all the important leaders. Con equently, between 3 and 6 in the early always useful to get men to come together and discuss who otherwise hours of the morning of the 23d of April the following six people were would never see each other face to face. But as meeting the demands arrested: of the Indians the plan is ludicrously inadequate. " 1. Khan Ali Gul Khan, vice president provincial congress committee. All these details, however, are· of little importance, except as they bear " 2. M. Abdul Rahim, member provincial congress committee. upon the tendency of the report as a whole. As we have already said, " 3. Lala Pera Khan, general secretary frontier provincial congress concessions which might have meant something 5 or 10 years ago are committee. meaningless to-day. Twenty-four hours before the second volume of "4. Mr. Acharaj Ram, >olunteer, frontier provincial congre s com- the report was made public, Mr. Negley Farson, correspondent in India mittee. of the Chicago Daily News, cabled to his paper a description of last "5. Mr. Abdul Rahman, member, Naujawan, Bharat Sabha. Saturday's riots in Bombay, from which we quote a few sentences : " 6. Mr. Rahim Bakhsh Ghaznavi, Naojawan Bharat Sabha. " Heroic, bearded Sikhs, several with blood dripping from their mouths, "At 6 o'clock in the morning, when the congressmen came to know refusing to move or even to draw their 'karpans' (sacred swords) to of the arrest of the above six leader , they met in the congres com defend themselves from a shower of lathi blows- mittee office, and there they also learned that warrants were out against " Hindu women and girls dressed in orange robes of sacrifice, flinging Syed Lal Badshah, ·member, all-India congress committee and president themselves on the bridles of horses and imploring mounted police not to war council, and M.. Mohd Khan, secretary city congress committee, strike male volunteers, as they w~re Hindus themselves-- and immediately of their own accord, without any police officer's asking "Stretcher bearers waiting beside little islands of prostrate, unflinch for their arrest, took them out in a procession to the poJice station ing, immovable Satyagrahis who bad flung themselves on the ground just inside tbe Kabli gate and handed them over to the police officer grouped about their women upholding the flag of Swaraj- there in charge. The crowd accompanying the procession thereafter in " These were the scenes on the Maidan Esplanade to-day. • • • a very peaceful manner came back to the congress office. The arrange " Dark-faced Mahratti policemen in their yellow turbans marched ments for picketing were carried out doly and batches of volunteers along in column led by English sergeants across the field toward the were put on duty oppo ite the five liquor shops. waiting crowd. • • • t:rash! Whack! Whack I Whack! At "At sunrise, as soon as the news got abroad that leaders bad been last the crowd broke. Only the orange-clad women were left standing arrested, there was a spontaneous hartal all over the city. At about beside the prostrate figures of crumpled men. • • * 9.30, when a huge crowd was standing peacefully in front of the "A minute's lull and then, with flags flying, another column of vol congress committee offices in a very orderly manner and giving a great unteers marched onto the vast green field. A column of Mahrattis ovation to the volunteers who were being sent out on picketing duty a ' marched to meet them. They clashed • • and again there was sobinspector of police with armed constables came in a lorry to the · the spectacle of the green field dotted with a line of fallen bodies. congress committee office and told the person in charge there that he • • • . Here sat a little knot of men, their heads bowed, submitting had with him two more warrants ·of arrest against M. Gulam Rubanl J- 1930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 217 anll M. Allah Bux. On receiving this news the crowd immediately made order under section 144 was defied openly and peacefully. On the 24th way for the two leaders to come out of the office, and they presented three batches of volunteers were one after the other arrested, but more themselves before the subinspector, who put them in the lorry and batches came and the picketing continued. The authorities, finding proceeded to the town. When the lorry reached the Cbowk Yadgar the their policy of arrest prove unavailing, released the volunteers, and, it wheel got punctured, and while the subinspector was thinking of send is said, also ordered the liquor shops to be closed for two months. ing for another lorry the two arrested gentlemen and the officials of "At this stage it is very difficult to say what is the number of the the congress told the subinspector that instead of his going to so much dead and wounded. This much seems most likely, that the number of trouble they would of their own accord present them in the thana just the dead is in hundreds, and a· careful study of the situation seems to as the two other leaders bad done earlier in the day. The police agreed disclose this incident to be a repetition of Jallianwala Bagh massacre. to this and went away, and the procession started with these two " It is a regrettable fact that the Government showed its customary gentlemen and reached the Kabli Gate thana. They, however, found the heartlessness by providing no facilities even for first aid to the wounded, gates of the thana closed, probably due to the nervousness of the officer and all that they did was merely to cart away as many dead bodies in charge there. The two leaders shouted out that they had come to as they could and burned them, as alleged, in some far-away spot, offer themselves for arrest , but nothing was done until about half an with a view to minimize the extent of the havoc caused by this merciless hour later, when the subinspector, who had come to the congress com firing. mittee office to arrest them, reached the spot and assured the officer in "These are the facts as far as I can gather them. On learning of charge that the crowd was peaceful and that the two men were under this terrible incident I sent the following telegram to the chief commis arrest and had to be taken inside. The gates were opened and after sioner of the northwest frontier prortnce : they were taken in the crowd in a most peaceful manner, after giving "'Committee sending medical deputation for relief of wounded as a great ovation to the arrested leaders and raising shouts of 'Inquilab result of firing at Peshawar. Hope depy.tation will be provided facilities Zindabad,' started to go back toward the city. This fact should be for this humane work.' noted, that though it was by now a little past 10 o'clock and the leaders " I received the following reply : bad been arrested and some of them bad voluntarily offered themselves "'Have consulted local leaders, who authorize me to assure you for arrest and there was a complete bartal in the city, nothing bad been that all arrangements ' for medical treatme~t have been made, and done by the crowd to gi;-e the least cause for the officers to have any there is no need for you to send medical deputation. Please, therefore, apprehension. do not send it.' "Under such circumstances, when the crowd bad throughout been "Thereupon I sent another telegram to the chief commissioner, inti behaving in an exemplary manner and was returning toward the city, mating to him that I have received no reply to my telegram from the two armored cars full of soldiers came from behind without blowing the congress committee of Peshawar and asking how be could say that the born or giving any notice whatever of its approach, and drove into this leaders did not want any help. This telegram did not elicit any crowd, regardless of the consequences. Many people were brutally run reply." over, several were wounded, and at least three people died on the spot. In spite of this provocation the crowd still behaved with great restraint, [From the New York Telegram, May 21, 1930] collecting all the wounded and the three dead persons. We possess SA.RO.TINI NAIDU HELD, 250 HURT IN Dmu RAID--NATIVE POLICE CLUB photograp)ls of some of them. At this time an English officer on a AND KICK HUNDREDS IN ATTACK ON SALT PLANT--GANDHI'S SON ALSO motor cyc~e came dashing past. As to what happened to him it is not TAKEN AS PLOTTER Oil' RIOTING-POETESS LEADING INDEPENDENCE clear. There are two conflicting versions. The semi-Government ver MOVEMENT INSPIRES DEMONSTRATION WITH FIE.RY SPEECH sion says that be fired into the crowd and one of the persons who was By Webb Miller wounded by a shot struck him on the head and he died. The other version that has been given to me is that he collided with the armored BULSA.R, SURAT DISTRICT, INDIA, May 21.-A mass attack of un car, which was standing by, and was killed as a result of the collision. armed independence volunteers on the Dharasana salt works was Until some more inquiry is made it is difficult to say what are the true turned back to-day by Indian Surat police, who kicked the attackers facts. At the same time one of the armored cars caught fire. Here, and beat and prodded them with latbis. again, while it is alleged on the one band that it was set fire to by the More than 200 were injured in the first attack, and at noon the mob, the other version is that it caught fire accidentally. By this time, volunteer leaders said that 250 casualties bad been counted. however, a troop of English soldiers had reached the spot and, without Mrs. Sarojini Naidu, the poetess leader who directed the attack, was any warning to the crowd, began firing into the crowd, in which there arrested. Manila! Gandhi, second son of the imprisoned Mahatma were women and children also present. Now the crowd gave a good Gandhi, also was arrested. example of the lesson of nonviolence that bad been instilled into them. The injured were carried on stretchers to a temporary hospital, When those in front fell down wounded by the shots, those behind came where the United Press correspondent counted more than 200 casualties. fot·ward with their breasts bared and eA-posed themselves to the fire, so The fight between police and volunteers lasted more than an hour. much so that some people got as many as 21 bullet wounds in their bodies Three of the injured raiders, including one of the leaders, were re and all the people stood their ground without getting into a panic. A ported to be in a serious condition. They were treated by the National young Sikh boy came and stood in front of a soldier and asked him to fire Congress Red Cross. at him, which the soldier unhesitatingly did, killing him. Similarly, an All Indian vernacular newspapers and one English-language news old woman, seeing her relatives and friends being wounded, came for paper published here suspended publication for two days to-day in pro ward, was shot, and fell down wounded. An old man with a 4-year-old test against the revived press restriction ordinance. child on his shoulders, unable to brook this brutal slaughter, advanced, DID NOT JOIN IN RAID asking the soldier to fire at him. He wa.s taken at his word, and he Mrs. Naidu herself did not actively join in the raid, but she infla.med also fell down wounded. Scores of such instances will come out on the volunteers in a fiery speech only a few minutes before they marched further inquiry. The crowd kept standing at the spot facing the sol to the salt pans. Later she went to the works herself and was arrested diers and were fired at from time to time, until there were heaps of I ' as she watched. wounded and dying lying about. The Anglo-Indian paper of Labore, Imam Sahib, a colleague of Mahatma Gandhi in .the latter's c.ampaign which represents the official view, itself wrQte to the effect that the in South Africa many years ago, and Pyarilal, formerly Gandhi's secre people came forward one after another to face the firing, and when tary, also were arrested. The arrested leaders were charged with un they f~l wounded they were dragged back and others came forward to lawful assembly. be shot at. This state of things continued from 11 till 5 o'clock in the evening. When the number of corpses became too many, the ambulance on HUNDIUID HELD IN BOMBAY cars of the Government took them away. It is said that they were More than 100 were arrested in Bombay to-day, 95 of them when taken to some unknown place and, though tb.ey were mostly Mohamme they attempted a third raid on the Wadala salt works, where a large dans, the bodies were burnt. After this struggle the leaders of the but orderly and half humorous raid occurred last Sunday. public and volunteers collected all the remaining bodies. These alone The others were arrested at the National Congress House when 300 come to 65 in number, and there is a list of these people kept. police led by the deputy commis~:;ioner and 40 officers raided the "Two facts are noteworthy in this connection. One is that of all buildings and seized a number of documents. the dead collected by the congressmen there was not one single instance K. F. Nariman, advocate for the congress president, who recently even where there was the mark of the bullet at the back. Further, all was imprisoned on a charge of breaking the salt laws; Doctor Cboksy, the wounds were bullet wounds and there was no trace of grapeshot. vice president of the local congress committee; the editor of the con This is also an admitted fact, that neither the police nor the military gress bulletin, and two secretaries of the congress committee were nor anybody else alleges that there was any stick or weapon, blunt or among the prisoners taken. sharp, with the persons in the crowd. The attitude of the crowd and TURN WRATH ON BANK MANAGER the splendid hold that the congress had on the people is evidenced by the fact that in spite of the presence of the British troops patroling the Several hundred volunteers invaded the offices of the Bank of India city, the picketing went on without a break and the batches of volun late to-day and obstructed business. They gathered as a result of a teers were sent according to the program. The whole day of the 23d. rumor that the European bank manager had assisted police in assaulting the picketing continued and no arrests were made. Though section 144 pa.ssive resisters. was promulgated on the night of the 23d and the gathering of more than Despite denials of the bank managers the demonstrators continued to five was prohibited, the picketing wa~ continued on the 24th, and the crowd inside and outside of the bank, halting business. 218 CONGRESSIONAL REC·ORD-=-8ENATE JULY 17 The congress ·leaders said tbat 60 volunteers were injured by police approach to the salt pans. It was -written by Webb M11ler, European in fighting when tile Congress House was raided. At least 21 were news manager of the United Press, who witnessed it during his tour treated at the hospitaL A partial hartal was declared and the stock of India to investigate conditions there. Miller's cabled account of the exchange, the cotton market, and other markets cJosed. aft'air, filed at the time, was withheld by censorship. The following The mob manhandled two police inspectors near the Congress House complete story was sent by mail.) after tbe raid. By Webb Miller [From tbe Chicago Tribune, June 22, 1930] DHARA.SANA CAMP, SuRAT DISTRICT, BoMBAY PRESIDENCY, May ·22 (by mail) .-Amazing scenes were witnessed yesterday, when more than POLICE CRACK HEADS OF 500 IN INDIA RIOT 2,500 Gandhi "volunteers '' advanced against the salt pans here in By Charles Dailey defiance of police regulations. BoMBAY, June 21.-More than 500 Nationalists were wounded and The official government version of the raid, issued to-day, stated that 350 were sent to hospitals, including 10 women, during a series of police " from congress sources it is estlma ted 170 sustained injuries, but only charges on the Esplanade Maidan this morning as natives tried to 3 or 4 were seriously hurt." march in review before Pundit Nubru, acting president of the All-India About noon yesterday I visited the temporary hospital in the Congress Nationalist Congress. The savagery of the police attack exceeded any Camp and counted more than 200 injured lying in rows on the ground. since the Nationalist revolt developed, while the populace was further I verified by personal observation that they were suffering injuries. inflamed by the presence of troops, who stood ready to respond to a To-day even the British-owned newspapers give the total number as 320. police call. Most of them were only lightly injured, some were bleeding from Only the disciplined refusal .o.f the Nationalists to attempt violence head wounds and some had fractures of wrists and arms. The great averted what is generally believed would have been a slaughter, since majority had contusions from blows of lath.is, or long rods, carried by authorities were prepared for any eventualities. the police. A few had internal injuries resulting from jabs and punches in the abdomen with latbis. One volunteer has since died. For some . CALL 3G-DA.Y STRIKE time after I visited the hospital lines of stretcher bearers continued to Within an hour after the riot all Indian shops were closed with revolt bring injured. leaders calling a month's cessation of business activities to protest A. BAFFLING SCENE police action. Witnesses say that the brutalities of the police equaled ' The scene at Dharasana during the raid was astonishing and bat that of the Wadala and Dbarsana raids a month ago. fling to the western mind, accustomed to see violence met by violence, To-day·s clash occurred as result of the defiance of the magistrate's to expect a blow to be returned and a fight result. During the morn order forbidding the use of the esplanade for the review. The police ing I saw and heard hundreds of blows inflicted by the police, but saw and troops massed at sunrise, while the nationalists began assembling not a single blow returned by the volunteers. So tar as I could ob erve, before 7 o'clock for the rally under the direction of the "war council" the volunteers implicitly obeyed Gandhi's creed of nonviolence. In no Pundit Nehru and other members of the congress witnessed the attack case did I see a volunteer even raise an arm to deflect the blows from from a driveway. Government officials are determined to brook no fur lathis. There were no outcries from the beaten Swarajists, only groans ther defiance of the laws following to-day's incident, which may bring alter they had submitted to their beating. the c.ampaign to a crisis. The " war council " approved to-day's rally Obviously, it was the purpose of the volunteers to force . police to after receiving word of the court's edict. beat them. The police were placed in a difficult position by the refusal At 7.45 o'clock captains and volunteers from all parts of Bombay to disperse and the action of volunteers in continually pressing closer entered the esplanade. This was a signal for the police charge, per to the salt pans. sonally directed by Commissioner Healey. Five hundred policemen, Many times I saw the police vainly threaten the advancing volunteers some mounted, took part in the charges, using clubs. Many natives fell with upraised lathis. Upon their determined refusal to recede the latbis under the horses' hoofs. would fall upon the unresisting body, the volunteer would fall bleeding WOMEN TRY TO SAVE MEN or bruised, and be carried away in a stretcher. Waiting volunteers, Among the volunteers were many women. Police made three charges. on the outskirts of the pans, often rushed and congratulated the beaten Ten women required hospital treatment. Five are still there. These volunteer as be was carried off the field. It was apparent that most women formed a cordon around a group of Sikhs when police attacked. of the injured gloried in their injuries. One leader was heard to say, They with the Sikhs were ridden down, and at least five were badly "These men have done a great work for India to-day. They are injured. The Sikhs held firmly to their positions and practically every martyrs to the cause." one was hurt. POLICE ARE RELUCTANT After two more charges the esplanade was cleared. The nationalists Much of the time the stolid native Surat police seemed reluctant to attempted to parade, but were dispersed. The "war council" met again strike. It was noticeable that when the officers were occupied on other to-night and proclaimed Mahatma Gandhi's drive will be carried on. parts of the line the police slackened, only to resume threatening and A striking feature of to-day's defiance of the law was the thorough beating when the officers appeared again. I saw many instances of the preparation by the "war council." Stretcher bearers and hosiptal equip volunteers pleading with the police to join them. ment, including surgeons and nurses, were. on the scene, and first aid At other times the police became angered, whereupon the beating was followed by the rapid removal of the victims to the hosiptals. would be done earnestly. During several of these incidents I saw the HUNDRED's OF SHOPS CLOSE native police deliberately kick lying or sitting volunteers who refused Within an hour hundreds of native shops throughout the city were to disperse. And I saw several instances where the police viciously clo ed. Numerous foreign business houses closed when Indian . em jabbed sitting volunteers in the abdomen with t~e butt end of their ployees deserted. The stock ucbange closed early, its members them lathis. selves forming a parade, which the police suppressed without violence. After the failure of the early attempts to lasso the barbed-wire entan Volunteers attempting to enter the Esplanatle Maidan marched behind glements and pull them down, which resulted in many of the b~.>atings the nationalist flag, singing national songs. Each group, accompanied sustained by volunteers, the Swarajists adopted a passive attitude of pre sing as closely to the entrances as possible and sitting in groups in by women. held firmly until it was ridden down I.Jy mounted sepoys. front of the police or lying on the ground. When they ignored orders One foreigner asked the women if they were protecting the men, to to disperse the police stood over them with lathis and sometimes during which the women remarked : minutes made motions of striking. The volunteers sat silently and "We are here to de.fy the magistrate's order." finally the police were forced to strike. Usually only a few blows were REBELS MASS IN ST!tEETS inflicted upon ea.cb man except when the police became angered. The streets are filled to-night with natives in homespun. Speakers at CHA.NGJD IN TACTICS mass meetings to-night counseled nonviolence, telling the people not to yield before troops or police. About 9 a. m. the officials apparently changed their tactics and President Nehru and other leaders will go to Ahmedabad, where next instructed the police to drag the sitting and lying volunteers away from week further moves by the nationalists are contemplated. There will be the pans. During a half hour groups of 2 and 4 police seized volunteers a great demonstration on Tuesday for tbe denunciation of the expected and lowly dragged them by legs and arms over the ground and dropped findings of the Simon commission. " No round table without Mahatma them about 100 yards away. Frequently the volunteers would arise Gandhi " will be the slogan. and press forward again. In three or four cases the police carried volunteers and bodily heaved them into the deep ditches surrounding the salt pans. At one time [From the New York Telegram, June 11, 1930] my clothes were spotted with mud from the splashes. STOICISM OF INDIA VOLUNTEERS DURING DHA.RASANA. SALT RAIDS AMAZES I saw several volunteers who were struck with lathis at the edge AMERICAN WRITER-MILLER, IN DELAYED DISPATCH, GITES FIRST of ditches fall into the water and lie half submerged on the bank until HAND ACCOUNT OF CONFLICT IN WmCH HUNDREDS OF UNRESISTING stretcher bearers fished them out. FOLLOWERS OF GANDHI WERE BlllATEN, AT LEAST ONE So BADLY HE Once an excited volunteer near me, in a burst of exaltation, yelled DIED in good English repeatedly to the British Superintendent of Police (Editor's note: Herewith is a picture by an American reporter of Robinson, of Surat, directing operations from the opposite side of the what actually happened at the Dharasana salt raid, near Bombay, on narrow ditch : " Here is my breast I Shoot me ! Kill me ! It is for :May 21, when hundreds of native volunteers were beaten in their passive my country I " He tore his smock open and exposed his bare cheat. 1930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 219
ARRESTED FOR TALKING and it will not give India the place of Canada or South Africa in A few minutes later I was standing with an Indian newspaper cor which the consent of the Dominion decides its relation to the comdton respondent when a volunteer approached and opened conversation by wealth. There are two conflicting orders of society. One may be asking wllo I was. Robinson hurried over and arrested the volunteer regarded as better than the other, but they can not be harmonized. and sent him to the barbed-wire inclosure. Robinson said to me, The India of native government might not be as orderly, as well admin " .This fellow is a bad character." istered, as secure from internal disturbance or external attack, as safe I explained to Robinson that I was a neutral American corre on the side of public health, or in the enjoyment of individual rights as spondent. Just after this a contingent of about 25 native police, in British India now is. What the world generally regards as the best stand khaki shorts and turbuns, armed with rifles, were drawn up on a ards of civilization might not be so well maintained, but if the Indians knoll in front of where I stood. .A group of about 50 lathi police were must get them from the British they must get them as a subject people, deployed, and under the direction of Robinson commenced a slow and they are not seeking excellence of government ot· of living in such a advance against the crowds of volunteers who were then about 100 status. They are not asking the improvements of white civilization yards from the pans awaiting their turns to advance to the pans in from the British but freedom from the constraints which must attend groups. that civilization. Robinson instructed the Indian correspondent and me to stand aside What they ask of Great Britain is its withdrawal. The conqueror is from in front of the riflemen. The crowds slowly retreated without to pack his trunk and go back home. The demand is virtually for the clashes. But within a few minutes on the left flank some volunteers surrender of occupied territory. It comes to that. The Briti8h are refused to move and the beating with Iatbis recommenced. About a to furl their flags and get out. They are not likely to accept conditions dozen volunteers were struck down in this fracas and carried away. which would make them take orders from the people they have rulell. Although it was occurring more than 100 yards away the thuds of Freedom means that and has no substitute for it. Tlie British could the blows were audible to me and to the crowd. abolish the salt tax and take that argument away from the revolution ists, but a correetion of alleged abuses in government does not take STRUCK MAN ALREADY DOWN the governed out !rom under tbe control of the governor. Once I saw a native policeman in anger strike a half-submerged The side which prevails will be the side with the superior force. It volunteer who bad already been struck down into a ditch -and was need not be superior because it is most ·violent. Passive resistance clinging to the edge of the bank. This incident caused great excite might wear out armed forces, particularly when a so-called liberalism ment among the volunteers who witne~sed it. fears to use all the deadly force it can. The settlement in India will My reaction to the scenes was of revulsion akin to the emotion one be by the strongest having their way. feels when seeing a dumb animal beaten-partly anger, partly humili ation. It was to the description of these reactions that the Bombay l\1r. BLAINE). I now offer a resolution and ask that it be censorship authorities objected among other things. read by the clerk. In fairness to the authorities it must be emphasized that the con The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? The Chair gress volunteers were breaking laws or attempting to break them, hears none, and the resolution will be read. and that they repeatedly refused to disperse and attempted to pull The resolution (S. Res. 326) was read, as follows: down the entanglements with ropes, and that the volunteers seemed to Whereas in a joint statement made by the President of the United glory in their injuries. States and the British Prime Minister on October 10, 1929, proposing In 18 years of reporting in 22 countries, during which I have wit the London naval conference it was solemnly declared: "In signing nessed innumerable civil disturbances, riots,• street fights, and rebellions, the Paris peace pact 56 nations have declared that war shall not be I have never witnessed such harrowing scenes as at Dharasana. The used as an instrument of national policy. We have agreed that all western mind can grasp violence returned by violence, can understand a disputes should be settled by pacific means. Both our governments fight, but is, I found, perplexed and baffied by the sight of men advancing resolve to accept the peace pact not only as a declaration of good coldly and deliberately and submitting to beating without attempting intentions but as a positive obligation to direct national policy in defense. Sometimes the scenes were so painful that I had to turn away accordance with this policy " ; · momentarily. Whereas since the launch1ng of the campaign by Gandhi to obtain One surprising feature was the discipline of the volunteers. It seemed for the people of India their national independence by civil dis they were thoroughly imbued with Gandhi's nonviolence creed, and the obedience and allied nonviolent means, British armed forces are being leaders constantly stood in front of the ranks imploring them to remem freely and ruthlessly used to thwart the people's determination to be ber that Gandhi's soul was with them. free; Whereas even the strictly British-censored news dispatches by neu-' [Editorial from the Chicago Tribune June 28, 1930] tral American correspondents tell us of the wholesale massacres of THE CoNFLICT IN INDIA peaceful Indian people by British police, British soldiers, and British The Simon report on India, the second section recently released, has auxiliary forces ; been generally accepted in Great Britain and rejected in India. A few Whereas British armored cars and patrol tanks have been deliber English radicals did not think it was much, but all Indian revolution ately driven over the bodies of peaceful demonstrators killing, maim ing, and injuring hundreds of men, women, and children ; aries thought it was nothing. It recommended extensions of suffrage, more preparation for a greater degree of self-government, and slow Whereas British airplanes are bombing the civil population of India, approaches to a country of federated states, with the withdrawal of their homes and their women and children, wiping out villages and harvests, and in a single day five thousand 120-pound bombs were Burma from Delhi control. Both the British and the revolutionists seem to agree on one thing dropped in one district by 82 airplanes ; that present difficulties will not find any remedy in conciliation. Whereas British cavalry and other armed forces have freely been Gandhi's followers want dominion status now. The British Government used to disperse peaceful demonstrations in Bombay and other cities, has no intention of granting it, not even the Labor government of Mr. killing and injuring hundreds of m~n. women, and children ; MacDonald, which could be expected to be the most liberal of all. Whereas Britain has revived flogging and public whipping, punish Conciliation being thus seemingly removed from possibility, the conflict ments long ago relegated by the civilized world to the age o! bar passes into another stage, in which both repression and resistance are barism; tightened up. Whereas Britain bas refused and is refusing to give medical aid -to Charles Dailey, writing for the Tribune in Bombay, says that official those maimed and slain by her atrocities and British armed forces India has taken the report as a basis for the extension of repressive are destroying medicines, medical appliances. and even emergency hos ordjnances, for tighter suppression of demonstrations, for more arrests, pitals of Indian nationalists in shameful violation of the laws of hu and more severe punishments. The wearing of revolutionary symbols, manity and of the International Ired Cross covenants; and such as Gandhi caps, is forbidden. Parades are not allowed and demon Whereas Britain has replaced the rule of the law by the rule of the strators are severely beaten. In resistance taxes are evaded, British sword and executive ordinances, such as the Bengal ordinance whereby goods are boycotted, the banks are losing deposits, and lawyers are leav any Indian can be arrested and detained without warrant and without ing the courts. Gandhi's doctrine o! resistance without violence mainly trial ; the press ordinance, which has virtually muzzled and suppressed prevails, and revolutionists attacked by the police have taken severe the Indian· press ; the judicial ordinance of Lahore, legalizing trials punishment without striking back. Nevertheless force is being met by without jury and denying any appeal against any judgment by any force and there is nothing in human experience with such conflicts to British tribunal; the seditious-meetings ordinance, prohibiting any indicate that the decision can be by anything else. assembly of more than five to discuss any matter of any interest ; the The Indian leaders want one thing. The British want another. The instigation and intimidation ordinance, prohibiting criticism of any act two are not reconcilable. A native government with full powers can oJ the Government; and other similar measures: Be it therefore not exist alongside a British government with superior powers. The Resolved, That the Senate of the United States deplores such acts of Indians can not be !ree under British restraint. If they gain their violence, infamy, and inhumanity committed by one signatory of the freedom, the British are out, as they are in the white dominions. A Kellogg pact against another signatory of the peace pact; and be it free government of one color can not exist under the overlordship of further another. There can be various forms of participation in government, Resolved, That as India is an original signatory of the Kellogg in representation, and on the civil list, but that will not be freedom, Briand peace pact the United States Senate instructs the State Depart- 220 GONGRESSIONAL REOORD-8ENATE JULY 17 ment to nse its best offices to insure peaceful settlement of the Indian should come to the Senate, it may be passed by the Senate when struggle, with no abridgment of the just rights of the people of India, it comes h~re. who are. seeking. to emulate our own national independence. It seems to me, therefore, that there can be no question about The VICE PRESIDENT. The resolution will be printed and the right to appoint our committeest fill all vacancies that may lie on the table. exist in committees, introduce bills and have them referred to PROPOSED STEPH.mi" G. PORTER INSTITUTI!1 the committees, have reports made from the committees, and even pass legislation, to be transmitted to the House whenever Mr. SMOOT. Mr. President-- the House is in a situation to receive communications from us. The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from California Mr. SMOOT. Mr. President, as long as there is some question yield to the Senator from Utah? about it, I will withdraw the joint resolution and wait until the Mr. JOHNSON. I yield. regular session to present it. Mr. SMOOT. I introduce a Senate joint resolution and ask Mr. SWANSON. Mr. President, I simply want to make one that it be read and referred to the Committee on Finance. suggestion in reply to the Senator from Montana. When that The VICE PRESIDENT. That can be done only by unani- debate was held the House of Representatives was in session. mous consent. There is a vast difference between the House of Representatives Mr. SMOOT. I ask unanimous consent. being in session and failing to function, and one body only being Mr. ROBINSON of Arkansas. Let it be read. in ses ion. The VICE PRESIDENT. The joint resolution will be read. The Chief Clerk read the joint resolution, as follows: RIOOULATION OF TELEPHONE RATES Mr. CARAWAY. Mr. President, I have before me an article Joint resolution designating the first United States narcotic farm to be printed in the Vinita {Okla.) Daily Journal entitled "United established near Lexington, Ky., as the Stephen G. Porter Institute Sta.tes Senator CouzENs, of Michigan, and United States Sena Whereas the act approved January 19, 1929 (U. S. C., Supp. III, tor WHEELER, of Montana, have struck a gold mine." It deals title 21, sec. 225), authorizes the establishment of two United States with a matter of legislation in which the gentleman who sends narcotic farms for the confinement and treatment of persons addicted me the article, Mr. I. H. Nakdimen, a very prominent banker of to tlle use of habit-forming drugs who have been convicted of offenses my State, is greatly interested. He asks me to request that it against the United States, and for other purposes; and be incorporated in the RECoRD, and I ask unanimous consent Whereas the late Congressman Stephen G. Porter, of Pennsylvania, that that may be done. · author of the above-mentioned law, was interested in the rehabilitation There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed and restoration of health of persons addicted to the use of habit-forming in the REcoRD, as follows : narcotic drngs : Therefore be it [From the Vinita Daily Journal, Vinita, Okla., Monday, February 10, Resoz,ved,- etc., That the first United States narcotic farm to be estab 1930] lished near Lexington, Ky., shall hereafter be known officially as the Stephen G. Porter Institute. UNITED STATES SENATOR COUZENS, OF MICHIGAN, AND UNITED STATES SENATOR WHEELER, OF MONTANA, 1IA. VE STRUCK A GOLD MINE Mr. SWANSON. Mr. President, I should like to ask the This mine, if properly managed, will save the people millions upon Senator from Utah if this is a joint resolution. millions of dollars in reduction of telephone rates. Mr. SMOOT. It is a Senate joint resolution. Some time ago Senator CpuzENs introduced a bill proposlug Federal Mr. SWANSON. I do not see how a joint re olution can be regulation for telephones and also suggested a commission be appointed. introduced at this special session of the Senate. President Gifford, of the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. , was Mr. SMOOT. I ask unanimous consent that it be done. directed to furnish the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce with Mr. SWANSON. I understand; but this is a special session. a set of comparative figure for each State in the Union showing the Mr. SMOOT. If there is any question about it, I will with- valuation upon which its rates are based and the valuation on which draw the joint resolution. its taxes are assessed. During the examination of Mr. Gifford he Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, I dislike exceedingly to see became indignant, I suppose, because the Senate was putting a flash the Senator from Virginia occupy so much time when this light on some of his manipulations. important subject of the trea.ty is pending before us. It is a wonder if Senator CouZENS and Senator WHEELER would ask Mr. SWANSON. I am in favor of the joint resolution, but I Mr. Gifford the following questions: do not think it is in order to present it at this time. Why did the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Increase their Mr. WALSH of Montana. Mr. President, if the Senator from capital stock in 1917 f.rom $20,000,000 to $50,000,000? California will pardon an interjection here, I do not like to see Why did the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. increase their unchallenged the assertion that at this or at any other session of capital stock in 1920 from $50,000,000 to $200,000,000? the Senate, whether the other House is in session or is not in Again, In 1927, why did they increase their capital stock from session, the Senate is in any wise whatever restricted in the $200,000,000 to $300,000,000? business which it may transact. Then, in 1928, just a year therea.fter, why did they increase their I know there is a very common opinion that when the Senate capital stock from $300.000,000 to $1,320,309.300? is called in extra session it can transact no business except that Now, will Senator CouzENS and Senator WHEELER ask Mr. Gifford what which is generally characterized as executive business. I think became of that billion dollars' worth of stock issued in 1928 ~ Was that that idea is in plain conh·avention of the explicit language of sold to the public? If so, what became of the money? If it was · sold the Constitution of the United States. It became the subject, I to the holding company, the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., what might say, if the Senator will pardon me, of \ery extensive dis did the holding company pay for it? It is a wonder if Senator CouzENS cu sion before this body in the year 1856, when, by reason of and Senator WHEELER would insist upon an explanation of what became some complications, the House of Representatives was delayed of that $1,000,000,000 stock. And why did they issue it? in its organization for a period of some six weeks. They were When they get through finding out what became of the $1,000,000,000 unable to elect a Speaker ; and the question arose then as to stock I think Mr. Gilrord, the president, will not bE: so indignant. what business could be transacted by the Senate in the ab ence A caution to Senator CouzE-NS and Senator WHEELER: Watch so the of an organized House of Representatives. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. in testifying about their figures It was in the first place, insi ted that the Senate could don't mix in the General Electric Co. and the 24 Bell 'l'elephone groups, transact ~o business whatever except that which was strictly each having telephones in several States. They always try to mix executive in character ; and they went on upon that idea for tbe three of them t INVESTIGATION BY TA.RJF'F OOMMISSIO~-:-INFANTS' WEAR, ErC. idea ·of .reduction of armament, do not · demonstrate that it is Mr. COPELAND. I submit a resolution relating to the tariff; sham and fictitious, but. just. say, " reduction of armament," and and ask that it may lie on the table until the proper time for then what a welter of applause is yours. its consideration. When you speak of limitation of armaments and of navies, do The resolution ( S. Res. 325) was read and ordered to lie on not go into the details, do not dare inquire, where is the limita the table, as follows : · tion in any.such document as this? Do not do that, or you will Resolved, That the United States Tariff Commission is directed, under bring down upon your devoted head the opprobrium and the the authority conferred by section 336 of the tariff act of 1930, and denunciation of· a very large part of our people, and a much for the purposes of that section, to investigate the -differences in the larger part of our press. · costs of production of the following domestic articles and of any like "Reduction in armaments." "Limitation of navies." I say, or similar foreign articles : Infants' wear classified under paragraph sir, the reduction of armament by this treaty . is a sham, a 1114 {d) of such act; matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, delusion, a snare. I say, sir, that limitation of armament under etc., as classified under paragraph 1~16 o.f such act. this treaty is sham and fictitious. There is naught of either in this treaty which is presented to us. It is a treaty which LONDON ~.AVAL TREATY had to be brought home. It is a treaty which will plague you In executive session the Senate, as in Committee of the gentlemen on the other side of this aisle. Whole, resumed the consideration of the treaty for the limita No man ought to consider a subject of this sort from any tion and reduction of naval armament sign~ at London, April political standpoint. I regret · that the Republican National 22, 1930. Committee has been so treating it, and has been sending forth .Ur. JOHNSON. Mr. President, strange as it may seem, this its publicity about this treaty as one of the great Republican is the first time during the debate on the London treaty that I achievements. None should consider the question of this have been able to address myself to any of the terms of that country's defense as a political question. None should for an treaty. Such things as have heretofore emanated from this instant indulge in .any argument, political in character, upon quarter have concerned procedure, and upon them some remarks that which may mean the future of his nation. and may affect I have indulged; but this is the first time, to-day, that I have in the days to come that nation's welfare and that nation's been so guilty of lese majesty, as we realized this morning I influences and interests. am now guilty of, that I bave attempted to address myself, or 1\Ir. President, it is a difficult thing to talk about a treaty the opportunity has presented itself for me to address myself, technical in character such as this is. It is difficult to speak of to the treaty pending before the Senate. · it because you get into militaristic terms, and then when you I realize that no further debate is necessary with some of my discuss in militaristic terms the details of the treaty at once brethren. I understand full well that the two treaty proponents you are accused of being militaristic. who were plenipotentiaries in London, and now advocates upon Nothing is further from me than to be militaristic at all. this floor, have spoken, and inasmuch as they have spoken, Nothing is so fi.r from my ideas as to desire war with any debate forthwith should cease. people on the face of the eartll. War, none desires. Militarism, I recognize, of course, that no other man upon this floor practically all abhor. ought to in any degree raise his voice or speak his mind upon The question that is here p_resented, however, is a treaty that this treaty now. They have spoken! You have heard them . is technical in character, which of necessity deals with questions here the last couple of days. ·They have spoken, and the leader of war; and which at London, with meticulous care, in the upon the Republican side, doubtless with the sympathy of that light of possible wars, the terms of it were determined by the vast majority which he says this morning he controls, believes; representatives of the five nations assembled there. the two plenipotentiarie·s at London and the two advocates in the same individuals on this floor having spoken . to the Senate, Let me say in the beginning, some of you detest admirals, no other man ought to be permitted to speak or to argue upon and so yoq take a minority of admirals to demonstrate what a: this treaty. majority deny. As in. this instance, where the ratio is 5 and 6 to 1 So it was this· morning, when the leader of the Republican concerning the experts who testified, these gentlemen who favor Party here; the Republican Party of ·which I am a very humble this treaty will take one-fifth of those who testified and say, " How convincing is their testimony," and deny credence o~ member, but with which I can not go when it says it is present~ ing a treaty in a political campaign as a political asset for that any sort to five and six times as many who say quite the reverse. party-when the Republican Party says to me upon this floor Let me impress up~m you, admirals do not make wars. that it will stifle or gag me by cloture, I say to them. as I said . Generals do not make wars,. unless generals have risen to this morning, go on and stifle, and gag, and invoke your cloture political dictatorship, and have much more under their con upon this side. We will present this case a best we carr, trol than the mere military affairs of their nation. · ' whether there be 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 men upon this floor willing Neither admirals nor generals make wars at all. . Wars are to commit lese majesty in 'this land of ours, and say what they caused by something different, and it is upon those different believe in respect to their country and their country's defense. subjects that I first desire to speak, not particularly here, _but What a wicked thing it is. If I stood here to-day and made to business in th:s Nation, something which this Nation's a speech in behalf of Great Britain in regard to this treaty, busines.s interests ought to know and ought to understand, fo1· half the newspapers of New York City would in great type tell wars have their roots in trade rivalry always. of the wonderf11l feat and the marvelous speech, and bow I bad Do not spend your time · in abuse of one man with one kind stood here upon the floor of the Senate in behalf of a· great of technical predilections or another. They do not cause armed moral movement. Were I to stand here and speak in behalf of conflicts. Armed conflicts are caused by nations becoming Japan, were I to say what would be desired by some of my more and more and more prosperous, by nat:ons beginning to brethern in behalf of that island, for which I have a great assert their supremacy in trade, by nations finally obtaining respect, and no hatred, no matter what may be said "to the predominance in trade. It is commerce which is the life blood contrary, were I to stand here preaching the doctrine of Japan, of a nation, the jugular vein of a · people; it is commerce, com the same newspapers throughout the land would rank me a great merce and its rivalries, from which wars have sprung ever statesman. since war·s have been fought. But, sir, because I dare stand on this floor, born where I was It was commerce ·which gave to Britain her far-flung em~ born in this great country; because, sir, I dare stand here and pire, commerce snatched 1 with rapacity from those who were speak from my heart and my whole soul for the principle tl).at unable to defend it. Commerce it was which gave to her her is mine, for that reason I am a jingo, and I am appealing to very territories in every sea in all the world. Commerce it is, the baser passions of the American people, I am doing some sir, co:J:Qmerce-business, if you choose to put it so-that is at thing which .ought to merit opprobrium and denunciation from the root of every dispute which finally ends in the clash of a large part ·of the American press. arms and the ultimate living or dying of nations. That is the situation which confronts us to-day in respect to Commerce it is, and to-day what nation has set out to be the this treaty. Let any man prate in generalities of the stuff with greatest commerce trader in all the world? Where is it to which we are familiar, and a great statesman is he. Let any day that you see the predominance in trade finally turning? · man stand here with his head high aud speak for his own, and It is here, sir, in this great Nation of ours, and in the position for those who are to come after hiin-ah~ what a miserable, we occupy to-day in the commerce of the world, lt behooves us jingoistic individual he is, and how little he should be heeded by no pact, no agreement, no· treaty, by no act of our~ bow by the people of this Nation. · ever inspired or inspiring, by no act of ours however we are Mr. President, how seductive are the words "reduction in driven to it by the party lash upon the one side or the other; armament " and " limitation in navies." · When to these seduc by no act of ours however we may be kicked into i\ by a power tive phrases is added a tear-stained plea for peace, in gener that is well-nigh irresistible, by no act of ours to endanger r alities, then to the ordinary individual an argument has been· that which our people, by their energy and their efforts, have presented which is well-nigh irresistible. Do not examine the built up-a commerce leading all the world. 1930 CONG-R.ESSION.ttL R.ECORD-SENATE 2-23 -I do not speak on this occasion, except in passing, concerning I he is stopping the race ih armament because he persuaded Japan some of the things which have been sngge8ted by the Senator and Great Britain to permit us to build up to what Japan and from Arli..."'nsas and the Senator from Pennsylvania. I have I Great Britain had done in the race for armament after the listened to Qne or both of them say that it is this treaty or 1922 treaty. nothing, it is this treaty or chaos. Nonsense I It is nothing of Somebody was mistaken when the lines were penned which the sort. Five nations of the earth met here in 1922. Five na- I have just read. Somebody erred in the story of the Washing tion: of the ea1·th reached an agreement then. Five nations of ton conference. Somebody in the best of faith was utterly in the earth, the same that this year met in London, by contract error as to what the Washington conference did. Indeed, all then agreed that in 1931 again they would meet in conclave and four of the delegates from the United States of America were again they would act upon naval limitation. not only egregiously in error, but were outrageously fooled by In the London treaty three nations participated in the ulti- what they imagined had occurred at Washington in 1922. I do mate results. Two declined to agree. We have now a contract not know whether the Senator from Pennsylvania was a l\Iember existing, made in 1922 by those five nations, that in 1931 they of thls body at that time or not. I see he shakes his head, and will meet in conference and for determination of naval limita- he was not. I was. I had the same emotional reaction that is tions, and we have three of those nations entering into an agree- to-day the emotional reaction throughout this Chamber, per ment in 1930 in London, not agreeing except in part, and it is hap -emotional reaction now aided and abetted by party lash. said that if we do not ratify what the three have done we will I had that emotional reaction in 1922 and I believed that what have chaos, ill will, hostility, and hatred among the nations of was stated to us in high-sounding phrases had been accomplished. the earth. Not so at all. Ill will, hostility, hatred possibly, too, I know now that it was not. will arise if a treaty such as this is ratified, because it contains But, sir, having gone through 1922, having seen fOUI' gr~at within itself the same illusory germ that'" the 1922 treaty in- Americans, those of the greatest reputation that this Nation had eluded within itself. at that time, report in writing-they did not fear to report in After 1922, when all of us had believed that a great accom- writing-the results of that Washington conference and realizing plisbment bad been ours, when all of us marched in here and now bow egregiously wrong they were, I, sir, am walking warily voted with but one exception for a treaty which we supposed concerning the London conference and its assumed virtues, to be of limitation, there came the shattering of the illusion, virtues which no man yet has dared to put in writing before and we began to understand a few years thereafter that we had this body or to the United States of America. not had any legitimate limitation in armament at all, but that Here, sir, - I hold in my hand the volume containing the we had been, in the language of the street, "buncoed," fooled, report upon the Washington conference. It was not beneath deceived, put it as you will, by what happened in the 1922 the dignity of Elihu Root, Charles Evans Hughes, Henry Cabot conference. Lodge, and Oscar Underwood to write their report of what trans- What resulted? What resulted from it is exactly what will pired at Washington in 1922. But where is the report of what result from ratification of a treaty such as this, which a large transpired at London in 1030? Although the Senator from part of our people believe to be unfair to our country. What Pennsylvania said that he offered tile Foreign Relations Com will result from it will be ill will, jealousy, almost hatred, cer- mittee on one occasion to answer any question they desired to tainly hostility, because of what hHs been done at London and propound, where bas he been beard in respect to this treaty the belief we were out-maneuvered there. save in a radio address printed by the State Department of the The Wa bington conference ought to be the guide for all of United States and sent all over this land by the State Depart our people respecting every other conference. There are few ment? Where bas he ever been heard upon this treaty save people to-day who are so poor as to do it reverence now, and in that radio address and saye in the speech which be made yet the repre~entatives of the United States at that conference upon the floor of the Senate day before yesterday, and at the equaled, certainly in reputation, in attainments, in understand- conclusion of which we a1·e asked to close debate and put ing, and in their desire to do their duty by the country, those cloture upon every other Senator'? who were sent to the London conference and who acted for us Here, sir, is the report of the 1922 conference. Here in the in 1930. Yet these gentlemen were so egregiously mistaken in beginning of it is the message delivered in person by the then 102~ that it seems a bit of sarcasm and irony to read their words President of the United States explaining his view and his now. position, asking the activity of the United States Senate in Never forget-let it be in your brain when you are dealing behalf of the treaty that had been negotiated. with this trea.ty-ju t what our representatives said to our Until a week ago, when the message was sent down here with people, to the Senate, and to those who were interested in the figures that would not stand the test of scrutiny at all, where matter, about what that Washington conference did. They have heen the words of the President of the United States in were perfectly certain about it. We were, too, at the time. My respect to the London treaty which, according to the :floor recollection is that there was just one man in the Senate who leader on this side of the Chamber and the Republican National had the 'Vision and the courage at that time to say that that Committee, is to constitute his-great asset in the coming pri treaty did not do what was claimed for it. My recollection is, maries and in the coming election, politically? Where, sir, I though it may be an error, that that one man was the only man ask are the reports of that conference; echo answers "Where?" who recorded his 'Vote against the treaty~ames A. Reed, of They do not appear. Mi ouri. I give to him my meed of praise. Sir, I repeat, a conference can be called in 1931 under that l\!r. REED. :Mr. President, will the Senator permit an inter- pact. That conference can do whatever may be essential in ruption? the premises. If this tr·eaty should be rejected, there is no Mr. JOHNSON. Certainly. reason on the face of the earth why, under proper in tructions l\!r. REED. The only Senator who voted against the Wash- from the Government of the United States another conference ington treaty was Senator France, of Maryland. may not be called and that conference do wbate\er may be Mr. JOHNSON. I think the Senator is right; but James.A. essential in the premises. · Reed, of Missouri, made a ·peech in respect to it, describing Again, sir, wbat is the favorite argument of the gentlemen what it was, and we all thought be was in error. on the other side of this question and the favorite argument of How does this sound now? Just remember who the ·e com- the State Department printed as a public document and 'ent missioners were. Ah, upon t.his side of the Chamber, when I broadrast throughout this land at public e1..-pense? I do not mention them, how we swell with pride: l\!r. Charles Evans mind that. I do not complain that the State Department wit11 Hugbes. l\fr. Elihu Root. Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge. Mr. Oscar its power and its wealth and its influence can mail throughout Underwood. It is not one man that prophesies in this treaty, this land hundreds of thousands of copies of a spee<:h by one of a. one of the gentlemen > For instance, if it were determined that each of the co~tract $382,000,000, as we have this ·year, for our Navy we probably ing parties-Great Britain and America-should have and will be appropriating over half a billion dollars a year for the retain 400,000 tons of battleships, 400,000 tons of cruisers, next 10 years under the provisions of this treaty. 150,000 tons of destroyers, 50,000 tons of submarines, . and, say, Why do I say that? Because the very terms of this treaty 50,000 tons of aircraft carriers, that would bring about a real require the expenditure of a billion dollars of the American limitation and a real parity, and probably a real reduction. people's money, a very large portion of it for building ships It would be absolutely fair to the two nations. There could that our naval authorities say are not the kind 1of ships that ·we not be any misunderstanding or misinterpretation, whether the should build for our defense. The greater part of a half bil papers were concealed from the Senate or not. If that sort lion dollars will be expended for the building of ships that of a measuring rod were used-the same kind that is used in Great Britain says we are permitted to build, which our naval the case of every other seagoing vessel, merchant marine, experts say we ought not to have; that they are not the kind naval vessel, or any other kind-there could not be any misun that are suitable for our use. Yet under this treaty we are derstanding about it. required to expend this enormous amount of money-a billion If the President should negotiate a treaty substantially pro dollars, all told-in building the kind of navy that Great viding for limitation and reduction along real lines, it would Britain is willing for us to build ; not the kind that we, as a have no opposition, in my judgment; certainly not from me. self-respecting nation, exercising the ordinary rights of a I believe both in reduction and in limitation of naval arms; but nation, should build but we are getting_the gracious permissio~ I do not believe that all the reduction and all the limitation of Great Britain and Japan to baild the kind of navy that they should be put upon the United States, as is provided in this are willing for us to build ! treaty. The unfairness and injustice of both the 1922 treaty Why do I say that? Think of the advantage Great Britain and the proposed 1930 treaty are to be found in the figures of gets! She says, "We do not intend to go to war with you." what wa done and what is proposed to be done under this If she never has any such intention as that, and her states treaty. men say that it is unthinkable that she should go to war with The President then suggests that the opposition to this treaty us, if they are con·ect about that, why should they have the e comes from those- naval bases all around our continent? What is the object of Who believe in unrestricted military strength as an objective of the keeping them there? It costs a great deal of money to keep .American Nation. up those naval bases-1 in Halif.ax, 1 in Bermuda, 2 in The President is not correct in this. All peace-loving men and the West Indies, 1 on the Pacific coast. She has these naval women in Amer-ica desire a real limitation and a real reduction bases all around the American Continent, and she says, "They in naval arms; but they do not like this pseudo-limitation, this are not a menace to you. They are not intended for you. They p eudo-reduction. In other words, they do not like to have their are intended for somebody else." own country do all of the di arming. That reminds me of something I read many years ago. I Again, the President says : was reading Trevelyan's Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay. It is stated that while Macaulay was a student at Oxford, a Our people believe that military strength should be held in con young man and a very bright man and gifted at repartee, one formity with the sole purpose of self-defense. night he and some friends went over to a town near by where Of course the people of the United States believe that. The an election was being held. In Great Britain they hold elec entire purpose of a navy is, first, our country's defense; next, tions day and night. They do not do as we do here, hold them the defense of our outlying possessions; and, third, the defense only in the daytime ; but they hold them until all the voters of our commerce upon the seas, which gives us our prosperity. have voted, both day and night. They have very great crowds We make more than we can consume, and we are obliged to find at these elections, and sometimes roughne s and violence. On an outlet for our products ; and the purpose of an American this particular occasion Mr. Macaulay was in a crowd of Navy is to protect the e three great interests. It is possible that ruffians, and one of the men in the crowd threw a dead cat and with our present Navy, or even a Navy under the treaty, we hit Mr. Macaulay on the side of the head; and the big ruffian might protect our own shores ; but it is certain that under the rushed up to him and said, "0 Mr. Macaulay, I did not intend proposed treaty we can not defend our island posses .. ions or our to hit you with that cat. I am awful sorry." Macaulay said, commerce; and that is why there are some of us who believe "Well, my friend, that is all right. The next time I hope you that this treaty is not for the best interests of America. wiil intend to hit me, and hit the other fellow." [Laughter.] Some may say, "Why, you people believe in giving up the So it seems to me that I would rather have Great Btitain have Philippines ; so why have a navy to defend them? " Indeed, I bad intentions about us and not have these naval bases put do believe in giving up· the Philippines, as I have said before around our shores to threaten us all the time. Why should tlliB afternoon. I would vote for it any day. I think they Great Britain threaten our shores? Why should she have naval ought to be independent; but as long as the United States bases where she can put infinite amounts of naval ammunition holds sovereignty over the Philippine Islands it is the duty and naval stores and hold ships to our detriment all the time of the United States to the islands and to the people of the in the event of any trouble with her? Great Britain never takes islands to be in a position to defend them against the world. any chances. She takes no chances with her friends or with The President then says : her foes. She · is always prepared. She is prepared not only ln war but she is prepared in peace. The only alternative to this treaty is the competitive building of She is prepared in naval conferences. The greatest victories navies with all its flow of suspicion, hate, ill will, and ultimate disaster. she has ever won have been in navAl conferences, and she never Let me stop here long enough to say that even the competitive won a greater victory than she did in the last naval conference building of navies never has caused the likelihood of war that in London, except one. She sank more ships in the 1922 con was caused in London itself among the nations that gathered ference, in tonnage, here in Washington, than she ever did in there in this so-called peace conference. It never brought two all the naval battles together in her history. Did Senators nations to the verge of war as it did France and Italy in the ever think of that? By a conference she sank more ships right course of the proceedings at London. here in Washington than she ever sank in all the naval battles · I say the President is wholly mistaken in this statement. in her history, from the sinking of the armada on down to The President's statement is, in effect, the counterpart of what Jutland. Yet we are going to allow her to do the same thing Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes said in the 1922 con again, and some of us Democrats are going to agree to it. I ference. It will be remembered that he said there: am sorry. It ought not to be done. Oh, we must relieve America from the crushing burden of taxation. Mr. Hughes gave out a beautiful statement .£.~.bout peace and harmony in the world and good will and understanding when He promised that taxation would be reduced if that treaty he sank that 835,000 tons of ships. By the way, I want to were ratified. Was it reduced? I see sitting before me the digress here long enough to say this, which I do not think I ever chairman of the Committee on Appropriations [Mr. JONES]. I said before on the Senate floor: 1\:Ir. Hughes is a very nice gentle am a member of that committee. We both know what that man, one of the nicest gentlemen I know, a perfect gentleman, committee does. He will bear witness to the truth of my state and I expect he is rather an admirable lawyer, but one of the ment that with the exception of 1926 we have appropriated year reasons why I voted against his confirmation when his nomina by year since 1923-the first year after the 1922 treaty was tion came before the Senate for the Supreme Court some time completed-more and more, more and more of the people's ago, and when some of my loyal friends wondered why I did it, money for naval armaments in this country. was that he voluntarily offered to secure the sinking of this The idea of its reducing taxation is all poppycock. It is not enormous battleship fleet in the Washington conference in 1922. decent nonsense. There is not a word of truth in it. In tead I call attention to a further fact in this connection, that that of reducing taxation, it will increase the taxation upon the naval agreement of 1922 which the Secretary of State seems American people probably fourfold, and instead of appropriating to lay such great store by specifically prescribes by contract 1930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 239 the date on which the i922 agreement should be revised. I ] I give notice now that unless an agreement is reached for a quote from Article XXI of that treaty: · time to vote I shall ask that the Senate continue in session to In view of the possible technical and scientific developments, tbe morrow evening, and shall meet each morning thereafter at 10 United States, after consultation with' other contracting powers, shall o'clock and sit every evening thereafter. arrange for a conference of all the contracting powers, which shall con I ask the Senator from Indiana [Mr. WATSON] "\Thether he vene as soon as possible after the expiration of eight years from the will cooperate in helping to carry out that program? going into force of tbe present treaty, to consider what changes, if any, Mr. WATSON. I certainly shall, to the limit. in the treaty may be necessary to meet such development. RECESS Mr. President, there is a contract by which we are bound Mr. REED. Mr. President, I move that the Senate take a to meet . next year, in 1931, to correct any inequalities, in recess until to-morrow at 11 o'clock. justices, or other errors in that treaty. Did Great B1itain ~he motion was agreed to; and the Senate (at 4 o'clock and allow us to wait for that? Oh, no. She heard that we were 55 minute p. m.) took a recess until to-morrow, Friday, July building 10,000-ton 8-inch-gun cruisers, and as early as 1926, 18, 1930, at 11 o'clock a. m. and I believe 1925, the ink was hardly dry on the 1922 treaty when she began to make arrangements, to invite negotiations, to change that treaty. In 1921 she secured a conference at SENATE Geneva, and there the same que tion was up that is up in connection with this treaty. At Geneva our experts said that FRIDAY, July 18, 1930 America was entitled to twenty-three 10,000-ton, 8-inch-gun (Legi-slati-ve day of Tuesday, July 8, 1930) cruisers, and Great Britain did not want us to have that many. The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m., on the expiration of the She was willing for us to have 18, as I remember, and because recess. we would not agree and come down to 18, and then build such Mr. FESS. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum. ships as she wanted, that conference failed. The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll. One of our representatives at that conference, Mr. Gibson, tele The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following Senators graphed President Coolidge to know whether they should give answered to their names : in or not. The President answered, "No," I am informed, and Allen Gould McMaster Shipstead the conference failed. Bingham Greene McNary Shortridge Was anybody hurt by that conference failing? Were the Black Hale Metcalf Smoot Blaine ·Harris Moses Steiwer rights of the United States hurt in the slightest? That bas been Borah Harrison Norris Stephens three years ago. Has anybody been burt? Has the Nation Cnpper Ha tings Oddie Sullivan been burt? Have the people been hurt? Have they been burt Caraway Hatfield Overman Swanson Copeland Hebert Patterson Thomas, Idaho in such a way that there must be a ratification of this treaty Couzens Johnson Phipps Thomas, Okla. right offhand, during the hottest of weather, after the Senate Dale Jones Pine Townsend bas been in session for 15 months? Must the treaty be rammed Deneen Kean Reed Trammell Fess Kendrick Hobinson, Ark. Vandenberg and jammed down the throats of Senators who are opposed to it George Keyes Robinson, Ind. Walcott without a proper opportunity for the country to know what it Gillett La Follette Robsion. Ky. Walsh, Mass. is, with the President refusing to tell the Senate what is in it? Glenn McCulloch Schall Walsh, Mont. Not satisfied witll that, my genial fliend sitting over there, Goldsborough McKellar Sheppard Watson the leader of the majority, the Senator from Indiana [Mr. Mr. McMASTER. I de.sire to announce that my colleague the W .ATSON], whom I esteem so highly and admire so much, wants senior Senator from South Dakota [Mr. NORBECK] is unavoid· ' to put cloture on us. He is circulating a petition to put cloture ably absent on offidal busines , and that be will be ab ent for on the Senate. He not only wants to stop argument, he not the remainder of the session. only wants to prevent the facts which the President knows from Mr. McKELLAR. I wish to annOlmce that my colleague the being disclosed to the Senate, but he wants to stop all talk in junior Senator from Tennessee [Mr. BROCK] is unavoidably de· the Senate and to put cloture on it. tained from the Senate. I ask that this announcement stand I want to say that if this treaty bas to be ratified-and I fear for the day. it is to be-you could not find a better vehicle for rn.tifying it, Mr. SHEPPARD. I desire to announce that the senior Sena an infamous document like this, than through cloture, through tor from South Carolina [Mr. SMITH] and the senior Senator the gag law. from Missouri [Mr. HAWES] are detained from the Senate by Oh, bow appropriate that this treaty, conceived in secrecy, illness. worked up by propaganda, the President of the United States I also wish to announce that the senior Senator from New refusing to give the facts-bow appropriate it is that it should Mexico [Mr. BR.A'ITON] and the junior Senator from South be ratified under a cloture rule! Carolina [Mr. BLEASE] are detained from the Senate by illness I congratulate my friends on the other side that they have in their families. taken such an appropriate method of ratifying such an abomi I also announce ·that the Senator from Arizona [Mr. ASHURST], nable treaty a this. The two go band in hand. the Senator from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGs], the Senator from It is the only time, as I recall, that cloture bas ever really Texas [Mr. CoNNALLY], and the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. been resorted to. It has been a long time ago, and I do not B.AR.KLEY] are absent on official business, attending sessions of recall the exact facts, but I believe that we got an agreement the Interparliamentary Union in London. finally to vote on the Versailles treaty and did not use cloture. Mr. SWANSON. My colleague the junior Senator from Vir But here you are going to use cloture, you are going to use the ginia [Mr. GLAss] is unavoidably detained from the Senate. I gag law, to ratify a treaty conceived by other nations and not ask that this announcement may stand for the day. by Ameri<.>a, wrought out in secrecy, wholly unwilling for the light of day to be shed upon it. Yet you talk about the rights Mr. FESS. I desire to announce that the junior Senator from of the Senate to anything. I hope no Senator will ever stand North Dakota [Mr. NYE] is detained on business of the Senate, up and talk about the rights of the Senate after this surrender attending sessions of the special committee to investigate cam of our fundamental right, after you disregarded the Constitu paign expenditures. I will let this announcement stand for the tion, after you disregarded what is best for the interests of day. our common country. Mr. NORRIS. I desire to announce that my colleague the .The VICE PRESIDENT. The treaty is as in Committee of junior Senator from Nebraska [Mr. HowELL] is absent from the Whole, and the first article is open to amendment. the Senate on account of illness in his family. Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, I was told by some one who The VICE PRESIDENT. Sixty-four Senators have answered passed my desk a moment ago that there would be an adjourn to their names. A quorum is present. ment or a ·recess. Otherwise I would not have surrendered the RADIO ADDRESS BY SENATOR JONES ON GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATIONS floor. I am still on my feet, and there is much that I want to say. Mr. ODDIE. Mr. President, I ask that there be printed in The VICE PRESIDEN'l'. If there be no amendment to the REcoRD the very able address made over the radio last Article I, Article II-- night by the senior Senator from Washington [Mr. JoNEs] on Mr. McKELLAR. Oh, no, Mr. President. Government appropriations. Mr. REED. Mr. President, I gave notice to my fellow Sena There being no objection, the address was ordered to be tors that I was going to a k that the Senate remain in session printed in the RECORD, as follows: right through the dinner hour and into the evening. I find that I have been asked to talk about governmental appropriations. This so many Senators resent the giving of that notice with such a is a hard subject to make interesting. It is a fine subject, however, short time to prepare that it is impracticable to carry out that to discuss over the radio. One who wants to be entertained need not progrnm to-night. . listen and one who wants to know of bi.s Government's expenditures