Escalator Clause Naval Treaty
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Isolationism and the Road to World War II
AP U.S. History: Unit 13.1 HistorySage.com Isolationism and the Road to World War II I. Peace attempts in the 1920s and the Great Depression Use space below for A. Treaty of Versailles punished Germany severely notes 1. League of Nations sought collective security but without support from the US, USSR and Germany, the League was crippled. 2. U.S. Senate refused to adhere to the World Court, the League's judicial arm. 3. Effectiveness of League of Nations a. Helped settle disputes between small powers b. Less successful when major powers involved -- Ultimately did not stop Japanese, Italian, or German aggression. B. Washington Disarmament Conference -- 1921-1922 1. Sought to reduce naval arms race between U.S., Japan & Britain and resolve disputes in the Pacific. 2. Five Power Treaty (5-5-3 battleship ratio) and other agreements lacked enforcement provisions. 3. U.S. naively gave Japan the advantage in the Pacific. 4. Open Door in China preserved. C. Locarno Pact (1926) 1. Western Europe guaranteed existing borders and sought peaceful solutions. 2. Germany promoted peaceful settlement of disputes with neighbors in Eastern Europe--Poland & Czechoslovakia 3. Many Europeans believed "spirit of Locarno" meant no future war in Europe. D. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) -- (Pact of Paris) 1. Ratified by 62 nations: made war illegal except for defensive purposes. 2. Major flaws: No enforcement mechanism; aggressors could use "defensive purposes" argument when attacking. 3. Gave Americans a false sense of security in the 1930s. E. War debts and reparations 1. US the largest creditor nation after WWI; Allies owed US $16 billion 2. -
1930 Congress! on Al Record-House 8683
1930 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE 8683 CLASS 6 NEBRASKA Donald F. Bigelow. William J. Grace. Herbert M. Hanson, Clay Center. Thomas D. Davis. Stanley Hawks. Andrew E. Stanley, Loomis. Samuel S. Dickson. Stewart E. McMillin. NEW HAMPSHIRE Harold D. Finley. Walter T. Prendergast. Walter A. Foote. Gaston Smith. Harriet A. Reynolds, Kingston. Bernard Gotlieb. Gilbert R. Wilson. NEW YORK CLASS 7 Albert C. Stanton, Atlanta. Maurice W. Altaffer. Harvey Lee Milbourne. Harry L. Carhart, Coeymans. Paul Bowerman. Hugh S. Miller. DeWitt C. Talmage, East Hampton. Paul H. Foster. Julian L. Pinkerton. Clarence F. Dilcher, Elba. Bernard F. Hale. Leland L. Smith. John A. Rapelye, Flushing. John F. Huddleston. Edward B. Thomas. Clarence M. Herrington, Johnsonville. Car] D. Meinhardt. Emma P. Taylor, Mexico. Mason Turner. William V. Horne, Mohegan Lake. CLASS 8 LeRoy Powell, Mount Vernon. Knox Alexander. George F. Kennan. Dana J. Duggan, Niagara University. Vinton Chapin. Gordon P. Merriam. Henry C. Windeknecht, Rensselaer. Prescott Childs. Samuel Reber, jr. NORTH DAKOTA Lewis Clark. Joseph C. Satterthwaite. William M. Gwynn. S. Walter Washington. Ole T. Nelson, Stanley. OHIO PATENT 0:F.FICE Frank Petrus Edinburg to be examiner in chief. Bolivar C. Reber, Loveland. Fred Me'rriam Hopkins to be Assist!lnt Commissioner of Pat Solomon J. Goldsmith, Painesville. ents. OKLA.HOMA. Paul Preston Pierce to be examiner in chief. William C. Yates, Comanche. Elonzo Tell Morgan to be examiner in chief. "' Ben F. Ridge, Duncan. COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS SOUTH OAROLINA Jeannette A. Hyde, district No. 32, Honolulu, Hawaii. Paul F. W. Waller, Myers. Robert B. Morris, distl'ict No. -
The 1927 Geneva Naval Disarmament Conference: a Study in Failure Edward Adolph Goedeken Iowa State University, [email protected]
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1978 The 1927 Geneva Naval Disarmament Conference: a study in failure Edward Adolph Goedeken Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Goedeken, Edward Adolph, "The 1927 Geneva Naval Disarmament Conference: a study in failure" (1978). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 16657. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/16657 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ISa /978 GS~I ~/O The 1927 Geneva Naval Disarmament Conference: A study' in failure by Edward Adolph Goedeken A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: History Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1978 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii THE CONFERENCE PRELIMINARIES 1 THE CONFERENCE BEGINS 34 THE CRUISER CONTROVERSY 58 THE CONFERENCE COLLAPSES 78 THE REPERCUSSIONS OF THE FAILURE AT GENEVA 104 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY 139 WORKS CITED 148 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer thanks Professors Richard N. Kottman, John M. Dobson, and Donald F. Hadwiger for their patience and guidance during this project. The staffs of the Public Record Office, the British Library, and the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library provided valuable assistance. -
Download Chapter 1
1. Passage A Meeting with the Dutchman few minutes past 10 a.m. on Wednesday, October 21, 1942, a twin- Aengine Navy passenger plane broke through the low overcast blan- keting Washington, D.C., then banked over the Potomac River for the final approach to Anacostia Field. As the white dome of the Capitol loomed into view, Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt allowed himself a small sigh of relief. Before dawn, Hewitt had decided to fly to Washing- ton from his headquarters near Norfolk rather than endure the five-hour drive across Virginia. But thick weather abruptly closed in, and for an anxious hour the aircraft had circled the capital, probing for a break in the clouds. Usually a man of genial forbearance, Hewitt chafed with impatience at the delay. President Roosevelt himself had summoned him to the White House for this secret meeting, and although the session was likely to be little more than a courtesy call, it would never do for the man chosen to strike the first American blow in the liberation of Europe to keep his commander-in-chief waiting. Kent Hewitt seemed an unlikely warrior. Now fifty-five, he had a high, bookish forehead and graying hair. Double chins formed a fleshy creel at his throat, and on a ship’s bridge, in his everyday uniform, he appeared “a fat, bedraggled figure in khaki,” as a British admiral once observed with more accuracy than kindness. Even the fine uniform he wore this morning fit like blue rummage, notwithstanding the flag officer’s gold braid that trimmed his cuffs. -
Timeline for World War II — Japan
Unit 5: Crisis and Change Lesson F: The Failure of Democracy and Return of War Student Resource: Timeline for World War II — Japan Timeline for World War II — Japan Pre-1920: • 1853: American Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo harbor and forced the Japanese to allow trade with U.S. merchants with threat of military action. • 1858: Western nations forced Japan to sign the Unequal Treaties. These articles established export and import tariffs and the concept of "extraterritoriality" (i.e., Japan held no jurisdiction over foreign criminals in its land. Their trials were to be conducted by foreign judges under their own nation's laws). Japan had no power to change these terms. • 1868: Japan, in an effort to modernize and prevent future Western dominance, ousted the Tokugawa Shogunate and adopted a new Meiji Emperor. The next few decades saw rapid and successful industrialization during the Meiji Restoration. • 1899: With newly gained power from recent industrialization, Japan successfully renegotiated aspects of the Unequal Treaties. • 1899–1901: The Boxer Rebellion led China to a humiliating defeat by the Eight-Nation Alliance of Western powers including the United States and Japan, ceding more territory, and dealing one of the final blows to the struggling Qing Dynasty. • 1904–1905: The Russo-Japanese War began with a surprise attack and ended by an eventual Japanese victory over Imperial Russia. The Japanese took control of Korea. • 1914: During World War I, Japan and other Allies seized German colonial possessions. • 1919: Japan, as a member of the victorious Allies during World War I, gained a mandate over various Pacific islands previously part of the German colonial empire. -
The Japanese Press and Japanese Foreign Policy
THE JAPANESE PRESS AND JAPANESE FOREIGN POLICY 1927-1933 by Tsutomu David Yamamoto for Ph.D. School of Oriental and African Studies ProQuest Number: 11010590 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010590 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Preface Considering the indirect linkage between public opinion, as reflected in the press, and government policy, in particular in the foreign policy sphere where the government is at its most secretive, it is not surprising that very little research into their inter-relationship has been carried out. It is easy to understand, therefore, that this situation applies with regard to pre-War Japan which had a more authoritarian tradition than most Western nations. Even the Japanese press, however, had a role to play in the formation of government policy and its attitude at times did have serious implications for foreign policy and diplomacy. In this sense, the decline of the Japanese press as an Opposition force between 1927 and 1933, which is the subject of this study, is significant. -
The Battleship Holiday: the Naval Treaties and Capital Ship Design
Naval War College Review Volume 71 Article 19 Number 3 Summer 2018 The aB ttleship Holiday: The aN val Treaties and Capital Ship Design James P. McGrath Robert C. Stern Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation McGrath, James P. and Stern, Robert C. (2018) "The aB ttleship Holiday: The aN val Treaties and Capital Ship Design," Naval War College Review: Vol. 71 : No. 3 , Article 19. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol71/iss3/19 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. McGrath and Stern: The Battleship Holiday: The Naval Treaties and Capital Ship Desig BOOK REVIEWS 161 of the coach’s dynamic personality on topics all add value and make this book the field� Cameron makes the point that a must-read for football fans across the “[i]f Ken Niumatalolo is your neighbor, country � Cameron has shined a spotlight you think he’s a great guy� But if you on Navy’s football program through its play football for Navy, in an instant, he highs and lows, with colorful com- can be your worst nightmare” (p� 107)� mentary that makes it an enjoyable read� Cameron does a superb job recounting THOMAS J� GIBBONS the intense rivalries that Navy has with not only Army and Air Force but Notre Dame � He describes -
Actual-Lesson-Plan-1.Pdf
The U.s.s. Alabama This 35,000-ton battleship, commissioned as the USS Alabama in August 1942, is one of only two surviving examples of the South Dakota class. Alabama gave distinguished service in the Atlantic and Pacific theaters of World War II. During its 40-month Asiatic- Pacific stint, it participated in the bombardment of Honshu and its 300-member crew earned nine battle stars. Decommissioned in 1947, the ship was transferred to the state of Alabama in 1964 and is now a war memorial, open to the public. National Register of Historic Places Listed 1986-01-14 www.nr.nps.gov/writeups/86000083.nl.pdf table of contents: Introduction……………………………………………….3 Getting Started……………………………………………4 Setting the Stage…………………………………………..5 Locating the Site…………………………………………..7 Determining the Facts…………………………………10 Visual Evidence……………………………………………..26 2 introduction The U.S.S. Alabama is sailing quietly on the Pacific Ocean on the night of 26 November 1943. Most of the sailors are sleeping soundly in their racks while the night shift is on watch. At 22:15 the Officer of the Deck receives word there are enemy planes approaching and gives order to sound General Quarters. General Quarters, General Quarters, all hands man your battle stations, forward starboard side aft port side General Quarters. Sailors jump out of their racks and others run to their battle stations in orderly chaos. As water-tight hatches are being closed, Captain Wilson runs to the bridge to take in the situation and starts giving orders. While signalmen search the skies with their signal lights for the approaching enemy aircraft, gunners and loaders ready their guns waiting for orders. -
A Survey of the Foreign Policies of Herbert Hoover During His Presidency
Eastern Illinois University The Keep Plan B Papers Student Theses & Publications 11-6-1961 A Survey of the Foreign Policies of Herbert Hoover During his Presidency Adelaide B. Cambridge Follow this and additional works at: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b Recommended Citation Cambridge, Adelaide B., "A Survey of the Foreign Policies of Herbert Hoover During his Presidency" (1961). Plan B Papers. 220. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b/220 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Plan B Papers by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SURVEY OF THE FOREIGN POLICIES OF HERBERT HOOVER DURING HIS PRESIDENCY by Adelaide B. Cambridge Social Science 486 Eastern Illinois University November 61 1961 This paper is a survey of the foreign policy of Herbert Hoover during his presidency. He is often associated only with domestic issues and the Great Depression, and his foreign policies have been somewhat unfamiliar. The more reading that was done, the more interesting and absorbing became his ideas and attempts to formulate his actions. The topic was chosen partially because of an intense interest in American history. There has been--and still is--a violently pro-Hoover or anti Hoover sentiment and criticism regarding this former president. Another reason for this selection is that Mr. Hoover is a contemporary. There may be added personal interest because he was born in a little Iowa town near my former home. I have attempted to present a survey of the Hoover foreign policies as he expressed them and attempted to carry them out. -
Why a Second World War? the Failure of Peace Overview Students
Why a Second World War? The Failure of Peace Overview Students will study various agreements between American and European countries to ensure peace after World War I and evaluate their effectiveness. Students begin by studying a political cartoon of the Versailles treaty and learn how the treaty was viewed as a threat to world peace and stability shortly after it was signed. Students then examine various attempts by the United States and Europe at avoiding another world war. Students will demonstrate what they have learned and teach their classmates through a “living political cartoon” activity. North Carolina Essential Standards for World History • WH.7.1 ‐Evaluate key turning points of the modern era in terms of their lasting impact • WH.7.2 ‐Analyze the increase in economic and military competition among nations in terms of • the influences of nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and industrialization • WH.7.3 ‐Analyze economic and political rivalries, ethnic and regional conflicts, and nationalism and imperialism as underlying causes of war • WH.8.1 ‐Evaluate global wars in terms of how they challenged political and economic power structures and gave rise to new balances of power • WH.8.2 ‐Explain how international crisis has impacted international politics Materials • Image of Treaty of Versailles Political Cartoon (attached). o Online version can be found here: http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/year9links/riseofhitler/versailles_cannonfodder.jpg • Items for the Living Political Cartoon Demo o 2’ x 1’ piece of paper with “Peace and -
Steel Navy Website
A Sailor's Life in the New Steel Navy Home Page Banner Credits: Navy Logo from cover of Lawrence, W.J. The United States Navy Illustrated. New York, NY: The Continent Publishing Company, 1898. Sailor images from Naval History and Heritage Command, NH 94006 and NH 101116 At the dawn of the 20thwww.steelnavy.org century, the United States Navy was in the midst of a revolutionary technological transformation. The obsolete wooden sailing ships of the post-Civil War Navy, with their underpowered auxiliary steam engines, were swept away, and replaced by steel-hulled warships with powerful steam engines. This New Steel Navy was the first step in the long process that would eventually lead the United States Navy to a position of world dominance. This website examines the lives of the men who made that transformation possible – the officers and enlisted sailors of the Navy. They lived a life that was rugged and frequently dangerous, a life that was transformed by the new technologies of the ships they served on. They fought battles at sea, and even on land. They existed in a physically claustrophobic, yet socially divided world that adhered to naval traditions both old and new. They endured these hardships, and enjoyed brief moments of fun whenever possible. Pay a visit to an often overlooked moment in time, and get to know the sailors of the New Steel Navy. Video Credits: Title cards created in Photoshop, using graphics from cover of Lawrence, W.J. The United States Navy Illustrated. New York, NY: The Continent Publishing Company, 1898. -
NPS Form 10 900 OMB No. 1024 0018
NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Fonn. If any item does not apply to the property being docymented, enter "NIA" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the inst~ctions.Place additional certification comments, entries, and narrative Items on continuation sheets if needed (NPS Form 10-900a). 1. Name of Property historic name U.S.S. Wisconsin (BB-64) other nameslsite number "Wlsky," VDHR No. 122-5414 2. Location street & number One Waterside Drive N/A not for publication city or town Norfolk N/A vicinity state Virginia code VA county Norfolk code 710 zip code 23508 I 3. StatelFederal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this X nomination -request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property X meets -does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level@)of significance: -X natiq!ix! statewide -local <' ...- y. Signature-of cert6ing official - Date Viminia De~artmentof Historic Resources Tile State or Federal agencylbureau or Tribal Government 1 I In my opinion, the property -meets -does not meet the National Register criteria Signature of commenting official Date 1 Title State or Federal agencylbureau or Tribal Government I / 4.