Thermal State of Permafrost and Activelayer Monitoring in the Antarctic
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Wastewater Treatment in Antarctica
Wastewater Treatment in Antarctica Sergey Tarasenko Supervisor: Neil Gilbert GCAS 2008/2009 Table of content Acronyms ...........................................................................................................................................3 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................4 1 Basic principles of wastewater treatment for small objects .....................................................5 1.1 Domestic wastewater characteristics....................................................................................5 1.2 Characteristics of main methods of domestic wastewater treatment .............................5 1.3 Designing of treatment facilities for individual sewage disposal systems...................11 2 Wastewater treatment in Antarctica..........................................................................................13 2.1 Problems of transferring treatment technologies to Antarctica .....................................13 2.1.1 Requirements of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty / Wastewater quality standards ...................................................................................................13 2.1.2 Geographical situation......................................................................................................14 2.1.2.1 Climatic conditions....................................................................................................14 -
Station Sharing in Antarctica
IP 94 Agenda Item: ATCM 7, ATCM 10, ATCM 11, ATCM 14, CEP 5, CEP 6b, CEP 9 Presented by: ASOC Original: English Station Sharing in Antarctica 1 IP 94 Station Sharing in Antarctica Information Paper Submitted by ASOC to the XXIX ATCM (CEP Agenda Items 5, 6 and 9, ATCM Agenda Items 7, 10, 11 and 14) I. Introduction and overview As of 2005 there were at least 45 permanent stations in the Antarctic being operated by 18 countries, of which 37 were used as year-round stations.i Although there are a few examples of states sharing scientific facilities (see Appendix 1), for the most part the practice of individual states building and operating their own facilities, under their own flags, persists. This seems to be rooted in the idea that in order to become a full Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party (ATCP), one has to build a station to show seriousness of scientific purpose, although formally the ATCPs have clarified that this is not the case. The scientific mission and international scientific cooperation is nominally at the heart of the ATS,ii and through SCAR the region has a long-established scientific coordination body. It therefore seems surprising that half a century after the adoption of this remarkable Antarctic regime, we still see no truly international stations. The ‘national sovereign approach’ continues to be the principal driver of new stations. Because new stations are likely to involve relatively large impacts in areas that most likely to be near pristine, ASOC submits that this approach should be changed. In considering environmental impact analyses of proposed new station construction, the Committee on Environmental Protection (CEP) presently does not have a mandate to take into account opportunities for sharing facilities (as an alternative that would reduce impacts). -
CCN Measurements at the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica Research
bs CCN measurements at the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica Research Station during three austral summers Paul Herenz1, Heike Wex1, Alexander Mangold2, Quentin Laffineur2, Irina V. Gorodetskaya3,4, Zoë L. Fleming5, Marios Panagi5, and Frank Stratmann1 1Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany 2Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium 3Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal 4Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium 5National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Correspondence to: Heike Wex ([email protected]) Abstract. For three austral summer seasons (2013-2016, each from December to February) aerosol particles arriving at the Belgian Antarctic research station Princess Elisabeth (PE), in Dronning Maud Land in East Antarctica were characterized. in terms 5 ofThis included number concentrations of total aerosol particles (NCN) and cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN), the particle number size distribution (PNSD), the aerosol particle hygroscopicity and the influence of the air mass origin on NCN and −3 −3 NCCN. In general NCN was found to range from 40 to 6700 cm with a median of 333 cm , while NCCN was found to cover a range between less than 10 and 1300 cm−3 for supersaturations (SS) between 0.1 and 0.7 %. It is shown that the aerosol is Aitken mode dominated and is , being characterized by a significant amount of freshly, small, and therefore likely secondarily -
Rfvotsfroeat a NEWS BULLETI N
?7*&zmmt ■ ■ ^^—^mmmmml RfvOTsfroeaT A NEWS BULLETI N p u b l i s h e d q u a r t e r l y b y t h e NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC) AN AUSTRALIAN FLAG FLIES AGAIN OVER THE MAIN HUT BUILT AT CAPE DENISON IN 1911 BY SIR DOUGLAS MAWSON'S AUSTRALASIAN ANTARC TIC EXPEDITION, 1911-14. WHEN MEMBERS OF THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL ANTARCTIC RESEARCH EXPEDITION VISITED THE HUT THEY FOUND IT FILLED WITH ICE AND SNOW BUT IN A FAIR STATE OF REPAIR AFTER MORE THAN 60 YEARS OF ANTARCTIC BLIZZARDS WITHOUT MAINTENANCE. Australian Antarctic Division Photo: D. J. Lugg Vol. 7 No. 2 Registered at Post Office Headquarters. Wellington, New Zealand, as a magazine. June, 1974 . ) / E I W W AUSTRALIA ) WELLINGTON / I ^JlCHRISTCHURCH I NEW ZEALAND TASMANIA * Cimpbtll I (NZ) • OSS DEPENDE/V/cy \ * H i l l e t t ( U S ) < t e , vmdi *N** "4#/.* ,i,rN v ( n z ) w K ' T M ANTARCTICA/,\ / l\ Ah U/?VVAY). XA Ten,.""" r^>''/ <U5SR) ,-f—lV(SA) ' ^ A ^ /j'/iiPI I (UK) * M«rion I (IA) DRAWN BY DEPARTMENT OF LANDS & SURVEY WELLINGTON. NEW ZEALAND. AUG 1969 3rd EDITION .-• v ©ex (Successor to "Antarctic News Bulletin") Vol. 7 No. 2 74th ISSUE June, 1974 Editor: J. M. CAFFIN, 35 Chepstow Avenue, Christchurch 5. Address all contributions, enquiries, etc., to the Editor. All Business Communications, Subscriptions, etc., to: Secretary, New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc.), P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch, N.Z. CONTENTS ARTICLE TOURIST PARTIES 63, 64 POLAR ACTIVITIES NEW ZEALAND .. -
Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 78/Tuesday, April 23, 2019/Rules
Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 78 / Tuesday, April 23, 2019 / Rules and Regulations 16791 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., nor does it require Agricultural commodities, Pesticides SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The any special considerations under and pests, Reporting and recordkeeping Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as Executive Order 12898, entitled requirements. amended (‘‘ACA’’) (16 U.S.C. 2401, et ‘‘Federal Actions to Address Dated: April 12, 2019. seq.) implements the Protocol on Environmental Justice in Minority Environmental Protection to the Richard P. Keigwin, Jr., Populations and Low-Income Antarctic Treaty (‘‘the Protocol’’). Populations’’ (59 FR 7629, February 16, Director, Office of Pesticide Programs. Annex V contains provisions for the 1994). Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is protection of specially designated areas Since tolerances and exemptions that amended as follows: specially managed areas and historic are established on the basis of a petition sites and monuments. Section 2405 of under FFDCA section 408(d), such as PART 180—[AMENDED] title 16 of the ACA directs the Director the tolerance exemption in this action, of the National Science Foundation to ■ do not require the issuance of a 1. The authority citation for part 180 issue such regulations as are necessary proposed rule, the requirements of the continues to read as follows: and appropriate to implement Annex V Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321(q), 346a and 371. to the Protocol. et seq.) do not apply. ■ 2. Add § 180.1365 to subpart D to read The Antarctic Treaty Parties, which This action directly regulates growers, as follows: includes the United States, periodically food processors, food handlers, and food adopt measures to establish, consolidate retailers, not States or tribes. -
Report for the IUGG National Committee, International Association of Geodesy (IAG) Geodetic Activities in Finland 2004
Report for the IUGG National Committee, International Association of Geodesy (IAG) Geodetic activities in Finland 2004 Compiled by Markku Poutanen Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI) 1. The permanent GPS network FinnRef The Finnish Geodetic Institute hosts the permanent GPS network FinnRef which consists of 13 permanent GPS stations. The network is the backbone of the Finnish realisation of the European-wide reference frame EUREF, referred as to EUREF-FIN. Four stations in the FinnRef network belong to the EUREF permanent GPS-network (EPN), and one station belongs to the network of the International GPS Service (IGS). Through these stations FinnRef creates a connection to the global reference frames and the stations are used for maintaining global reference frames and global geodetic studies. The data recorded in the EPS stations (Metsähovi, Vaasa, Joensuu, Sodankylä) are transferred automatically to the EPN data centre in Germany. The data are also transferred daily to the Onsala Space Research Station in Sweden for the BIFROST project. Data download from four Euref-stations were changed to hourly basis at the end of 2004. In 2005 the hourly data delivery is planned. The FinnRef is also used for local studies on crustal movements as well as a reference for local and national GPS measurements. Determination of land uplift, but also studies on periodic effects on data, as well as deformation studies due to loading effects have been made using the permanent network. The absolute gravity observations were made at three GPS stations, viz. in Metsähovi, Vaasa and Joensuu with FG5 gravimeter. The absolute gravity has been observed in Metsähovi more than 80 times since 1988. -
Wilderness and Aesthetic Values of Antarctica
Wilderness and Aesthetic Values of Antarctica Abstract Antarctica is the least inhabited region in the world and has therefore had the least influence from human activities and, unlike the majority of the Earth’s continents and oceans, can still be considered as mostly wilderness. As every visitor to Antarctica knows, its landscapes are exceptionally beautiful. It was the recognition of the importance of these characteristics that resulted in their protection being included in the Madrid Protocol. Both wilderness and aesthetic values can be impaired by human activities in a variety of ways with the severity varying from negligible to severe, according to the type Protocol on Environmental Protec tion to the Antarctic Trea ty - of activity and its duration, spatial extent and intensity. A map of infrastructure and major travel routes the "M adrid Protocol" in Antarctica will be the first step in visually representing where wilderness and aesthetic values Article 3[1] may be impacted. It is hoped that this will stimulate further discussion on how to describe, acknowledge, The protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent an d associated ecosystems and the intrinsic value of Antarctica, understand and further protect the wilderness and aesthetic values of Antarctica. including its wilderness and aesthetic values and its value as an area for the conduct of scientific research, in particular research essential to understanding the global environment, shall be fundamental considerations in the planning and condu ct of all activities -
Formation of a Large Ice Depression on Dålk Glacier (Larsemann
Journal of Glaciology Formation of a large ice depression on Dålk Glacier (Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica) caused by the rapid drainage of an englacial cavity Article Cite this article: Boronina A, Popov S, Alina Boronina1,2 , Sergey Popov2,3 , Galina Pryakhina2, Pryakhina G, Chetverova A, Ryzhova E, Grigoreva S (2021). Formation of a large ice Antonina Chetverova2,4, Ekaterina Ryzhova5 and Svetlana Grigoreva2,4 depression on Dålk Glacier (Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica) caused by the rapid drainage 1State Hydrological Institute (SHI), 23 2nd line Vasilyevsky Island, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; 2Saint Petersburg of an englacial cavity. Journal of Glaciology State University (SPbU), 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; 3Polar Marine Geosurvey 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.58 Expedition (PMGE), 24 Pobedy Str., Lomonosov, St. Petersburg 198412, Russia; 4Arctic and Antarctic Research 5 Received: 21 November 2020 Institute (AARI), 38 Bering Str., St. Petersburg 199397, Russia and Geophyspoisk LLC, 15 26th line Vasilyevsky Revised: 1 May 2021 Island, St. Petersburg 199106, Russia Accepted: 4 May 2021 Abstract Keywords: Antarctic glaciology; glacier hazards; glacier In the afternoon of 30 January 2017, a catastrophic outburst flood occurred in the Larsemann hydrology; glacier modelling; ground- Hills (Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica). The rapid drainage of both a thin supraglacial penetrating radar layer of water (near Boulder Lake) and Lake Ledyanoe into the englacial Lake Dålk provoked Author for correspondence: its overfill and outburst. As a result, a depression of 183 m × 220 m was formed in the place Alina Boronina, where Lake Dålk was located. This study summarises and clarifies the current state of knowledge E-mail: [email protected] on the flood that occurred in 2017. -
Informe Final De La Cuadragésima Reunión Consultiva Del Tratado Antártico
Informe Final de la Cuadragésima Reunión Consultiva del Tratado Antártico REUNIÓN CONSULTIVA DEL TRATADO ANTÁRTICO Informe Final de la Cuadragésima Reunión Consultiva del Tratado Antártico Pekín, China 22 de mayo - 1 de junio de 2017 Volumen I Secretaría del Tratado Antártico Buenos Aires 2017 Publicado por: Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty Secrétariat du Traité sur l’ Antarctique Секретариат Договора об Антарктике Secretaría del Tratado Antártico Maipú 757, Piso 4 C1006ACI Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires - Argentina Tel: +54 11 4320 4260 Fax: +54 11 4320 4253 Este libro también está disponible en: www.ats.aq (versión digital) y para compras en línea. ISSN 2346-9889 ISBN (vol. I): 978-987-4024-47-3 ISBN (obra completa): 978-987-4024-44-2 Índice VOLUMEN I Siglas y abreviaciones 9 PARTE I. INFORME FINAL 11 1. Informe Final de la XL RCTA 13 2. Informe de la XX Reunión del CPA 133 3. Apéndices 233 Apéndice 1: Programa preliminar, Grupos de Trabajo y asignación de temas para la XLI RCTA 235 Apéndice 2: Comunicado del País Anfi trión 237 PARTE II. MEDIDAS, DECISIONES Y RESOLUCIONES 239 1. Medidas 241 Medida 1 (2017): Zona Antártica Especialmente Protegida n.° 109 (Isla Moe, islas Orcadas del Sur): Plan de Gestión revisado 243 Medida 2 (2017): Zona Antártica Especialmente Protegida n.° 110 (Isla Lynch, islas Orcadas del Sur): Plan de Gestión revisado 245 Medida 3 (2017): Zona Antártica Especialmente Protegida n.° 111 (Isla Powell del Sur e islas adyacentes, islas Orcadas del Sur): Plan de Gestión revisado 247 Medida 4 (2017): Zona Antártica Especialmente -
GPS Observations for Ice Sheet History (GOFISH)
GPS Observations for Ice Sheet History (GOFISH) WASA/ABOA and SVEA stations, East Antarctica December 2001-January 2002 Dan Zwartz, Michiel Helsen Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht University, The Netherlands Contents List of acronyms 2 Map of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica 3 Introduction 4 GPS Observations for Ice Sheet History (GOFISH) Travel itinerary 5 Expedition timetable 8 GPS geodesy Snow sample programme 12 Glacial geology 18 Weather Stations Maintenance 19 Acknowledgements 20 References 21 Front cover. View on Scharffenbergbotnen in the Heimefrontfjella, near the Swedish field station Svea, East Antarctica (photo by M. Helsen). 1 List of acronyms ABL Atmospheric Boundary Layer AWS Automatic Weather Station CIO Centre for Isotope Research (Groningen University) DML Dronning Maud Land ENABLE EPICA-Netherlands Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment EPICA European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica GISP Greenland Ice Sheet Project GPS Global Positioning System GRIP Greenland Ice Coring Project GTS Global Telecommunication System GOFISH GPS Observations for Ice Sheet History HM Height Meter (stand-alone sonic height ranger) IMAU Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (Utrecht University) m asl Meters above mean sea level KNMI Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute NWO Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research SL (Atmospheric) Surface Layer (lowest 10% of the ABL) VU Free University of Amsterdam w.e. water equivalents 2 Map of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica 10°5°0°5°10° 69° FIMFIMBUL -
Retention Time of Lakes in the Larsemann Hills Oasis, East
Retention time of lakes in the Larsemann Hills oasis, East Antarctica Elena Shevnina1, Ekaterina Kourzeneva1, Yury Dvornikov2, Irina Fedorova3 1Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. 2 Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, RUDN University, 5 Moscow, Russia 3Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia. Correspondence to: Elena Shevnina ([email protected]) Abstract. The study gives first estimates of water transport time scales for five lakes located in the Larsemann Hills oasis (69º23´S, 76º20´E) in East Antarctica. We estimated the lake retention time (LRT) as a ratio of the lake volume to the inflow 10 and outflow terms of a lake water balance equation. The LRT was evaluated for lakes of epiglacial and land-locked types, and it was assumed that these lakes are monomictic with water exchange existing during the warm season only. We used hydrological observations collected in 4 seasonal field campaigns to evaluate the LRT. For the epiglacial lakes Progress and Nella/Scandrett, the LRT was estimated at 12–13 and 4–5 years, respectively. For the land-locked lakes Stepped, Sarah Tarn and Reid, our results show a big difference in the LRT calculated from the outflow and inflow terms of the water balance 15 equation. The LRT for these lakes vary depending on the methods and errors inherent to them. We suggest to rely on the estimations from the outflow terms since they are based on the hydrological measurements with better quality. Lake Stepped exchange water within less then 1.5 years. Lake Sarah Tarn and Lake Reid are endorheic ponds with the water loss mainly through evaporation, their LRT was estimated as 21–22 years and 8–9 years, respectively. -
Insights on the Environmental Impacts Associated with Visible Disturbance of Ice-Free Ground in Antarctica SHAUN T
Antarctic Science 31(6), 304–314 (2019) © Antarctic Science Ltd 2019. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0954102019000440 Insights on the environmental impacts associated with visible disturbance of ice-free ground in Antarctica SHAUN T. BROOKS 1, PABLO TEJEDO2 and TANYA A. O'NEILL3,4 1Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 2Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 3Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand 4School of Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand [email protected] Abstract: The small ice-free areas of Antarctica provide an essential habitat for most evident terrestrial biodiversity, as well as being disproportionately targeted by human activity. Visual detection of disturbance within these environments has become a useful tool for measuring areas affected by human impact, but questions remain as to what environmental consequences such disturbance actually has. To answer such questions, several factors must be considered, including the climate and biotic and abiotic characteristics. Although a body of research has established the consequences of disturbance at given locations, this paper was conceived in order to assess whether their findings could be generalized as a statement across the Antarctic continent. From a review of 31 studies within the Maritime Antarctic, Continental Antarctic and McMurdo Dry Valleys regions, we found that 83% confirmed impacts in areas of visible disturbance.