Common Turfgrass Pests of Utah Common Turfgrass Pests of Utah

Ryan Davis, Utah State University Britney Hunter, Utah State University, Davis County Kelsie Johnson, Utah State University Claudia Nischwitz, Ph.D., Utah State University Ricardo Ramirez, Ph.D., Utah State University Katie Wagner, Utah State University, Salt Lake County

ORDERING INFORMATION To order additional bound copies of Common Turfgrass Pests of Utah, contact Utah State University Extension Publications.

Website: extension.cart.usu.edu

Utah State University is committed to providing an environment free from harassment and Cover and inner cover photo credits: other forms of illegal discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age (40 Rocky Mountain and bluegrass billbugs: Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org and older), disability, and veteran’s status. USU’s policy also prohibits discrimination on the Ascochyta leaf blight: Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org basis of sexual orientation in employment and academic related practices and decisions. Utah White grubs: Steven Katovich, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org State University employees and students cannot, because of race, color, religion, sex, national Chinch bugs: Samuel Abbott, Utah State University origin, age, disability, or veteran’s status, refuse to hire; discharge; promote; demote; terminate; Pink snow mold: John Kaminski, Flickr.com discriminate in compensation; or discriminate regarding terms, privileges, or conditions of Dandelion: Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org employment, against any person otherwise qualified. Employees and students also cannot Japanese beetle: Ryan Hodnett, Wikimedia Commons discriminate in the classroom, residence halls, or in on/off campus, USU-sponsored events and activities. This publication is issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May Common Turfgrass Pests of Utah by Utah State University Extension 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kenneth L. White, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial Vice President for Extension and Agriculture, Utah State University. 4.0 International License. Table of Contents Abiotic Disorders Vertebrate Pests Diseases Arthropods Dormancy Abiotic Disorders Ground Squirrels Summer Patch Slime Mold Rust Pink Snow Mold Necrotic Spot Ring Gray Snow Mold Fairy Rings Algae”Cyanobacteria/“Blue-green Ascochyta Leaf Blight Girdler Webworms/CranberrySod May/June Beetles Leafhoppers Japanese Beetle Crane Fly Chinch Bugs AtaeniusBlack Turfgrass Billbugs Banks Grass Mite Thatch Shade Pet Damage Layering/Compaction Improper Irrigation Damage Herbicide Fertilizer Burn MowerDull Blades ...... TABLE OFCONTENTS ...... 22 20 18 16 14 12 11 10 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 9 8 7 6 5 4 2 References Glossary Weeds White Clover Star ofBethlehem Shepherd’s-Purse Redstem Filaree Quackgrass Purple Deadnettle Pineappleweed Persian Speedwell Large Crabgrass Henbit Green Foxtail Field Bindweed Downy Brome (Cheatgrass) Dandelion Creeping Woodsorrel Common Yarrow Common Mallow Common Lambsquarters Common Groundsel Common Chickweed Bur Buttercup Broadleaf Plantain Black Medic Bermudagrass Annual Ryegrass Annual Bluegrass Voles Skunks Pocket Gophers ...... TABLE OFCONTENTS ......

112 110 108 106 104 102 100

98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 Table of Contents of Table FOREWORD

This guide was developed to aid in the identification and management of common arthropods, diseases, vertebrate pests and weeds found in turf in Utah. It is not an exhaustive list of all turf pests in Utah.

After using this guide to identify a pest, verify the pest’s identity using online resources or by contacting the Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Lab. • Phone: (435)-797-2435 • Email: [email protected]

Spreads in this guide include descriptions of: • The pest, disease or weed identification. • Signs and symptoms of turfgrass damage. Foreword • Basic biology and life history of the pest, disease or weed. • Integrated pest management recommendations.

Pesticide Recommendations

Table of Contents Table Most of the pesticide recommendations in this guide are general and require additional product research by the user. Be aware that pesticide recommendations are subject to change at any time due to loss of registration, chemical or product discontinuation or changes in labeling. Consult the Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Lab or your local Utah State University County Extension Office for current pesticide recommendations. By law, pesticide users are required to read and follow the pesticide product label.

1 Abiotic Disorders Abiotic Disorders abiotic disorders of turf inUtah. abiotic disorders ofturf TheUtah’s following discusses briefly section most common 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. isaffected by abioticorabioticissue.determine ifyour turf biotic issues. Follow thegeneral diagnostic steps below to practices. Many abioticdisorders resemble thosecausedby suchascultural andchemicalmanagement human activities current environmental andclimatological conditions and environmental and site history, conditions, pastand turf species’ oftheturf knowledge to susceptibility pestsand Diagnosing abioticdisorders isdifficultand requires covers inUtah. somecommon abioticdisorders ofturf guide isto identify biotic issueswithturf. briefly This section plant pathogen, animal, etc., activity. focus ofthis The primary isaresult mite,living (abiotic)stressors. ofinsect, Bioticinjury Turf canbeadversely affected by bothliving(biotic)andnon- Abiotic Disorders 2 assistance diagnosing abioticdisorders. specialistfor agentcounty extension orhorticulture PlantContact theUtah Pest Diagnostic Laboryour local combination ofabioticandbioticcauses. diagnosis may involve more thanoneabioticissue, ora Compile information andmakeadiagnosis. A planting, cultural andchemicalpractices. management history, including theturf Determine plant andlandscapelevel. Look for general patterns amongaffected plants at the off-siteoccurring (e.g., use herbicide by aneighbor). abiotic issuesmay bearesult ofhuman,orother, activity thesite andconsider site history.Inspect Consider that Identify andrecord symptoms. conducted. Examine thesoilprofile andhave asoilanalysis area. oftheturf athoroughConduct inspection speciesinvolved.Properly identify theturf

Common Causes ofAbiotic Disorders dieback. ofpests,by avariety orturf Prolonged stress causedby abioticdisorders canleadto attack listed belowabiotic factors asapossiblecausefor symptoms. healthissues, alwaysWhen diagnosing consider turf the • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • water supply/composition underwatering thatch sun/shade sun/heat reflected offofglassorbuildings soil texture soil salinity soil pH soil nutrient composition soil compaction etc.) (construction, site history scalping salt damage(deicinguseorexcessive use) fertilizer root competition from otherplants/trees rootrestricted zone (thickclay, layering, etc.) pet urine/feces overwatering over/under application offertilizers nutrient deficiency misapplication ofherbicides, or sterilants mechanical damagefrom lawn equipment, etc. layering ofsoillaidontop ofanother) (onetype ontop ofgrass) left item damage (objects improper planting orsite preparation for orsite selection Utah improper turf drift herbicide burn fertilizer extreme soiltemperatures (hotandcold) dull mower blades drought (summerandwinter) dormancy construction cold orhot temperature extremes (i.e., southandwestaspect sidesreceive more sun/heat)

3 Abiotic Disorders Abiotic Abiotic Disorders sharpened. inches andkeep mower blades Mow grass between 2.5and3 by overwatering.dormancy to alawn bring outof not try death to crowns androots. Do 2weekswater to every prevent dormant, applyabout1/2inchof drought stress. grass If goes throughout theseasonto avoid recommended watering rates for more information). Follow Cultivars“Turfgrass for Utah” publication USU Extension greater drought tolerance (see extremes andthat have tolerant ofUtah’s temperature speciesthat are turfgrass Select Management stress. to excessive heat, notdrought still goesdormant, itislikelydue lawn iswatered regularly andit temperatures anddrought. a If protecting itselfagainstextreme isthegrass’sDormancy way of and increased moisture. with cooler temperatures and willcome out ofdormancy lawnsDormant are notdead and cold by goingdormant. to drought andexcessive heat respond inUtah turfgrasses Commonly usedcool season Description Dormancy 4 The University ofUtah) Debartolome, (Jake Lawn dormancy The University ofUtah) Debartolome, (Jake Lawn dormancy damage anddullness. season dependingonblade blades two orthree times per Homeowners shouldsharpen on mowing frequency. week to amonth depending every should besharpened lawncare professionals, blades as needed. For commercial tattered dullblades cut. Sharpen look for acleanor shredded/ mowing after toof theturfgrass basis.weekly Examinethetips Check mower bladewear ona Management aesthetics. decreasing photosynthesis and tosusceptibility diseaseand water loss, healingtime, stress, healthbyturfgrass increasing mowerDull bladesreduce the newlycutgrass blades. ratty, brown appearance to tear grass creating ashredded, grass blades, whiledullblades mowerSharp bladescutthrough Description Dull Mower Blades University ofUtah) Debartolome, blades (Jake The Lawn damagefrom dullmower University ofUtah) Debartolome, blades (Jake The Lawn damagefrom dullmower University Extension) (PurduePurdue Turf Tips,blades Lawn damagefrom dullmower

5 Abiotic Disorders Abiotic Abiotic Disorders Fertilizer Burn surfaces to avoidsurfaces runoff. spilled nitrogen from hard prevent spillsinthelawn. Sweep to equipment onhard surfaces Cool Season Turf.” Fill application publication “Lawn Fertilizers for turf, see USU Extension fertilizing specific recommendations on fertilizers, use lower rates. For usingquick-releaseindex. If withalow fertilizers salt Select calibrate application equipment. To avoid properly burn, fertilizer Management application. spilled leadingto over- product amount isusedor offertilizer occurs, orwhenthewrong excessive application overlap calibrated,incorrectly when spreadersfertilizer are Fertilizer occurs burn when than slow-release formulations. with highsaltindices, rather with solublenitrogen fertilizers is more commonly associated area. Fertilizer burn in theturf lead to ordeadpatches striping Fertilizer misapplication can Description 6 State University Extension) Fertilizer spill(KellyKopp, Utah Hardebeck, PurdueHardebeck, University) Fertilizer misapplication (Glenn Commons)Wikimedia Fertilizer (Sten burn Porse, application. incompatibilities to prior check forand insecticides, orherbicides mixing herbicides toit prior mixingherbicide. If for multipleuses, triple-rinse areas. usingonespray If tank and thenwalk onturfgrass herbicides broad-spectrum push/drive equipment through spill. careful Be notto walk or toherbicide equipment, donot adding equipment. When label. Calibrate application read andfollow theproduct on target weeds andcarefully based aproduct turfgrass, select To to avoid injury herbicide Management stunted growth. or patterns, leaves curling and yellowing/browning, deadspots death, includeturfgrass often incompatibilities. Symptoms and tankmixproduct from previous applications, contamination ofspray tanks weather,dry over-application, cool season grasses hot, during volatilization, application to residuesherbicide inthesoil, onpersonormachine,products application ortransfer of be causedby theerroneous can to turf injury Herbicide Description Herbicide Damage State University Extension) damage(PaulHerbicide Harris, Utah Bugwood.org)Service, USDA O’Brien, Foresttree (Joseph damageatHerbicide thebaseofa

7 Abiotic Disorders Abiotic Abiotic Disorders Improper Irrigation to assist with turfgrass irrigation. irrigation. to assistwithturfgrass through “slowtheflow.org”check html,” water andaUSUExtension “conservewater.utah.gov/guide. ProgramConservation web page Divisionof Utah Water Resources Testing,Performance “ “Sprinkler publication series,Extension Use irrigation. theUSU turfgrass available to with assistUtahns There are many resources Management and dieback. stress, disease can leadto turf that isdeprived ofoxygen. This in heavy, clay orlayered soils) saturated root zone (particularly cansufferturfgrass from a water- conditions. Over-irrigated dry increased to susceptibility hot, frequent can leadto irrigation thatch development. Light, cancontributefertilization, to when combined withover- to grow shallowturf roots, and frequent stimulates irrigation areirrigation common. Light, light, andfrequent heavy page 4 on section in theDormancy symptoms described dormancy canleadtoInadequate irrigation Description 8 . In Utah, frequent Utah, . In University Extension) system (KellyKopp, State Utah an improperly designed irrigation Under-irrigation resulting from State University Extension) Davis, (Ryan Over-irrigation Utah State University Extension) Under-irrigation (KellyKopp, Utah Layering/Compaction properly prepare thesite. matches your existing soiland was grown insoilthat closely sod, choose sodthatselecting gases into theroot zone. When penetration ofwater and break uplayers and increase core aerationDeep-tine canhelp to planting seedorlaying sod. create auniform soil profile prior toseed. Amend soilas necessary profile prior to planting grass and thesoiltype Determine Management negatively affect turf. lead to hard soillayers that can foot orothertraffic canalso death. from Compaction to turf cannot grow through, leading create roots alayer that turf (compost) materials canalso planted ontop ofdeeporganic on top of existing soil. Turf new soilsorsodare simply laid soil cancreate layering when site preparation oftheexisting from sodorseed. Improper new lawns are established layeringSoil occurs often when death. rot diseases, andturf increased thatch buildup, root leadingto stressing turf water androot penetration, textures which canimpede layersSoil canhave different Description Frank, State Michigan University) equipment frequently travels (Kevin Compacted soil inareas where lawn University Extension) layersSoil Davis, (Ryan State Utah Extension) (Kelly Kopp, State Utah University compaction Layering surface

9 Abiotic Disorders Abiotic Abiotic Disorders Pet Damage urine and/orfeces.urine lush, green growth causedby three timesperyear to mask naturally fillin. two or Fertilize to reseeding, orallow grass to areas to saltsprior leachurine within afew days. dead Irrigate Remove petfeces from turfgrass defecate indesignated areas. Train petsto urinate and Management animals. tends to beworse withlarger destroy turfgrass. Pet damage soilandphysicallycompact area ofthelawn frequently can circles. that Dogs usethesame creatingturfgrass small, dead can smothersmallpatches of fertilized. Persistent dogfeces in lawns that have notbeen of lush,green grass, especially cancausecircularof urine tufts Dilute orsmalleramounts urine surrounded by lushgreen grass. circular patches ofdieback urinate in onespot, causing pet damageoccurs whendogs few ways. The mostcommon Pets ina candamageturfgrass Description 10 State University Extension) Davis, spots(Ryan urine Dog Utah University, Bugwood.org) (Freddog urine Baker, State Utah Concentrated diebackfrom turf Cornell University, Bugwood.org) andfecesurine Snover-Clift, (Karen dieback fromWidespread dog turf Shade Cultivars for Utah.” publication “Turfgrass Extension canbefoundUtah intheUSU cultivars foron appropriate turf bluegrass. More information closely resemble Kentucky shade tolerance andmore tallfescuestype have moderate bluegrass.than Kentucky Turf but hasamuchthinnerblade Fine fescue isshadetolerant, inheavily shadedareas.survive tolerant ofshadeandmay not areas butisonlyslightly inUtah, commonly usedinturfgrass areas. bluegrass Kentucky is or plant ashademixinshaded cultivars that are shadetolerant andplant turfgrass Select Management exposed soil. to thinout anddiebackleaving shaded areas, may turfgrass start inadequate energy resources. In eventually declinedue to that are notadapted to shade growth andhealth. Turfgrasses to produce energy neededfor wavelengths usedby turfgrasses leaves ofimportant isstripped that passesthrough tree well inshade.perform Light Not allspeciesofturfgrass Description Catrina) resulting from overshading (Jeff andexposed soil Thinning turf Catrina) resulting from overshading (Jeff andexposed soil Thinning turf Catrina) Shaded lawn damage(Jeff

11 Abiotic Disorders Abiotic Abiotic Disorders pesticides andfertilizers. and preventing penetration of heat, anddrought tolerance reducingand arthropods, cold, harborage for fungalpathogens detrimental to alawn, creating over 1⁄2-inchindepthcanbe Thatchfunction. earthworm that limitmicroorganism or or fungicides andinsecticides layered soils, heavy, wet soils, duration compacted/ irrigation, frequentfertilization, andshort- cultivars, over-producing turf vigorously growing/high lignin- development canbecaused by above thesoillevel. Thatch rhizomes that occur just stems,turfgrass stolons and Thatch islivinganddead Description Thatch actively growing.actively whengrassthe fallorspring is material andcore aerate in a compatible soilororganic with turf thatch, top-dress physically/mechanically remove fungicides andinsecticides, turf infrequently, minimize theuseof by watering deeplyand promote deeprooting cultivars, low-thatch select turf needs, basedonturf fertilizer To managethatch, apply Management 12 University Extension) Thatch Davis, (Ryan State Utah University Extension) Thatch Davis, (Ryan State Utah

13 Abiotic Disorders Abiotic Arthropods Arthropods 14 IPM Recommendations Biology, Life Cycle &Damaging Life Stage Host Plants, Diet&Damage Pest Description Oligonychus pratensis Banks Grass Mite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • suppress banksgrass mites. Apply apyrethroid to (bifenthrin; lambda-cyhalothrin) withpesticidescanbe difficult.Management mite predators. Avoid pesticidesthat broad-spectrum suppress beneficial grassyManage weed hosts. since drought conditions favor spidermites. Reduce drought-stressed plants withproper irrigation, nymphs andadults are damaging spider mites canhave multiple, overlapping generations stems andleaves cream-colored, eggsare spherical laidinclusters on adults are from active late throughout spring thesummer overwinter insoil, leaflitter andweeds asadults webbing produced by mites may alsobeevident desiccationdiscoloration andeventual turf silver to stippling (yellowish-brown spotsonturf), mite feeding removes chlorophyll from cells leading specialist ofgrasses, andcorn includingturfgrasses colonies associated often withwebbing the sidesofabdomen yellow to greenish tint withpatchy blackspotsthat cover 10X lensto see the identifying features tiny arachnids,very lessthan 1/16inchlong, requiring a Banks grass mite Abbott, State (Samuel damage to Utah turfgrass University) Adult banksgrass mite (F. C.Schweissing, Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) Cranshaw,Adult banksgrass mites (Whitney Colorado State University,

15 Arthropods Arthropods 16 IPM Recommendations Biology, Life Cycle &Damaging Life Stage Host Plants, Diet&Damage Pest Description Sphenophorus spp. Billbugs • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • neonicotinoid) to suppress populations spring. inearly Apply apreventive (anthranilic diamide; insecticide varieties. turf resistant andendophyte-enhanced Select Avoid drought-stressing turf, whichfavors billbugactivity. presence by tugging ongrass blades. withpitfalltraps andlarval Monitor adultactivity inotherregions oftheU.S.to causedamageto turf are thedamaging stage;adultshavelarvae beenshown onegenerationtypically peryear pupate insoilandemerge asground-dwelling adults occur inthesoilroot zone feeding occurs withinthestem;initial larval later stages feeding occurs latelarval into spring summer stems eggs into turf adults are from active through spring summer, depositing larvae aslate-stage overwintering overwinter asadultswithsomespeciesalso patchy which converges brown turf to larger patches Augustinegrass) (zoysiagrass,can affect turf warm-season St. fescues, bentgrass) bluegrass, (Kentucky ryegrass, cool seasonturf primarily leglessandcream coloredlarvae: withabrown head brown, reddish brown, orblackwithaprominent snout billbug(3/8–1/2inch); Mountain inch) to the Rocky insize from thebluegrassadults: vary billbug(3/16–1/4 billbug andPhoenix billbug bluegrass billbug, hunting Mountain billbug, Rocky Ramirez, Utah State Utah Ramirez, University Extension) Bugwood.org); Linearpitfalltrap usedto Right: monitor billbugs(Ricardo Left: (David Billbugdamageto turfgrass Shetlar, The Ohio State University, Billbug life Abbott, State (Samuel Utah cycle University) Bugwood.org) Berger, andbluegrass billbug(left) billbug(right) (Joseph Mountain Rocky

17 Arthropods Arthropods 18 IPM Recommendations Biology, Life Cycle &Damaging Life Stage Host Plants, Diet&Damage Pest Description Ataenius spp. Black Turfgrass Ataenius • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • neonicotinoid). Apply apreventive (anthranilic diamide; insecticide nematodes orBeauveria fungalspores. Apply abiopesticidethat contains entomopathogenic Monitor by sampling soilto search stages. for larval healthyMaintain plants withproper cultural practices. are thedamaging stage larvae up to two generations peryear second generation adultsemerge mid-to late-summer feed actively to early mid-summer larvae and soilinearly-summer anddepositeggsintoadults are spring early thatch active adults overwinter inthesoilandunderleaf/wood debris grub feeding extensive damage issimilarinappearance to larger white feeding spots leadsto wiltingandlocalizedlarval dry bluegrass, annualbluegrass andbentgrass feed onroots includingKentucky larvae ofturfgrasses about 1/4inchlongwhenmature are tinylarvae compared to otherwhite grub species, rear endandbrown headcapsule;sixthoracic legs tiny,larvae: grubs; c-shaped cream colored withagrayish shiny beetles adults: small(3/16inchlong),black, State University, Bugwood.org) Cranshaw,Adult ataenius size blackturfgrass comparison (Whitney Colorado Adult ataenius (Tom blackturfgrass Murray, Bugguide.net) University, Bugwood.org) Cranshaw, insoil (Whitney Colorado ataenius larvae Black turfgrass State

19 Arthropods Arthropods 20 IPM Recommendations Biology, Life Cycle &Damaging Life Stage Host Plants, Diet&Damage Pest Description Blissus spp. Chinch Bugs • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Apply an insecticide (neonicitinoid; pyrethroid).Apply aninsecticide suppression. nematodes orBeauveria fungalspores to provide Apply abiopesticide containing entomopathogenic turfgrass. Consider planting endophyte-enhanced thatch.Reduce heavy Reduce drought-stressed plants with proper irrigation. (metalcan)pushedinto theground.cylinder inapoolofwater createdfrom theturf withametal Monitor usingaflotation trap, where chinchbugsfloat healthyMaintain plants withproper cultural practices. nymphs andadults are damaging can have two overlapping generations peryear final generation of adults emerge inthe fall second generation adultsemerge to early mid-summer thatch crowns, behindleaf sheaths eggsinturf and in insert andthroughout inspring adults: active summer areas overwinter assecond generation adultsinturf damageresemblessummer; drought stress inmid-tocause smallto late- large patches ofdeadturf perennial ryegrass, fescues, bentgrass andzoysiagrass bluegrass,feed includingKentucky onturfgrasses adults andnymphs have mouthparts piercing-sucking as nymphs mature, theyare orange, brown, thenblack across theabdomen nymphs: 1/64inchlong;bright red withawhite band developed, orreduced, wingsthat cross over theback adults: 1/10inchlong;blackandwhite withfully Bugwood.org) Chinch bugdamage to lawn (David Shetlar, The OhioState University, Bugwood.org) Chinch bugdamageto lawn (David Shetlar, The OhioState University, Abbott, State andadultchinchbugs(Samuel Utah Nymph University)

21 Arthropods Arthropods 22 IPM Recommendations Biology, Life Cycle &Damaging Life Stage Host Plants, Diet&Damage Pest Description Tipula oleracea Crane Fly • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Apply an insecticide (pyrethroid)Apply aninsecticide to provide suppression. suppression. nematodes orBeauveria fungalspores to provide Apply abiopesticide containing entomopathogenic infestations. chronically wet areas are predisposed to crane fly are prone to standing water water orheavy saturation; Provide adequate drainage andaeration to areas that Properly irrigate andfertilize. Monitor usingasoapy-water flushandsoil core sampling. are thedamaging stage larvae there are two generations peryear on damp, above feed ground warm nights, onturf larvae andfallmonthsspring roots andcrowns feed the primarily during onturf larvae over period a3to 4-day deposit eggsinturf adults emerge from andlate spring soilinearly summer inthesoil overwinter aslarvae insearch oflarvae digging up turf damagecanoccur from birdssecondary androdents emergence holesmayadult andlarval bevisible feeding appearsasbrownlarval spots feed onturfgrasses larvae lookto their leathery “skin” and finger-like onthe projections rear end;have a tough, the head;gray brown leglesswithahiddenhead incolor; toward tapering 1–1/2incheslong;cylindrical, larvae: resemble large mosquitoes adults: ~1inchlong;grayish brown longlegs; to tan;very Professional Turfgrass LLC) Solutions Crane flybrown(Adam spottingdamageand exit holesinturf Dyke, Van McDonald, Oregon (Brian StateCrane University, flylarvae Flickr.com) Adult(Janco marshcrane fly Tanis, Jancology.com, Bugwood.org)

23 Arthropods Arthropods 24 IPM Recommendations Biology, Life Cycle &Damaging Life Stage Host Plants, Diet&Damage Pest Description Popillia japonica Japanese Beetle • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • neonicotinoid) to suppress populations. Apply apreventive (anthranilic diamide; insecticide healthyMaintain plants through proper cultural practices. Agriculture andFood. PlantUtah Pest of Diagnostic Department Lab ortheUtah the sightings ofthisinsect Report established inUtah. Japanese beetlesare invasive pestsand are not stagesare damaging adult andlarval one generation per year females hostplants depositeggs insoilaround larval adults emerge late into spring summer pupate inthespring inthesoil larvae overwinter aslate-stage yellow chewonroots, andbrownlarvae leaving turf leaves, andchewholesinflower buds, fruitsandstems adults have leaving skeletonized chewingmouthparts, ornamental trees andshrubs preferlarvae feeding onroots ofturfgrasses, young of rose, maple, elm,birch, linden,appleandstone fruits adults prefer leaves, flowers, fruit, andsometimesstems shrubs, andvegetables turfgrass more than300 plant species ofornamentals, trees, legs grayish rear end;yellow-brown headwiththree pairsof cream 1/8–1inchlong;c-shaped; coloredlarvae: witha segment side oftheabdomenwithanadditionalpaironlast bronze wingcovers; five alongeach white hairtufts adults: 1/2inchlong;metallicgreen headandthorax; beetle larva (USDA Agriculturalbeetle larva Bugwood.org) Research Service, Left: Adult Bugwood.org); Japanesebeetle(David Cappaert, Japanese Right: Agricultural Bugwood.org) Research Service, USDA (M.G. Klein, (white grub) damage toJapanese beetlelarvae turf Bugwood.org) Japanese beetlechewingdamageto leaf(Steven Katovich, USDA Forest Service,

25 Arthropods Arthropods 26 IPM Recommendations Biology, Life Cycle &Damaging Life Stage Host Plants, Diet&Damage Pest Description Draeculacephala spp.; Deltocephalus spp. Leafhoppers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • leafhoppers may benoticeable. needed for even leafhoppersinturfgrass though orpesticideapplicationsManagement are nottypically healthyMaintain plants withproper cultural practices. nymphs andadults are thedamaging stages two ormore generations peryear overlapping life stagespresent summer during eggs hatch andnymphs inspring begin feeding into plant tissueorasadults overwinter aseggsinserted rarely causemanageabledamage yellowing/bleachinghopper burn: diebackofturf white to yellow onleaves stippling/flecking feed onsapfrom leafcells feed onturfgrasses human ormechanicaltraffic areasleafhoppers flylow whendisturbed by over turf wings absent butwingbudspresent nymphs: smallerthanadults, limegreen typically incolor; oneto two rowsback; ofspinesonhindlegs green, brown gray, wingsheldtentlike to yellow; over the incolor from whitish adults: 1/8–1/4inchlong;vary

Bugwood.org) damage (Eugene E. Nelson, right: Western grape leafhopper University, Bugwood.org); Bottom Cranshaw,(Whitney Colorado State White appleleafhopperstippling University, Bugwood.org); Top right: Cranshaw,(Whitney Colorado State Leafhopper nymphs anddamage plants.on non-turfgrass Top left: Examples ofleafhopperdamage Bugwood.org) Colorado State University, leafhopper nymph (Frank Peairs, Bugwood.org); Potato Bottom left: UCDavis, Clark, Adult leafhopper(Jack (Susan Ellis, Bugwood.org); Top right: adult Draeculacephala leafhopper Examples ofleafhoppers. Top left: Bugwood.org) USDA APHISPPQ, (Charles Olsen, leafhopper adult Deltocephalus

27 Arthropods Arthropods 28 IPM Recommendations Biology, Life Cycle &Damaging Life Stage Host Plants, Diet&Damage Pest Description May/June Beetles Phyllophaga spp. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • diamide) inspring. Apply apreventive (neonicotinoid; anthranilic insecticide nematodes orBeauveria fungalspores for suppression. Apply abiopesticidecontaining entomopathogenic Monitor by samplingsoilto search stages. for larval healthyMaintain plants usingproper cultural practices. stagesare damaging tolarval turf some specieshave a2to 3-year life cycle move deeperinthesoilfalltolarvae hibernate roots; causemostdamage second year larvae initiallyfeed onorganiclarvae matter before feeding on and depositspherical, white eggsinthesoil adults emerge late into spring summerto feed andmate, newly emerged adultsthat remain inthesoiluntil spring inthesoiloras larvae overwinter asmid-to late-stage adult damageisseenasholesinfoliage insearchbirds, ofwhite grubs digupturf damagecanoccur whenanimals, suchas secondary that peelsaway easilyfromturf soilwhentugged severe withaspongy feel root damageleaves and turf yellow chewonroots, andbrownlarvae leaving turf feed ontherootslarvae ofgrasses, trees andshrubs adults feed onfoliage ofbroadleaf plants andconifers rear end;yellow-brown headwiththree pairsoflegs cream 1/8–1inchlong;c-shaped; colored;larvae: grayish browndark to reddish brown incolor from light toadults: 1/2–1inchlongandvary Upham, Kansas State University,Upham, Kansas Bugwood.org) Severe white grub to feeding easilypullaway damage, (Ward causingturf Bugwood.org) May-June (white grubs) (Steven beetle larvae Katovich, USDA Forest Service, Katovich, USDA Forest Bugwood.org) Service, ITP, Bugwood.org; Top right: David Stephens, Bugwood.org; Bottom right:Steven Adult May/June beetles(Left: Emmy Engasser, Hawaiian ID, Scarab USDA APHIS

29 Arthropods Arthropods 30 IPM Recommendations Biology, Life Cycle &Damaging Life Stage Host Plants, Diet&Damage Pest Description Crambus spp., topiaria Chrysoteuchia GirdlerCranberry Sod Webworms/ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • organophosphate) when larvae areorganophosphate) present. whenlarvae Apply apesticide (carbamate; pyrethroid; populations. nematodes orBacillusthuringiensis to suppress Apply abiopesticide containing entomopathogenic enhanced turfgrass. Avoid andconsider drought-stressed endophyte- turf just above intheevenings. theturfgrass withasoapy-waterMonitor larvae flush,andadultflights are thedamaging lifelarvae stage female mothsdrop eggsover intheevenings turfgrass moths emerge late to summer spring early subterranean sodwebworms have onegeneration and moths may emerge summerthrough fall one ortwo generations dependingonspecies become inspring active larvae insilk-lined chambersinthatchoverwinter aslarvae severe infestations patches cancauseirregular turfgrass crowns androots causingsimilardamageaswhite grubs subterranean sodwebworm specifically, larvae, feed on thinning leaving areas ofturf clipgrass bladesat night justabovelarvae thecrown feed onanumberofgrasseslarvae associatedtypically withgreen frass andwebbing green); mostare covered spotsandcoarse withdark hairs; incolor (beige, gray, 3/4–1inch;vary larvae: brown or yellow, brown andblack forewings dullcolored withsilver, andstriped gold, adults: 3/4inchwingspan;snoutprotruding forward; complex ofmultiplespeciesmoths Viscient, Bugwood.org) Commons); Bottom right:Larger sodwebworm Louque, (Jessica Smithers left: Western lawn moth(Andy McClarren, &Chrissy Reago Wikimedia Top girdler; Cranberry left: Top right: Lesser vagabond sodwebworm; Bottom Food andAgricultural Sciences) (Steven webwormSod University ofFlorida Arthurs, of Institute damage to turf webworm andfecal Davis, pellets(Ryan State larva Utah University Extension) Common Abbott, sodwebworm State (Samuel Utah Sod University); Right: larva Top (Syngenta girdler larva Cranberry left: Turfgrass Bottom left: Encyclopedia);

31 Arthropods Diseases Diseases IPM Recommendations • • • Disease Cycle Hosts, Symptoms &Signs Ascochyta sp. Blight Ascochyta Leaf 32 • • • • • • • • • • • Avoid drought stress aswell asexcessive irrigation. nitrogen, especiallyinthespring. abalanced program;Implement fertilizer avoid excessive grass; reduce anoutbreak. during mowing frequency mower sharp Maintain blades to reduce wounding of Improve water penetration by aerification. Reduce thatch withproper cultural practices. infections occur onthenewlycutendofgrass blade mowers weather andare dispersedby splashingwater andlawn spores are released from wet during fruitingstructures overwinters inplant andthatch debris developfruiting structures ondeadgrass blades diseased andhealthy tissueisslightly constricted top andthearea third between ofleafbladediesback, weather hot, dry seen during symptoms canoccur at any timebutare more commonly does notcausepermanent damage of grass leaves diebackfrom thetip, resulting inbrown patches affects allspeciesof grass Ascochyta Carolina ondeadgrass fruiting structures State (North University) Ascochyta leafblight symptom (Iowa State University Extension) Ascochyta leafblight (Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

33 Diseases Diseases Heritage and Insignia could andInsignia makethe problemHeritage worse. Note: (Quinone QoI outsideinhibitor) fungicides suchas IPM Recommendations Disease Cycle Hosts, Symptoms &Signs Algae” “Blue-green Cyanobacteria/ 34 • • • • • • • • • • • • • intervals. Apply afungicide (Chlorothalonil) three times at 7day Avoid fertilizers. phosphorus-containing Increase height ofcut. Aerate compacted/layered areas. shadeandexcessiveMinimize moisture. and phosphorus the soil, excess moisture, soil layering, excess nitrogen includewarm temperatures,turfgrass light that reaches growthconditions that encourage in cyanobacteria may befound conditions underdrier areascompacted, inshade, drained, poorly but thinturf ismostfrequently foundcyanobacteria inwet, environments,desert including irrigated turfgrass inhabitats from aquatic cansurvive to cyanobacteria cyanobacteria algaeare notalgae, butareblue-green classifiedas sometimes die release oftoxins causesgrass to yellow turn and the ground in large numbers, theymove upongrass bladesorcover drainage andhighlevels ofphosphorus problem inareas that are heavily shaded, have poor black layer onthatch orthinnedgrass

Cyanobacteria (Grassstitcher, Pinterest.com) Penn State Kaminski, Cyanobacteria University, (John Slideshare.net) (Phil Colbaugh,Symptoms ofcyanobacteria Turfgrass Photo Diagnostics)

35 Diseases Diseases IPM Recommendations Disease Cycle There rings: are three offairy types Hosts, Symptoms &Signs Fairy Rings 36 • • • • • • • • • • • option. with sterile soil. expensiveThis management isavery anduptoside ofthering 30inchesdeepandreplace replacement:Soil remove soilabout20inchesto each Control withfungicide drenches isinconsistent. rings,For awetting agent may IIfairy beneeded. type growth ofgrass around ring. water ring; to deeplyandfertilize stimulate fairy Mask Reduce thatch withproper cultural practices. isnotknown disease cycle all three types white fungal mycelium canbefound inthatch andsoilfor ring III:mushroomstype andpuffballsare produced inthe lush green grass onthelawn II:rings that aretype 2–8incheswidewith dies; brown ofdeadgrass ring I:soilandthatchtype become hydrophobic andthegrass can affectalllawns; donotdirectly attack grass Bugwood.org) Type (Clemson ring University -USDA Cooperative IIIfairy SlideSeries, Extension Type (Claus ring Ableiter, IIfairy Commons)Wikimedia Type (Lester rings E. Dickens, I fairy Bugwood.org)

37 Diseases Diseases IPM Recommendations Disease Cycle Hosts, Symptoms &Signs Typhula sp. Gray Snow Mold 38 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • fungicides are notusefulasacurative treatment. propiconazole) asapreventative treatment infall;these Apply afungicide (azoxystrobin; iprodione; drifts. Avoid ofsnow compaction by etc., skis, andlarge snow weighing itdown. Mow until late fallto avoid snow fallingontallgrass and to stimulateweeks to root prior dormancy growth. of grass before snowfall. Fertilizer shouldbeappliedafew Avoid nitrogen heavy infallto fertilizer avoid fastgrowth infections thefollowing fallinthesamelocation newly formed sclerotia oversummer againandcausenew resulting mycelium undersnow infectsturfgrass cover sclerotia germinate underwet andcold conditions plant debris) oversummers assclerotia (hard ballsoffungaltissuein structures can beseenongrass; thesclerotia are thefungalsurvival small, hard, reddish-colored (sclerotia) fruitingstructures plants regrow assoontemperatures rise onlyleavestypically are infected desiccation)visible (disappearsafter leaves are matted white andoften to gray mycelium is size ofspotsranges from 1inchto 2–3feet circular patches snowmelt visibleafter affects all types grass Snow Flickr.com) mold (noricum, Archives,Microbiology Bugwood.org) Gray snow mold(Penn ofPlant Pathology State Department andEnvironmental Brown,Gray Colorado snow State mold(William University, Bugwood.org)

39 Diseases Diseases Control ofnecrotic spotisthesameasfor ring summerpatch: IPM Recommendations Disease Cycle Hosts, Symptoms &Signs Ophiosphaerella korrae Necrotic Ring Spot 40 • • • • • • • • • • • • 60-70 average soiltemperature at 3inchesdepth isbetween be appliedbefore thefungus enters theroots (whenthe Fungicide canbeappliedinthe spring, butitneedsto be appliedby acommercial applicator. forthiophanate-methyl) control. needto products Most Apply afungicide (azoxystrobin; propiconazole; cultivars are available ofspecies. inavariety isresistantperennial to rye thepathogen; otherresistant resolves withperennialOverseeding rye theproblem as data/kb05/kb05_11-9/kb0511t26.txt Program website liststhetrials: ontheeastcoast.in trials The National Turf Evaluation There are somecultivars that have shown someresistance nitrogen, potassiumandphosphorus. balancedMaintain andadequate fertility, especially reduce heat stress. hotweather,During to light isnecessary dailyirrigation Avoid drought stress. occurs throughout thegrowing season 3-inch depthreaches 60-70 the fungusbecomes whenthetemperature active at drought thespotcan getasbig2–3feet gradually enlarge to during about12inchesindiameter; circular patches develop cool during wet weather that infected tissue; roots are rotten stems; occasionally blackfruitingbodiesare found on no spotorlesionsonleaves; blackening ofroots and and red fescue canalsobeinfected bluegrassmain hostisKentucky butannualbluegrass 0 F). 0 F onaverage http://www.ntep.org/ . Necrotic spot(Howard ring F. Colorado Schwartz, State University, Bugwood.org) University, Bugwood.org) Ann Hansen, Necrotic spot(Mary ring Virginia Polytechnic andState Institute Necrotic spot(Howard ring F. Colorado Schwartz, State University, Bugwood.org)

41 Diseases Diseases IPM Recommendations Disease Cycle Hosts, Symptoms &Signs nivaleMicrodochium Pink Snow Mold 42 • • • • • • • • • • are notusefulasacurative. propiconazole) asapreventative infall;thesefungicides Apply afungicide (azoxystrobin; iprodione; drifts. Avoid etc., ofsnow compaction by andlarge skis snow weighing itdown. Mow until late fallto avoid snow fallingontallgrass and to stimulateweeks to root prior dormancy growth. of grass before snowfall. Fertilizer shouldbeappliedafew Avoid nitrogen heavy infallto fertilizer avoid fastgrowth indefinitely initial spotsize lessthan2incheswide, butcanenlarge weather regardless ofsnow cover circular patches develop ofcool, withlongperiods wet spores lookpink inmassesandgive thediseaseitsname exposure to light leadsto spore production desiccation)after white to gray mycelium issometimesvisible(disappears affects all grass species Pink snow mold (John Kaminski, Flickr.com)Pink Kaminski, snow mold(John Polytechnic andState University, Bugwood.org) Pink Ann mycelium Hansen, snow mold;note white-colored (Mary Virginia Pink snow mold infection (William BrownPink Jr., snow moldinfection (William Bugwood.org)

43 Diseases Diseases IPM Recommendations Disease Cycle Hosts, Symptoms &Signs Puccinia sp. Rust 44 • • • • • • • • • • • are unnecessary. often Fungicides containing azoxystrobin canbeappliedbut increase airmovement to reduce humidity. Prune trees to increase light inheavily shadedareas and height. infection early, butdonotmow below therecommended Mow frequently andremove clippingsto remove new overnight. sothegrassthe morning isdry Fertilize andirrigate asneededto avoid stress. in Irrigate thegrass.Rust ismainlyacosmetic willnotkill problem. It temperatures during the fungusismostactive of70-85 animals spores are dispersedthrough air, mowing, shoesand area turf ofthe rust ismore common inshadedandmoistparts lawn that isstressed ismore susceptible to thedisease orange spores that give thediseaseitsname orange colored “dust” isseenongrass blades;thedustis bluegrass andperennial rye many ofgrass types are susceptible, includingKentucky 0 F Rust (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Flickr.com) Stripe rust (Mourad Louadfel, rust(Mourad Stripe Bugwood.org) Orange rust spores (Rasbak, Orange rust spores (Rasbak, Commons)Wikimedia

45 Diseases Diseases IPM Recommendations Disease Cycle Hosts, Symptoms &Signs Slime Mold 46 • • • • • necessary. Slime moldisanaestheticissue. Notreatment is within afew weeks the spores disappear disperseand thefruitingstructures arefruiting structures what cover theplants under moistconditions andform the fruitingstructures; the slimemoldcells aggregate reproduction during slime moldsare notpathogens plants gray pustulesoryellow-colored slimeongrass andother Top Osborne, Bugwood.org) andbottom: (Larry Slimemold fruiting structures Slime mold(Iowa State University Extension)

47 Diseases Diseases Control ofsummerpatch isthesameasfor necrotic spot: ring IPM Recommendations Disease Cycle Hosts, Symptoms &Signs poae Magnaporthe Summer Patch 48 • • • • • • • • • • • between 60-70 (when theaverage soiltemperature at 3inchesdepthis beforeneed to bestarted thefungusenters theroots Fungicide applications but canbedoneinthe spring be appliedby acommercial applicator. forthiophanate-methyl) control. needto products Most Apply afungicide (azoxystrobin; propiconazole; cultivars are available ofspecies. inavariety isresistantperennial to rye thepathogen; otherresistant resolves withperennialOverseeding rye theproblem as data/kb11/kb11_15-5/kb11_15-5.pdf. Program website liststhetrials: ontheeastcoast.in trials The National Turf Evaluation There are somecultivars that have shown someresistance nitrogen, potassiumandphosphorus. balancedMaintain andadequate fertility, especially to reduce isnecessary heatirrigation stress. Avoid drought stress. hotweather, During light daily 3-inch depthreaches 60-70 the fungusbecomes whenthetemperature active at season can stillbeseennext occurs from late to fall, spring early butinfected patches nighttime temp. above 68 hotweather extended during (daytime temp. 82-95 are usuallyalittle smallerthannecrotic spot ring similarto necrotic spot;spotsofsummerpatchvery ring fescue bluegrassmain hostisKentucky andfine-leaf 0 F). 0 F) infected plants die fast 0 F onaverage http://www.ntep.org/ 0 F; F;

and State University, Bugwood.org) Top Ann Hansen, andbottom: Summerpatch (Mary Virginia Polytechnic Institute Summer patch (Lee Miller, Bugwood.org) University ofMissouri,

49 Diseases Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Pests Ictidomys; Urocitellus; Spermophilus Ground Squirrels 50 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • necessary. Bait withanappropriately labeledrodenticide, if before settingtraps. Prebait (baittraps withoutsettingthem) for afew days Remove brushpilesanddebris. too large. burrows, andmanage before thepopulation becomes Periodically monitor for signs ofinfestation, suchasnew October). Conibear traps whensquirrels are (February active – populations areIf small, usebox traps, tunneltraps or from bark strip young trees awiderange ofdiseases carry foundations vegetation, collapse ditch building banksandundermine candestroyburrowing lawns activity andother grasses, alfalfa,grains, ornamental plants, seedsandnuts nosoilplugs surface; burrows 5to 30ormore feet long;2to 6feet below soil hibernate cold during winter months theday during active populations range from 2to 20squirrels peracre live incolonies andbuildunderground burrow systems burrow openingsabout4inchesindiameter brownish-gray fur tails 2–9incheslongandlessfluffythana tree squirrel’s many sizes; bodiesupto 11incheslong Bugwood.org) Ground squirrel Burrows, burrow entrance State Montana (Mary University, Belding’s ground squirrel (Yathin S.Krishnappa, Commons)Wikimedia Wyoming ground squirrel (JTchagbele, Commons)Wikimedia

51 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests Geomyidae Pocket Gophers 52 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • were successful control andto quickly newpopulations. Monitor problem areas to assure trapping andbaiting burrows usingaprobe applicator. Bait larger populations by into placingbaitdirectly populations, ifapplicable. Consider floodirrigation to help control gopher Surround trees andshrubswith3/8-inchhardware cloth. burrows. in lateral burrows andclosedbox-style traps inmain Trap pincer pocketgophers usingtwo-pronged traps treesharm andchewingonroots by bark stripping damage underground pipes cables andirrigation utility damage lawns, andagricultural gardens, fields sports trees prefer dandelionroots, alfalfa,grasses, shrubs, roots and matingduring seasonorwhenfemales have offspring usually onlyoneindividualpertunnelsystem except yearactive round the middleoffan mounds ofexcavated withasoilplugin soilat thesurface undergroundconstruct burrows andleave fan-shaped incisor teeth always visibleinfront ofmouth tails hairless short, light brown to brownish-black fur 6 –13incheslong Gopher burrowGopher entrance Davis, (Ryan State Utah University Extension) Pocket gophermounds(USDA Forest Bugwood.org) Service, Pocket gopher(IanSilvernail, Commons)Wikimedia

53 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests Mephitidae Skunks 54 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Contact aprofessional to trap andremove theskunk. Leave exits opento allow itto leave onitsown. enters askunk astructure,If donotharass it. ordisturb Eliminate potential densites andfood sources outdoors. control. Check localregulations for management to skunk prior odorous defensive spray food; leave holes bare patches andsmallcone-shaped may damagelawns andathletic fields by digging for parasites ofdiseases, carriers suchasrabies,known of andavariety and young birds fruits, vegetables, smallrodents, insects, reptiles, eggs wide range ofplant and animalmaterial includingberries, atmost active night animals, exceptsolitary for mating winter andduring areas, sheds, understructures, etc. build densinbrushpiles, pipes, openirrigation storage orcornereddisturbed release odorous spray (distance of8–15feet) when the size ofahousecat andabouthalf spotted blackwithwhite skunks: markings housecat running thelengthofbodyandaboutsize ofa blackfurandtwo broad skunks: striped white stripes Park Service, Commons)Wikimedia Western spotted (National skunk (Alfred skunk Striped University,Viola, Northeastern Bugwood.org) Skunk damagetoSkunk lawn (Ohio State University Extension)

55 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests Microtus spp.Microtus Voles 56 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • Rodenticides may be necessary forRodenticides may control benecessary inlarge areas. warm weather.during ornamental plantings that provide food andshelter Eliminate weeds, ground cover, mulchanddense Use snaptraps placed invole withtriggers runways. Reduce clutter outside. become establishedindoors occasionally enter buildingsby accident, butdonot andornamental plantings cause damageto turf plants, tubersandbark prefer areas ground ofheavy cover burrow intheground alongrunways make runways/tunnels inturf, mulch,etc. hairs tailwithshort hairy 3 –6incheslong Vole Davis, runways (Ryan State Utah University Extension) inturf Vole size R., comparison (Manuel Commons)Wikimedia

57 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Weeds 59 Annual bluegrass bluegrass Annual seeds (James Wikimedia Lindsey, Commons) Annual bluegrass growth habit (Rasbak, Wikimedia Commons) habit (Rasbak, growth bluegrass Annual Wikimedia Commons) (Rasbak, bluegrass Annual for more more for page 115

Hand-pull plants in lawn areas prior to flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants pre-emergent appropriate Apply herbicide seed prior to germination. management practices (see management irrigation will reduce infrequent deep, information); areas. in lawn seedling germination it commonly produces seed close to the soil surface seed close to produces it commonly other off like many heads cannot be mowed (flower turfgrass weeds). appropriate Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor through Annual bluegrass is difficult to control in lawn areas since areas since lawn in control to is difficult bluegrass Annual to flower and produce seeds until the onset of hot seeds until produce and flower to in summer months temperatures during cool new blade growth produce dormant plants fall temperatures germinate when soil temperatures are below 70°F in late in late 70°F below are when soil temperatures germinate early fall or early spring summer, continue and weeks of germination within 8 flower plants common in lawn areas and planting beds and planting areas in lawn common seedlings grass: annual or short-lived perennial winter per branching stalk; light green in color stalk;per branching green light tufted; upright growth (up to 1 foot tall); leaves emerge emerge tall); leaves 1 foot (up to tufted; growth upright and papery pointed with sheath ligule protective from – 3/16 inch wide); 1/16 long, (1 – 4 inches leaves narrow short6 seeds to 3 heads (1 – 4 inches high) bear flower

• • • • • • • • • • 58 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Poa annua Poa Annual BluegrassAnnual

Weeds Weeds Weeds 61 Annual ryegrassAnnual seed heads (HarryFlickr.com) Rose, Annual ryegrass growth habit (Harry ryegrass Flickr.com) Annual growth Rose, Flickr.com) Lda, ryegrassAnnual clasping auricle (Syngenta for for page 115 the summer. pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide in early spring and again in mid-summer. Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through practices (see management appropriate information). more seed heads in developing prevent to or cut plants Mow annual germination in late summer and fall summer in late annual germination suppression and included in lawn seed mixes as a seed mixes in lawn and included suppression temporary quick-establishing grass landscape, roadsides, open spaces and occasionally lawns lawns and occasionally open spaces roadsides, landscape, weed for fields in agricultural planted commonly bunching growth habit growing 1 – 2 1/2 feet tall; 2 1/2 feet 1 – habit growing bunching growth clasping auricles veins with prominent dark in the bud; green rolled leaves

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60 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Lolium multiflorum Lolium Annual Ryegrass Annual Weeds Weeds 63 Left: Bermudagrass stem and flowers and flowers stem Bermudagrass Left: University, Utah State Dewey, (Steve Bermudagrass Above: Bugwood.org); Tenorio-Lezama, flowers (Pedro Bugwood.org) Bermudagrass growth habit (Gerald Holmes, California Polytechnic State State Polytechnic California Holmes, habit (Gerald growth Bermudagrass Bugwood.org) Obispo, San Luis at University Utah State Dewey, (Steve stems and underground aboveground Bermudagrass Bugwood.org) University, for for page 115 be necessary kill to structures. all spreading can be management on bermudagrass information More in “Bermudagrass in the USU Extension publication found Utah Lawns.” prior to re-seedingprior to or sodding. actively post-emergent herbicide to an appropriate Apply may one herbicide than application More plants. growing Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through practices (see management appropriate patches weedy treat and chemically information) more patches are easy to spot in cool season turfgrass spot in cool because easy to are patches when dormant turns brown foliage bermudagrass rhizomes can grow 6 inches or deeper into underlying into 6 inches or deeper can grow rhizomes soil during summer aggressively grows bermudagrass spring late early fall until from but is dormant months warm season perennial grass with spreading stems stems with spreading grass warm season perennial new plants; form to points) nodes (growing at root that forms weedy patches in lawn areas and plants; can invade can invade and plants; areas in lawn patches weedy forms beds planting flowers and seeds are produced on whorled spikes (three on whorled spikes (three produced and seeds are flowers 2 inches long spikes per stalk) 1 – seven to creeping grass with spike-like grass creeping alternately appendages a thick wiry along arranged with papery overlaid stem and stems) (aboveground stolons produces sheaths; stems) (underground rhizomes

• • • • • • • • •

62 IPM Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Cynodon dactylonCynodon Bermudagrass Weeds Weeds 65 Black medic habit (Forest and Black medic habit (Forest Starr Environmental, Kim Starr, Bugwood.org) Black medic (Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org) Black medic (Karan of Georgia, University Rawlins, A. Bugwood.org) University, Ohio State The Ackley, Black medic (Bruce for for page 115 the fall for control in lawn areas. in lawn control the fall for In severe infestations, apply an appropriate pre-emergent apply an appropriate infestations, In severe herbicide seed germination. prior to killer weed a selective in post-emergentApply broadleaf Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through practices (see management appropriate information). more flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants flowers appear April through September Aprilappear through flowers landscape, lawn and open spaces lawn landscape, annual or short-lived perennial yellow flowers in small rounded bunches in small flowers yellow low, spreading habit; looks similar to other clover-like other clover-like looks similar to habit; spreading low, plants finely are leaflets that small oval three have leaves on the edge toothed

• • • • • • • • • •

64 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Medicago lupulina Black Medic Black Weeds Weeds 67 Left: Broadleaf Broadleaf Left: flowers plantain (Joseph M. DiTomaso, of California University Bugwood. - Davis, Right: Broadleaf org); flowering plantain structures (Ohio The Weed Lab, State University, Ohio State Bugwood.org) Broadleaf plantain growth habit (Lynn Sosnoskie, of Georgia, University habit (Lynn growth plantain Broadleaf Bugwood.org) University, Ohio State The habit (John Cardina, growth plantain Broadleaf Bugwood.org) for for page 115 Apply repeat applications of appropriate broadleaf weed weed broadleaf of appropriate applications repeat Apply plants) on mature most effective (2,4-D killer areas lawn in soil. bare with exposed areas any and over-seed more information). Avoid bare patches in turfgrass in to patches bare Avoid information). more seed germination. reduce flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through practices (see management appropriate flowers are produced 8 to 15 weeks after germination to 15 8 produced are flowers late seed from and produce flower to continue and plants earlyspring fall to perennial that spreads by seed; seedlings germinate germinate seed; seedlings by spreads that perennial through 50°F and continue reach when soil temperatures season the growing commonly grows in lawn areas but may also invade also invade but may areas in lawn grows commonly beds planting adjacent greenish yellow to brown to yellow greenish flower stalks are long (4 – 15 inches) and grow upright; upright; grow long (4 – 15 inches) and are stalks flower head portions a tail-like the flower/seed have of the stalks appearance color turns from their stalks mature, as flower/seed low-growing, densely matted plant with dark green egg- dark with green plant densely matted low-growing, point a central from away radiate that shaped leaves wide) have and 1 – 2 inches (3 – 7 inches long leaves large and long stalks veins prominent

• • • • • • • • • •

66 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Plantago major Plantago Broadleaf Plantain Weeds Weeds 69 Left: Bur buttercup lateral habit (USDA Forest Service, Wikimedia Commons); Wikimedia Commons); Service, Forest habit (USDA lateral Bur buttercup Left: Wikimedia Commons) Clark, fruit (Curtis Right: Bur buttercup Bur buttercup growth habit (Bonnie Million, National Park Service, habit (Bonnie Bugwood.org) Million, Park National growth Bur buttercup Service, fruits (Bonnie Bugwood.org) Million, Park National Bur buttercup for for page 115 more information). more flowering. beds prior to in planting Hand-pull plants actively post-emergent herbicide to an appropriate Apply plants. growing Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through practices (see management appropriate followed by burs by followed brittle by and becomes turns brown dries, foliage plant early summer flowers are produced within 3 weeks of germination weeks of germination 3 within produced are flowers commonly grows in planting beds and lawn areas beds and lawn in planting grows commonly five petal flowers are succeeded by oval-shaped, spiny spiny oval-shaped, by succeeded are petal flowers five 80 seeds 5 to burs; each bur produces in earlygermination summer annual with spring when 41°F reach temperatures low-growing plant with light green, antler-looking leaves antler-looking leaves green, with light plant low-growing hairs with white covered on the produced singly are flowers yellow small bright taller than the leaves grow which tips of leafless stalks

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68 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Ranunculus testiculatus Bur Buttercup Bur Weeds Weeds 71 Common chickweed growth habit (Hugo.arg, Wikimedia Commons) habit (Hugo.arg, chickweed growth Common Left: Common chickweed fruit and seeds (Roger Culos, Wikimedia Commons); Wikimedia Commons); chickweed (Roger fruit and seeds Culos, Common Left: WikimediaCommons) (Ryan chickweed flowers Right: Common Kaldari, Common chickweed (Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org) of Georgia, University Wallace, chickweed (RebekahCommon D. for more more for page 115 Apply an appropriate post-emergent herbicide to actively post-emergent herbicide to an appropriate Apply plants. growing underground structures to prevent re-sprouting. prevent structures to underground pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide prior to seed germination. management practices (see management irrigation will reduce infrequent deep, information); areas. in lawn seedling germination remove manually flowering; prior to Hand-pull plants Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor through appropriate appropriate Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor through and early spring 53°F and 68°F between in temperatures thrives and set seed within 5 flower vigorously, seedlings grow viable seeds immediately mature of germination; weeks summer or winter annual with peak germination in fall peak germination annual with summer or winter commonly grows in planting beds and occasionally in beds and occasionally in planting grows commonly lawns small white flowers are star shaped (1/4 inch wide); each are flowers small white rabbit ears) and shorter (like separated deeply flower sepals green visible than sepals; five dense, low-growing plant with highly branched and highly branched with plant low-growing dense, nodes at inches long; root 4 – 20 grow that slender stems tip; oriented with pointed and elliptical fleshy leaves: 1 1/2 inches long up to one another on stems; to opposite

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70 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Stellaria media Stellaria Common Chickweed Common Weeds Weeds 73 Common groundsel seedling (Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, University, Ohio State The Ackley, seedling (Bruce groundsel Common Bugwood.org) Left: Common groundsel seeds (Carol, Wikimedia Commons); Right: Common Right: Common Wikimedia Commons); seeds (Carol, groundsel Common Left: Bugwood.org) University, Ohio State The Lab, Weed State leaf (Ohio groundsel Common groundsel (Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft.,Videki, Doronicum Bugwood.org) (Robert groundsel Common Hand-pull plants in lawn areas prior to flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants if the blade areas in lawn control for is effective Mowing the soil surface. is set close to height post-emergent herbicide. with an appropriate Spot treat seeds are immediately viable immediately seeds are winter annual with seeds that germinate in early to mid- in early to germinate annual with seeds that winter spring and again in autumn weeks after germination to 6 5 production occurs flower mature after flowering; 11 days 5 to and seeds mature found in lawn areas in lawn found commonly grows in planting beds but can sometimes be in planting grows commonly flowers are long and long petals peak out are yellow cylindrical; flowers of vase-shaped sepals like a tube of lipstick; sepals green globe-shaped a dandelion-like, seed reveal peel back to head upright growth (6 inches – 1-1/2 feet tall) with fleshy, tall) with fleshy, – 1-1/2 feet (6 inches upright growth often purplish are that ribbed stems alternately arranged are and leaves hollow are stems fleshy deeply lobed and are leaves mature along stems;

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72 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Senecio vulgaris Common Groundsel Common Weeds Weeds 75 Left: Common lambsquarters (Mary Common Left: flowers Common Above: Ellen Harte, Bugwood.org); Westra, lambsquarters seedling (Phil Bugwood.org) University, State Colorado Common lambsquarters leaves (Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft.,Videki, Doronicum Bugwood.org) (Robert lambsquartersCommon leaves Right: The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org) University, Ohio State The Right: Common lambsquarters (Left: Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org; lambsquarters Kft.,Videki, Doronicum Bugwood.org; Common Robert (Left: for for page 115 seed germination. the summer. soil solarization by Seed can be reduced populations establishing a turfprior to area. pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide prior to appropriate management practices (see management appropriate information). more seed heads in developing prevent to or cut plants Mow seeds can remain viable for over 20 years over viable for seeds can remain Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through annual; germinates in late spring in late annual; germinates summer and fall and seed in late flowers produces landscape, lawn, cropland and open spaces cropland lawn, landscape, leaves) of flowers small clumps inconspicuous plant 72,000 seeds per up to can produce upright, upward branching plant growing 4 inches – 6 4 growing plant branching upward upright, tall feet with shallow toothed coarsely from varies leaf shape and linear shaped (upper narrow to leaves) lobes (lower

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74 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Chenopodium album Chenopodium Common Lambsquarters Common Weeds Weeds 77 Common mallow taproot (Ohio State State (Ohio taproot mallow Common University, Ohio State The Lab, Weed Bugwood.org) Common mallow growth habit (Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, University, State Schwartz, Colorado F. habit (Howard growth mallow Common Bugwood.org) State (Ohio (right) flower seedling (left) mallow mallow and common Common Bugwood.org) University, Ohio State The Lab, Weed Hand-pull plants in lawn areas prior to flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants both ineffective are and mowing Chemical control mallow. of common control options for seed germination. and both aboveground must target control Effective structures. plant underground Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor through appropriate appropriate Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor through more practices (see page 115 for management in turfgrass reduce to patches bare Avoid information). flowers and fruit are produced from early summer to mid- to early summer from produced and fruit are flowers winter throughout green stay may plants fall and mature common mallow can be an annual, biennial or perennial biennial or perennial can be an annual, mallow common conditions based on growing with season the growing throughout seeds germinate early (mid-spring autumn) to moisture adequate lawn areas lawn commonly grows in planting beds and bare patches in patches beds and bare in planting grows commonly thick hairy stem petals and five color and have pink in to white are flowers shaped like a cheese wheel and a funnel shape; fruit is 12 seeds houses 10 to low-growing (4 inches – 2 feet high) matted plant with plant matted high) – 2 feet (4 inches low-growing taproot deep branched inches in diameter, 1-1/2 1/2 to are leaves coin-shaped extends to that and one deep lobe margins wavy have

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76 IPM Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Malva neglecta Common Mallow Common Weeds Weeds 79 Top left: Common yarrow yarrow left: Common Top (Mary flowers with white Ellen right: Top Harte, Bugwood.org); (Steve foliage yarrow Common University, Utah State Dewey, left: Bottom Bugwood.org); flowers yellow yarrow Common of University (John Ruter, Bugwood.org) Georgia, Common yarrow growth habit (Theodore Webster, USDA Agricultural Research Research Agricultural USDA Webster, habit (Theodore growth yarrow Common Service, Bugwood.org) for for page 115 herbicide when plants are actively growing. More than More actively growing. are herbicide when plants be necessary may one herbicide application kill to all structures. spreading Mechanical removal of aboveground foliage will not kill foliage of aboveground Mechanical removal underground parts; plant manually remove underground re-sprouting. prevent structures to post-emergent systemic with an appropriate Spot treat Hand-pull plants in lawn areas prior to flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants seed heads in developing prevent to or cut plants Mow the summer. appropriate management practices (see management appropriate information). more and both aboveground must target control Effective structures. plant underground Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through to germinate, particularly if temperatures are between between particularly are germinate, to if temperatures 65-75°F months dormant in winter stalks dry are flower and leaves in spring growth resume rhizomes spreading herbaceous perennial with flower production flower with perennial herbaceous spreading early fall mid-summer to from able immediately mid-autumn and are by seeds mature commonly grows in lawn areas but may also invade also invade but may areas in lawn grows commonly beds planting adjacent plants produce rhizomes (underground stems) (underground rhizomes produce plants low-growing plant with soft, feather-shaped leaves and leaves with soft, plant feather-shaped low-growing stalks upright flower flowers ray five contain clusters flower umbrella-shaped 20 disk flowers 10 to by surrounded

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78 IPM Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Achillea millefolium Achillea Common Yarrow Common Weeds Weeds 81 Creeping woodsorrel growth habit (Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California, of California, University habit (Joseph M. DiTomaso, growth woodsorrel Creeping Bugwood.org) Creeping woodsorrel seedling (Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California, of California, University seedling (Joseph woodsorrel DiTomaso, M. Creeping Bugwood.org) Creeping woodsorrel fruit (left) and flowers (right) (Joseph M. DiTomaso, (right) fruit (left)(Joseph M. DiTomaso, and flowers woodsorrel Creeping Bugwood.org) of California, University Apply a selective post-emergent broadleaf weed killer weed a selective for post-emergentApply broadleaf areas. in lawn control Hand-pull plants in lawn areas prior to flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide prior to seed germination. and seeds throughout the remainder of the growing of the growing the remainder and seeds throughout viable immediately seeds are season; mature perennial that germinates at soil surface at germinates that when perennial 60-80°F between are temperatures flowers produce and plants vigorously seedlings grow commonly grows in lawn areas and planting beds and planting areas in lawn grows commonly flowers produce ribbed lantern-shaped seedpods that are are seedpods that ribbed lantern-shaped produce flowers and hairy green long, leaves fold down on stems at night or when plants are are or when plants night at on stems down fold leaves stressed five with flowers yellow bright five one to tips have stem bowl shaped like a shallow are petals each; flowers creeping plant with 4-inch-tall hairy with plant creeping (although stems inches) as long as 20 to can grow stems tipped with three often purplish and stalks are are leaves heart-shaped hairyhave leaflets; leaflets undersides

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80 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Oxalis corniculata Oxalis Creeping Woodsorrel Creeping Weeds Weeds 83 Dandelion flower (left) and seeds (right) (Chris Evans, University of Illinois, of University Illinois, Evans, (Chris (left) and seeds (right) Dandelion flower Bugwood.org) Dandelion growth habit (Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, University, State Schwartz, Colorado F. (Howard habit Dandelion growth Bugwood.org) Dandelion leaves (Lynn Sosnoskie, Bugwood.org) of Georgia, University (Lynn Dandelion leaves for more more for page 115 re-sprouting. herbicide for a selective post-emergentApply broadleaf areas. in lawn control Effective control must target both aboveground and both aboveground must target control Effective structures. plant underground and flowering prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants prevent structures to underground manually remove management practices (see management in turfgrass reduce to patches bare Avoid information). seed germination. Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor through appropriate appropriate Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor through occurs at temperatures between 60-70°F between temperatures at occurs and of flowering within 2 weeks seed heads develop viable immediately seeds are sections taproot as short from as 1 inch grow new plants perennial with seedling germination throughout growing growing throughout with seedling germination perennial season continues in mid-spring production and begins flower season, although peak flowering the growing throughout commonly grows in lawn areas and planting beds and planting areas in lawn grows commonly fluff flower stalks are hollow and bear a flower head with and bear a flower hollow are stalks flower a delicate, to produce mature flowers petals; yellow globe-shaped seeds of many seed head comprised a tuft to oblong seed is attached of white each brown, low-growing plant with deep taproot with deep plant low-growing and a quarter long (2 – 12 inches) are as wide and leaves lobed are leaf margins point; a central from away radiate and wavy

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82 IPM Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Taraxacum officinale Taraxacum Dandelion Weeds Weeds 85 Top left: Cheatgrass seeds (K. left: George Cheatgrass Top and James Sebastian, Colorado Top Bugwood.org); University, State Fishel, ligule (Fred right: Cheatgrass of Missouri,University Bugwood.org); seeds (Steve Cheatgrass right: Bottom Database, NRCS PLANTS USDA Hurst, Bugwood.org) Cheatgrass growth habit (Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org) of Illinois, University Evans, habit (Chris growth Cheatgrass Service, Bugwood.org) Forest USDA Heutte, habit (Tom growth Cheatgrass summer months. post-emergent herbicide. with appropriate Spot treat Hand-pull plants in lawn areas prior to flowering or mow or mow flowering prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants spring and a minimum of every throughout 3 weeks winter or summer annual; seedlings germinate in autumn seedlings germinate or summer annual; winter or early spring spring late with seed production by growth rapid including lawn areas including lawn planting beds and other under-maintained areas areas under-maintained beds and other planting appearance brown light purple to to green from changes color foliage in declines moisture and available matures as plant summer months grass with upright growth (up to 2 feet tall) and tall) feet 2 to (up growth with upright grass hairyare blades that flat sides; ligules are on both and ragged membranous bristle-likefeathery heads with soft, flower/seed

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84 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Bromus tectorum Bromus Downy Brome (Cheatgrass) Brome Downy Weeds Weeds 87 Left: Field bindweed leaves (Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org); Right: Kft.,Videki, Doronicum Bugwood.org); (Robert leaves bindweed Field Left: Bugwood.org) University, State Colorado Westra, (Phil flowers bindweed Field Field bindweed growth habit (Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org) University, Utah State Dewey, habit (Steve growth bindweed Field University, State Schwartz, Colorado F. habit (Howard growth bindweed Field Bugwood.org) kill structures. all spreading structures to prevent re-sprouting. prevent structures to post-emergent with appropriate foliage Spot treat actively growing. are herbicide when plants systemic be necessary may than one herbicide application More to Hand-pull plants in lawn areas prior to flowering. flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants will not kill foliage of aboveground Mechanical removal underground parts; plant manually remove underground Effective control must target both aboveground and both aboveground must target control Effective structures. plant underground reduce to areas in lawn field bindweed mow Frequently vigor. plant viable for up to 60 years up to viable for from early spring to late fall early late spring to from 57°F; reach when temperatures occurs rate peak growth in fall ground shoots die back to aboveground remain can seed that and produce 1 day for last flowers non-woody perennial vine with seedling germination vine with seedling germination perennial non-woody climbing up or matting on adjacent plants or structures plants adjacent on climbing up or matting beds or support planting structures areas, such as in lawn fences (underground stems) (underground (1 inch in diameter) flowers pink funnel-shaped to white climbing or creeping vine with long twirling that creeping climbing or stems in length 3 feet can exceed on stem; arranged alternately leaves arrow-shaped network of rhizomes extensive also produce plants

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86 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulus Field Bindweed Field Weeds Weeds 89 Green foxtail (Wendy Vandyk Evens, Bugwood.org) Evens, Vandyk (Wendy foxtail Green Green foxtail (Steve Dewey, Utah State Utah State Dewey, (Steve foxtail Green Bugwood.org) University, University, Ohio State The Ackley, (Bruce and collar sheath foxtail Green Bugwood.org) for for page 115 Apply an appropriate pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide in early spring and again in mid-summer. effective, are Selective quinclorac herbicides containing after germination. 3 weeks but only within 2 to appropriate management practices (see management appropriate information). more flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants seeds are able to germinate 2 to 4 months after 4 months maturing 2 to germinate able to seeds are Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through annual; germinates startingannual; germinates in spring and anytime the year throughout lawns, gardens, cropland and open spaces cropland gardens, lawns, produces 5,000-12,000 seeds per plant which can remain which can remain per plant 5,000-12,000 seeds produces 6 years viable for of drytolerant conditions clump-forming habit; grows 4 inches – 3 feet tall 4 inches – 3 feet clump-forming habit; grows in a short, lengthwise rolled fringed buds are ligule; leaf sheath protective floret cylindrical head with densely clustered flower

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88 IPM Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Setaria viridis Green Foxtail Green Weeds Weeds 91 Henbit seedlings (Left: Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org; Right: Bugwood.org; University, Utah State Dewey, Steve Henbit seedlings (Left: Bugwood.org) University, Ohio State The Lab, Weed Ohio State Henbit growth habit (Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org) University, Utah State Dewey, (Steve habit Henbit growth Auburn Henbit (Nancy Loewenstein, Above: Right: Henbit Bugwood.org); University, WikimediaCommons) (Ryan flowers Kaldari, for for page 115 seed germination. herbicide for a selective post-emergentApply broadleaf areas. in lawn control more information). more flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide prior to Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through practices (see management appropriate by mid-spring to early summer (although some plants early mid-spring summer (although some plants to by in the fall) flower may dies in hot summer temperatures foliage a winter annual with seeds that germinate in the fall germinate that annual with seeds a winter although a lesser portion in also germinate may of seeds early spring produced are seedlings appear in early spring and flowers commonly grows in planting beds and lawn areas beds and lawn in planting grows commonly with a white face and dark red spots and dark red face with a white and have rounded teeth margins teeth rounded and have in leaf blades recessed are veins prominent upper leaf axils dark pink and circle small, are flowers blooms orchid resemble tiny flowers if studied carefully, plant grows 4 – 12 inches tall and is covered sparsely in sparsely and is covered 4 – 12 inches tall grows plant fine hairs typically the at purplish and branch square, are stems or heart round in pairs arranged are shaped, base; leaves

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90 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Lamium amplexicaule Lamium Henbit Weeds Weeds 93 Left: Large crabgrass (Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org); Right: Bugwood.org); University, Utah State Dewey, (Steve crabgrass Large Left: Service, Research Bryson, Agricultural USDA T. seedling (Charles crabgrass Large Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) Large crabgrass growth habit (Doug Doohan, The Ohio State University, University, Ohio State The habit (Doug Doohan, growth crabgrass Large Large crabgrass growth habit (Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, University Wallace, habit (Rebekah D. growth crabgrass Large Bugwood.org) for more more for page 115 Mow or cut plants to prevent developing seed heads in developing prevent to or cut plants Mow the summer. pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide prior to seed germination. management practices (see management information). flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants flowers and seeds appear from mid-summer to first frost to first mid-summer and seeds appear from flowers appropriate Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor through summer annual, warm season grass; seedlings germinate seedlings germinate grass; warm season summer annual, to 55°F and continue reach when temperatures season the growing throughout germinate commonly grows in lawn areas and planting beds and planting areas in lawn grows commonly flowers and seeds are produced on whorled spikes (2 to on whorled spikes (2 produced and seeds are flowers 6 inches long 2 – are 16 spikes per stalk) and clumping grass with horizontal growth (when mowed) or (when mowed) growth horizontal with clumping grass tall (when un-mowed) 2 feet up to growth upward and hairycoarse tinged with commonly leaf blades purple; ligule is very short, jagged and membranous

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92 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Location Cycle Life Description Digitaria sanguinalis Digitaria Large Crabgrass Large Weeds Weeds 95 Persian speedwell leaves (Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California - Davis, - Davis, of California University (Joseph M. DiTomaso, leaves speedwell Persian Bugwood.org) Persian speedwell (Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft.,Videki, Doronicum Bugwood.org) (Robert speedwell Persian Persian speedwell growth habit (Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California - of California University (Joseph habit M. DiTomaso, growth speedwell Persian Bugwood.org) Davis, for for page 115 seed germination. herbicide for a selective post-emergentApply broadleaf limited. when other options are areas in lawn control more information). more flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide prior to Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through practices (see management appropriate germinates primarily in early spring, but can germinate primarily but can germinate germinates early in spring, fall through anytime after maturing immediately germinate able to seeds are gardens, lawns, cropland and open spaces cropland lawns, gardens, annual summer or winter fruits are heartfruits are and hairy shaped small, low-spreading annual covered in short hairs covered annual low-spreading small, margins toothed lobes and with three rounded are leaves petals and are four – 1/2 inch) have (1/4 small flowers striped appearing lightly center blue with a white light

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94 IPM Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Veronica persica Veronica Persian Speedwell Persian Weeds Weeds 97 Top left and top right: Pineappleweed left Pineappleweed right: and top Top habit (Mary Ellen Harte, left: Bottom Bugwood.org); (Bonnie Million, Pineappleweed Service, Bugwood.org) Park National Pineappleweed growth habit (John D. Byrd, Mississippi State University, University, Mississippi State Byrd, habit (John D. growth Pineappleweed Bugwood.org) for for page 115 Pre-emergent herbicides are not always effective since since effective Pre-emergent not always herbicides are round. year germination can take place herbicide for a selective post-emergentApply broadleaf limited. when other options are areas in lawn control appropriate management practices (see management appropriate information). more flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants flowers can be present all year beginning in late spring in late year beginning all can be present flowers Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through summer annual; germinates in early spring and continues in early springsummer annual; germinates and continues the year throughout germinate to gardens, lawns, cropland and open spaces cropland lawns, gardens, thrives in harsh soil conditions such as compacted soils in harsh soil conditions thrives but not shade areas, and high traffic mowing will tolerate small (6 –12 inches high) herbaceous annual with lacey annual with lacey inches high) herbaceous small (6 –12 smell when disturbed and a pineapple leaves branches then the plant as a rosette, seedlings grow bush a small into upward

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96 IPM Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Cycle Life Location Description Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed Weeds Weeds 99 Purple deadnettle growth habit (Left: Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft.,Videki, Doronicum Bugwood. Robert habit (Left: deadnettle growth Purple Bugwood.org) Station, Research Bryson, Agricultural USDA T. Right: Charlesorg; Purple deadnettle seedlings (Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, University, Ohio State The Ackley, deadnettle seedlings (Bruce Purple Bugwood.org) Purple deadnettle foliage and flowers (Left: Ansel Oommen, Bugwood.org; Ansel Oommen, Bugwood.org; (Left: and flowers deadnettle foliage Purple Bugwood.org) of Illinois, University Right: Chris Evans, for for page 115 seed germination. herbicide for a selective post-emergentApply broadleaf areas. in lawn control appropriate management practices (see management appropriate information). more flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide prior to Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through life cycle before hot temperatures set in and seeds can hot temperatures cycle before life not are as long as temperatures immediately germinate high too although a lesser portion in also germinate may of seeds the spring during hot summer seedlings do not germinate their complete purple deadnettle plants temperatures; a winter annual with seeds that germinate in the fall germinate annual with seeds that a winter with a white face and purplespots face with a white areas beds and lawn in planting grows commonly figures upper leaf axils; if purple and circle small, are flowers blooms orchid resemble tiny flowers studied carefully, on blades and leaf margins are toothed are on blades and leaf margins tips and the uppermost stem around clustered are leaves giving purple in color, smaller and reddish are leaves of vertically the appearance hooded standing the plant produces square-shaped stems that grow 4 – 16 inches 4 – 16 inches square-shaped grow that produces stems base and purplish the in color at branched are tall; stems arranged shaped and oppositely arrow hairy, are leaves recessed are that veins prominent have leaves on stems;

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98 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Lamium purpureum Lamium Purple Deadnettle Weeds Weeds 101 Clasping auricle and rolled leaf on quackgrass (The Ohio State University, (The leaf on quackgrass Clasping auricle and rolled University, Ohio State Bugwood.org) Quackgrass rhizome stems (Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org) University, Utah State Dewey, (Steve stems rhizome Quackgrass Quackgrass, Steve Dewey, Utah State Utah State Dewey, Steve Quackgrass, Bugwood.org) University, for for page 115 herbicide when plants are actively growing. actively growing. are herbicide when plants Cultivation/tillage is not a good option since the is not a good option since Cultivation/tillage after being cut. grow to will continue stems underground with desirable competing is aggressively If quackgrass post-emergent systemic apply appropriate plants, appropriate management practices (see management appropriate information). more flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants by thin underground rhizome roots rhizome underground thin by Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through aggressive perennial reproducing by seed or spreading seed or spreading by reproducing perennial aggressive and open spaces lawn landscape, appears to have a thicker blade growing slightly faster faster slightly a thicker blade growing have appears to Kentuckythan common bluegrass in low-fertility and/or heavy clay prevalent be more may or compacted soils spreading habit; up to 1 – 3 feet tall if uncut 1 – 3 feet up to habit; spreading in color; clasping auricle blue green thick, leaves; rolled ryegrass annual similar to rhizomes underground spreading

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100 IPM Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Elymus repens Elymus Quackgrass Weeds Weeds 103 Left: Redstem filaree flowers and flowers filaree Redstem Left: (Josephfruiting stems Berger, Redstem Above: Bugwood.org); (Joseph M. DiTomaso, flowers filaree - Davis, of California University Bugwood.org) Redstem filaree growth habit (Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California - California of University habit (Joseph M. DiTomaso, growth filaree Redstem Bugwood.org) Davis, Park Service,foliage (Bonnie Bugwood. Million, National filaree Redstem Left: Starr and Starr, Kim habit (Forest growth Right: filaree Redstem org); Bugwood.org) Environmental, Apply a selective post-emergent broadleaf herbicide for herbicide for a selective post-emergentApply broadleaf areas. in lawn control hand-pull. pre-emergent an appropriate Apply herbicide prior to seed germination. Hand-pull plants in lawn areas prior to flowering. flowering. prior to areas in lawn Hand-pull plants redstem of control for method is not an effective Mowing are that plants since areas in established lawn filaree to can also be difficult plants Mature will regrow. mowed mid-spring to mid-summer mid-spring to temperatures between 40-70°F (spring to fall) 40-70°F (spring between to temperatures dormant remain in the year late germinate seedlings that months during winter as a rosette from flower and plants in early spring, resumes growth winter annual or biennial that germinates in moist soil in germinates annual or biennial that winter commonly grows in planting beds and lawn areas beds and lawn in planting grows commonly flowers with five petals and a long, beak-like fruit beak-like petals and a long, with five flowers include filaree redstem names for other common the due to and storksbill heronsbill cranesbill, head to a bird’s and fruit of the flower resemblance a low-growing, densely matted plant with fern-like leaves leaves fern-like with plant densely matted a low-growing, form in a rosette grow that in fine hairs covered and are stems reddish have leaves pink/purple support stalks vibrant to flower twelve two

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102 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Erodium cicutarium Erodium Redstem Filaree Redstem Weeds Weeds 105 Shepherd’s-purse seedpods (Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org) University, Utah State Dewey, seedpods (Steve Shepherd’s-purse Shepherd’s-purse (Mary Ellen Shepherd’s-purse Harte, Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) University, Utah State Dewey, seedlings (Steve Shepherd’s-purse Apply a selective post-emergent broadleaf herbicide for herbicide for a selective post-emergentApply broadleaf areas. in lawn control overwintering rosettes that would produce seed the produce would that overwintering rosettes spring. following since effective Pre-emergent not always herbicides are round. year germination can take place Seed populations can be reduced by soil solarization. by Seed can be reduced populations is important remove in the fall to Cultivation can take place throughout the year the throughout can take place anytime and seed production can take place flowering September April through from summer or winter annual summer or winter primarily but germination takes place in spring and fall, gardens, lawns, cropland and open spaces cropland lawns, gardens, branches a flat producing stalks elongate, fade, after the flowers purse-shaped seedpod small herbaceous plant with erect stems 1 – 20 inches tall 1 with erect stems plant small herbaceous the base of at in a rosette arranged are leaves most of the the plant at the tips of grow four petals with flowers small white

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104 IPM Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Capsella bursa-pastoris Capsella Shepherd’s-Purse Weeds Weeds 107 Left: Star of Bethlehem growth habit of Bethlehem Star growth Left: UMES, Bugwood. (Richard Gardner, (Leslie flowers Unopened Above: org); Connecticut, of University Mehrhoff, J. Bugwood.org) Star of Bethlehem flowers (top), seedlings (bottom left) seedlings (bottom right) and bulbs (bottom (top), of BethlehemStar flowers Connecticut, Bugwood.org) of University Mehrhoff, J. (Leslie temperatures are at least 50°F and again in the fall for at at the fall for least 50°F and again in at are temperatures years. least 2 consecutive Apply a selective post-emergent broadleaf herbicide for herbicide for a selective post-emergentApply broadleaf areas. in lawn control in early spring when foliage herbicideApply to Eradication of established star of Bethlehem patches in of established star of Bethlehem patches Eradication effective is verymowing is not an areas difficult; lawn control. method for bulbs and bulblets. dig out and remove Carefully summer mid-spring and flower production by late spring by late production mid-spring and flower on sunny open flowers blooms last about 2 weeks; sunset mornings and close by mid- the bulb by to dies back after foliage seedset, a bulb-forming perennial with leaves that emerge by by emerge that with leaves a bulb-forming perennial commonly grows in lawn areas and planting beds and planting areas in lawn grows commonly delicate white flowers are star shaped with six petals and are flowers white delicate 1 inch in diameter; measure blooms centers; yellow/green undersides petal tips; pointed with oval-shaped are petals the middle stripe running down a wide green have plant with long, slender, smooth, fleshy, hollow, dark hollow, fleshy, smooth, slender, with long, plant chives resemble leaves leaves; green bulbs buried profile deep in the soil white produces leafless and smooth 6 – 9 inches tall, are stalks flower

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106 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Ornithogalum umbellatum Star ofStar Bethlehem Weeds Weeds 109 Left: White clover leaflets (Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, Bugwood. University, State The Ohio Ackley, leaflets (Bruce clover White Left: Cappaert, (David Bugwood.org) flower clover White Right: org); White clover growth habit (Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org) of Illinois, University Evans, habit (Chris growth clover White White clover seeds (Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org) University, Ohio State The Ackley, seeds (Bruce clover White for for page 115 control in lawn areas; 2,4-D is not effective for control control for 2,4-D is not effective areas; in lawn control plants. clover it will only injure since Adjust fertilization program to include more nitrogen and nitrogen include more to fertilization program Adjust nitrogen low indicates less phosphorus when a soil test and high phosphorus levels. herbicide for a selective post-emergentApply broadleaf in established lawn areas. Other control tactics Other can control areas. in established lawn seed prior to with hand-pulling plants be combined maturation. Maintain maximum turfgrass vigor and density through practices (see management appropriate information). more of clover control for method is not an effective Mowing drop seeds 3 to 4 weeks after flower production after flower 4 weeks seeds 3 to drop between temperatures of 64-86°F temperatures between continues by mid-spring and production occurs flower season of the growing the rest through and downward and droop brown as seeds ripen, flowers cool season perennial that germinates in the spring germinates that season perennial cool occurs rate peak growth 50°F; reach when temperatures commonly grows in lawn areas in lawn grows commonly inch wide) fade they dry a 1/4 inch long as flowers out and produce petals husk of spent a brown in seedpod covered dense creeping plant with 3 – 14-inch-long stems and stems with 3 – 14-inch-long plant dense creeping leaflets marked with white round with three stalks tipped leaflet surface on the upper V-shape shaped (3/4 color and sphere pink in to white are flowers

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108 IPM Recommendations Recommendations IPM Life Cycle Life Location Description Trifolium repens Trifolium White Clover Weeds Glossary 111 insecticide that is translocated within insecticide is translocated that GLOSSARY the life stage in which an insect, disease, weed, weed, an insect, stage in which disease, the life plant that lives longer than two growing seasons seasons growing longer than two lives that plant

a insect feeding damage to foliage that gives leaves leaves gives that foliage damage to insect feeding underground, horizontally-growing stem that that stem horizontally-growing underground, the process in which an insect larva the the process into develops the immature stage of an insectstage of an undergoes that the immature aboveground, horizontally growing stem that that stem growing horizontally aboveground, stage of insect development between the larva between stage of insect development and bark or leaves. Nymph: stages occur nymph The metamorphosis. incomplete egg and adult stages. the between Overwinter: survivesduring etc., the winter. Perennial: system. root the same from year to year growth and renews Pupa: adult in insects metamorphosis. with complete Pupate: metamorphosis (complete an adult into pupa stage and then only). Rhizome: new plants. produces Stippling: speckled appearance. or brown a yellow Stolon: new plants. produces Insecticide:Systemic injection, the uptake, or absorption through via root a plant

GLOSSARY fungal structures that contain spores for for spores contain fungal structures that a protective pesticide application applied to the applied to pesticide application a protective lower part the around lower wraps of the leaf that the posterior (rear) of three body segments of an of an segments body of three (rear) the posterior the vegetative part of a fungus made up of a the vegetative plant that lives longer than one season but fewer season but fewer longer than one lives that plant

plant with a life cycle completed in one year or less in one year cycle completed life with a plant

a a an appendage that projects on either side of the an appendage that a group of eggs that are laid by an insect laid by the same at are of eggs that a group membranous or hairymembranous where the point projection at a thin band of growth tissue located where the blade where tissue located a thin band of growth the growth stage between two immature insect molts. immature two stage between the growth the immature stage of insect that undergoes complete stage of insect complete undergoes that the immature

110 network of white threadlike filaments (hyphae). filaments threadlike network of white Ligule: out of the leaf sheath. leaf blade grows the grass Mycelium: Leaf Sheath: Sheath: Leaf the internode. covering stem Larva: the egg stage and metamorphosis; the larval stage follows the pupal stage. precedes reproduction. Instar: Cover Spray: Cover leaves. Bodies: Fruiting Collar: Collar: meets the leaf sheath. Clutch: Clutch: time. collar on many types of grass. on many collar Biennial: years. than two Annual: Annual: seed). (seed to Auricle: Abdomen: Abdomen: insect; the head and thorax are body divisions the other two (middle segment). Glossary References 112 Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs. Princeton University Press. Cranshaw, W. America: ofNorth The (2004).Garden Insects Natural Resources Publication 3420. Diagnostic Guide. University ofCalifornia, Agriculture and Geisel, P. M.(2003).Abiotic Disorders ofLandscapePlants: A Costello, L.R.,Perry, E. J., Matheny, N.P., Henry, J. M.,& ofPublic Health. Department Illinois andDaySchools Care Centers, Region. Midwest State of Colwell, C.,&Pehlman, D. (2010).Common Pests Found in Available online. (cheatgrass). (2005).Colorado State Parks sheet. fact Practices Management Best Weed Profile:Downy brome Natural sheet. Resources Available fact online. Integrated Pest Program, Management Agriculture and Pest Notes Publications. University ofCalifornia Statewide Nebraska-Lincoln. in Sensitive Environments: AHow To Guide. University of Ogg, C.L.,&Bauer, E. (2012).Integrated Pest Management 2nd Edition. H.D.N. Books. H.D. &Sheltar,Niemczyk, D. J. (2000).Destructive Turf Insects, Handbook ofPest Control, 10thed. Cleveland: Inc. GIEMedia, Mallis, A., Moreland, D., &Hedges, S.A.(2011). The Mallis online. StateUtah Logan, University Extension. Available Utah. (2011). Common Weeds ofthe Yard andGarden: aguidebook. Lowry, B. J., Whitesides, R.,Dewey, C.,&Banner, S.,Ransom, R. • • • • • 7469: Dandelions. (2006). 7464: Annual bluegrass. (2012). 7462: Field bindweed. (2011). 7456: Crabgrass. (2010). 7453: Bermudagrass. (2007). References Buildings. Colorado State University Extension. Handbook for Colorado Schools, Childcare &Public Settings Young, D., Armenta, R.,&Berry, G.(2012).Pest Identification Weed Science &Cooperative Jackson, Extension. Wyoming. R., &Parker, R.(2009). Weeds ofthe West. Western of Society Whitson, T., Burrill, L.,Dewey, S.,Cudney, D., Nelson,B. E., Lee, • • • • • 7478: Plantains. (2007). 74130: Common groundsel. (2006). 74129: Chickweeds. (2006). 74127: Mallows. (2006). 7490: Clovers. (2007).

113 References Additional Resources 115 Appropriate Appropriate Guidelines Maintenance Maintenance Guidelines for Guidelines for Basic practices of turfgrass . Additional Resources Additional Recommendations for reviving your lawn after lawn your reviving for Recommendations : Cultural practices to prevent turf prevent practices insect to : Cultural Simple Sprinkler Performance Testing (county specific): (county Testing Simple Sprinkler Performance the performance lawn testing of your for Procedure irrigation efficiency. sprinkler improve to Utah (2012): for Cultivars Turfgrass conditions. site for seed selecting the appropriate Management and Insect Practices Pest Cultural Turfgrass (2010) problems. Basic Turfgrass Care (2011): Care Turfgrass Basic fertilization and irrigation. including mowing, care (2002): Sites on Salt-Affected Turf Growing turf including growing high salt levels, with on sites for selection grass and management. (2004): Maintenance Irrigation System your of the effectiveness evalute to recommendations irrigation system. lawn (2012): Turf Season Cool for Fertilizers Lawn grasses. season cool fertilization for techniques lawn Living with Landscape Irrigation Restrictions (1992): for irrigation restrictions techniques and proper Water conserving landscape. in the water Hot Summer a Long, After Lawn Your Renovate (2001): conditions. and drought heat prolonged digitalcommons.usu.edu • • • • • • • • • The following USU Extension publications provide additional additional Extension USU provide publications following The maintain practicesto management cultural recommended below the titles Search of turfgrass. the health and improve at Image References Image

114 Utah State University Extension University Utah State Wikimedia Commons University of UtahUniversity Extension Wisconsin of University Turfgrass Photo Diagnostics Photo Turfgrass Slideshare.net Turfgrass Encyclopedia Syngenta North Carolina State University North State Carolina Extension University Ohio State Iowa State University Extension University State Iowa Colorado State University Extension University State Colorado Flickr.com Bugguide.net Bugwood.org References For help with your pest-diagnostic needs, please contact the Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Lab at 435-797-2435 or [email protected].

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