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A Functional Modified Graphene Oxide/Nanodiamond/Nano Zinc

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A Functional Modified Graphene Oxide/Nanodiamond/Nano Zinc RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue A functional modified graphene oxide/ nanodiamond/nano zinc oxide composite for Cite this: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,41857 excellent vulcanization properties of natural rubber Zhen Yang, a Yan Huanga and Yuzhu Xiong *ab A modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nanozinc oxide (MGO/ND/nanoZnO) functional hybrid filler is designed and prepared to improve the vulcanization efficiency of a rubber composite and to reduce the use of ZnO. ND was grafted onto graphite oxide with the aid of 4,40-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). NanoZnO, with high surface activity, was then loaded onto the MGO/ND complex through the wet chemical method, in order to synthesize the MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler. Rubber composites were prepared using the rubber latex composite method and their vulcanization behaviors were investigated. Our results show that the MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler can remarkably improve the vulcanization behaviors of the rubber composite. Compared with that of pure natural rubber Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. (NR), the vulcanization activation energy of the rubber composite was reduced by approximately 16%. Received 28th August 2020 Moreover, the vulcanization efficiency can be improved by 63% (i.e., the optimum cure time is shortened Accepted 11th November 2020 from the original 405 s to 150 s) after the same amount of traditional ZnO was replaced by the DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07404g functional hybrid filler loaded with 1 wt% nanoZnO. The prepared MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid rsc.li/rsc-advances filler thus provides a promising alternative to improve the vulcanization efficiency of rubber composites. 1. Introduction stearic acid and then forming an active accelerator complex with an accelerator and sulfur, and nally reacts with the This article is licensed under a In-depth studies on rubber vulcanization behaviors and vulca- polymer to form multiple sulde crosslinked products. With the nization kinetics have been conducted since the discovery of process of curing reaction, the polysulde bonds will gradually rubber vulcanization technology.1–3 Coran pointed out that break to form stable, short sulfur cross-links and nally form scorching is an important part of rubber vulcanization a stable 3D network structure.7 Therefore, rubber vulcanization Open Access Article. Published on 17 November 2020. Downloaded 9/29/2021 9:53:43 PM. behavior. In this process,4 various accelerants react with sulfur directly affects the quality of the 3D net structure, which to form crosslinking precursors, which then react with active supports various properties of the rubber material. In addition, sites on the rubber chain during vulcanization to form S bonds the vulcanization behaviors of the rubber materials also directly between macromolecular chains. In order to better describe the inuence their applications. vulcanizing and processing properties of NR, Ehab´e et al. used ZnO has been widely used in the vulcanization process of NR Mooney torque relaxation method to characterize natural recently years. Owing to the strict requirements of EU REACH rubber and synthetic natural rubber, and found that the Regulations for the environmental protection property of Maxwell and Wu–Abott models are most suitable for describing traditional ZnO, many researchers have focused on reducing the rubber vulcanization and processing performance.5 Among use of traditional ZnO,8 therefore, nanoZnO came into being. them, according to the classication of the curing system, it is NanoZnO is a multifunctional material with extremely high divided into three types: conventional (CV), semi-efficient (SEV), surface activity. It has the characteristics of small particle size and efficient (EV) curing systems, the classication standard is and large specic surface area, and has a good effect of the ratio of sulfur to accelerator. Generally, conventional curing promoting vulcanization.9 Kim et al. mixed nanoZnO into systems have better mechanical properties.6 In addition, ZnO natural/butadiene composite rubber materials. They found also plays an important role in the vulcanization process. In the that, in the silica-lled system, the high specic surface area description of Mostoni et al., ZnO participates as an activator in and good dispersion of nanoZnO signicantly promoted the the vulcanization process of rubber, the activation process vulcanization behavior and reduced both the scorch time and consists of three steps. First, forming a zinc complex with optimum curing time. Compared with conventional ZnO, 20% nanoZnO content can obtain similar vulcanization character- istics and mechanical properties.10 Thomas et al. and Roy et al. aCollege of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China. E-mail: [email protected] also found that nanoZnO increased the scorch time of rubber bGuizhou Provincial Rubber Composite Material Engineering Laboratory, China and reduced the optimum curing time. They inferred that this This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020 RSC Adv.,2020,10,41857–41870 | 41857 View Article Online RSC Advances Paper may be related to the formation of more crosslinked precursors, method to improve dispersity is to prepare hybrid materials. due to the high specic surface area of nanoZnO.11,12 Delville et al. used chemical graing to prepare a hybrid mate- Recent works have focused on the use of nanoZnO to rial composed of molecular/nanoscale organic–inorganic units. partially or completely replace conventional ZnO for rubber This material has the characteristics of chemical and structural vulcanization. Due to the nanometer effect of nanoZnO, it can diversity, which can effectively improve the performance of signicantly improve the vulcanization performance of rubber polymers.28 Rattanasom et al. used a CB–silica dual phase ller and the utilization rate of rubber vulcanizing agent with a small to reinforce natural rubber and found that, when the silica amount of addition.13 However, nanoZnO has high surface percentage was 20%, the vulcanized rubber had better perfor- activity; when it is added independently, intense aggregation mance.29 GO has a 2D structure, so other nanoparticles can be may occur in the rubber matrix,14 degrading the vulcanization- imported onto GO sheets to reduce their aggregation. Moreover, facilitating effect and adversely inuencing the resulting the surface of GO contains a large number of active groups, mechanical properties. Therefore, it is particularly important to which can provide active sites to form hybrid llers, it is very improve the dispersity of nanoZnO in the rubber matrix. Among suitable as a carrier material.30 the methods to improve the dispersion of nanoZnO, the most Nano-diamond (ND) is a suitable intercalation material for commonly used method is to load nanoZnO onto other func- GO because of its unique surface structure, abundant active tional llers with good dispersion. Numerous studies have groups and excellent thermal conductivity and stability.31 At the shown that loading nanoZnO particles on SiO2 can form a Si–O– same time, this material can facilitate rubber vulcanization and Zn covalent bond, and nally makes nanoZnO uniformly epoxy resin curing.32,33 Owing to the active groups on its surface, dispersed in the rubber matrix along with SiO2, thereby ND can form hybridized llers through the modi cation of improving the vulcanization efficiency of rubber.15–17 Lin et al. graed macromolecular substances and reactions between loaded nanoZnO onto the surface of graphene and found that groups. However, there are few reports on ND graed GO. Zhao nanoZnO inhibits the aggregation of graphene sheets. The et al. successfully graed hydroxylated and aminated ND onto Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. results show that this new hybrid ller had a better the surface of carbon ber by covalent bonding. The results vulcanization-facilitating effect.18 In addition, based on the showed that the specic surface area of carbon ber was assumption that increased availability of Zn2+ ions may result in enlarged by 58%.34 Because the particle size of ND is far smaller a signicant reduction of ZnO needed in rubber compounds, than GO sheet diameter, it is feasible to gra ND onto GO Heideman et al. used montmorillonite as a carrier to load Zn2+ surface, and the hybrid of the two materials can greatly promote ions through an ion exchange process to prepare a new type of the vulcanization behavior of rubber. vulcanization active agent, ZnClay. Studies have found that In this work, we used GO as matrix, graed ND particles onto ZnClay can not only maintain the vulcanization and physical GO sheets with coupling agent MDI and expanded the lamellar properties of rubber products of traditional ZnO, but also structure. The functional hybridized ller MGO/ND/nanoZnO This article is licensed under a reduce the impact on the environment. Heideman et al. also was prepared through the in situ loading of nanoZnO onto the found that GaO and MgO are suitable substitutes for ZnO.19,20 MGO/ND complex using the wet chemical method. Then, To improve the dispersion of nanoZnO in the rubber matrix natural rubber and functional hybrid ller were mixed by by loading, it is crucial to select a suitable carrier material. As rubber latex composite method. Using this method, drying of Open Access Article. Published on 17 November 2020. Downloaded 9/29/2021 9:53:43 PM. a derivative of graphene, graphene oxide (GO) contains the obtained nanoller in a hot oven or freeze dryer could be hybridized carbon atoms with a 2D honeycomb structure; its avoided; this can not only lower the production cost, but also surface is covered with abundant functional groups that react prevent the aggregation of the hybrid materials.35,36 Moreover, with numerous compounds. GO is a versatile functional mate- the latex compounding method can effectively disperse llers in rial,21,22 and researchers have noticed the role of GO in rubber polymer matrix and has been widely used.37 Finally, vulcaniza- vulcanization.
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