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Xi CONTENTS 1. Embryology and Anatomy

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Xi CONTENTS 1. Embryology and Anatomy CONTENTS 1. Embryology and Anatomy. 1 Embryology . 1 Anatomy and Histology. 5 2. Handling and Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Lung Biopsy Specimens with Approach to Patterns of Lung Injury. 17 Clinical and Radiologic Correlation. 17 Bronchoalveolar Lavage. 18 Handling and Processing of Specimens. 20 Types of Lung Biopsy Specimens. 20 Transbronchial Biopsies. 21 Surgical Lung Biopsies. 22 Special Stains. 23 Special Techniques. 23 Electron Microscopy . 24 General Principles in Lung Biopsy Interpretation. 24 Patterns of Lung Injury . 32 Anatomic Distribution. 34 Reaction Patterns. 35 Practical Aspects. 37 3. Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia and Other Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases . 49 General Approach to Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases. 49 The Initial Evaluation of Patients with Suspected DPLD. 49 Clinical Features. 49 Signs and Symptoms . 51 Laboratory Tests. 51 Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Lung Biopsy. 52 Classification of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. 53 Liebow Classification. 53 Katzenstein and Müller/Colby Classifications. 53 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Classification. 54 Commonly Encountered Problems in the Clinical and Pathologic Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. 55 Differential Diagnosis of Interstitial Pneumonias. 58 Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis). 59 xi Non-Neoplastic Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia, Cellular and Fibrosing Patterns. 73 Evolving Concept of NSIP. 82 Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia). 82 Diffuse Alveolar Damage and Acute Interstitial Pneumonia. 89 Acute Fibrinous and Organizing Pneumonia . 101 Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (Idiopathic Diffuse Alveolar Damage). 103 Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Interstitial Lung Disease. 106 Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia. 109 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. 115 Sarcoidosis . 123 Langerhans’ Cell Histiocytosis and Other Histiocytic Disorders. 136 Langerhans’ Cell Histiocytosis. 136 Erdheim-Chester Disease. 144 Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy. 144 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. 147 Eosinophilic Pneumonia . 160 Idiopathic Eosinophilic Pneumonias. 162 Simple Eosinophilic Pneumonia. 162 Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia. 162 Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia. 164 Secondary Eosinophilic Pneumonias. 167 Infectious Eosinophilic Pneumonia. 168 Drug-Induced Eosinophilic Pneumonia . 168 Immunologic or Systemic Diseases. 168 Differential Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Pneumonia. 168 Treatment and Prognosis. 169 Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis. 169 Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage. 176 Antibasement Membrane Antibody Disease (Goodpasture’s Syndrome). 184 Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemorrhage. 185 Aspiration. 187 Alveolar Microlithiasis. 196 4. Pulmonary Vasculitis . 233 Wegner’s Granulomatosis. 234 Churg-Strauss Syndrome . 244 Microscopic Polyangiitis. 248 Necrotizing Sarcoid Granulomatosis. 251 Other Rare Causes of Granulomatous Arteritis. 254 xii Contents Giant Cell Arteritis. 254 Disseminated Visceral Giant Cell Angiitis. 254 Polyarteritis Nodosa. 255 Takayasu’s Arteritis. 255 Behçet’s Syndrome. 255 Secondary Vasculitis. 258 Pulmonary Infection and Septic Emboli. 258 Classic Sarcoidosis. 258 5. Reactive Lymphoid Lesions . 265 Introduction. 265 Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia. 266 Follicular Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis. 276 Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia of Lung. 277 Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia (Castleman’s Disease). 282 Intrapulmonary Lymph Nodes . 283 6. Connective Tissue and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 291 Histologic Spectrum of the Pleuroparenchymal Reactions. 291 Rheumatoid Arthritis. 293 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus . 300 Scleroderma . 302 Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis . 304 Sjögren’s Syndrome . 307 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease . 308 Ankylosing Spondylitis. 309 Relapsing Polychondritis. 310 Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 310 7. Drug and Radiation Reactions . 321 Drug Reactions. 321 Definition and Background. 321 Clinical Syndromes Associated with Pulmonary Drug Reactions. 324 Pathologic Patterns Associated with Pulmonary Drug Reactions. 326 Diagnosing and Treating Pulmonary Drug Reactions. 340 Radiation Lung Injury . 340 8. Bronchiolar Disorders. 351 Introduction. 351 Background. 351 Pathologic Patterns of Bronchiolitis. 353 Clinical Manifestations . 362 xiii Non-Neoplastic Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract Radiologic Manifestations . 362 Clinicopathologic Entities. 368 Asthma. 368 Infectious Bronchiolitis and Postinfectious Constrictive Bronchiolitis . 368 Fume-Related Bronchiolar Injury . 370 Diffuse Panbronchiolitis . 373 Idiopathic Bronchiolitis (Including Cryptogenic Obliterative Bronchiolitis). 375 9. Bronchial Disorders. 381 Introduction . 381 Infectious Bronchitis. 382 Bronchiectasis. 382 Cystic Fibrosis. 392 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. 399 Middle Lobe Syndrome. 404 Bronchocentric Granulomatosis. 408 Mucoid Impaction of Bronchi. 412 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Fungal Disease. 415 Plastic Bronchitis. 419 Relapsing Polychondritis. 421 Tracheobronchomegaly. 423 Congenital Bronchial Cartilage Deficiency. 424 Broncholithiasis. 426 10. Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases. 435 Chronic Bronchitis . 435 Emphysema. 441 Pathologic Evaluation of the Lung for Emphysema. 443 Proximal Acinar Emphysema (Centriacinar or Centrilobular Emphysema) . 443 Panacinar Emphysema. 449 Distal Acinar Emphysema. 452 Irregular Emphysema . 454 Localized Giant Bullous Emphysema. 455 Simple (Nonemphysematous) Airspace Enlargement. 456 Asthma . 457 11. Congenital Anomalies and Pediatric Disorders. 473 Introduction . ..
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