DOCSLIB.ORG

Statistical and Mass Spectral Tools for the Identification and Characterization of Synthetic Phenethylamines Author(S): Ruth Waddell Smith, A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Statistical and Mass Spectral Tools for the Identification and Characterization of Synthetic Phenethylamines Author(S): Ruth Waddell Smith, A The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to prepare the following resource: Document Title: Statistical and Mass Spectral Tools for the Identification and Characterization of Synthetic Phenethylamines Author(s): Ruth Waddell Smith, A. Daniel Jones, Victoria L. McGuffin Document Number: 252917 Date Received: May 2019 Award Number: 2015-IJ-CX-K008 This resource has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. This resource is being made publically available through the Office of Justice Programs’ National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Table of Contents Purpose of the Project ..................................................................................................................... 1 Project Design and Methods ........................................................................................................... 2 Project Findings .............................................................................................................................. 3 Goal 1. Further develop and validate a method for the statistical comparison of mass spectra . 3 Goal 2. Develop a spectral interpretation scheme for structural class characterization of synthetic phenethylamines based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry .......................... 6 Goal 3. Develop mass defect filters as a tool for rapid classification of synthetic phenethylamines .......................................................................................................................... 7 Implications for Criminal Justice Policy and Practice in the US .................................................. 10 References ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 12 Appendix 1. Compounds included in this study ....................................................................... 12 Appendix 1A. Phenethylamines ................................................................................................ 12 Appendix 1B. Tryptamines ....................................................................................................... 13 Appendix 2: GC-MS instrument and method parameters ......................................................... 14 Appendix 3: Mass spectral data processing methods ................................................................ 17 Appendix 4 Statistical comparison of APB-phenethylamines, 2C-phenethylamines, NBOMe- phenethylamines, and tryptamines ............................................................................................ 18 Appendix 5: Characterization scheme to assign compounds to APB-, 2C-, or NBOMe- phenethylamine subclasses ........................................................................................................ 23 Appendix 6: Characterization examples based on low-resolution mass spectral data .............. 25 Appendix 7: Classification of phenethylamines and tryptamines using principal components analysis and linear discriminant analysis .................................................................................. 29 Appendix 7.1 Feature selection using PCA .............................................................................. 29 Appendix 7.2 Feature selection using an informed chemical approach .................................... 31 Appendix 7.3 Classification models based on linear discriminant analysis ............................. 34 Appendix 8: Characterization examples based on high-resolution mass spectral data ............. 37 Appendix 9: Scholarly products ................................................................................................ 42 A8.1 Publications ...................................................................................................................... 42 A8.2 Presentations ..................................................................................................................... 42 A8.3 Planned future products .................................................................................................... 43 This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Purpose of the Project Synthetic designer drugs appeared on the market in 2008 and have continued to pose problems in forensic laboratories since then, primarily in terms of identification and characterization. These compounds are manufactured to maintain the psychoactive effects of a currently controlled substance but with a slight structural change that circumvents current legislation. This results in a variety of compounds that contain the same core structure but which differ in the position or the identity of a single substituent. Current methods of identification rely on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), typically using electron ionization (EI) and a single quadrupole mass analyzer. While EI affords sufficient fragmentation for structural elucidation, the single quadrupole generates low-resolution, nominal mass data. Thus, definitive identification of structurally similar compounds based on a visual comparison of low-resolution mass spectral data is difficult. Further, with the rapid emergence of new analogs, oftentimes no reference material is immediately available for comparison to aid in the identification. In this work, methods were developed to aid in both the identification and characterization of synthetic designer drugs, initially focusing on three structural subclasses of the synthetic phenethylamines. For identification, a statistical comparison method was refined and applied to demonstrate comparison of two mass spectra with a statistical assessment of the veracity of the identification (Goal 1). For characterization, mass spectral features of the three synthetic phenethylamines subclasses were probed to identify those features that were sufficiently characteristic of the subclass. These features formed the basis of a flow-chart style characterization scheme with the intention that such a scheme could be used to characterize a new analog according to structural subclass (Goal 2). Further, the utility of high-resolution mass spectrometry for designer drug characterization was demonstrated. With the accurate mass data 1 This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. afforded, the mass defect of an ion can be determined. These mass defects were exploited to increase specificity in the characterization (Goal 3). Finally, project findings will be disseminated as a webinar through the Forensic Technology Center of Excellence, most likely during summer 2018 (Goal 4). Project Design and Methods Synthetic phenethylamine reference standards were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI) throughout this project. These standards included representative compounds from three structural subclasses: the 2,5-dimethoxy (2C-), the aminopropylbenzofuran (APB-), and the 2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl) (NBOMe-) phenethylamines. Particularly for the 2C- and NBOMe-phenethylamines, care was taken to ensure that a range of possible substituents (e.g., halogens, sulfur, and nitro groups) was included. These compounds were primarily used to develop and initially test the developed methods. Additional phenethylamines from other subclasses, as well as cathinones and tryptamines, were also purchased to further test the robustness of the methods developed. All compounds included in this study are shown in Appendix 1. Each standard was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with both a single quadrupole mass analyzer (GC-QMS) to generate low-resolution data and with a time-of- flight mass analyzer (GC-TOFMS) to generate high-resolution data. Instrument and method parameters are given in Appendix 2. The low-resolution data were used to refine and test the statistical comparison method and to develop the first characterization scheme (Goals 1 and 2), while the high-resolution data were used to define mass defect filters and hence, increase specificity of the characterization scheme (Goal 3). The data processing methods are included in Appendix 3. 2 This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Project Findings Goal 1. Further develop and validate a method for the statistical comparison of mass spectra A statistical approach for the comparison of two
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Neurotransmitter Resource Guide
    NEUROTRANSMITTER RESOURCE GUIDE Science + Insight doctorsdata.com Doctor’s Data, Inc. Neurotransmitter RESOURCE GUIDE Table of Contents Sample Report Sample Report ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Analyte Considerations Phenylethylamine (B-phenylethylamine or PEA) ................................................................................................. 1 Tyrosine .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Tyramine ........................................................................................................................................................................................4 Dopamine .....................................................................................................................................................................................6 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid (DOPAC) ............................................................................................................... 7 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT) ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Norepinephrine ........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Methylphenidate Hydrochloride
    Application for Inclusion to the 22nd Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines: METHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE December 7, 2018 Submitted by: Patricia Moscibrodzki, M.P.H., and Craig L. Katz, M.D. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Graduate Program in Public Health New York NY, United States Contact: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 3 Summary Statement Page 4 Focal Point Person in WHO Page 5 Name of Organizations Consulted Page 6 International Nonproprietary Name Page 7 Formulations Proposed for Inclusion Page 8 International Availability Page 10 Listing Requested Page 11 Public Health Relevance Page 13 Treatment Details Page 19 Comparative Effectiveness Page 29 Comparative Safety Page 41 Comparative Cost and Cost-Effectiveness Page 45 Regulatory Status Page 48 Pharmacoepial Standards Page 49 Text for the WHO Model Formulary Page 52 References Page 61 Appendix – Letters of Support 2 1. Summary Statement of the Proposal for Inclusion of Methylphenidate Methylphenidate (MPH), a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, of the phenethylamine class, is proposed for inclusion in the WHO Model List of Essential Medications (EML) & the Model List of Essential Medications for Children (EMLc) for treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) under ICD-11, 6C9Z mental, behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorder, disruptive behavior or dissocial disorders. To date, the list of essential medications does not include stimulants, which play a critical role in the treatment of psychotic disorders. Methylphenidate is proposed for inclusion on the complimentary list for both children and adults. This application provides a systematic review of the use, efficacy, safety, availability, and cost-effectiveness of methylphenidate compared with other stimulant (first-line) and non-stimulant (second-line) medications.
    [Show full text]
  • Peakal: Protons I Have Known and Loved — Fifty Shades of Grey-Market Spectra
    PeakAL: Protons I Have Known and Loved — Fifty shades of grey-market spectra Stephen J. Chapman* and Arabo A. Avanes * Correspondence to: Isomer Design, 4103-210 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, M5B 2R3, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] 1H NMR spectra of 28 alleged psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market internet vendors across North America and Europe were acquired and compared. Members from each of the principal phenylethanamine families were analyzed: eleven para- substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamines (the 2C and 2C-T series); four para-substituted 3,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamines (mescaline analogues); two β-substituted phenylethanamines; and ten N-substituted phenylethanamines with a 2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe), 2-hydroxybenzyl (NBOH), or 2,3-methylenedioxybenzyl (NBMD) amine moiety. 1H NMR spectra for some of these compounds have not been previously reported to our knowledge. Others have reported on the composition of “mystery pills,” single-dose formulations obtained from retail shops and websites. We believe this is the first published survey of bulk “research chemicals” marketed and sold as such. Only one analyte was unequivocally misrepresented. This collection of experimentally uniform spectra may help forensic and harm-reduction organizations identify these compounds, some of which appear only sporadically. The complete spectra are provided as supplementary data.[1] Keywords: 1H NMR, drug checking, grey markets, research chemicals, phenylethanamines, N-benzyl phenylethanamines, PiHKAL DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16889/isomerdesign-1 Published: 1 August 2015 Version: 1.03 “Once you get a serious spectrum collection, Nevertheless, an inherent weakness of grey markets is the the tendency is to push it as far as you can.”1 absence of regulatory oversight.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of the Characteristic Mass Fragmentations of Phenethylamines and Tryptamines by Electron Ionization Gas Chromatograph
    applied sciences Article Comparison of the Characteristic Mass Fragmentations of Phenethylamines and Tryptamines by Electron Ionization Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Electrospray and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Bo-Hong Chen, Ju-Tsung Liu, Hung-Ming Chen, Wen-Xiong Chen and Cheng-Huang Lin * Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Sec. 4 Tingchow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; [email protected] (B.-H.C.); [email protected] (J.-T.L.); [email protected] (H.-M.C.); [email protected] (W.-X.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-7734-6170; Fax: +886-2-2932-4249 Received: 18 April 2018; Accepted: 19 June 2018; Published: 22 June 2018 Abstract: Characteristic mass fragmentation of 20 phenethylamine/tryptamine standards were investigated and compared by means of matrix assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOFM), gas chromatography–electron ionization–mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS) and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) + methods. As a result, three characteristic peaks ([M] and fragments from the Cβ-Cα bond breakage) were found to be unique and contained information useful in identifying 2C series compounds based on the GC-EI/MS method. We found that the protonated molecular ion ([M+H]+) and two types of fragments produced from the α-cleavage and β-cleavage processes were useful mass spectral information in the rapid screening and confirmation of phenethylamine and tryptamine derivatives when ESI/MS and MALDI/TOFMS methods were applied. This assay was successfully used to determine samples that contain illicit drugs. Keywords: phenethylamine; tryptamine; MALDI/TOFMS; GC-EI/MS; LC-ESI/MS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs
    Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • Public Health Service • Alcohol Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs Editors: Khursheed Asghar, Ph.D. Division of Preclinical Research National Institute on Drug Abuse Errol De Souza, Ph.D. Addiction Research Center National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA Research Monograph 94 1989 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is based upon papers and discussion from a technical review on pharmacology and toxicology of amphetamine and related designer drugs that took place on August 2 through 4, 1988, in Bethesda, MD. The review meeting was sponsored by the Biomedical Branch, Division of Preclinical Research, and the Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse. COPYRIGHT STATUS The National Institute on Drug Abuse has obtained permission from the copyright holders to reproduce certain previously published material as noted in the text. Further reproduction of this copyrighted material is permitted only as part of a reprinting of the entire publication or chapter. For any other use, the copyright holder’s permission is required. All other matieral in this volume except quoted passages from copyrighted sources is in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from the Institute or the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Product Insert (PDF)
    Product Information Escaline (hydrochloride) Item No. 14107 CAS Registry No.: 3166-82-3 Formal Name: 4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxy- O NH2 benzeneethanamine, monohydrochloride Synonym: 4-ethoxy Mescaline MF: • HCl C12H19NO3 • HCl O FW: 261.7 Purity: ≥98% O Stability: ≥2 years at -20°C Supplied as: A crystalline solid Laboratory Procedures For long term storage, we suggest that escaline (hydrochloride) be stored as supplied at -20°C. It should be stable for at least two years. Escaline (hydrochloride) is supplied as a crystalline solid. A stock solution may be made by dissolving the escaline (hydrochloride) in the solvent of choice. Escaline (hydrochloride) is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide, which should be purged with an inert gas. The solubility of escaline (hydrochloride) in these solvents is approximately 10, 3, 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. Further dilutions of the stock solution into aqueous buffers or isotonic saline should be made prior to performing biological experiments. Ensure that the residual amount of organic solvent is insignificant, since organic solvents may have physiological effects at low concentrations. Organic solvent-free aqueous solutions of escaline (hydrochloride) can be prepared by directly dissolving the crystalline solid in aqueous buffers. The solubility of escaline (hydrochloride) in PBS, pH 7.2, is approximately 3 mg/ml. We do not recommend storing the aqueous solution for more than one day. Escaline is the phenethylamine analog of 3C-E and the 4-ethoxy analog of mescaline. Its agonist activity at the serotonin 1 5-HT2A receptor is 5-8 times greater than mescaline.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Low Dose Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Administration in a Rodent Model of Delay Discounting
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 6-2020 The Effects of Low Dose Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Administration in a Rodent Model of Delay Discounting Robert J. Kohler Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Biological Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Kohler, Robert J., "The Effects of Low Dose Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Administration in a Rodent Model of Delay Discounting" (2020). Dissertations. 3565. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/3565 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF LOW DOSE LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE ADMINISTRATION IN A RODENT MODEL OF DELAY DISCOUNTING by Robert J. Kohler A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Western Michigan University June 2020 Doctoral Committee: Lisa Baker, Ph.D., Chair Anthony DeFulio, Ph.D. Cynthia Pietras, Ph.D. John Spitsbergen, Ph.D. Copyright by Robert J. Kohler 2020 THE EFFECTS OF LOW DOSE LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE ADMINISTRATION IN A RODENT MODEL OF DELAY DISCOUNTING Robert J. Kohler, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2020 The resurgence of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) as a therapeutic tool requires a revival in research, both basic and clinical, to bridge gaps in knowledge left from a previous generation of work. Currently, no study has been published with the intent of establishing optimal microdose concentrations of LSD in an animal model.
    [Show full text]
  • N-Alkylation of Phenethylamine and Tryptamine Gerta Cami-Kobeci, Paul A
    Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 15 (2005) 535–537 N-Alkylation of phenethylamine and tryptamine Gerta Cami-Kobeci, Paul A. Slatford, Michael K. Whittlesey and Jonathan M. J. Williams* Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK Received 28 October 2004; revised 17 November 2004; accepted 18 November 2004 Available online 24 December 2004 Abstract—A clean and efficient method for the N-alkylation of tryptamine and phenethylamine, employing alcohols as the alkyl- ating agents, has been developed. The reaction proceeds via catalytic electronic activation, involving an iridium catalyst which activates the alcohol by borrowing hydrogen from the substrate, returning it later in the catalytic cycle. Some examples of N-heterocyclisation have been performed employing a diol as the substrate. Ó 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The ability to prepare a large number of synthetically NMe2 useful and pharmacologically active compounds, either H N OH by traditional or high throughput methods, is becoming Me S O O HN increasingly important. Herein we report an efficient, N atom economic, one-pot method for the N-alkylation H of tryptamine and phenethylamine, giving water as the OH only by-product. Sumatriptan Nylidrin Figure 1. The tryptamine sub-structure is present in numerous naturally occurring and synthetic compounds, many of which exhibit important pharmacological activity. For mercially available iminophosphorane 3.5 The reaction example, a number of 5-alkyltryptamine derivatives proceeds via a strategy
    [Show full text]
  • A General Approach to the Screening and Confirmation of Tryptamines And
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Talanta 74 (2008) 512–517 A general approach to the screening and confirmation of tryptamines and phenethylamines by mass spectral fragmentation Bo-Hong Chen a, Ju-Tsung Liu b, Wen-Xiong Chen a, Hung-Ming Chen a, Cheng-Huang Lin a,∗ a Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Sec. 4, Tingchow Road, Taipei, Taiwan b Forensic Science Center, Military Police Command, Department of Defense, Taipei, Taiwan Received 6 March 2007; received in revised form 12 June 2007; accepted 13 June 2007 Available online 19 June 2007 Abstract Certain characteristic fragmentations of tryptamines (indoleethylamine) and phenethylamines are described. Based on the GC–EI/MS, LC–ESI/ MS and MALDI/TOFMS, the mass fragmentations of 13 standard compounds, including ␣-methyltryptamine (AMT), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-␣-methyltryptamine (5-MeO-AMT), N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT), N,N-dibutyltryptamine (DBT), N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO- DIPT), methamphetamine (MAMP), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (3,4-MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (3,4-MDMA) and 2- methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butane (MBDB), were compared. As a result, the parent ions of these analytes were hard to be obtained by GC/MS whereas the protonated molecular ions can be observed clearly by means of ESI/MS and MALDI/TOFMS. Furthermore, two major + + + + characteristic fragmentations, namely and ␣-cleavage ([M +H] → [3-vinylindole] ) and ␤-cleavage ([M +H] → [CH2N RN1RN2]), are produced when the ESI and MALDI modes are used, respectively. In the case of ESI/MS, the fragment obtained from ␣-cleavage is the major process.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Phenethylamine, Amphetamine, and Tryptamine Imine By-Products from an Acetone Extraction
    Detection of Phenethylamine, Amphetamine, and Tryptamine Imine By-Products from an Acetone Extraction Mary A. Yohannan* and Arthur Berrier U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Special Testing and Research Laboratory 22624 Dulles Summit Court Dulles, VA 20166 [email: mary.a.yohannan -at- usdoj.gov] ABSTRACT: The formation of imine by-products from phenethylamines, amphetamines, and tryptamines upon an acetone extraction is presented. These imine by-products were characterized using GC/MSD and exhibited preferential cleavage at the α-carbon of the alkyl chain. Further characterization of the imine by-products of phenethylamine and tryptamine was done using IR and NMR. KEYWORDS: phenethylamine, tryptamine, imine, acetone, schiff base, drug chemistry, forensic chemistry In most forensic laboratories, the solvents used to extract at the α-carbon on the alkyl chain. In addition to GC/MS, the drugs are chosen based upon their solubility properties and their imines formed from phenethylamine base and tryptamine base ability to not interact with the drug. In fact, there are very few were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy publications where a solvent used to extract a drug reacts with (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. the drug and forms by-products [1-3]. This laboratory recently discovered that an additional Experimental component was formed when acetone was used to extract a Solvents, Chemicals, and Materials sample containing a known tryptamine. Analysis by gas Acetone was ACS/HPLC grade from Burdick and Jackson chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) of the acetone Laboratories (Muskegon, MI). Phenethylamine base and extract yielded an extra peak in the total ion chromatogram that tryptamine base were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals was approximately half the abundance of the known tryptamine (Milwaukee, WI).
    [Show full text]
  • Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanismss
    Supplemental Material can be found at: /content/suppl/2020/12/18/73.1.202.DC1.html 1521-0081/73/1/202–277$35.00 https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056 PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS Pharmacol Rev 73:202–277, January 2021 Copyright © 2020 by The Author(s) This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC Attribution 4.0 International license. ASSOCIATE EDITOR: MICHAEL NADER Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanismss Antonio Inserra, Danilo De Gregorio, and Gabriella Gobbi Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Abstract ...................................................................................205 Significance Statement. ..................................................................205 I. Introduction . ..............................................................................205 A. Review Outline ........................................................................205 B. Psychiatric Disorders and the Need for Novel Pharmacotherapies .......................206 C. Psychedelic Compounds as Novel Therapeutics in Psychiatry: Overview and Comparison with Current Available Treatments . .....................................206 D. Classical or Serotonergic Psychedelics versus Nonclassical Psychedelics: Definition ......208 Downloaded from E. Dissociative Anesthetics................................................................209 F. Empathogens-Entactogens . ............................................................209
    [Show full text]
  • M a P S • V O L U M E X I I I N U M B E R 2
    m a p s • v o l u m e x i i i n u m b e r 2 • w i n t e r 2 0 0 3 1 2 m a p s • v o l u m e x i i i n u m b e r 2 • w i n t e r 2 0 0 3 Divine Spark The cover of this MAPS bulletin is an image from visionary artist Alex Grey’s triptych Holy Fire, which was inspired by one of Alex’s early MDMA experiences. We thought it was an appropriate choice to ex- press our emotions at obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for Dr. Mithoefer's MAPS-sponsored MDMA/PTSD study (see page 7). The rest of the images on this page and on the back cover are from the 2003 Burning Man Festival, at which MAPS provided psychedelic emergency services. (Article on page 28). In the photo above, members of the Fire Conclave open the festivities at the Burning of the Man, the climax of the week-long festival. The photo below depicts the more somber burning of the Temple of Honor, at which Burning Man participants remember loved ones by leaving notes and tokens inside. As the temple burned, MAPS president Rick Doblin threw in the fire the original copies of the last set of documents about protocol design issues exchanged between MAPS and the IRB. This symbolized his hopes that we would finally move beyond the paperwork of the approval process to the therapeutic work of the study itself.
    [Show full text]