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A Study of the Garifuna of Belize's Toledo District Alexander Gough
Indigenous identity in a contested land: A study of the Garifuna of Belize’s Toledo district Alexander Gough This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 Lancaster University Law School 1 Declaration This thesis has not been submitted in support of an application for another degree at this or any other university. It is the result of my own work and includes nothing that is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated. Many of the ideas in this thesis were the product of discussion with my supervisors. Alexander Gough, Lancaster University 21st September 2018 2 Abstract The past fifty years has seen a significant shift in the recognition of indigenous peoples within international law. Once conceptualised as the antithesis to European identity, which in turn facilitated colonial ambitions, the recognition of indigenous identity and responding to indigenous peoples’ demands is now a well-established norm within the international legal system. Furthermore, the recognition of this identity can lead to benefits, such as a stake in controlling valuable resources. However, gaining tangible indigenous recognition remains inherently complex. A key reason for this complexity is that gaining successful recognition as being indigenous is highly dependent upon specific regional, national and local circumstances. Belize is an example of a State whose colonial and post-colonial geographies continue to collide, most notably in its southernmost Toledo district. Aside from remaining the subject of a continued territorial claim from the Republic of Guatemala, in recent years Toledo has also been the battleground for the globally renowned indigenous Maya land rights case. -
When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context. -
The Value of Turneffe Atoll Mangrove Forests, Seagrass Beds and Coral Reefs in Protecting Belize City from Storms
The Value of Turneffe Atoll Mangrove Forests, Seagrass Beds and Coral Reefs in Protecting Belize City from Storms Prepared by: Dr. Tony Fedler Gainesville, FL Prepared for: Turneffe Atoll Trust Belize City, Belize August 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iv Ecosystem Services Provided by Coral Reefs, Mangrove Forests and Seagrass Beds………………………… 1 Measuring the Value of Shoreline Protection…………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Shoreline Protection Valuation Studies……………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 The Value of Shoreline Protection for Turneffe Atoll and Belize……………………………………………………….. 8 World Resources Institute Project……………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 Belize Coastal Zone Management Plan………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Summary of Other Economic Benefits from Coral Reefs, Mangrove Forests and Seagrass Beds………. 14 Discussion and Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was initiated with funding from the Mesoamerican Reef Fund (MAR Fund) and Turneffe Atoll Trust. It was aided considerably by several congenial staff members of the Coastal Zone Management Authority & Institute (CZMAI). Ms. Andria Rosado, CZMAI GIS Technician, was very instrumental in providing valuable information for the Storm Mitigation Project. She generated ecosystems maps displaying three main ecosystems (i.e. seagrass, mangrove -
CRC in Court: the Case Law of the Convention on the Rights of the Child Acknowledgment
CRC in Court: The Case Law of the Convention on the Rights of the Child Acknowledgment CRC in Court: The Case Law of the Convention on the Rights of the Child was written by Patrick Geary for the Child Rights International Network (CRIN). CRIN welcomes comments, suggestions and feedback; contact us at: The Child Rights International Network, 2 Pontypool Place, East Studio, London SE1 8QF, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 20 7401 2257. Email: [email protected]; Web: www.crin.org. Published by Child Rights International Network (CRIN) East Studio 2 Pontypool Place London, SE1 8QF United Kingdom +44 20 7401 2257 www.crin.org First published 2012. © Child Rights International Network 2012 The Child Rights International Network is a charity registered in England and Wales (1125925). Registered Company No. 6653398. CRIN encourages personal and educational use of this publication and grants permission for its reproduction in this capacity where proper credit is given in good faith. For resale or commercial distribution in any other manner, prior permission must be obtained in writing. Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................4 Status of the CRC in National Legal Systems..................................................5 Analysis ...........................................................................................................8 Conclusion......................................................................................................28 Recommendations..........................................................................................30 -
3434 Tues Feb 2, 2021 (9-12).Pmd
Tuesday, February 2, 2021 AMANDALABelize Page 1 NO. 3434 BELIZE CITY, TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 2, 2021 (20 PAGES) $1.00 Narco plane busted with over 2000 pounds of cocaine Nine men has since been arrested and charged. One of the men is the driver for the BDF BDF Commander’s Commander, Brigadier General Steven Ortega. driver arrested for drug plane landing LADYVILLE, Fri. Jan. 29, 2021 One of the lawmen arrested and charged in connection to the drug plane bust which took place early Friday morning was the driver of Brigadier General Steven Ortega. During an interview with the media on Friday, the BDF’s commander BELIZE DISTRICT, Fri. Jan. 29, 2021 Mexican air asset, intercepted a narco confirmed reports of the arrest On Friday morning at around 3:30 plane that departed from South America and shared that he was a.m., the Belize Police Department, with a little before 10:00 p.m. on Thursday distraught by the news. His the help of the Joint Intelligence driver, identified as Lance Operation Center (JIOC) and a Please turn to Page 19 Corporal Steve Rowland was the only BDF soldier arrested Belmopan 16-year-old Please turn toPage 3 community charged with grocer murdered murder of Curfew extended to Kenrick Drysdale 10:00 p.m. for adults BELMOPAN, Fri. Jan. 29, 2021 Late Friday afternoon, 53-year-old DANGRIGA, Stann Creek District, Belmopan resident Abel Baldarez was Thurs. Jan. 28, 2021 BELIZE CITY, Fri. Jan. 29, 2021 however, will remain unchanged, from murdered during a robbery that took On Thursday morning, January 28, The Ministry of Health and Wellness 6:00 p.m. -
Supreme Court Claim No. 376 of 2005
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF BELIZE, A.D. 2005 CLAIM NO. 376 SAID MUSA Claimant BETWEEN AND ANNMARIE WILLIAMS HARRY LAWRENCE REPORTER PRESS LIMITED Defendants __ BEFORE the Honourable Abdulai Conteh, Chief Justice. Mr. Kareem Musa for the claimant. Mr. Dean Barrow S.C. for the defendants. __ JUDGMENT Introduction Given the dramatis personae in this case which, by any account, contains an unusual cast, I had during the hearing constantly to remind myself that this was a trial of a claim in a court of law and not a political trial, whatever this may mean. On the one hand, is arrayed the Prime Minister and leader of one of the political parties (the PUP), who has his son as his attorney. Ranged on the other side is the Leader of the Opposition and the leader of the other main political party (the UDP) as the attorney for the defendants of whom the second defendant, Mr. H. 1 Lawrence admitted, albeit, under cross examination, that he was a founding member of the UDP. Mr. Lawrence who struck me as an honest witness now says his newspaper, The Reporter, supports no political party and has no partisan agenda. However, given the persons involved in this case, the political overtones of the case could not be missed. However, I need hardly say that this is a court of law and the issues joined between the parties are to be decided only in accordance with the law and evidence, and nothing more and nothing less. 2. Mr. Said Musa, the claimant in this case, is the Prime Minister of Belize, the Area Representative of the Fort George Division in the House of Representatives, leader of the People’s United Party (PUP), one of the two main political parties in the country, as well as a member of the bar with the rank of a Senior Counsel. -
Case of Maya Indigenous Communities of Belize, Inter-Am
REPORT Nº 96/03 CASE 12.053 MAYA INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES OF THE TOLEDO DISTRICT BELIZE October 24, 2003 I. SUMMARY 1. This report concerns a petition presented to the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (the "Commission”) against the State of Belize (the "State" or “Belize”) on August 7, 1998 by the Indian Law Resource Center and the Toledo Maya Cultural Council (the “Petitioners”). The petition claims that the State is responsible for violating rights under the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (the “American Declaration”) that the Mopan and Ke’kchi Maya People of the Toledo District of Southern Belize (the “Maya people of the Toledo District” or the “Maya people”) are alleged to have over certain lands and natural resources.1 2. The Petitioners claim that the State has violated Articles I, II, III, VI, XI, XVIII, XX and XXIII of the American Declaration in respect of lands traditionally used and occupied by the Maya people, by granting logging and oil concessions in and otherwise failing to adequately protect those lands, failing to recognize and secure the territorial rights of the Maya people in those lands, and failing to afford the Maya people judicial protection of their rights and interests in the lands due to delays in court proceedings instituted by them. According to the Petitioners, the State’s contraventions have impacted negatively on the natural environment upon which the Maya people depend for subsistence, have jeopardized the Maya people and their culture, and threaten to cause further damage in the future. 3. The State has indicated before the Commission that applicable law and the facts presented by the Petitioners are unclear as to whether the Maya people may have aboriginal rights in the lands under dispute, although at the same time it has recognized in negotiations outside of the Commission proceedings that the Maya people have rights in lands in the Toledo District based upon their longstanding use and occupancy of that territory. -
Private Lands Conservation in Belize
University of Colorado Law School Colorado Law Scholarly Commons Getches-Wilkinson Center for Natural Books, Reports, and Studies Resources, Energy, and the Environment 2004 Private Lands Conservation in Belize Joan Marsan University of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/books_reports_studies Part of the Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Environmental Policy Commons, Estates and Trusts Commons, Land Use Law Commons, Legislation Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Law Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Property Law and Real Estate Commons, and the Tax Law Commons Citation Information Joan Marsan, Private Lands Conservation In Belize (Natural Res. Law Ctr., Univ. of Colo. Sch. of Law 2004). JOAN MARSAN, PRIVATE LANDS CONSERVATION IN BELIZE (Natural Res. Law Ctr., Univ. of Colo. Sch. of Law 2004). Reproduced with permission of the Getches-Wilkinson Center for Natural Resources, Energy, and the Environment (formerly the Natural Resources Law Center) at the University of Colorado Law School. AVAILABLE ONLINE ====================; • •~ ~ ...... ~ ~ ~ .~ PRIVATE LANDS CONSERVATION IN .~ BELIZE •_. -~ • ~ .. A Country Report by the Natural Resources Law Center, ...... University of Colorado School of Law ~ 4 .~ September 2004 ~ Sponsored by The Nature Conservancy Primary Author: Joan Marsan, NRLC Research Assistant KGA [email protected] 576 • M37 2004 Private Lands -
Address of the Hon. Chief Justice, Sir Isaac Hyatali, T.C
ADDRESS OF THE HON. CHIEF JUSTICE, SIR ISAAC HYATALI, T.C. AT THE OPENING OF THE LAW TERM IN THE HALL OF JUSTICE, RED HOUSE, PORT- OF -SPAIN ON 3 OCTOBER, 1980 Mr. President of the Bar Association et al. We formally begin today the 19th Law Term of the Supreme Court of Trinidad and Tobago. Sittings however of the High Court and the Court of Appeal to dispose of the matters on their respective calendars will not begin until Monday 6 October 1980. FIFTEEN JUDGES For the very first time in its history the High Court then will be manned by 15 judges. Two of them are practising members of the Bar who will be giving up their respective practices for three months certain at no little sacrifice to themselves to serve the Country as Judges. They are Mr. Martin Daly of the Senior Bar and Mr. Trevor Lee of the Junior Bar. MR. JAMES DAVIS Mr. James Davis, a practising member of the Bar, was the first to make such a sacrifice. He joined us in May for three months and at my special request continued for another two months but I regret exceedingly to say that I failed to persuade him to allow me to propose him to the Judicial and Legal Service Commission as an eminently qualified and suitable candidate for permanent judicial office on the High Court Bench. The unattractive salary and conditions of service of a Judge made it impossible for him to give serious consideration to my offer. It is fitting to place on record, and I do so with a sense of gratitude and pleasure that he discharged his judicial duties with ability, dignity and efficiency, and that he did so in response to my appeal to fit and proper and respected members of the Bar to come forward and assist the Supreme Court to discharge its onerous and responsible functions with greater speed and efficiency. -
302232 Travelguide
302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.1> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 5 WELCOME 6 GENERAL VISITOR INFORMATION 8 GETTING TO BELIZE 9 TRAVELING WITHIN BELIZE 10 CALENDAR OF EVENTS 14 CRUISE PASSENGER ADVENTURES Half Day Cultural and Historical Tours Full Day Adventure Tours 16 SUGGESTED OVERNIGHT ADVENTURES Four-Day Itinerary Five-Day Itinerary Six-Day Itinerary Seven-Day Itinerary 25 ISLANDS, BEACHES AND REEF 32 MAYA CITIES AND MYSTIC CAVES 42 PEOPLE AND CULTURE 50 SPECIAL INTERESTS 57 NORTHERN BELIZE 65 NORTH ISLANDS 71 CENTRAL COAST 77 WESTERN BELIZE 87 SOUTHEAST COAST 93 SOUTHERN BELIZE 99 BELIZE REEF 104 HOTEL DIRECTORY 120 TOUR GUIDE DIRECTORY 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.2> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 302232 TRAVELGUIDE <P.3> (118*205) G5-15 DANIEL V2 The variety of activities is matched by the variety of our people. You will meet Belizeans from many cultural traditions: Mestizo, Creole, Maya and Garifuna. You can sample their varied cuisines and enjoy their music and Belize is one of the few unspoiled places left on Earth, their company. and has something to appeal to everyone. It offers rainforests, ancient Maya cities, tropical islands and the Since we are a small country you will be able to travel longest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. from East to West in just two hours. Or from North to South in only a little over that time. Imagine... your Visit our rainforest to see exotic plants, animals and birds, possible destinations are so accessible that you will get climb to the top of temples where the Maya celebrated the most out of your valuable vacation time. -
DOCUMENT RESUME Situation Report
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 104 671 SE 018 820 TITLE Situation Report--Australia, The Gambia, Papua and New Guinea, Rhodesia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, and Western Samoa. INSTITUTION International Planned Parenthood Federation, London (England). PUB DATE 75 NOTE 56p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$3.32 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Contraception; Demography; *Family Planning; *Foreign Countries; *Population Trends; Programs; Resource Materials; Social Welfare; *Statistical Data ABSTRACT Data relating to population and family planning in nine foreign countries are presented in these situation reports. Countries included are Australia, The Gambia, Papua and New Guinea, .Rhodesia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, and Western Somoa. Information is provided under three topics, statistical information, general background information, and family planning situation, where appropriate and if it is available. Statistical information includes the area, total population, population growth rate, birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, women in fertile age group, population under 15, urban population_and others. This information is provided for 1950, 1960, and the present, in most cases. General background covers ethnic groups, language, religion, economy, communication/education, and medical/social welfare. Family planning situation considers family planning associations and personnel; government opportunities for individuals, families, and medical personnel; research and evaluation program plans; government programs; and related supporting organizations. Bibliographic sources are given. (TK) Situation Distribution uS OCPARTMENT OF HEALTH. Report EDUCATiONS.VaLFACIE NACIONAL INSTI iuTe:. OF 1771:717%7 PLL%$41-P40 4_,.;" TX :4(7.. kE,t+.E.D P.L. ;AT,.t'44lair. 747 4 -4: 4E L % % 7,4 AUSTRALIA NOVEMBER 1974 STATISTICS 1960 LATEST AVAILABLE FIGURES ) 1. -
Orozco V AG(Belize)
Human Dignity Trust Belize scraps law targeting gay men 10 August 2016 Small Caribbean state sheds colonial legacy law FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: 10 August 2016 Orozco v Attorney General of Belize (Belize High Court 10 August 2016) Summary: Criminalisation of homosexuality declared unconstitutional. By a judgment handed down on 10 August 2016 the Chief Justice of Belize held that provisions in the Belize Criminal Code purporting to criminalise private consensual sexual conduct between adults of the same sex breached the Constitution of Belize and so should be declared void. In doing so the Chief Justice upheld the claim brought by the Belizean activist Caleb Orozco against the Government of Belize. The Chief Justice held that laws purporting to criminalise private homosexual conduct breached the rights to dignity, privacy, equality and non-discrimination enshrined in the Belize Constitution and so were void. Mr Orozco’s arguments were supported by the Commonwealth Lawyers Association, The Human Dignity Trust and the International Commission of Jurists (the Interveners). The decision of the Chief Justice represented the first occasion on which any Caribbean Court had determined such a constitutional challenge. Press Release: A law in Belize that disproportionately affects gay men was today ruled unconstitutional by the country’s Supreme Court after a three-year wait for the judgment. Section 53 of Belize’s Criminal Code, an old British colonial law, banned ‘carnal intercourse against the order of nature’ and thereby made consensual gay sex between adult men in private illegal in Belize. Today the legal provision has been ruled ‘unlawful’ to the extent that it can be applied to same-sex activity.