Le New York De Lionel Rogosin

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Le New York De Lionel Rogosin Décadrages Cinéma, à travers champs 37-38 | 2018 Lionel Rogosin Dans la rue, sous les draps : le New York de Lionel Rogosin Paula J. Massood Traducteur : Sylvain Portmann Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/decadrages/1245 ISSN : 2297-5977 Éditeur Association Décadrages Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 mars 2018 Pagination : 12-27 ISBN : 978-2-9700963-4-4 ISSN : 2235-7823 Référence électronique Paula J. Massood, « Dans la rue, sous les draps : le New York de Lionel Rogosin », Décadrages [En ligne], 37-38 | 2018, mis en ligne le 02 février 2021, consulté le 03 février 2021. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/decadrages/1245 ® Décadrages 12 Paula J. Massood (traduction de l’américain par Sylvain Portmann) Dans la rue, sous les draps : le New York de Lionel Rogosin Dans le numéro de printemps 1962 de la revue Film Culture, Jonas Mekas définit les conditions d’un nouveau type de cinéma. Dans un ar- ticle intitulé « Notes sur le nouveau cinéma américain », l’auteur proclame qu’il n’est ni en train d’essayer « de construire des théories abstraites », ni de « juger l’œuvre du nouvel artiste à partir des outils de la Culture », mais qu’il compte « examiner largement et de première main les idées, styles 1 Jonas Mekas, « Notes sur le nouveau et réalisations de ce nouveau cinéma » 1. L’article de Mekas, qui pose les cinéma américain », dans Jonas Mekas, bases de sa vision d’une nouvelle génération de réalisateurs new-yorkais Le Cinéma de la nouvelle génération, trad. indépendants, propose à la fois un aperçu historique du cinéma indé- Christian Lebrat, Coll. Les Cahiers de pendant américain depuis la fin des années 1940, un inventaire des réa- Paris expérimental, Paris, Paris expéri- mental, 2002, p. 22. lisateurs actifs et un repérage de procédés stylistiques et thématiques. L’une des principales composantes de ce Nouveau cinéma américain est ce que John Pruitt désigne comme un réalisme « glissant », un « critère 2 John Pruitt, « Jonas Mekas : A Euro- décisif » 2 pour Mekas à ce moment-là. pean Critic in America », dans David E. Influencé d’une part par le néoréalisme italien et par le réalisme James, To Free the Cinema : Jonas Mekas bazinien d’autre part, Mekas situe les racines du Nouveau cinéma amé- and the New York Underground, Prince- ricain dans des films new-yorkais réalistes et sociaux, ceux de Helen ton, Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 53 [notre trad.]. Levitt, Janice Loeb, James Agee et Sidney Meyers ; plus particulièrement In The Street (Helen Levitt, E.-U., 1948), un court métrage mettant en scène des enfants qui jouent à Harlem, et The Quiet One (Sidney Meyers, E.-U., 1948), une docufiction de long métrage portant sur un jeune Afro- 3 Jonas Mekas, « Notes sur le nouveau Américain de Harlem envoyé dans une école de redressement pour cinéma américain », op. cit., pp. 22-23. jeunes délinquants. Pour Mekas, ces films « sont aux prises avec un sujet Concernant les films de Levitt et Meyers, réaliste, les deux emploient des non-acteurs ; les deux ont été tournés sur voir Paula J. Massood, Making a Pro­ le lieu même. […] Et ils sont tous les deux spontanés dans l’action et dans mised Land : Twentieth­Century African American Photography and Film, New la caméra ce qui les distingue de leurs prédécesseurs documentaristes 3 Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, […] et des films expérimentaux réalisés à la même époque » . Pour l’au- 2012, pp. 94-110. teur, ils illustrent parfaitement la proposition d’Agee selon laquelle les 13 New York films doivent ne pas être des « documentaires, mais des œuvres de pure fiction, joués contre, au sein et en collaboration avec une réalité inatten- due et non inventée » 4. Les films, et plus particulièrement The Quiet One, 4 Jonas Mekas, « Notes sur le nouveau atteignent aussi un niveau d’engagement politique jamais égalé par les cinéma américain », op. cit, p. 23. productions antérieures comprenant des personnages afro-américains et qui critiquent, de façon parfois suggérée, les institutions politiques et sociales qui ont abouti à l’abandon de populations intra­muros, en par- ticulier la jeunesse noire. Cette insistance sur l’engagement social pousse Mekas à mettre les films de Lionel Rogosin en avant – Rogosin avait alors réalisé On the Bowery (1956) et Come Back, Africa (1960) – pour leur forme qui, asso- ciant un réalisme à une « conscience sociale », intègrent, tout comme The Quiet One auparavant, des aspects documentaires à la fiction. Selon Mekas, « l’une des contributions de Rogosin au nouveau cinéma était une effective dramatisation de la réalité, l’utilisation de scènes de la vie réelle dans un canevas organisé, planifié. Cette union du documentaire et du dramatique lui a permis d’enregistrer la vérité de la situation des lèvres mêmes des gens qui en réalité vivaient eux-mêmes ces situations » 5. Il 5 Id., p. 24. n’y a aucun doute que les films de Rogosin, plus particulièrement On The Bowery, conviennent parfaitement à une certaine forme de réalisa- tion new-yorkaise du moment, et il est indubitable que le réalisateur lui- même est une figure centrale du Nouveau cinéma américain à ses débuts, ce sur quoi je reviendrai plus avant. Ce qui est moins clair, c’est la ma- nière dont ses films plus tardifs, tel Black Fantasy (E.-U., 1972), ren forcent cette position. La suite de cet article sera consacrée à la façon dont On the Bowery et Black Fantasy représentent deux moments distincts, bien qu’interconnectés, de l’histoire du Nouveau cinéma américain ; le pre- mier étant associé à une forme de réalisme social tandis que le second tend vers une approche de la réalité plus expérimentale dans sa forme. Dans la rue : le Nouveau cinéma américain et New York Ecrivant à la même époque que Mekas (1962), Harris Dienstfrey tente également d’identifier les films et les réalisateurs associés aux produc- tions indépendantes basées à New York. Dans un article de la revue Commentary intitulé « Le Nouveau cinéma américain », l’auteur dessine les contours de ce qui caractérise selon lui un « phénomène culturel spontané » : des documentaires à petit budget, des courts métrages, qui Dossier : Lionel Rogosin 14 se présentent avec « des techniques hypernaturalistes et des sujets qui 6 Harris Dienstfrey, « The New Amer- traitent des troubles populaires de l’Amérique contemporaine » 6. A la ican Cinema », Commentary Magazine, différence de Mekas, qui fait remonter le mouvement aux œuvres de er 1 juin 1962 (en ligne : www.commentary Levitt, Loeb et Meyers, Dienstfrey soutient que Little Fugitive ( Morris magazine.com/articles/the-new-american Engel, E.-U., 1953) constitue le premier exemple de ce qui peut être -cinema/) [notre trad.]. Dernière consul- tation le 20 juin 2017. considéré comme du Nouveau cinéma américain. Disputes quant aux origines mises à part, tous les films – In the Streets, The Quiet One, et Little Fugitive – ont des points communs, notamment leur recours à des acteurs non professionnels, un tournage in situ (plus particulièrement lorsqu’il s’agit de filmer des extérieurs), et le mélange de procédés tradi- tionnellement réservés soit à la fiction, soit à la non-fiction. Tout comme In the Streets et The Quiet One, Little Fugitive se concentre sur le quotidien d’enfants à New York, présentant ainsi la ville et ses quartiers (respecti- vement Harlem et Brooklyn), à travers les yeux de ses plus jeunes habi- tants. Le résultat, surtout avec le film d’Engel, c’est que « des histoires dénuées de dramaturgie deviennent partie intégrante de l’actualité qui 7 Ibid. Quelques années plus tard, le les entoure » 7, dans ce cas le voyage d’un jeune homme à Coney Island. A personnage principal de The Cool World la différence de The Quiet One, qui explorait les effets du racisme et de la (Shirley Clarke, E.-U., 1963) se rend éga- pauvreté sur une famille afro-américaine de Harlem, le film d’Engel évite lement à Coney Island afin de prouver à de gloser sur « les problèmes sociaux de l’Amérique contemporaine » et sa compagne que New York se situe sur un océan. Tout comme Joey dans Little adopte au contraire un regard plus proche des expériences d’un enfant Fugitive, Duke, le protagoniste du film livré à lui-même dans la ville après que son frère aîné lui a joué un tour de Clarke, parcourt les plages, les at- qui se retourne contre lui. Il ne faudra pas attendre longtemps avant que tractions et les arcades de l’endroit. Pour d’autres réalisateurs associés au Nouveau cinéma américain ne fixent Joey comme pour Duke, Coney Island leur attention sur des sujets sociaux : pauvreté, racisme ou autres fléaux fournit une expérience bien différente sociaux tels que la toxicomanie. C’est là où Rogosin, qui selon Mekas « a de celles qu’offrent respectivement leurs 8 quartiers de Brooklyn et Harlem. apporté au cinéma indépendant une forte note de conscience sociale » , 8 J. Mekas, op. cit., p. 24. rentre en ligne de compte. Dans ses mémoires inédites, Rogosin se réclame des néoréalistes ita- liens et de Robert Flaherty, plus précisément de Man of Aran (L’Homme d’Aran, R.-U., 1934), comme source d’inspiration pour On the Bowery, une étude des bas quartiers de New York présentée à travers les histoires per- 9 Lionel Rogosin, A Rebel with a Cause : sonnelles de trois de leurs résidents, Ray, Gorma (« Doc ») et Frank 9. Le The Autobiography of Lionel Rogosin, film mêle aux images documentaires des habitants du quartier et de ses Maverick Independent Filmmaker, sans recoins des scènes écrites et relativement dirigées, basées sur la vie des date, archives privées de Lionel Rogosin, personnages, afin d’accéder aux histoires et aux expériences de ces trois Angers, France.
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