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Studies of Origami and Kirigami and Their Applications by Zeming Song

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Studies of Origami and Kirigami and Their Applications by Zeming Song Studies of Origami and Kirigami and Their Applications by Zeming Song A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved April 2016 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Hanqing Jiang, Chair Lenore Dai Hongbin Yu Ximin He ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2016 ABSTRACT Origami and Kirigami are two traditional art forms in the world. Origami, from ‘ori’ meaning folding, and ‘kami’ meaning paper is the art of paper folding. Kirigami, from ‘kiri’ meaning cutting, is the art of the combination of paper cutting and paper folding. In this dissertation, Origami and kirigami concepts were successively utilized in making stretchable lithium ion batteries and three-dimensional (3D) silicon structure which both provide excellent mechanical characteristics. First chapter of this dissertation demonstrates an origami Lituium-ion battery (LIB) that can be deformed at an unprecedented high level, including folding, bending and twisting. Deformability at the system-level is enabled using rigid origami, which prescribes a crease pattern such that the materials making the origami pattern do not experience large strain. The origami battery is fabricated through slurry coating of electrodes onto paper current collectors, packaging in standard materials, followed by folding using the Miura pattern. The resulting origami battery achieves significant linear and areal deformability, large twistability, and bendability. Second chapter of this dissertation demonstrates stretchable LIBs using the concept of kirigami. The designated kirigami patterns have been discovered and implemented to achieve great stretchability (over 150%) to LIBs that are produced by standardized battery manufacturing. It is shown that fracture due to cutting and folding is suppressed by plastic rolling, which provides kirigami LIBs excellent electrochemical and mechanical characteristics. The kirigami LIBs have demonstrated the capability to be integrated and power a smart watch, which may disruptively impact the field of wearable electronics by offering extra physical and functionality design spaces. i Third chapter of this dissertation demonstrates a new strategy to fabricate microscale origami using Silicon (Si) nano-membrane (NMs) as the materials that are supported by elevated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) walls on top of a PDMS substrate. This dissertation aims to deepen study origami and kirigami patterns, understand mathematics and mechanical properties behind them and discover their applications. ii DEDICATION I dedicate my dissertation work to my family. I present a special feeling of gratitude to my loving parents, Shizhong Song and Yaping Jiang whose words of encouragement and push for tenacity ring in my ears. I also dedicate this dissertation to my wife, Wenwen Xu, for the unconditional love and support she has for me. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to first express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Hanqing Jiang, who has always been supportive, helpful and caring ever since I entered the Master program at Arizona State University. His vision, leadership and perseverance for research have been the constant driving force for my progress. I also especially thank him for supporting and assisting my wife to pursue her PhD studies in his group. I feel very fortunate to have been his student, and therefore to have had such an enjoyable and fulfilling graduate school experience. I would also like to deeply thank Prof. Hongyu Yu and Prof. Candace K. Chan, who were abundantly helpful and offered invaluable assistance and guidance to my experimental projects. I also love to thank Prof. Hongbin Yu and Dr. Min Tao who have been advising me on Intel SRS project during the two and a half years. In addition, I am very grateful for all the help and advice from my committee members, Prof. Lenore L. Dai and Prof. Ximin He. Last but not the least, the help and support from my colleagues at Arizona State University, Dr. Teng Ma, Dr. Rui Tang, Dr. Hai Huang, Dr. Hanshuang Liang, Dr. Prithwish Chatterjee, Dr. Yonghao An, Qian Cheng, Cheng Lv, Xu Wang, Mengbing Liang, Ruirui Han, Haokai Yang, Jinshan Lin, Wei Zeng, Todd Houghton, Yiling Fan, Tianwei Sun, Dr. Qiang Liu and Deepakshyam Krishnaraju are truly appreciated. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF ORIGAMI AND KIRIGAMI-FUSION OF ARTS AND ENGINEERING .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction of Origami ................................................................................ 1 1.2 Introduction of Kirigami ............................................................................... 5 2 ORIGAMI LITHIUM ION BATTERIES ................................................................. 7 2.1 Background .................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Experiment and Results ................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Battery Design Using Miura Folding .................................................. 8 2.2.2 Electrochemical and Mechanical Characteristics of Origami LIBs . 16 2.2.3 Comparison of Origami LIBs with LIBs Using Conventional Active Materials and Current Collectors ................................................... 30 2.3 Discussion .................................................................................................... 35 3 KIRIGAMI BASED STRETCHABLE LITHIUM ION BATTERIES ................. 37 3.1 Background .................................................................................................. 37 3.2 Experiment and Results ............................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Battery Design Using Kirigami Patterns ........................................... 38 3.2.2 Electrochemical and Mechanical Characteristics ............................. 41 3.2.3 Connecting Kirigami Battery with Samsung Gear 2 Smart Watch .. 49 3.2.4 Thermal test of Kirigami battery and Samsung Gear 2 battery ........ 53 v CHAPTER Page 3.3 Discussion .................................................................................................... 53 4 MICROSCALE SILICON ORIGAMI .................................................................... 55 4.1 Background .................................................................................................. 55 4.2 Introduction of micro Transfer Printing ..................................................... 56 4.3 Experiment and Results ............................................................................... 59 4.3.1 Fabrication of Silicon Origami .......................................................... 59 4.3.2 Studies of Silicon with Different Patterns ......................................... 62 4.4 Discussion .................................................................................................... 76 5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ....................................................................... 77 5.1 Summary ...................................................................................................... 77 5.2 Future Work ................................................................................................. 78 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................... 89 A. PATTERNS OF PDMS WALLS DESIGNED BY AUTOCAD ............... 89 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1. Origami Paper Crane and Origami Chinese Dragon .............................................. 1 1.2. Different Morphologies of Origami Magic Ball Structure ..................................... 2 1.3. Two Morphologies of Miura-Ori Pattern ................................................................ 3 1.4. Examples of Recent Advances in Active Origami ................................................. 4 1.5. Steps of Making Kirigami Trees ............................................................................. 6 2.1. Concept of Origami LIBs ........................................................................................ 9 2.2. Origami LIBs Using CNT-Coated Paper Current Collectors .............................. 11 2.3. Optical Image of an Assembled LIB .................................................................... 13 2.4. As-Coated LTO Anode Electrode in Optical and SEM Images .......................... 13 2.5. As-Coated LCO Cathode Electrode in Optical and SEM Images ....................... 15 2.6. Characteristics of the Origami LIBs Using 45o Miura Folding ........................... 16 2.7. Electrochemical Characterizations ........................................................................ 18 2.8. Capacity Retention and Coulumbic Efficiency .................................................... 19 2.9. Photograph of Linear Deformation of an Origami LIB ....................................... 20 2.10. EIS Analysis During the First Discharge Cycle Before and After the Mechanical Deformation ..................................................................................... 21 2.11. Maximum Output Power of the Origami LIB as a Function of Linear Deformability Over 50 Cycles of Folding and Unfolding
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