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Fungi Causing Decay of Living Oaks in the Eastern United States and Their Cukural Identification

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Fungi Causing Decay of Living Oaks in the Eastern United States and Their Cukural Identification TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 785 • JANUARY 1942 Fungi Causing Decay of Living Oaks in the Eastern United States and Their Cukural Identification By ROSS W. DAVIDSON Associate Mycologist W. A. CAMPBELL Assistant Pathologist and DOROTHY BLAISDELL VAUGHN Formerly Junior Pathologist Division of Forest Pathology Bureau of Plant Industry UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. • Price 15 cents Technical Bulletin No. 785 • January 1942 Fungi Causing Decay of Living Oaks in the Eastern United States and Their Cul- tural Identification^ By Ross W. DAVIDSON, associate mycologist, W. A. CAMPBELL,^ assistant patholo- gist, and DOROTHY BLAISDELL VAUGHN,2 formerly junior pathologist, Division of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry CONTENTS Page Page Introduction 2 Descriptions of oak-decaying fungi in culture- Factors aflecting relative-prevalence figures for Continued. decay fungi 2 Polyporus frondosus Dicks, ex Fr. 31 Methods of sampling 2 Polyporus gilvus Schw. ex Fr. 31 Identification and isolation difläculties 3 Polyporus graveolens Schw. ex Fr. 33 Type of stand 4 Polyporus hispidus Bull, ex Fr. 34 Identification of fungi isolated from oak decays - 4 Polyporus lucidus Leyss. ex. Fr. ' 36 Methods used to identify decay fungi 5 Polyporus ludovicianus (Pat.) Sacc. and The efíect of variation on the identification Trott 36 of fungi by pure-culture methods 8 Polyporus obtusus Berk. 36 Classification and file system 9 Polyporus pargamenus Fr. _ 37 Key to oak-decaying fungi when grown on malt Polyporus spraguei Berk, and Curt. 38 agar 11 Polyporus sulpjiureus Bull, ex FT. _ 38 Descriptions of oak-decaying fungi in culture _ _ 13 Polyporus versicolor L, ex Fr. 39 Armillaria mellea Vahl ex Fr. 13 Polyporus zonalis Berk. 40 Corticium lividum Pers. ex Fr. , ^ 15 Poria andersonii (Ell. and Ev.) Ñeuman. _ 41 Baedalea confragosa Bolt. ex. Fr. 16 Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf 4i Baedalea quercina L. ex Fr. 16 Poria inflata Overh. ' 44 Fistulina hepática Huds. ex Fr. 17 Poria nigra Berk. 44 Fomes applanatus Pers. ex Gill. 18 Poria sp. 45 Fomes everhartii (Ell. and Gall.) Schrenk 19 Schizophyllum commune Fr. ~__ 46 Fomes geotropus Cke. 19 Stereum frustulosum Pers. ex Fr. " 46 Fomes lobatus (Schw.) Cke. 20 Stereum gausapatum Fr. '_ 47 Fomes robustus Karst. 20 Stereum raméale Schw. ex Burt. 48 Hydnum erinaceus Bull, ex Fr 21 Stereum subpileatum Berk, and Curt. 11 48 Hydnum septentrionale Fr. 21 UstuUna vulgaris Tul. _ 49 Hymenochaete rubiginosa Dick, ex Lev. 22 Unidentified agaric " 49 Irpex cinnamomeus Fr. 22 Unidentified fungus 50 Irpex mollis Berk, and Curt. 23 Decay fungi from different types of stands 51 Lentinus tigrinus Bull, ex Fr. 23 Young sprout stands in Eastern States, 51 Merulius tremellosus Schrad. ex. Fr. 25 Miscellaneous stands of Eastern and Central Pholiota adiposa Batsch ex Fr. •_ _ _ 26 States 53 Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. ex Fr. 26 Stands of the Mississippi Delta region 57 Polyporus berkeleyi Fr. 27 Stands recently damaged by fire 58 Poly por us compacfus O verh. 27 Non-decay-producing fungi in oak heartwood.. _ 59 Polyporus croceus Pers. ex Fr. 28 D iscussion QQ Polyporus dryadeus Pers. ex Fr. 29 Summary " ' 62 Polyporus dryophilus Berk. 29 Literature cited _" 63 Polyporus fissiUs Berk, and Curt. 30 1 Submitted for publication March 1941. This bulletin was made possible through the cooperation of many individuals and several organizations, principally the Civilian Conservation Corps connected with the National and State forests where the field work was conducted, Central States Forest Experiment Station Appalachian Forest Experiment Station, Southern Forest Experiment Station, and Allegheny Forest Experiment Station. Among those responsible for the actual collection of decay specimens or supervision of such work were: Bailey Sleeth, Elmer Roth, R. C. Lorenz, G. H. Hepting, and L. W. R. Jackson, of the Division of Forest Pathology; F. G. Liming, T. J. Grant, and Frank Kaufert, formerly of the same Division- J. G. Kuenzel and G. A. Limstrom, of the Central States Forest Experiment Station; C. M. Qenaux, of Iowa State College; Raymond Kienholz, of the Connecticut State Forestry Department; K. H. Garren, formerly of the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station; and N. L. Noecker, formerly with the Civilian Conservation Corps. Through the cooperation of these workers it was possible to extend the collection of samples to many areas that would not otherwise have been reached. The writers wish to thank especially Carl Hart- ley, of the Division of Forest Pathology, and R. M. Lindgren, formerly of the Division of Forest Pathology for their helpful suggestions in directing the study; Bailey Sleeth and Elmer Roth, for their continuous help during several years of field work and for compilation of some of the data; L. O. Overholts, of the Pennsyl- vania State College, for identification of many sporophores from which cultures were obtained; J. A. Steven- son, Division of Mycology and Disease Survey, for access to specimens in the mycological collections and especially the Lloyd Herbarium; A. G. Johnson, for use of the constant-temperature chambers maintained by the Division of Cereal Crops and Diseases. Î Salary paid from funds furnished by the Civilian Conservation Corps. 321879°—42 1 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 785, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE INTRODUCTION The fungi that decay the heartwood of living oaks have very different damaging abilities. Papers on heart-rotting fungi of oak by von Schrenk and Spaulding (^0),^ Hedgcock (16), Hedgcock and Long (17), and Long (23, 25) were based on either localized studies or scattered observations of fruiting bodies and types of rot found. Fruiting bodies are found relatively infrequently m direct association with the rots. Vanin {38). Hepting {18), Davidson {12) and Boyce {3) have recently pointed out that the identification of the causal organism from the type of rot is usually not possible at present. This is clearly shown from the lists of common fungi published by Hepting {18) and Roth and Sleeth {3Jf), which include numerous species not mentioned in the earlier publications. In the studies covered by the last two publications an attempt was made to isolate the decay fungus from every infected tree exammed and to identify the isolates by their cultural characteristics. This same method was used in additional studies in other areas and m other types of oak stands throughout the Eastern and Central States. The isolation and cultural identification method was thus tested by an extensive study of one host genus. Throughout these studies it was shown that except for one or two pocket rots, or where odor was a distinguishing character, the fungi involved could not be definitely identified until they were obtained in pure culture. In the following different types of stands an attempt was made to determine the important heartwood-decaying fungi: (1) Unburned sprout stands; (2) seedling or seedling sprout stands that had been damaged by fire; and (3) southern Delta hardwood stands. A key to and descriptions of the decay fungi in culture are given. FACTORS AFFECTING RELATIVE-PREVALENCE FIGURES FOR DECAY FUNGI METHODS OF SAMPLING The methods of obtaining samples of heartwood decay are of con- siderable importance in an attempt to get an accurate picture of the relative prevalence of the fungi in a ^ven stand. As most of the studies were not planned to give data on prevalence alone the various sampling methods will be enumerated. Hepting {18) and Roth and Sleeth {34) have described their methods so that a discussion of them is unnecessary. Liming * used methods similar to those of Roth and Sleeth except that a definite number of each of the principal oak species was cut on each plot chosen. Later, while making a general survey through Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, Limmg took mis- cellaneous samples from decayed stumps and cull logs on loggmg areas or from individual trees. Lorenz and Christensen ^ also obtained samples of decay from cull logs and stumps in southern Michigan, Ohio, and Missouri. The samples from Michigan and Ohio were obtained from recently logged areas, whereas those from Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri were mostly taken at the time of cutting. 3 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 63. : £r"^:,!tO?AN?"c^rÄ^-slWN, C.VOE M. A --EVO. KOKEST TK.y^^^^^ RELATION TO STAND IMPROVEMENT IN THE LAKE AND CENTRAL STATES. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant IndUS. 52pp.,illus. 1937. [Mimeographed.] FUNGI CAUSING DECAY OF LIVING OAKS 3 Noecker ^ obtained numerous samples from individually selected defective trees at Willow ^Springs and Ava, Mo., in 1935. Later a study was initiated at Bunker, Mo., under the direction of Roth, as reported by Limstrom and Kuenzel,^ and the clear-cut method of tree sampling was used. The same method was used at Elizabeth- town, 111.^ In West Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Ten- nessee samples were obtained by Roth and Garren ^ from decay of butts and tops of individually selected fire-wounded white oak. In part of the sprout oak butt rot study, samples were selected from various heights in the trees. One was usually taken from typical decay, one from incipient decay, one from just above incipient decay, and one or two at 1-foot intervals from the visibly sound heartwood above incipient decay. A sample was also taken from the butt of each apparently sound sprout. In all of the other studies mentioned only one or two samples were obtained from each infected part of a tree and these were taken from either typical or incipient decay. The samples were approximately 2 to 4 inches long, 1)^ to 2% inches wide, and }^ to 1 inch thick. An attempt to isolate the decay organism from the samples was usually made as soon as they arrived at the Washington office, but in some cases they were held for several days at a storage temperature of about ôO'^ F.
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