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TEZ.Pdf (13.41Mb) T.C ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ BATI DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI (İSPANYOL DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI) ANABİLİM DALI PABLO PİCASSO’NUN KÜBİZM’E GEÇİŞ DÖNEMİ: YAŞAMI ve ESERLERİ (1881-1907) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Merve ÖZMAN Ankara-2015 T.C ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ BATI DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI (İSPANYOL DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI) ANABİLİM DALI PABLO PİCASSO’NUN KÜBİZM’E GEÇİŞ DÖNEMİ: YAŞAMI ve ESERLERİ (1881-1907) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Merve ÖZMAN Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ertuğrul Önalp Ankara-2015 2 T.C ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ BATI DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI (İSPANYOL DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI) ANABİLİM DALI PABLO PİCASSO’NUN KÜBİZM’E GEÇİŞ DÖNEMİ: YAŞAMI ve ESERLERİ (1881-1907) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Ertuğrul Önalp Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası ………………………………. ……………………… ………………………………. ……………………… ………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………. ………………………. ………………………………. ………………………. Tez Sınav Tarihi: ………………………………………… i TÜRKİYE CUMHURIYETİ ANKARA ÜNIVERSITESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜGÜNE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim. ( / /2015) Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı Merve Özman İmzası …........................... ii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ V GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.İSPANYOL RESMİNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ ..................................................... 4 2. MODERNİZM; PABLO PİCASSO’NUN YAŞADIĞI TARİHSEL DÖNEMİN ÖZELLİKLERİ .................................................................................... 8 3. PABLO PİCASSO’NUN YAŞAMI 3.1. Pablo Picasso’nun Çocukluk Yılları ....…………………………………..10 3.2. Don José ile İlk Eğitim ve İlk Çizimler: Málaga (1881 - 1890)……………15 3.3. Coruña Yaşamı ve İlk Eserleri (1891-1895)……………………………....19 3.4. La Llotja Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi ve Eserleri: Barselona (1895-1897)...26 3.5. San Fernando Kraliyet Akademisi ve Eserleri: Madrid (1897 - 1898)……33 3.6. Katalunya’da bir Kasaba: Horta de Ebro Yaşamı ve Eserleri (1898).........37 3.7. Barselona: Els Quatre Gats Yaşamı ve Eserleri (1898-1900).....................40 4. PABLO PİCASSO’NUN SANAT SERÜVENİ 4.1. Paris’e ilk ziyaret ve Expositions Universelles.......................................47 4.2. İlk Kontrat ve Empresyonist Sanat Etkisinde Paris Eserleri.....................51 4.3. İspanya’ya Dönüş, Arte Joven Dergisi ve 'İmza: Picasso'..........................56 iii 4.4. Paris’e Dönüş ve Ambroise Vollard Sergisi............................................…62 5. PABLO PİCASSO’NUN KÜBİZM’E GEÇİŞ DÖNEMİ; ERKEN DÖNEM SANAT ANLAYIŞI 5.1. Mavi Dönem (1901-1904) ......................................................................... 71 5.2. Pembe Dönem (1904-1906) ........................................................................ 81 5.3. İlk Klasik Dönem: Araştırma, Deney ve Laboratuar ................................ 93 5.4. Pireneler’de Bir Kasaba: Gósol (İspanyol Köklere Dönüş) ....................... 97 5.5. Kübizmin Doğuşu: Las señoritas de Avignon ........................................... 101 SONUÇ....................................................................................................................112 ÖZET.......................................................................................................................116 ABSTRACT............................................................................................................118 KATALOG ............................................................................................................. 120 KAYNAKÇA ……………………………………………….………………….....208 iv ÖNSÖZ Bir zamanlar, Türkiye’nin tek kültür ve sanat kanalı TRT 3 ’de ‘‘Portre’deki Hayalet’’ adında, modern dönem ressamlarının ve birbiri ile tarihsel ve sanatsal ilişkilerinin konu alındığı, haftanın sonunda diziler halinde yayınlanan bir belgesel vardı. Bu belgeseli büyük bir ilgiyle izlediğimi hatırlıyorum. Küçük yaşlarda başlayan sanata karşı olan ilgim zamanla sanatın tüm dallarına karşı bir farkındalık oluşturmaya başladı. Bu yüzden de yüksek lisans tez çalışmamda eğitimini aldığım İspanyol kültürü ve ilgi alanım olan modern sanatla bir ilişki kurma çabasında oldum. Bu amaçla fakültemizde aldığım Sanat Tarihi derslerinde sevgili hocam Prof. Dr. Kıymet Giray’ın tavsiyesi üzerine Picasso’nun erken dönem eserleri üzerine hazırladığım bu ödevi bir tez çalışması haline getirme kararı aldık. Tezimizin amacı sanatçının çok da bilinmeyen bir dönemi olan Kübizm’e geçiş dönemine şahitlik etmektir. Doğumundan itibaren ele aldığımız yaşam öyküsünü ve bunun yanında gelişen sanat hayatını ayrıntılarıyla ortaya koymak, öne çıkan eserlerini ve bunların esin kaynaklarını inceleyerek sanatçının Kübizm’e geçişine ışık tutmak başlıca hedefimiz oldu. Tez konumun seçiminden başlayarak çalışmamın bütün aşamalarında benden derin bilgilerini, yorumlarını ve desteklerini eksik etmeyen İspanyol Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı öğretim üyesi ve tez danışmanım sayın Prof. Dr. Ertuğrul Önalp’e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunmayı bir borç bilirim. Tezime ve hayata dair her konuda bana ışığıyla yol gösteren değerli hocam Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı başkanı Prof. Dr. Kıymet Giray’a, eğitimime destek vererek kendimi geliştirmeme olanak sağlayan benden maddi ve manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen sevgili annem, babam ve v babaanneme, beni yüksek lisansa teşvik eden dostum Yiğit Bozkurt’a, tez sürecinde yardımlarıyla moral kaynağı olan arkadaşlarım Can Daldikler, Evrim Ataman, Alessio Panacotta, Volkan Erdoğan, Cervantes Alvaro Mutis ve Bilkent Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi Art Room’un nazik ve yardımsever çalışanlarına teşekkür etmek isterim. Başta Doç. Dr. Şebnem Atakan ve Doç. Dr. Erkan Yurtaydın’a olmak üzere Anabilim Dalımız kıymetli hocalarına akademik yaşamıma bulundukları katkı ve emeklerinden dolayı şükranlarımı sunarım. vi GİRİŞ Ülkemizde, modern sanatın en önemli temsilcilerinden Pablo Picasso’nun sanat serüveninde önemli eserleri ve diğer ressamlarla dönemsel ya da kavramsal karşılaştırmalarıyla ilgili olarak çalışmalar yapılmış, fakat erken dönem eserleri üzerine gördüğümüz kadarıyla herhangi bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sanatçının Kübizm’e geçişini sağlayan aşamaları saptamaktır. Bu süreçte Pablo Picasso’nun etkilendiği kaynakları araştırmak ve önsözde belirtildiği gibi, sanatçının doğumundan itibaren yaşam öyküsünü ve bunun yanında sanat hayatını ayrıntılarıyla ortaya koymaktır. Farklı dönemlerde öne çıkan eserleri ve bunların esin kaynaklarını inceleyerek Kübizm’e geçişine ışık tutmaktır. Bu amaçla, çalışmanın başlangıç noktası Pablo Picasso’nun doğumu (1881), varış noktası ise modern sanat tarihinin devrim niteliğindeki eseri Las Señoritas de Avignon (1907) ile Kübizm’in doğuşu olarak belirlenmiştir. Pablo Picasso’yu tanıyan kişilerin sanatçıyla olan anıları ve paylaşımları, araştırmacıların onun sanatsal ilerleyişi üzerine yaptıkları yorum ve tespitler, sanat serüveninde etkisi altında kaldığı olaylar, sanatçılar ve onun sanatına etki eden eserleri saptayarak Picasso’ya katkısını değerlendirmek bu çalışmanın yöntemini oluşturmaktadır. Bu amaçla da ressamın belirlenen dönemini kapsayan kaynak kitaplara ulaşılmış, yapılan değerlendirmeler incelenmiş, sanatçının bu dönemine ait olduğu belirlenen eserlerinin müzeleri saptanmış ve görsel arşiv derlemesi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma Pablo Picasso’nun belirtilen tarihler arasındaki tüm eserlerini kapsamamaktadır. Tablo seçimlerinde genel anlamda dönemsel olarak öne çıkan 1 çalışmaları ile sanatçıya esin kaynağı olduğu saptanmış eserler öncelikli olarak kullanılmıştır. Tezin birinci ve ikinci bölümleri tarihsel zemin oluşturulabilmesi için "İspanyol Resmine Genel Bakış" ve "Modernizm; Pablo Picasso’nun Yaşadığı Tarihsel Dönemin Özellikleri" olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonrasında "Pablo Picasso’nun Yaşamı", "Sanat Serüveni" ve "Kübizm’e Geçiş Dönemi; Erken Dönem Sanat Anlayışı" bölümleri düzenlemiştir. Bölümler ve alt başlıkları sanatçının yaşam öyküsündeki önemli tarihsel gelişmelere uygun şekilde tespit edilmiş, "Kübizm’in Doğuşu; Las Señoritas de Avignon" adlı tablonun incelemesi ile sonuç aşamasına geçilmiştir. Çalışma katalog bölümü ile tamamlanmıştır. İncelemeler sonucunda anlaşılmıştır ki; sanatçının aile yaşantısı, şehir ve ülke değişimleri ve buralarda edindiği yeni arkadaşlıklar onun sanatını şekillendiren başlıca etkenlerdir. Picasso’nun bu süreçte merakla gözlemlediği sanatçılar ve incelediği sanat tarihi çalışmaları, döneminin önemli sanat hareketleri faydalandığı kaynaklardır. Picasso, İspanyol kimliğini koruyarak ülkesinin sanatsal geçmişinden faydalanmış ve Kübizm akımını oluşturmuştur. Çalışmamızda yararlandığımız İspanyolca kaynaklarının başlıcaları, G. Brassai’ın Conversaciones con Picasso, M. McCully’nin Devorar París, J. Palau i Fabre’nin Picasso Vivo 1881-1907 ve P. Cabanne’ın El Siglo de Picasso El Nacimiento del Cubismo iken; İngilizce kaynaklarda, R.Penrose’un Picasso His Life and Work ve W. Boeck / J. Sabartés’in Picasso ve John Richardson’ın A Life of Picasso kitapları tez çalışmamıza bize kılavuzluk etmiştir. 2 Dilimizde Wilfred Wiegand’ın ve Serol Teber’in Picasso ve Dost Kitabevi basımı olan Sanata Adanan Bir Yaşam - Art Book Picasso
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