La Mort Dans L'œil

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La Mort Dans L'œil 1 Stéphane Zagdanski LA MORT DANS L’ŒIL Critique du cinéma comme vision, domination, falsification, éradication, fascination, manipulation, dévastation, usurpation Caméra mitraillette japonaise Konica, IInde Guerre mondiale 2 QUATRIÈME DE COUVERTURE LA MORT DANS L’ŒIL Critique du cinéma comme vision, domination, falsification, éradication, fascination, manipulation, dévastation, usurpation Le Cinématographe, cette trouvaille de foire, ne s’est pas métamorphosé en une industrie gigantesque et omnipotente par hasard. L’idée du cinéma précéda son invention. Dans cet ombilic intellectuel, devaient se parachever les pires fantasmes d’asservissement radical. Si on le dit mort, désormais, c’est afin de ne pas s’avouer qu’il est la Mort se survivant sous la forme d’un zoo humain à l’échelle planétaire. Le monde mécanique de la vision est une invasion manipulatrice du monde. Le cinéma obéit à une Weltanschauung machinale. Il relève d’une métaphysique du regard qui régit l’Occident depuis Platon et agite aujourd’hui ses tentacules numérisées dans le plus banal reportage auto extasié de CNN. Cette vidéologie – venin idéologique qui coule désormais dans les moindres veinules du globe – imprégna chaque molécule celluloïdée du cinéma dès son apparition. Qu’on ne se méprenne. Je n’écris pas contre le cinéma. La camelote est moins méprisable que l’extasié corrompu qui vous la vend. L’idole est un bout de bois, l’abruti c’est l’idolâtre. Ce livre risque de déranger bien des routines d’exaltation réflexe. Certes, on a le droit d’aduler ce qui vous manipule, mais qu’on n’espère pas être appelé d’un autre nom que celui d’esclave. Jusqu’à ce jour, nul n’avait pensé le Veau d’or en forme de caméra- mitraillette : les rêves qu’il suscite, les cauchemars qu’il engendre, sa genèse daguerréotypée et sa mue multimédiatique, ni l’étonnant néant qui relie les deux extrémités. Le mal est réparé. S. Z. 3 À Antonin Artaud 4 SOMMAIRE PROLOGUE IV / ÉRADICATION Jouir sous entraves Substance scopique Panoptique prophétique I/ VISION : Tuer le Temps Montage du monde La question Amnésie Tourniquets Face à face enflammé L’effacement de l’effacement Indécision Trou noir et hors-champ VII/ DÉVASTATION Imparable Baudelaire La question du son Minauderies mouvementeuses Erreur baladeuse Le creux Simagrées cinéphiliques L’œil berné Neutralité illustrée Bébé bouboule L’Image, l’Écrit Vichy à l’oeil La bombe du temps Faire-part bâtard Photogénie du Diable Aphasie philosophale Cercle du vice Mimétismes de la Mort II/ DOMINATION Le Bien, le Mal, la Vie, la Mort Le swing du sens Socrate au ciné Souvenir écran Mots chosifiés Molosses philosophes Tombeau du Dire La rigueur molle V/ FASCINATION Le Même, la Mort Thriller et suspens Menace en suspens La membrane Train-train Hollywood engloutit Garderie de l’Univers L’arrière-salle sociale Mauvais mimétismes Sus aux sens Real TV Élie Faure faux prophète Dévalation vers la mort Duper, Dominer Temple et Cathédrale Intuitions de Bergson Baudelaire en enfer, Picasso métèque VIII/ USURPATION Économie du celluloïd L’imagination contre la Science Toi chameau ! Plein la vue Vidéo morts Nanook et l’art nègre Le parti du temps Bâillonner le verbe Littérature inadaptée ? La bouche cousue du parlant Le fond qui flanche III / FALSIFICATION Epstein à mort La preuve par Rouch Cité-kolkhose Le temps n’existe pas Incompétences Hasard en éprouvettes Pédagogie Godard le faux Freaks au rebut Pseudo-Satan Faux airs d’art Silence, cécité, secret Charlatanisme prosélyte Gadgetosophie Fantaisie et solution finales Désaveu du Dire VI/ MANIPULATION IX/ CONTRE-OFFENSIVE Impuissance et pensée Métaphore biologique La guérilla des génies Esprit de choc Macro-corps, micro-cité Nabokov contre les cartoons Du noos au Nous Le foie cinéphile Hemingway et le silence de l’Afrique Esclave ordinaire Éros révolutionnaire Faulkner à cheval Dramatique dialectique Fin du désir Cinématomique Video ergo non cogito Réalité télévisée Jouvence du verbe Qu’appelle-t-on le génie ? L’Ève philosophale L’année cinéphilique Procréation publicitairement assistée ÉPILOGUE Le liant Sperme socratique L’autopromotion du mensonge 5 PROLOGUE « Ne fait l’objet d’une bénédiction que ce qui est à l’abri du regard. » Talmud de Babylone, traité Baba Mets’ia, 42a Nul ne peut nier la divagation qui l’emporte, parfois, le soir – sous le coup de la fatigue, des soucis, de ses pensées simplement –, au point que la page du livre qu’il médite s’enfonce comme un bloc brumeux dans une flaque de lignes floues. Pendant plusieurs dizaines de secondes les mots ont bien défilé un à un devant vos yeux, pourtant votre mémoire n’y a pris qu’une part opaque. Vous n’avez pas détourné le regard, vous vous souvenez avoir vu les mots, cerné les fragments de phrases, mais quelque chose s’est dilaté entre vos yeux et votre cerveau ; au plus fort de leur dissociation, votre hébétude n’a assisté qu’à un fondu enchaîné de syntagmes, un fourmillement d’insectes noirs sur du sable blanc. Il faut alors vous ébrouer la vision et, si vous êtes consciencieux et que le texte le mérite, reprendre votre lecture depuis le début. Imaginez une technologie capable de capter cette divagation ; un sonar assez sophistiqué pour enregistrer le moindre signe de déconcentration et déclencher à même la page une réaction quelconque, un effet spécial destiné à secouer le lecteur au moment où son attention faiblit. En s’immisçant dans votre rêverie, cette invention permettrait de palier ces étranges moments de distraction incontrôlable. Ce pourrait être, confinée dans le rebord intérieur de la couverture, une minuscule caméra – comparable à celles que les journalistes et les espions dissimulent dans les branches de leurs lunettes factices –, pointée en permanence sur le regard oscillatoire du lecteur, sensible aux variations de ses pupilles et couplée à un grelot électronique qui réagirait telle l’aiguille d’un infinitésimal sismographe au moindre prodrome d’inattention. 6 On peut concevoir aussi une électrode captant les impulsions cérébrales de l’assoupissement, sur le modèle de celles destinées à éviter l’endormissement au volant. Là, c’est la tête-ailleurs qu’il s’agirait de prévenir, et de rectifier en une nanoseconde par une brusque variation de la couleur de l’encre ou un ébranlement de la typographie, comme dans cette courte nouvelle sans titre où Kafka décrit l’hallucination autonome d’un étudiant en train de lire un livre dont les lettres imprimées prennent vie, conscience, et soudain se meuvent. Imaginez maintenant que ce phénomène d’attraction du cerveau, d’oblitération de la déconcentration, de rétractation de la distraction, prenne le pas sur le sens des mots et des phrases du livre, et que l’attention du lecteur soit enchaînée à l’œuvre par une kyrielle d’effets visuels et sonores, de sorte que la plus infime possibilité de distanciation soit parfaitement abolie. Eh bien cette glue hypnotique, conçue pour captiver toute potentialité de pensée et de méditation, existe. Elle se promeut, se vend et s’achète planétairement ; elle a cours en Bourse ; elle intègre tout ce qui croit vivre, enregistre tout ce qui a vécu ; elle agit, réagit, augmente chaque jour un peu plus l’amplitude de sa souveraineté fondée sur la passivité réflexe qu’elle-même conçoit, produit, organise, distribue et inocule. En un mot comme en mille – mille mots sont aussi dérisoires qu’un seul à l’aune de ses titanesques capacités de stockage – elle règne. Elle porte même un nom devenu commun : le multimédia. Soit, mot à mot dans une langue qu’on dit morte : PAR-TOUS-LES-MOYENS. Le multimédia est l’aboutissant logique de l’industrie cinématographique, comme la photographie en était le tenant embryonnaire. Compressé entre ces deux techniques spectrales – l’une qui l’interpelle, l’autre qui le dépasse –, le cinéma était condamné non pas à mourir, mais à ne pas exister. Fondée sur le procédé rétinien de l’illusion d’optique, cette imposture allait se résorber entièrement dans le néant dont elle est né. Ainsi s’évanouit-elle désormais lentement mais irréversiblement sous les bénéfices colossaux de l’industrie du jeu vidéo d’ores et déjà supérieurs aux siens pourtant considérables. 7 C’est de cette inexistence illusoirement acclamée par la cinéphilie universelle que je veux traiter. Elle aura duré à peine plus d’un siècle. Il est temps de faire le bilan. 8 I VISION « Je suis un de ces êtres chez qui prime la vue. Or le cinéma perturbe la vision. La rapidité des mouvements et la succession précipitée des images vous condamnent à une vision superficielle de façon continue. Ce n’est pas le regard qui saisit les images, ce sont elles qui saisissent le regard. Elles submergent la conscience. Le cinéma contraint l’œil à endosser un uniforme, alors que jusqu’ici il était nu. - C’est une affirmation terrible. L’œil est la fenêtre de l’âme, dit un proverbe tchèque. - Les films sont des volets de fer. » Kafka, Conversations avec Janouch La question Que se passe-t-il entre l’œil et le cerveau ? Posée dès la plus haute antiquité, la question sera minutieusement reprise depuis le Timée jusqu’à La Société du Spectacle en passant par le De natura rerum, la Dioptrique, la Lettre sur les aveugles et une myriade de traités philosophico-physiologiques de tous les acabits. À sa manière – foncièrement faussée puisque assujettie à l’optimisme intrinsèque du divertissement –, le cinéma lui-même n’a pas manqué de s’y pencher, et pour cause, dans un film récent au titre évocateur : Matrix. La question n’est pas de pure anatomie. Il suffit de la reformuler autrement pour en capter l’incandescente acuité. « Que se passe-t-il entre l’œil et le cerveau ? », autrement dit : EST-CE QUE LA VISION PENSE ? 9 Face à face enflammé Alcméon de Crotone, disciple de Pythagore, est réputé le premier dissecteur de l’œil.
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