Redalyc.Escorpiones De La Familia Buthidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones)

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Redalyc.Escorpiones De La Familia Buthidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones) Biota Colombiana ISSN: 0124-5376 [email protected] Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Colombia Flórez D., Eduardo Escorpiones de la Familia Buthidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones) de Colombia Biota Colombiana, vol. 2, núm. 1, septiembre, 2001, pp. 25- 30 Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos "Alexander von Humboldt" Bogotá, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49120102 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto CassolaBiota Colombiana & Pearson 2 (1) 25 - 30, 2001 Escarabajos Tigre del Neotropico -25 Escorpiones de la Familia Buthidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones) de Colombia Eduardo Flórez D. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado Aéreo 7495, Bogotá D.C. – Colombia. [email protected] Palabras Clave: Escorpiones, Alacranes, Lista de Especies, Colombia Los escorpiones, conocidos comúnmente en Ibero el reciente «Catalog of the scorpions of the world», Fet et América como alacranes, son organismos netamente al. (2000), aceptan 16 familias. En Colombia se encuentran depredadores que emplean las poderosas pinzas (quelas) representadas cuatro familias: Buthidae, Chactidae, de sus pedipalpos y las potentes toxinas de sus venenos Diplocentridae e Ischnuridae (Flórez 1990; Flórez & Sánchez para dominar a sus presas. Esta última característica los ha 1995; Lourenço 1997). hecho merecedores de sentimientos mezclados entre temor y fobia. Sin embargo debe considerarse que los venenos La familia Buthidae fue creada por C. L. Koch en 1837, producidos por los escorpiones han sido desarrollados para asignando a Buthus Leach, 1815, como género tipo. inmovilizar a insectos y otros animales invertebrados, y Conjuntamente con la pequeña familia Microcharmidae que solo ocasionalmente y como respuesta a contactos conforman la superfamilia Buthoidea (Lourenço 2000a); sin accidentales ellos interactúan con el hombre. embargo Fet et al. (2000) consideran a todas las familias existentes en la actualidad bajo una única agrupación que De otra parte, los escorpiones son artrópodos que revisten corresponde a la superfamilia Scorpionoidea. importantes particularidades desde el punto de vista de su biología, ecología y comportamiento. Es reconocida su re- Dentro del orden Scorpiones, Buthidae es la familia más sistencia a alteraciones climáticas, radiaciones, etc., las cua- diversificada, con mayor distribución geográfica sobre el les han sido adquiridas a través de su proceso evolutivo planeta, y la única que contiene especies consideradas como que lleva cerca de 500 millones de años de existencia sobre potencialmente peligrosas. Incluye 73 géneros (incluyendo el planeta. Simultáneamente, y debido a su baja capacidad el género fósil Palaeolychas), seis subgéneros, 529 de dispersión y fidelidad a condiciones medioambientales especies y 165 subespecies (Fet et al. 2000). La composición de rangos limitados, resultan ser organismos promisorios al nivel de subfamilias ha sido objeto de gran controversia, como indicadores ecológicos y en estudios biogeográficos y no existe aún un consenso (Sthanke 1972, Sissom 1990; (Polis 1990; Lourenço 1990, 1992, 1994a). Fet et al. 2000), razón por la cual en el presente documento no son consideradas. Los escorpiones se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en todos los continentes y regiones faunísticas del plane- Aunque el mayor número de géneros de bútidos se en- ta, aunque la mayoría de las especies se circunscriben a las cuentra en el Viejo Mundo (64 géneros), en América se regiones tropicales y subtropicales (Polis 1990). encuentra el género más diverso, Tityus con alrededor de Altitudinalmente, es posible encontrarlos desde el nivel de 130 especies. La familia Buthidae presenta una distribución mar hasta los 5000 m, con una mayor concentración de es- cosmopolita, con especies en todos los continentes, ex- pecies entre los 0 y 2000 m. cepto las áreas septentrionales de la región Holártica, la Antártida y Nueva Zelanda. El orden Scorpiones C. L. Koch, 1850, se considera tradicio- nalmente conformado por 9 familias; sin embargo, recien- Los Bútidos conforman un reconocido grupo monofilético tes revisiones sobre la taxonomía de categorías superiores (Lamoral 1980) considerado como el más primitivo entre los revelan que podrían ser reconocidas entre 12 y 20 familias taxones existentes al nivel de familia. Características únicas (Stockwell 1992; Lourenço 1998, 2000a; Fet et al. 2000). En no solo de tipo morfológico, sino ecológico, así como par- Biota Colombiana 2 (1), 2001 26- Buthidae de Colombia Flórez ticularidades de su desarrollo tanto embrionario como efectuadas durante la última década. No obstante, en los postembrionario, permiten diferenciarla como un linaje in- últimos años las colecciones escorpiológicas han sido dependiente dentro de los escorpiones, y como el grupo incrementadas notoriamente, y el presente aporte revela hermano de las demás familias actuales (Lamoral 1980; significativas extensiones en los rangos de las distribucio- Sissom 1990). nes geográficas de la mayoría de las especies, así como el registro de dos nuevas especies para el país (Tityus La familia Buthidae puede ser reconocida por los siguien- ecuadorensis y T. perijanensis). tes caracteres diagnósticos: La mayoría de las especies poseen un esternón triangular o subtriangular así como En la presente revisión no se incluye el taxón Centruroides una espina subaculear (por debajo del aguijón) que puede margaritatus, ampliamente citado en la literatura ser aguda, romboide o piramidal; además carecen de escorpiólogica con registros en Colombia, debido a que tricobotrias en la superficie ventral de la tibia de los éste debe ser considerado bajo el epíteto específico de pedipalpos. Centruroides gracilis, debido por una parte a la reconoci- da dificultad que implica la separación de ambos taxa con Recientemente Lourenço (1997) publicó una sinopsis de base en criterios morfológicos, y de otra por adhesión al los escorpiones de Colombia, y aunque se trata de la contri- criterio planteado por Lourenço (1997) quién establece como bución mas completa y actualizada, la información allí con- especie válida únicamente a C. gracilis, luego de haber signada corresponde en gran medida a los registros de obtenido hibridación entre poblaciones diferentes de los especímenes depositados en colecciones foráneas y a es- dos supuestos taxa. porádicas revisiones de algunas colecciones colombianas, Colombian Scorpions of the Buthidae Family (Chelicerata: Scorpiones) Eduardo Florez D. Key words: Scorpions, Species List, Colombia Scorpions, commonly known in Ibero-America as 1990). In altitude, they can occur from sea level to 5000 “alacranes”, are predators that employ the powerful claws m, with the highest concentration of species between 0 (chelae) of their pedipalps and the potent toxins of their and 2000 m. venom to subdue their prey. The venom has entitled them to raise mixed feelings of fear and phobia. However, it is Traditionally, the order Scorpiones C. L Koch, 1850, was important to consider that the function of the scorpions’ considered to be made of 9 families; however, recent venom is to immobilize insects and other invertebrates revisions on the taxonomy of higher taxa, suggest that and that only occasionally, and by chance, they interact there may be 12 to 20 families (Stockwell 1992; Lourenço with humans. 1998, 2000a; Fet et al. 2000). In the recent “Catalog of the scorpions of the world,” Fet et al. (2000) recognize 16 On the other hand, scorpions are arthropods that have families. Four families are known in Colombia: Buthidae, important biological, ecological and behavioral Chactidae, Diplocentridae, and Ischnuridae (Florez 1990; particularities. For example, they are known to withstand Flórez & Sánchez 1995; Lourenço 1997). climatic alterations, radiation, etc., traits that have been acquired through an evolution process of 500 million C. L. Koch created the Buthidae family in 1837, using years. Simultaneously, due to their poor dispersal ability Buthus (Leach 1815) as the type genus. With the small and their fidelity to environmental conditions of limited family Microcharmidae, Buthidae makes up the superfamily range, scorpions may be used for biogeographic studies Buthoidea (Lourenço 2000a) but Fet et al. (2000) classify and as ecological indicators (Polis 1990; Lourenço 1990, all the extant families under one big group: the superfamily 1992, 1994a). Scorpionidea. Scorpions are widespread in all the continents and Within the order Scorpiones, Buthidae is the most faunistic regions of the planet, but the majority of species diversified family, with the widest geographic distribution are enclosed in the tropical and subtropical regions (Polis worldwide, and the only one with potentially dangerous Biota Colombiana 2 (1), 2001 Flórez Buthidae of Colombia - 27 species. It comprises 73 genera (including the fossil genus the species have a triangular or subtriangular sternum, a Palaeolychas), 6 subgenera, 529 species, and 165 subaculear spine (below the telson) that may be sharp, subspecies (Fet et al. 2000). There is great controversy rhomboidal or pyramidal, and also they lack trichobothria about the subfamilies composition, and no consensus has in the ventral surface
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