On the Way to Management of West Sumatra's Coastal Ecosystems

On the Way to Management of West Sumatra’s Coastal Ecosystems A. Kunzmann

Abstract

Various impacts on the coast of the Indonesian province of West Sumatra are presented together with activities and achievements to address them, e.g. public awareness, public relations and capacity building, including the establishment of a marine protected area.

Introduction Indonesia has addressed the (1997) and the International Year of situation by implementing the Oceans (1998) and hosted the 9th Research by the Indonesian conservation-oriented projects and International Coral Reef Symposium Institute of Sciences (LIPI) (Nontji raising public awareness to of the International Society of Reef 1999) has revealed that 85% of rehabilitate and manage its coral Studies (2000). It established a Indonesia’s coral reefs (which cover reefs. It has established marine National Council for the Sea (DKN) 25% of the coral reef area in the protected areas and marine parks in 1996, the Indonesian Maritime world) are negatively influenced by now covering 28,000 km2. The Council in 1998 and most humans and some 70% are in poor government celebrated the Year of importantly, the Ministry for Marine condition. Marine Tourism (1996), participated Affairs and Fisheries (DKP) in 1999. in the International Year of the Reef The above are examples of what have been achieved on the national level. On the provincial level, West Sumatra can serve as an example of how things do work or do not work.

West Sumatra: A Case Study

West Sumatra, one of 27 S) 0 Indonesian provinces, represents approximately 1% of the area of

Latitude ( Indonesia. It consists of about 100 islands, some 1,400 km of coastline and 20,000 km2 of territorial waters. The exclusive economic zone of West Sumatra is about 140,000 km2; and 6,000 fishers operate in the waters. The coastal area is regulated and under control through laws and regulations, mainly national but also Longitude (0E) some regional regulations. There are 26 existing regulations that directly Fig. 1. Part of the territorial waters of West Sumatra Province. Note the string of islands and concern marine matters. breaking reefs paralleling the coast, named “Barrier Reef System”. This map also displays Several years of research on the Siberut Island, where Sarabua Bay is located.

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West Sumatra “Barrier Reef System” coral reefs and their fishes can be (Fig. 1) have resulted in insight into found in Kunzmann (1997a, 1997b), problems with the implementation of Wallace (1997), Randall and regulations and in the compilation of Kunzmann (1998a, 1998b), Steffen some scientific information. Patch (1998), Kunzmann et al. (1999), reefs and fringing reefs are both Kunzmann (2000) and a number of around coral islands (in the north) Indonesian and German theses on the

or volcanic islands (in the south) website: http://www.zmt.uni- A. Kunzmann Bungus Bay, 20 km south of Padang (West also along the main coast of Sumatra. bremen.de/projects/Indonesia/ Sumatra). Construction of an oil pier in the The are also reefs around the iczmthes.html. middle of a coral reef ecosystem. Mentawai islands, some with Along the coast of Padang, many mangroves and seagrass beds. The users of the coastal area with case of the Bungus Bay plywood percentage cover with live coral for differing significance for and impact factory, studies indicate a direct various locations shows both reefs on the coast are found. These include negative influence over the past with almost no corals left, but also numerous villages and the provincial years (Nusyirwan 1995). reefs with a very high cover. More capital with one million inhabitants, Overexploitation of selected fish than 150 hard coral species were and sectoral activities such as stocks, are mainly due to more than identified and the total reef area is agriculture, forestry and mining, 300 Bagan units operating in the estimated at 900 km2. The reef fish collectively causing heavy sediment, Padang area (Ortmann 1995; diversity was found to be high for fertilizer and waste and sewage loads Rohdenburg 1995; Maack 1996). Indian Ocean reefs. Some new washed down in rivers to the coastal Illegal fishing is also practiced in species (both fish and coral) were areas. The local industry mainly artisanal fishing areas and overlaps found here and new westernmost comprises palm oil, rubber and largely with Bagan fishing (Sofyani distributions for Pacific species were cement, and is feeding a large 1994, Abdurrahman 1995; Evarita confirmed. Several studies on commercial port in Teluk Bayur, 1995; Siregar 1995; Syufri 1995). In degradation of reefs with different equipped with separate coal and addition to the use of destructive natural and anthropogenic influences cement terminals. A fishing harbor, fishing methods, unwise use of highlighted the heterogeneity of reef plywood factory and oil landing pier marine resources, which includes communities in the region and can also be found, all in Bungus Bay shell and coral mining (Syarif 1994) identified significant differences (Fig. 2). and harvesting of turtle eggs and between inner and outer shelf reef Industrial and fishing activities adults (Hendra 1997; Setiawan sites. interfere with tourism activities, as 1999), is seriously increasing. More scientific details about the in Pasir Kandang and Bungus. In the West Sumatra faces the problem of fishing with explosives and cyanide, on both a small and large scale (Kunzmann 1997a, 1997b, 1998). Dugout canoes use self-made mini bombs inshore, while larger vessels from Jakarta and Sibolga use big bombs on the outer islands. Fishing using various cyanides for fish and lobsters is done from canoes and small boats with hookah-diving in the inshore areas. A large-scale enterprise, heavily engaged in the live reef fish trade for groupers and wrasses for export to Hongkong, is operating on the Mentawai islands, ironically with its base in the Sarabua Bay, which is supposed to A. Kunzmann be a marine park. In addition, there Intact reef formation in 3-6 m depth on Pieh Island, 12 nautical miles west of Padang. Joint Indonesian German coral reef monitoring team at work. are still anomalies facts about

Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly (Vol. 25, No. 1) January-March 2002 5 and seagrasses was conveyed to students, staff and university administration, as well as to key figures of the provincial government, who were in charge of budgets or research plans for the university. Also, the Governor’s office and the provincial offices for fisheries (Dinas Perikanan), conservation (BKSDA) and the Navy were involved in these very first awareness-raising activities. At the same time, a long-term

S) research and monitoring program 0 was started, involving students, staff and scientists from other universities. Latitude ( Preliminary results on the status of the reefs were presented in science meetings and workshops (Kunzmann et al. 1993; Kunzmann and Efendi 1994, 1996; Zimmermann and Kunzmann 1994) and resulted in a proposal to protect Pulau Pieh and surroundings and a first application for a marine protected area (MPA) in 1993.

Longitude (0E) Formal cooperation with the Navy was established including Fig. 2. Detailed map of the Padang Islands coastal zone. Two strings of islands extend all the way from north to south, the eastern string on the shelf, and the western string on the shelf bringing out moorings and having slope. Conflicting interests in the use of the coastal areas (e.g. Bungus Bay) are shown in more radio communication via a hotline. detail on the website: http://www.zmt.uni-bremen.de/projects/Indonesia The red triangle indicates the marine protected area (MPA) around Pieh Island. licenses from fishing authorities for public awareness (PA), public export of CITES-listed species relations (PR) and capacity building (Convention on International Trade (CB). with Endangered Species). However, The first activity was raising since the enterprise is paying taxes, awareness on the university campus

providing income and loans for and within the provincial and A. numerous fishers and investing in municipal government. In 1992, the education and training, the opera- general attitude towards the sea can Fishing with poison in Pieh island (West Sumatra) kills corals. After bleaching they tions are tolerated, although it is be best described by citing a are completely overgrown by algae. obvious that a few people earn a university official: “As long as the fortune while the fishers get only a water is blue and looks beautiful, and small amount. As a consequence of as long as fish is sold on the market, several years of destructive fishing, our seas must be in good condition.” the reefs of the Mentawai islands are Since the fisheries faculty of Bung in a degraded condition. Hatta University was very much oriented towards catching, Activities and Achievements processing and selling fish, other

marine ecosystems had little A. Kunzmann Activities and achievements to attention. The existence and Destroyed reef section after bombing. The crater size is about 10 m in diameter. Pandan change things for the better include: importance of coral reefs, mangroves Island, 10 miles west of Padang, 5 m depth.

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With the help of an island guard, who opportunity of having experts in 1999)). was trained and equipped with place was used to simultaneously • potential of marine natural binoculars and an FM radio, four organize a number of advanced products (Handayani et al. 1997a, fishing vessels were caught by the training courses, which contributed 1997b); and Navy within six months, illegally significantly to the capacity building • activities in rehabilitation of reefs fishing using explosives. The crew of university staff and students, and coral farms (Freytag 2001; was put in jail and the vessels were including other universities of the Johan et al. 2000; Zakaria in confiscated temporarily. The legal area. prep.). authorities had to deal with An educational PA program was Other important steps in the considerable issues in processing the initiated eventually, resulting among development process were the first trial ever. Finally, a verdict with others in two Indonesian language formation of a provincial team of 18 months jail for the captain and brochures, one about reefs for marine affairs by the planning engineer and 13 months jail for the children (Tata 1993), the other about department BAPPEDA in 1995 crew was issued. This case was the seas for students (Soule 1994), (similar to the National Council for intensively covered by the local and an Indonesian version of a BBC the Sea DKN) and the signing of media and contributed substantially video on coral reef destruction in cooperation agreements in marine to public awareness and opinion Southeast Asia (Kunzmann et al. sciences between the Bung Hatta formation. 1998). University and other Indonesian At this point, the PA activities While PA and PR activities were universities (Bogor, Ujung were largely extended, in order to implemented, the search for Pandang), with LIPI’s Indonesian reach the fishers and other local alternative income sources for Institute of Sciences Oceanography coastal communities. The univer- fishers and/or their families was Division and with the Center for sities’ community service program continuously pursued. The most Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) in (pengabdian masyarakat) promising were: Germany. As a result and completed a training module on the • seaweed culture with fisher recognizing the newly developing significance of coastal ecosystems. communities on Pini Island local expertise, the university was The local mass media was provided (Busch 1995; Endri 1995; Metha rewarded with the chair of one of with articles and reports and 1995; Septiani 1995); seven “SIMPULs” (regional knot) of subsequently, TV and radio • marine tourism with the coastal the Indonesian Association of Coral requested interviews and comments. community of Sungai Pesisir Reef Studies (IACRS). Later on, the These activities were repeated at (Efendi et al. 1999 and several participation in the World Bank/ regular intervals. unpublished reports on turtle ADB project COREMAP (Coral PA and PR work for scientists conservation (Hendra 1997, Reef Monitoring and Management was also implemented. Apart from publications in local, national and international journals and magazines, numerous oral and poster presentations at workshops, seminars and conferences were given, in order to make the reefs and their problems known. In the monograph Coral Reefs of the World by UNEP/IUCN (1988), the coral reefs of West Sumatra are only minimally mentioned. The international database Reefbase has reported on West Sumatran reefs since 1997. An invitation to foreign expert scientists for joint work on the marine ecosystems led to a number of publications and identification of A. Kunzmann Diver of the joint Indonesian-German Monitoring team performing a line-intercept-transect at one new coral fish species. The of the reefs of the Padang Islands.

Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly (Vol. 25, No. 1) January-March 2002 7 Project) and the establishment of a drew maps with potential boundaries to be a crucial part of the process. Coral Reef Information and Training and communicated with provincial Involving mass media at an early Centre (CRITC) were offered. and district level authorities as well stage and giving continuous With the new infrastructure and as coastal communities. The full information to the public helped secure funding in place as of 1996, documentation and the draft decree tremendously to obtain necessary it was possible to perform thorough were ready to be signed by the support from all involved parties – studies on socioeconomics of the Forestry Minister in 1998. However, public relations is crucial to the coastal communities with detailed due to the financial crisis, the process. Another important lesson stakeholder analyses (Efendi et al. establishment of a new president and was the determination to follow- 1998; Zein 1998). the appointment of three new through to the end e.g. the Additional measures, which were forestry ministers within one year, painstaking process of The court trial implemented in the process of PA the official release was only in 2000. for illegal blast fishing. Patience and building, comprise a scientific The MPA of Pieh Island is 40,000 persistence in pursuing good ideas reference collection of corals and ha. The area includes Pieh Island in also helped establish the MPA. fish (Yunaldi 1997, 1999; Jonker and the center and islands and reefs both The timing of the setup (1997) Johan 1999a, 1999b; Suprihanto from outer and inner shelf regions was also optimal for implementing 1999) and a semi-public seawater included (Fig. 2). This is a great step an MPA. The local government was aquarium, which was built together ahead given the problems faced by prepared, the public was informed, with volunteers from Voluntary the people of West Sumatra in coastal communities were involved, Service Overseas (British) and conserving some of their reefs, a local nongovernment organization Overseas Development Bureau particularly when much older plans (NGO) and a national NGO were (Australian). The collection was for a marine park at Sarabua Bay at ready to facilitate. The university, the supported with input from the the Mentawai Islands are still Mayor of Padang and the Governor Western Australian Museum in Perth pending. of West Sumatra were strong and the Museum Naturalis in Leiden, Because this procedure was supporters in the background. Three where co-samples were identified, lengthy and people were never sure years later, though, with several new labeled and stored. Both the of getting the MPA at all, the people in key positions, the collection and the aquarium, which university agreed in 1997 to buy Pieh enthusiasm and momentum were were shown to every official visitor, Island. Due to the extremely complex lost. There is a risk that MPA Pieh were frequently the ignition point of land ownership relationships among Island will become a “park on paper” discussion on marine conservation the Minangkabau people (the only. efforts and the budgets needed for prevailing ethnic group of West At this stage, it is necessary to it. With the spotlight on coastal Sumatra), where the local adat rights reactivate people and jointly problems, a number of theses on conflict with the central law, it was develop a management plan, which corals, mangroves and commercially only possible to lease the island for will be broadly accepted. The same important fishes were produced (see 20 years. This compromise was people who were involved in the website following). In 1998, a difficult to achieve, but crucial in socioeconomic assessments and so- website http://www.zmt.uni- demon-strating to fishers and local called socialization of the former bremen.de/projects/Indonesia was people the importance of these reefs concept should be part of a new created, where a coastal profile of not only to science, but to their participatory approach. Support West Sumatra with information livelihoods. from successful examples like about the coastal zone, some aerial Coastal Resources Management and satellite pictures are displayed. Lessons Learned Project or TNC (The Nature The application to protect at least and Next Steps Conservancy) project is necessary one and possibly three or more of and the establishment of the the Padang islands submitted to the It was necessary to emphasize INCUNE (Indonesian Coastal local authorities in 1993, reached the public awareness not only among Universities Network) is an national Conservation Office in the coastal people and the local important step forward. Bung Hatta Forest Department in 1994 and government but also among University, together with a local resulted in action in late 1996. scientists. Training and capacity NGO and the provincial planning Officers from the national building of young scientists, board, have submitted such a request Conservation Office did field checks, administrators and the navy proved to the new Ministry for Marine

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Affairs and Fisheries and asked the Farouk. 1999. Social implications of Johan, O., D. Soedharma and Suharsono. Center for Tropical Marine Ecology coral reef management in Sungai Pisang, 2000. Tingkat keberhasilan transplantasi (ZMT) in Bremen for support. It is West Sumatra, Indonesia. Potensi dan karang batu di Pulau Pari Kepulauan hoped that it will become an kendala dalam pengelolaan terumbu Seribu Jakarta. (On the success of coral important part of a long-term Action karang: pedoman untuk intervensi transplantation at Pari Island-Seribu Plan in Marine Science and pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat (desa Archipelago Indonesia.) IPB Bogor Technology Cooperation, which is Sungai Pisang, kecamatan Bungus Teluk Agricultural University. 113 p. M.Sc. presently being negotiated between Kabung, Kotamadya Padang; Propinsi thesis. the Governments of Indonesia and Sumatera Barat). COREMAP -LIPI, Jonker L. and O. Johan. 1999a. Proyeksi Germany. Jakarta. koleksi koral dan ikan di Sumatera Barat. Incentives and alternative income Endri, M. 1995. Pengaruh berat awal tanam Warta Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia sources are needed to stop illegal yang berbeda terhadap tingkat IV(3): 18-19. fishing. The provincial government pertumbuhan rumput laut, Eucheuma Jonker, L. and O. Johan. 1999b. Checklist of West Sumatra should introduce a alvarezii hijau dengan metode lepas of the Scleractinian coral species from soft and wisely managed small scale dasar. Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang. the waters of Padang (West Sumatra, marine tourism program, where Skripsi-S1. 50 p. Indonesia) held in the coral collection of many coastal people are involved Evarita, F. 1995 Pendugaan pertumbuhan Bung Hatta University. The Beagle, and can find sufficient and ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) di Records of the Museums and Art sustainable ways to support their perairan Sumatera Barat. Universitas Galleries of the Northern Territory 15: families. Bung Hatta, Padang. Skripsi-S1. 85 p. 47-54. Freytag, I. 2001. Growth and mortality of Kunzmann, A. 1997a. The coral reefs of West Acknowledgements Acropora nobilis (Anthozoa: Sumatra, p. 1249-1262. In T. Tomascik, Scleractinia) fragments in shallow waters A.M. Mah, A. Nontji and M. Kasim The author thanks his students of the Seribu Islands, Indonesia, using Moosa (eds.) The ecology of the from Indonesia and Germany and the different attachment methods. Indonesian Seas. Part two. Periplus crews of the vessels KM “Faperi” International Studies in Aquatic Tropical Editions (HK) Ltd., Singapore. and KM “Selar”, who contributed in Ecology, Faculty for Bioogy & Kunzmann, A. 1997b. Status, langkah- numerous ways to the MPA Pieh Chemistry, University of Bremen. 72 + langkah pencegahan dan penang- Island. Also the teams of the Pusat 8 p. M.Sc. thesis. gulangan kerusakan terumbu karang die Studi/Simpul and the NGO Minang Handayani, D., R.A. Edrada, P. Proksch, V. Sumatera Barat. Part one. Warta Bahari deserve special recognition. Wray, L. Witte, L. Van Ofwegenand A. Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia (WPPI) Kunzmann. 1997a. New oxygenated 3(2): 2-9; Part two WPPI 3(3): 10-14. References sesquiterpenes from the Indonesian soft Kunzmann, A. 1998. “Management” of coral Nephthea chabrolii. J. Nat. Prod. marine ecosystems in West Sumatra: Abdurrahman. 1995. Analisa isi lambung 60: 716-718. theory and everyday practice. Image of ikan kembung lelaki (Rastrelliger Handayani, D., R.A. Edrada, P. Proksch, V. Indonesia IV(5):19-22. kanagurta) di perairan pantai Padang. Wray, L. Witte, R.W.M. Van Soest, A. Kunzmann, A. 2000. The marine ecosystems Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang. Skripsi- Kunzmann and Soedarsono. 1997b. Four of western Sumatra, p. 386-387. In C. S1. 41 p. new bioactive polybrominated diphenyl Sheppard (ed.) Seas at the millennium: Busch, M. 1995. Kultivierung von ethers of the sponge Dysidea herbacea an environmental evalua-tion. Vol. 2: Kappaphycus alvarezii und Eucheuma from West Sumatra, Indonesia. J. Nat. 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