THE PRINCETON From the Publisher TORY September 2005 Volume XXII - Issue IV Dear freshmen, Publisher Editor Emeritus Ira Leeds ’06 Duncan Sahner ’06 Twenty-one years ago this month, a group of Princeton students led by Yoram Hazony ’86, Senior Managing Editors Daniel Polisar ’87, and Peter Heinecke ’87 decided Paul Thompson ’06 Jurgen Reinhoudt ’06 that the rampant liberalism overtaking Princeton’s Managing Editors campus had to be checked. These enterprising Christian Sahner ’07 Ward Benson ’07 individuals founded The Princeton Tory as a voice of moderate and conservative political thought to Copy Editors act as a counter to the liberal bias that had saturated Powell Fraser ’06 Stephen Lambe ’06 the administration and many professors alike. Financial Manager Operations Manager The bad news is that today liberalism is still well J. Ruben Pope ’07 Robert W. Wong ’06 entrenched in this educational institution. However, across the nation, liberalism is finding itself caught Production Team in a much harder fight to keep its predominance on college campuses. The Mike Kratsios ’08 growing campus conservatism movement is finally taking ground back from Matt Martin ’08 its Princeton’s liberal overseers. The Tory was one of the first student groups to answer the call to arms, and we hold in high esteem those who came before Staff Writers us. Even with the gains made by our predecessors we still have a lot of Julie Toran ’05 Clarke Smith ’07 work ahead of us. As one of the most-read publications on campus and the Mike Fragoso ’06 Marissa Troiano ’06 Marissa Troiano ’06 Jordan Reimer ’08 only one with a true conservative lean, we have an obligation to further the Stuart Lange ’07 Will Scharff ’08 discussion and debate of conservative ideals and their relation to the politics of Matt MacDonald ’07 Juliann Vikse ’08 the moment. For this objective, we need you. Yes, we need those individuals in Eleanor Mulhern ’07 the Class of 2009 who came to Princeton thinking they would be accepted by their peers for their reasoned, conservative beliefs and instead found themselves Board of Trustees isolated and spurned for what they saw as rational common sense. Peter Heinecke ’87 Brian Tvenstrup ’95 Our two-fold purpose here is to act as a rallying point for the campus David Daniels ’89 Timothy Webster ’99 conservatism movement and to facilitate the exchange of ideas in the arena of Anna Bray Duff ’92 Wickham Schmidt ’99 political thought. For this, we need writers, copy editors, web designers, and Peter Hegseth ’02 people who just want to get out their and fight for a cause. Read the issue. The Freshman Issue is where we highlight some of our strongest articles from last year and give you a look at what exactly the Tory does. If you like what you The Princeton Tory is a journal of conservative and read, send us an e-mail or find us at the Activities Fair on Friday, September moderate political thought written, edited and produced by Princeton University students and delivered free of 16th. If you don’t find yourself agreeing with our message, read on nevertheless. charge to all Princeton students and faculty. The Princeton You’ll be surprised how much one can learn from hearing the other side’s Tory is a publication of The Princeton Tory, Inc. Opinions argument. expressed herein are those of the authors and not neces- With this charge, I proudly present to you the first issue of the Tory sarily those of the editors, trustees, Princeton University, or the Princeton Tory, Inc. for the 2005-2006 academic year. I hope many of you enjoy reading it as much The Princeton Tory accepts letters to the editor. as we on the staff enjoy writing it. Welcome to Princeton! May your four years Direct correspondence to: P.O. Box 1499, Princeton, NJ here be intellectually engaging and full of wondrous new experiences. 08542; or by e-mail: [email protected]. Advertise- ment rates for The Princeton Tory can be found on the magazine’s website at www.princetontory.com. Donations Sincerely, to The Princeton Tory are fully tax-deductible. Please mail donations to: P.O. Box 1499, Princeton, NJ 08542. Ira Leeds ’06 The Princeton Tory is a member of the Collegiate Publisher Network. The Princeton Tory gives special thanks to the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Princeton Alumni Viewpoints, and The Bachman Foundation. The Princeton Tory, Inc. is a non-profit corporation registered in New Jersey. No part of this publication Letters to the Editors: should be construed to promote any pending legislation or to support any candidate for office. No part of this [email protected] publication may be reproduced without express written P.O. Box 1499, Princeton, New Jersey 08542 consent of the Publisher. Copyright © 2004, The Princeton Tory, Inc. The editors welcome, and will print, letters on any topic.

2 · THE PRINCETON TORY SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY September 2005 www.princetontory.com

POINTS & PUNTS 4 The Tory comments on:  Princetonians in the nation’s service  Paul Krugman  Judge Roberts’ nomination and more...

CAMPUS 6 Barbarians at FitzRandolph Gate How liberals are stifling Princeton’s financial development. Paul Thompson ’06 - May 2005

8 The Other Presidential Battle Analzying the political forces and motivations behind the tumultuous USG presidential campaigns. Powell Fraser ’06 - January 2005

10 Lawrence v. Princeton The fight for gender equity inside the ivory tower. Christian Sahner ’07 - March 2005

NATIONAL 13 Why Women Should Vote Republican The wage gap and other tall tales. Juliann Vikse ’08 - March 2005

15 Our Founding Principles The need for a flat tax. Jurgen Reinhoudt ’06 - January 2005

THE LAST WORD 14 22 Minutes Bush’s philosophical revolution. Powell Fraser ’06 - March 2005 The Princeton Tory Online www.princetontory.com SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 3 POINTS & PUNTS  As this issue went to print, the feature story on Princeton’s to the court with candor: “She was not innocent. She was white,” he website profiled students involved in service activities around the said. Grant added, “I just wanted to kill a white person.” Shockingly, world, such as Princeton-in-Asia and Princeton-in-Africa. Indeed, leftist anti-hate crime groups were nowhere to be found. this is not particularly unusual as University seeks to encourage students to fulfill its unofficial motto of “In the nation’s service, and  In his July 29, 2005, column titled “French family values,” in the service of all nations” by joining such programs. However, Professor Paul Krugman writes that “There are several reasons why as is also often the case, the efforts of several dozens students who the French put in fewer hours of work per capita than we do. One have devoted their summers to serving their nation in one of the is that some of the French would like to work, but can’t: France’s most demanding ways possible are barely mentioned in the archives unemployment rate, which tends to run about four percentage points of the website. Thus, in light of this oversight, the Tory would like higher than the U.S. rate, is a real problem.” There should be a cor- to recognize all those students who devoted a part or all of their rection there: France’s unemployment rate, at 10.1%, is not “about summer to training with the various officer and leadership programs four percentage points higher” than the American rate, but more affiliated with the United States Armed Forces and give special than 5%, that is, about 100% higher than the U.S. rate. We’ll grant thanks and gratitude to the ten members of the Class of 2005 who, Krugman that the French tax system is extremely “family friendly,” following their graduation last May, chose to accept commissions if by family friendly, you mean having 4, 5, or 6 children and paying in the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps. a much lower tax rate. Of course, paying a lower tax rate implies that you have income to pay taxes on, and with unemployment at  Last year, when Dean Malkiel forced through her grade defla- 10%, not everyone is so lucky. tion program, one enormous selling point was the promise that other universities would follow Princeton’s lead. It’s been a year,  In his May 23, 2005, column, Professor Paul Krugman writes: and have any other good universities (Harvard, Yale etc.) followed “Of course, the coming of the New Deal was hastened by a severe Princeton’s lead? The Tory is still waiting… national depression. Strange to say, we may be working on that, too.” This type of fear-mongering might be useful in France and  In response to a wish by the United Nations to take over control Germany--countries which, if nothing is done, will soon slide into of the internet from an American organization, Senator Norm Cole- deeper economic recession because of misguided tax-and-spend man (R-MN) wrote the following: “The first priority for the United economic policies--but not in the United States. Krugman’s belief Nations must be fundamental reform of its management and opera- that a Depression (with a capital D) is imminent shows how far he tions rather than any expansion of its authority and responsibilities. is in his denial of reality. He has trouble accepting that free-market The Internet has flourished under U.S. supervision, oversight, and economic policies lead to greater general welfare than his favored private sector involvement. This growth did not happen because of big-government interventionism. The real question is: when will he increased government involvement, but rather, from the opening of be forced to admit that the Bush tax-cut advocates were right? the Internet to commerce and private sector innovation. Subjecting the Internet and its security to the politicized control of the UN  A recent article titled “Child Population dwindles in San Fran- bureaucracy would be a giant and foolhardy step backwards.” We cisco” notes that “San Francisco has the smallest share of small-fry could not have said it better ourselves. of any major U.S. city. Just 14.5 percent of the city’s population is 18 and under.” The article notes that due to government restrictions  Earlier this summer in Tucson, women stormed an Army on new home building (restrictions which Frisco’s liberal environ- recruiting center demanding to enlist. This was not your typical mentalists love), “A two-bedroom, 1,000-square-foot starter home is anti-war protest, but five “raging grannies.” Five women, ages 57 considered a bargain at $760,000.” 760 thousand, for a starter home? to 92, requested to join the ranks in the War on Terror and take the Who can afford that?? San Francisco is an example of what happens places of their grandchildren fighting in Iraq. Though it certainly when elite liberals’ ideas are put into practice: it’s a catastrophe. No made for good press, their efforts are neither helpful to the Army’s family of normal means can afford to live in San Francisco. Only efforts or, indeed, their own. Clearly trading an aging grandmother extremely wealthy liberals. What San Francisco needs is a healthy for a trained US Army soldier will not solve the problem and such dose of free-market conservatism. Build! Build away! demonstrations only make it harder for the Army to meet its recruit- ing goals and can only be harmful the morale of recruiters and Army  A blogger on tpmcafe.com writes: “The Roberts nomination personnel in general. Such declines in recruitment and morale will represents a stunning blow to the average citizen, and a stunning only make life harder for the troops in Iraq who these women think victory for the capital class.” What is he referring to when he says they are helping. There are plenty of legitimate channels by which “capital class?” Unfortunately, the days of a stratified owner/worker these grannies can make their voices heard without bothering and society are over. A majority of Americans own stock. We are in a new harassing those who, after all, are also somebody’s grandsons and ownership society. When this blogger says Roberts’ nomination is who are also making significant sacrifices for their country. a victory for the capital class, what he really means is that Roberts’ nomination is a victory for the majority of Americans.  Evidently it’s only a hate crime when a minority is killed. Earlier this summer in White Plains, New York, a beloved white mother of  Over the objection of liberal Senators, President Bush put two was slain by a black ex-con. Convicted rapist Philip Grant spoke John Bolton in his job as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations

4 · THE PRINCETON TORY SEPTEMBER 2005 POINTS & PUNTS through a recess appointment. As one Republican Senator said: “We don’t need someone who will tip-toe through the tulip fields.”  In early August, North Korea’s main envoy said Tuesday his The United Nations is an institution that has to be reformed from country won’t give up its nuclear weapons until an alleged U.S. the ground up. If, at times, Bolton has to bang his fist on the table atomic threat against the communist nation is eliminated, the first to stop the anti-Americanism so prevalent at that institution, that’s public comments from the North after eight days of six-party ne- not a problem. In fact, being able to say “STOP!” to another big- gotiations. The United States is negotiating with the North Koreans government or world-government initiative at that institution should a bit like we did in the early 1990s, when Jimmy Carter reached be a requirement for any U.S. ambassador nominated to represent an agreement. The North Koreans began to violate the agreement America at the UN. almost immediately, even as US taxpayers were paying for large quantities of assistance to North Korea. Making an agreement with  In July, President Bush nominated John Roberts to the U.S. North Korea’s Kim Jong-Il is like making a deal with Stalin: the Supreme Court, to replace the perennial swing voter and liberals’ US will be taken for a bad ride. The US can do one of two things: favorite “conservative”, Sandra Day O’Connor. O’Connor had be- we can either open up relations with North Korea completely, if, as come, by the end of her term, an activist judge. When Roberts was the NY Times’s Kristoff says, the best weapon of the West is portly confirmed to the Court of Appeals, his nomination attracted support businessmen, OR we can engage in active attempts to undermine the from Democrats and Republicans alike. Some 146 members of the regime, by forcing China to accept North Korean refugees (which D.C. Bar signed a letter urging his confirmation, including numerous will lead to an exodus from N. Korea) and smuggling hundreds of Clinton administration officials. The letter said: “He is one of the thousands of mini-radios into North Korea which will counteract very best and most highly respected appellate lawyers in the nation, government propaganda. Sadly, almost all North Koreans believe with a deserved reputation as a brilliant writer and oral advocate. official propaganda. 99% of North Korean defectors said they He is also a wonderful professional colleague both because of his believed North Korean propaganda and stopped believing it only enormous skills and because of his unquestioned integrity and fair- when they arrived in South Korea. The reason they fled was not mindedness.” He should be confirmed speedily without a glitch. But for political reasons, but because they were starving. If anything all the bipartisan support didn’t stop extremists like Ted Kennedy is clear, it’s that, unfortunately, the current attempts by the Bush (D-MA) and Chuck Shumer (D-NY) from smearing him. “From Administration to get North Korea to disarm are not working. A what we know now, John Roberts had a hand in some of the most change of strategy is in order. aggressive assaults on civil rights protections during the Reagan administration,” Kennedy screamed in late July. In 1987, President  Batman went to Princeton...fortunately for him, Bruce Wayne Reagan nominated Yale Law School Professor Robert Bork to the was admitted before green hair became a huge admissions plus. Supreme Court. Ted Kennedy said then that “Robert Bork’s America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions,  Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) in 2005: “Judge Roberts rep- blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters [...].” You get the idea. resented clients in each of these cases, but we have a duty to ask Now Kennedy is asking for documents that he can scour to create where he stands on these issues.” The Senator in 1967 in regard to more smears. In response, the Bush Administration actually released the Supreme Court nomination of Thurgood Marshall: “We have to 75,000 pages of documents and memos which John Roberts worked respect that any nominee to the Supreme Court would have to defer on during the Reagan Administration. As National Review said, any comments on any matters, which are either before the court or “Having already given too much, it should give no more.” very likely to be before the court.” We’ll pass… -- Compiled by the Editors Angry? Tell us what you’re thinking...

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SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 5 CAMPUS Barbarians at FitzRandolph Gate How Liberals are Stifling Princeton’s Financial Development

example of Old Nassau’s admirable ability protesting their use of genetically altered Paul Thompson ’06 to retard progressivism’s advance, even in crops in food production. Norman Borlaug May 2005 the face of increasingly liberal administra- and the millions he saved as a result of the Princeton University is a rich institu- tors. Given the present political climate on Green Revolution could not be reached for tion. According to the 2004-2005 Princeton campus, however, PCAIR will probably comment. Profile, it has an endowment of $9.6 billion, succeed in its goal of creating an advisory It’s likely that PCAIR would show placing it among the wealthiest institutions committee. PCAIR’s resolution to create disdain if its moral beliefs were called in the United States (Harvard, Stanford, an advisory committee passed in the Under- “religious,” but the only difference between Yale, and the University of Texas have graduate Student Government, and seems to PCAIR and the nuns is cosmetic. Instead more). The endowment is both the result of have the support of the right people in the of radical nuns, Princeton would have generous giving on behalf of alumni and oth- administration. anti-capitalist professors and their students er donors and good investment management. According to its website, PCAIR’s trying to impose their will on a world that That same Princeton Profile states that the committee would provide input from has resoundingly rejected their worldview. endowment has had an annualized return of students, alumni, faculty, and administrators To paraphrase the Big Lebowski: the bums 14.7 percent per year over its nearly 28-year in making recommendations to the trustees lost. They know that the only way to impose history. The endowment has garnered this as to how the University should vote their will now is to use the democratizing high return by investing in many different its shares. Although PCAIR’s mission power of capitalism against itself. On asset classes, most of which are only avail- statement professes that the group has their own, PCAIR and other groups like it able to wealthy individuals and institutions no partisan ties, its underlying ideology cannot affect much change. After all, that would require hard work and success in the capitalist system. The real perversion of Rather than allowing the university to invest and vote the capitalism in the case of Princeton, then, way it sees as most beneficial to its financial interests, PCAIR is that PCAIR hasn’t contributed a dime would sell out the university’s current endowment many times of the money it wants to control. The over for a narrow code of ethics that the entire university endowment’s donors never granted the community surely does not agree with. power that PCAIR seeks. Although the university has total control of the money once it leaves the hand of the donor, a sudden change to a socially responsible like Princeton. Those asset classes include is unmistakable. Citing issues such as investing philosophy is a violation of the hedge funds, venture capital, private equity, workers’ rights, the environment, and spirit in which the donations were made. A real estate, individual stocks and bonds, and corporate hiring policies, PCAIR’s liberal socially responsible investment committee other illiquid assets. bias is hardly disguised. added to the already controversial way The financial power of college endow- Socially responsible investment has its the university has handled the Robertson ments has attracted the attention of liberal origins with more religious investors trying gift to the Wilson School could give more activists across the country. Princeton is to impose their religious beliefs on corpo- potential donors cold feet. unique among its peer institutions in that it rations (the humanity!). 60 Minutes once Another reason to be skeptical of does not currently have an advisory commit- ran a report on a group of Catholic nuns PCAIR’s proposal is that it will ultimately tee to monitor the university’s investments, that controlled a nominal amount of Philip run counter to the purpose of the endow- particularly the way the university exercises Morris stock—now Altria—who set out on ment, which is long-term capital apprecia- its proxy votes. The Princeton Coalition Ad- a mission to destroy the company’s cigarette tion to supplement the “continuing needs” of vocating Investor Responsibility (PCAIR) business. Needless to say, they were unsuc- the university. By being a socially respon- wants that to change. To Tory readers, the cessful, but they did garner much attention sible investor—from here on out, I’ll refer fact that it has taken this long for such a from the media. Groups of nuns have since to that as being an activist investor—the movement to pick up steam is just another started taking on Altria and its competitors, university would almost certainly be forced 6 · THE PRINCETON TORY SEPTEMBER 2005 CAMPUS to accept lower returns on its investments. naïve view ignores the incremental nature in This loss of return is largely from two things: which liberalism works. Once they get the a price for supporting shareholder initiatives keys to the kingdom, who knows how many detrimental to companies’ bottom lines and doors PCAIR and its cronies will want to the constraint on diversification due to the open? Proxy voting is only the beginning. avoidance of certain companies. The poten- They would demand to know exactly to tial loss of return from outright shareholder whom Princo farms out the endowment and activism needs no explanation. The loss of whether they, too, follow the same ethical return due to the lack of diversification does code. Does Princeton’s private equity firm merit explanation, however. only invest in companies that use green The most influential portfolio theory technology? What about a “living wage” in finance—the Capital Asset Pricing requirement for all workers? Those are Model—holds that the optimal portfolio just two of the many questions an activist Liberals have almost surmounted the gate. Who knows of risky assets for an investor to own is the investor committee would start asking, in- what will happen once they get inside? market portfolio. Investors own the market evitably leading to more constraints to the portfolio in proportion to the their level of endowment’s return. risk aversion. “Risky assets” here will sim- The sad part is that the astronomical stripes together for generations before us, ply mean all stocks. Investors hold the same financial sacrifice of PCAIR’s pet project which is evident in the fact that Princeton market portfolio as a risky asset because it doesn’t matter to its members. They openly has the highest giving participation rate in is the portfolio that maximizes the return-to- admit it in their advertising campaign which the U.S. News and World Report college variance ratio given the many assumptions states something along the lines of “It’s not rankings at roughly 60 percent. By using the of the CAPM regarding investors’ homo- just the size of your endowment that matters; endowment to further its own ends, PCAIR geneous characteristics. The CAPM rests it’s how you use it.” Nice double entendre, seriously risks sacrificing that special bond on some very strong assumptions, but it is guys, but the jokes and righteous indignation by turning Princeton into the equivalent of highly regarded for its accurate description can’t hide the fact that it is PCAIR that is the a liberal NGO. I would ask the Board of of the world of investments. truly selfish one here. Rather than allowing Trustees to please reconsider the wisdom The university is no longer investing the university to invest and vote the way it of PCAIR’s proposed endowment advisory in the optimal CAPM portfolio of risky sees as most beneficial to its financial inter- committee and to keep the gates closed. assets when it abstains from investing in ests, PCAIR would sell out the university’s certain companies or industrial sectors. current endowment many times over for a In other words, it’s not properly diversi- narrow code of ethics that the entire univer- fied. Since most other investors are not sity community surely does not agree with. activist investors, the university then faces It wants to shrink the pie for everyone while more constraints to optimizing its return. telling us we’re somehow better off that way. By not using its proxy votes in a manner Do they honestly think that donors like Peter to maximize company profits and avoid- Lewis can’t make ethical decisions on their Paul Thompson ‘06 ing companies whose business practices own before giving to Princeton? He seems is an Economics PCAIR’s committee doesn’t agree with, fully capable of deciding how to donate in major from Boone, the endowment would lose a small fraction a responsible manner. Even though this Iowa. He is pursuing of its annual return. While the loss would author doesn’t like some of his choices, it a c e r t i f i c a t e i n probably look small on an annual percentage would be pretty arrogant if I were to take his Finance. basis, it could be astounding when applied generous gifts to the university as a whole to an endowment the size of Princeton’s and and use them as a means to further my own subjected to compounding. The difference personal political agenda. The university between investing at a rate of 15 percent to should simply trust its benefactors to know 13 percent for another 28 years is the dif- what is happening with their donations and Do you enjoy ference between having an endowment of leave the ethical decisions to them. $500 billion to $300 billion, and that’s not Viewing PCAIR’s proposal from a graphic and including the possible loss of donors who distance, we can see it is a divisive, elitist don’t agree with PCAIR’s values. If we liberal initiative that would run counter to web design? halve the future difference to $100 billion, the purpose of the endowment. Although the present value of this amount discounted being activist investors seems rather harm- at five percent interest is around $25.5 bil- less on its face, we have seen that its effects lion or five times the size of our current are highly significant with just a few back- The Tory needs staffers endowment. of-the-hand calculations. The most harm- for its web team. E-mail It is worth noting that individual stock ful effect, though, is the way in which the holdings that have proxy-voting rights bond between alumni will be weakened by [email protected] for fur- amount to only three to five percent of the pursuing a narrow social agenda with the ther information. endowment. Therefore, activist investing is endowment. Giving to our alma mater has rather innocuous for Princeton, right? That brought Princetonians of different political SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 7 CAMPUS THE OTHER PRESIDENTIAL BATTLE Analyzing the political forces and motivations behind the tumultuous USG presidential campaigns

U n d e r g r a d u a t e Powell Fraser ’06 Student Government January 2005 voted to sign and send a letter in support On November 2, George W. Bush of the University and the voters of America dealt a crushing of Michigan’s race- blow to liberals across the country. The based admission Princeton campus, from precepts to parties, p o l i c y, d e s p i t e slipped into a period of mourning, and an outcry from professors publicly bemoaned what they conservatives in perceived as the death of good government. the student body. But on December 7, the campus liberals B u t t h e m a j o r struck back, playing their traditional issue under Matt trump card of diversity to catapult one Margolin ‘05 has of their own into the USG Presidency. been Dean Malkiel’s Equally as disturbing as the election of an g r a d e i n f l a t i o n unabashed liberal to the head of the student policy, which went Joseph ’06 has gained quite the reputation for being a “mover and shaker” on campus. government, however, was the nature of the into effect despite It came as no surprise to see his second USG presidential campaign incorporate the same radical ideology as his other endeavors. debate surrounding the election. Just as the o v e r w h e l m i n g nationwide Republican victory illuminated objections from the the issues that truly concern most Americans students. For Margolin’s tenure, the student for freshmen, and campus drainage were today, Leslie-Bernard Joseph’s victory has body was united in opposition to a certain labeled as “nuts and bolts” issues by Joseph. shown us the nature of politics on campus, administration policy. Ideological issues He promised a radically different USG that and the conclusions are very disturbing. were subordinated to pressing pragmatic would seek to stress service and diversity. The Margolin presidency was never concerns. Joseph received ringing endorsements from politically charged. The major battle fought Into this absence of ideological numerous racial minority groups, such u n d e r h i s debate stepped presidential candidates Shaun as the Black Student Union, of which he predecessor, T. Callaghan ’06 and Leslie-Bernard Joseph was president. The LGBT also threw their P e t t u s ’06. Callaghan, at the time Vice President support behind Joseph, and the College Randall ‘04, of the USG, ran on a platform pledging a Democrats soon fell in line. But how would regarded the continuation of the Margolin administration, the rest of the campus respond? affirmative while promising to expand the scope of his The Daily Princetonian, in a very action case goals and improve communication with the conflicted and lukewarm editorial, endorsed before the faculty and student body. While the USG Callaghan for President. Despite their United States had not been successful in derailing Dean apparent reluctance to support the Callaghan S u p r e m e Malkiel’s grade deflation policies, Callaghan campaign, however, the ‘Prince’ displayed C o u r t . had helped coordinate an organized response an uncanny understanding of the issues Amidst much to the administration and, most recently, had at hand for the election. In their decision, controversy, successfully lobbied to have the new policy printed on December 3, 2004, the editors t h e and its context explained in detail on all stated, “If we were endorsing a candidate for student transcripts. president of the United States this December, Callaghan ’06 was an integral Joseph criticized Callaghan for we would happily support Leslie-Bernard member of the previous administration led by Matt Margolin lacking vision. The USG’s attempts to Joseph ’06.” They reveled in his vision of ’05. address universal student concerns, such dramatic changes to Princeton, including his as grading policy, precept quality, guidance promises

8 · THE PRINCETON TORY SEPTEMBER 2005 CAMPUS Government. Nor would a conservative answer to any question be well-received by the student body: when tolerance was spotlighted, Joseph pledged to build a center for students with differing sexual preferences, while Callaghan voiced support of speech codes and a “social honor code.” The debate eventually abandoned pragmatism altogether and became a verbal battle to see which candidate could paint himself as a better liberal. Callaghan’s informed assertions regarding what the USG can and cannot do were trampled underfoot by Joseph’s vision for what he USG should do to transform the campus and remake Princeton in his image. The final election results were extremely close. Joseph won by 11 votes out of over 2600, a margin of less than half a percent. With no punch-card ballots to be examined, the Callaghan campaign could not opt for the Democratic strategy of demanding recounts until more favorable The Tory’s suggested redesign for the website based on Joseph’s ’06 campaign promises. results emerged. There was no choice but to make the campus “more inclusive” (by Cottage Club, and repeatedly pointed to to concede defeat. In doing so, however, way of changes to the Eating Club system) himself as a symbol of racial diversity by Callaghan stopped short of wishing his and “service-oriented” (by a day of required virtue of his skin color. opponent the best: he instead expressed community service). But they concluded At the USG presidential debate on a cautious blessing for next year’s USG, that Joseph’s goals were quite lofty and not December 1, the nature of the upcoming race skeptical of its ability to undertake the backed by any tangible plan for execution. became clear. The moderators asked questions sweeping changes proposed by its new Since the position in question was the USG that had been submitted by various campus president while continuing to address the presidency, not that of the United States, groups, almost all of which were geared practical concerns of the student body. they endorsed Callaghan as a candidate who toward Joseph’s campaign of service and So we go boldly forward into would continue the legacy of the Margolin inclusiveness. Joseph had the opportunity to the next year, led by a student with no administration: “one that has not had any publicly expound on his visions for elevating experience in student government and a history-making achievements but one numerous groups who felt excluded in the vision to radically alter the Princeton we marked by commitment to student issues current environment: racial minorities, know and love. Under Joseph, we can large and small.” sexual minorities, and students who felt expect the USG to switch its focus from The students, however, did not “intimidated” by institutions like the Eating campus-wide concerns like precept reform heed the ‘Prince’ editors’ wisdom and Clubs. Rarely were the “nuts and bolts” to the private agendas of special interest instead fl ocked to the candidate that they issues – the more general concerns of the groups like the LGBT. If his campaign is indeed might have desired to see in the Oval student body – brought to the forefront of the any indicator of his upcoming Presidency, Offi ce. Still smarting from the Republican debate, except by Callaghan, desperate to get Joseph will bring us a year of boisterous triumph in November, the liberal majority the discussion back on track. When he tried rhetoric, racial pandering, and impractical on campus yearned for a leader with a to champion his leadership and experience idealism. Happy New Year, Princeton. leftist vision like the one that the nation credentials, the debate moderator chastised had rejected. More importantly, they wished him for deviating from the questions to instill a progressive spirit on campus. pertaining to sweeping policy changes. Joseph sensed this and shrewdly shaped Joseph, in true liberal fashion, his campaign around their longing. Making stepped forward to offer government stump speeches in dining halls, he pitched solutions to a wide variety of problems. At no himself as an alternative to the status quo as point was either candidate asked to analyze Powell Fraser ’06 is a represented by the Margolin presidency and whether a given problem was or was not the politics concentrator Callaghan’s membership in the exclusive responsibility of the Undergraduate Student from Atlanta, GA. He is Commodore of the A monthly dose of the Tory is just not enough? Go online. Sailing Team and a columnist for the Daily www.princetontory.com Princetonian.

SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 9 CAMPUS LAWRENCE V. PRINCETON: THE FIGHT FOR GENDER EQUITY IN THE IVORY TOWER the underlying causes for the well-acknowl- just couldn’t breathe…Let’s not forget that Christian C. Sahner ’07 edged gender gap within the hard sciences people used to say that women couldn’t drive March 2005 (i.e. physics, engineering) when he sug- an automobile.” In a separate interview gested a novel theory. Declaring, “[I am] with the Boston Globe, Hopkins gave even going to provoke you,” Summers then pro- greater spin to Summers’ speech, declaring, Newspapers over the past month have posed that, “…in the special case of science “It is so upsetting that all these brilliant been littered with stories about MIT biolo- and engineering, there are issues of intrinsic young women [at Harvard] are being led gist Nancy Hopkins, who purportedly almost aptitude, and particularly of the variability by a man who views them this way,” as if “threw up” and “blacked out” at a January of aptitude; and that those considerations Summers were an abusive headmaster who 14th meeting of the National Bureau of are reinforced by what are in fact lesser fac- seized books from his female students. Economic Research (NBER) in Cambridge, tors involving socialization and continuing The response from women at Princ- Massachusetts. Judging from her symptoms, discrimination.” As both the transcript and eton has been especially passionate, and it sounds as if Dr. Hopkins had just come testimonies from several conference at- in light of the university’s recent and from a wild night at an MIT frat, but there tendees indicate, Summers did not so much concerted efforts to recruit more academic was no alcohol, nor illness, nor assault to endorse the theory, as submit it for academic minorities—namely women—their volatile speak of at the otherwise mundane NBER debate. Within the context of the nine-page reaction comes as unsurprising. In a most conference. So what caused Nancy Hopkins’ address, the mention of “intrinsic aptitude” melodramatic column published in the Daily evident distress? According to the esteemed was little more than an aside within a much Princetonian, Mechanical and Aerospace professor herself, the culprit was Harvard broader discussion of how to bring more Engineering professor Emily Carter con- president Lawrence Summers, whose “de- women into the sciences. And as Summers fessed that she can finally “turn to my male grading” comments amount gender equity himself repeated throughout the speech, in colleagues who keep insisting that there are had practically pushed Hopkins to the point of physical infirmity. Yet Summers’ speech has been blown out of proportion and dis- If Princeton, Harvard, and other elite universities are torted in the weeks since its delivery. Indeed, truly committed to academic discourse, all ideas deserve what began as an aside comment couched in thorough inquiry. But as the Summers backlash has ample caveats and justifications has become pitifully demonstrated, ideas which may be perceived as a lightning rod for feminists and liberals “irresponsible” or “damaging” (to quote Maria Klawe) to cry wolf over gender discrimination in apparently deserve no such investigation. American universities. Summers, a former Treasury secretary under Bill Clinton and hardly a right-winger an effort to preempt charges of sexism and no more problems for women in academia himself, has been dogged by controversy clarify his own personal sentiments on the and I can tell them what my inner soul has throughout his tenure at Harvard. Princeto- matter, “I would like nothing better than to been saying all these long years: the prob- nians will remember the highly publicized be proved wrong.” lems [of gender bias] remain.” feud between Summers and Cornell West in Yet Summers’ comments have inspired The inner soul of Maria Klawe, dean 2001 over the famous professor’s dubious enmity from women academics across the of Princeton’s School of Engineering and “hip-hop scholarship”—a dispute which country, stirring a flurry of criticism from Applied Science, seems to be a little less an- ended in West’s departure for a prestigious all fronts. Diatribes from prominent female guished, but nonetheless perturbed, saying, professorship at Princeton. scientists, including Princeton President “[Larry Summers’ comments] have added A transcript of Summers’ controversial Shirley M. Tilghman, have peppered news- credibility to beliefs frequently held in our NBER address was released by Harvard Uni- papers for weeks now, eclipsed in quantity society that women are less able to succeed versity on February 17th, roughly a month only by the number of apologies Summers in science and engineering.” Klawe’s sub- after its original delivery. Previously, details seems to have issued in response. Nancy sequent comments at a February 7th faculty of the closed-door comments had been large- Hopkins, certainly the most theatrical of the meeting were less polite, indeed altogether ly filtered through conference participants bunch, told the New York Times, “When catty, when she referred to “a certain presi- and other second hand reports. According he started talking about innate differences dent of another school who is prepared to to the transcript, Summers was musing on in aptitude between men and women, I sacrifice his career for the sake of [certain

10 · THE PRINCETON TORY SEPTEMBER 2005 CAMPUS statements regarding] women engineers.” his institution, especially when the subject contrary. President Tilghman has certainly been touches on educational matters.” Tilghman Of any faculty member at Princeton, at the fore of the criticism, though. In 2001, should swallow her own advice; indeed, President Tilghman, a renowned molecular Tilghman, along with Summers and seven thoughts of green-haired students and the biologist, should at least recognize that other presidents from leading research uni- Vagina Monologues start popping up, but certain discrete neurological differences versities, convened at MIT to commit to a I digress. exist between the sexes. As Doreen Kimura common goal of building gender equity in President Tilghman’s silly rhetoric observed in her 2002 Scientific American science and engineering. Princeton mobi- lized by commissioning a gender equity task force, whose 2003 report stated that the situation was far from ideal, though progress President Tilghman, a renowned molecular biologist, was visible—evidenced by the increase should at least recognize that certain discrete neurological among women scientists from 8.4 percent in 1999 to 13.9 percent in 2002. Tilghman differences exist between the sexes. then selected psychology professor Joan Girgus as the first “assistant dean of the faculty to oversee gender equity.” Girgus’ reached its worst at the aforementioned fac- article, “Sex Difference in the Brain,” cog- office “help[s] new faculty figure out how ulty meeting, where she stuck it to Summers nitive disparities between men and women to organize their lives at Princeton,” and as by promising that Princeton is “prepared to arise at the earliest stages in human develop- a recent statement from President Tilghman become the Ellis Island” for marginalized ment, due in large part to the organizational and other women faculty intimates, with the female scientists. And while Tilghman’s powers of sex hormones. Indeed, it appears goal of “address[ing] the multitude of small analogy is cute, it further exposes what that the emergence of androgens (male sex and subtle ways in which people of all kinds many have perceived as a suspect tendency hormones) around the third month in the are discouraged from pursuing interest in at Princeton toward female appointments in gestation period (before which all fetuses scientific and technical fields.” What these senior faculty and administrative positions. are female) yield a variety of neurological “small and subtle ways” are specifically, If the university is so concerned with gender changes within the networking patterns of she fails to elaborate on, but judging from bias, it should be worried by Tilghman’s call the brain. In consequence, behavioral studies her responses to Larry Summers’ address, to use gender as the foremost determinant strongly indicate that men and women excel claims of “intrinsic aptitudes” certainly in hiring within the sciences. And from a at different cognitive tasks. For instance, count among them. more rudimentary perspective, President men consistently perform better on exami- Some of Tilghman’s most pointed Tilghman’s “Ellis Island” proposal is simply nations which test spatial manipulation and criticism has been toward Summers’ admin- another unprofessional slap in the face to perception. Likewise, they on the average istrative form in public, for as she noted in Larry Summers, whom Tilghman already eclipse women in mathematical reasoning, the Daily Princetonian, “A university presi- painted the fool in 2001 when she welcomed navigation skills, and target-directed motion. dent inevitably speaks in public forums for Cornell West and the “alternative” scholar- Women, by contrast, defeat men in tests of ship that the “narrow-minded” Summers had verbal memory, fluency, fine motor skills, failed to appreciate at Harvard. The “Ellis and rapid identification. Island” statement is especially worrisome, Despite the compelling evidence in for if Tilghman remains committed to the favor of cognitive disparities between men common goal of gender equity as laid out at and women, as Kimura notes, it remains MIT in 2001, then she should stop lambast- important to remember that on the aver- ing Summers, and gift some of Princeton’s age, “variation between men and women many female scientists to Harvard. tends to be smaller than deviations within Yet the question remains, is Summers’ each sex.” She continues, though, warn- theory of innate difference between the ing, “[but] very large differences between sexes valid? Tilghman shrugs off the notion, the groups do exist.” To be sure, there are noting the “absence of good social science plenty of exceptionally gifted women, but research that would support the view that as far as averages go, tests in mathematical intrinsic aptitudes between genders explain and scientific thinking consistently indicate their differential inclusion in science and that women aggregate in the middle band of engineering.” Psychology professor Emily testers, while men are divided between the Pronin, in another Prince article, instead top and bottom of the sample set—as one attributed the dearth of female scientists to commentator said, “hitting stellar highs and “anxiety and concern about being judged humiliating lows more frequently.” In short, according to negative stereotypes and about there will most certainly be talented female having one’s performance viewed as confir- scientists vying for posts at Harvard and mation of those negative stereotypes.” This Princeton, but statistically speaking, more ambiguous, rather vague claim stands in are likely to be male. Lawrence Summers, President of Harvard University, has recently come under attack for comments made marked opposition to the rigorous, verifi- This phenomenon is plainly demonstrat- about women in the sciences. able research that indicates strongly to the ed by countless studies, though perhaps

SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 11 CAMPUS most compellingly by the Johns Hopkins have provoked thought on this question all of this is simple: we are entitled to know University Talent Search for mathematically and provoked the marshalling of evidence whether the evidence for inherent cognitive precocious youth. Among the thirteen year- to contradict what I have said.” But the disparities is true. But the very universities olds who scored above 700 on the SAT math academy is too concerned with upholding best equipped to perform the research are too section of this exam since 1971, roughly impartiality and minority rights to behave afraid of being flagged for misogyny and too thirteen out of fourteen were boys. Though in such an intellectually honest fashion. blinded by partisan presuppositions to even advocates for gender equity argue that And as Summers further recommended at test the waters. girls are simply discouraged from pursuing the end of his speech, “I think we all need And what if science were to discover, mathematical and scientific studies, this to be thinking very hard about how to do once and for all, that men are indeed bet- explanation falls short of rationalizing the better on these issues and that they are too ter suited toward achievement in the hard truly gross imbalance in the JHU study, and fails to even confront the research on hor- As one commentator said, monal organization and notion of cognitive Summers’ Soviet style confession of talents. Other disgruntled feminists attribute differences between men and women to sin attests to a vicious absence of courtesy socialization, namely to the purported lack of collaborative learning and encouragement important to sentimentalize rather than to sciences? It would be further confirmation girls receive in the classroom. Sounds about think about in as rigorous and careful ways that definite differences exist between the as concrete a proposition as the “small and as we can.” sexes, but any husband and wife without a subtle” ways of discrimination that hold If Princeton, Harvard, and other Princeton Ph.D. could tell you that. Unfor- women scientists back at Princeton. elite universities are truly committed to tunately, Summers’ critics seek to gloss over Ultimately, as University of Alaska academic discourse, all ideas deserve this divergence in the hope of imposing an Fairbanks psychologist Judith Kleinfeld thorough inquiry. But as the Summers artificial equivalence on men and women. wrote in a recent column, “The fight boils backlash has pitifully demonstrated, ideas The sexes are, without question, equal in down to a paltry point—more males than which may be perceived as “irresponsible” value, but differently skilled. Look at the females are apt to have off the map talent or “damaging” (to quote Maria Klawe) anatomy of a man and a women, and one that lands them professorships in [the hard apparently deserve no such investigation. instantly recognizes that while dissimilar, sciences], especially at elite universities.” What Nancy Hopkins, Shirley Tilghman, they are complimentary. The same can be This, however, should not undermine the and their allies have effectively affirmed said of their behavior and respective cogni- commendable progress and contributions is the existence of a de facto speech code tive aptitudes, which when paired together, women have made in other academic fields, which prevents any polite person from help form a complete whole—nature’s way including the law, medicine, social sciences, voicing opinions that might either per- of assuring that men and women bond, and and humanities—which were all previously petuate negative stereotypes or somehow ultimately, form families. dominated by men. compromise another’s self esteem. With Clearly Larry Summers’ comments have The Larry Summers fiasco also raises that in mind, let me now formally apolo- broad implications for how the academy is to important questions concerning the place gize to the Tory’s female readership who properly handle gender inequity. The notion of provocative ideas within the academy. may have decided to drop their plans for of intrinsic aptitude should not scare us, but Professor Carol Armstrong, the director of a BSE after reading this article. merely prompt us to stop pointing fingers Princeton’s Program in the Study of Women As absurd as that apology was, at society, and instead, examine ourselves and Gender, believes that, “In the position President’s Tilghman’s position on “in- when we wonder about disparities between [Summers] holds, he should be more careful nate differences” is even more so. Judging the sexes. But as one commentator said, in the opinions he expresses…There’s prov- from all the diversity rhetoric that comes Summers’ Soviet style confession of sin at- ocation that’s useful, and there’s provocation out of Nassau Hall, we are led to believe tests to a vicious absence of courtesy within that isn’t.” Joan Girgus concurs, asserting, that Princeton supports the exchange the academy. And with Summers’ job on the “When you talk about it in an unsophisti- of opinions and theories. The Harvard line because of the controversy, we must ask cated way…it gives a misimpression about controversy, however, has illuminated ourselves whether it is honorable to crucify a what we know and we don’t know.” After the fine print: you can say whatever you man and his reputation for the sake of a petty all, she continued, “When you’re the presi- please in the ivory tower presuming it ideological battle and an informal public dent of Harvard, everybody listens.” conforms to the prevailing orthodoxy. comment. Perhaps we too should follow in But what Girgus fails to realize is And in the case of Larry Summers, any the footsteps of our president in forcefully that’s the point. Summers is just the type of proposition of intrinsic aptitude is unac- demanding recompense for hypocrisy and person needed to elevate discourse about ceptably out of step with standards of dishonesty from Nassau Hall. the genesis of gender inequity out of the propriety. Tilghman’s knee-jerk reaction well-trodden feminist arguments, and con- serves to simply underline another of Christian Sahner ‘07 sider what science has long believed: that these detested stereotypes, as conserva- is from Maplewood innate differences exist, and may be at the tive commentator Jonah Goldberg said in NJ. He is a prospective root of the acknowledged disparity between a January 19th column, it affirms the idea Art and Archaeology men and women in certain cognitive tasks. “that feminists and the Left are pro-science major, with an interest As Summers himself noted in his closing and pro-scholarship as long as they already in the Middle Ages. remarks, “I have served my purpose if I agree with the conclusions.” The point of

12 · THE PRINCETON TORY SEPTEMBER 2005 NATIONAL WHY WOMEN SHOULD VOTE REPUBLICAN THE WAGE GAP AND OTHER TALL TALES

individualism and freedom to make personal many of whom are obviously women—and Juliann H. Vikse ’08 economic choices. This contrasts with the choosing how it should be spent. March 2005 Democrats’ agenda, which is in essence to Enticing as government-paid health- It is endlessly entertaining listening expand government and pander to women care, daycare, and forced extra paid leave to feminists—who supposedly represent as members of a special interest group who and higher wages may seem, they support the powerful, influential modern wom- are incapable of making their own deci- the government’s role as our benefactor. an—demand more support from the federal sions. Larry Elder, an African-American Furthermore, these mouth-watering entitle- government. Angrily parading around Wash- libertarian author and radio show host, often ments hide subtle realities that undermine ington with angry scowls can’t hide the fact complains about racial condescension: that the strength and moral fiber of our society. that they are essentially groveling to Uncle is, the notion that the government should Subsidized federal childcare would crowd Sam. When women accept the government cater to blacks as if they were powerless to out private providers, and as a result, women as their caretaker, they are seen as—and help themselves. Women can and should would be left with far fewer childcare op- are—less independent. I see women and identify with this line of thought. Mary tions. Mandates on employers make hiring men as intellectual equals, driven by the Katherine Ham, a writer for the Independent more expensive and job opportunities more same broad ambitions, aversions, and Women’s Forum, asserts, “I simply don’t scarce. Thus, these mandates can be seen as needs. There are important issues facing this believe I need the help of men like [John beneficial for women only when analyzing the job market from the point of view of a neglected underling. We are continually Women should embrace these differences —which do not painted as being victimized by a tyrannical, and should not inhibit them from pursuing any career to chauvinist stratum of powerful men, even as America’s 9.1 million women-owned any degree—and turn to a party which fosters individual businesses employ 27.5 million people and empowerment through fair treatment rather than by contribute $3.6 trillion to the economy. An influx of government spend- assuming the role of caretaker. ing (mainly on programs organized and implemented by an absurdly inefficient bureaucracy) leads to higher taxes, which is country that are, for the most part, concerns Kerry] and the government to make it in life, a burden on families. The 2004 Republican of both men and women. According to a nor am I up for forking over my tax dollars convention’s theme of creating an “owner- recent Time Magazine poll, there is no dis- to cheapen my achievements with a special ship society” involves returning power to tinguishable “gender gap” when it comes to set of girly rules.” individuals through tax cuts, Social Security interpreting current political affairs. Women There is a current faction actively pursu- reform, and health savings accounts. Alter- and men think alike when it comes to the war ing women in order to convince us that we natively, feminists who almost unfailingly on terror, jobs and the economy, and both need the Democrats in power because we’re support big government see women as un- gender groups rated these three issues as the victims. Representative Juanita Millender- able to stay afloat in the free market and thus most important factors entering into their McDonald (D-CA) said, “Historically, it has reliant on a powerful federal presence to minds when they decided to favor George been the Democratic Party that women have regularly step in on their behalf. It is insult- W. Bush on November 2nd. turned to, because it is the party of inclusion, ing to suggest that a government that levies In a New York Times/CBS News Poll equality and compassion...” But I whole- an onerous tax load in the name of spoon- conducted a few weeks before the election, heartedly disagree: a party that favors far feeding healthcare, education, welfare, and women who were registered to vote—and greater intervention in the economy, govern- social security is what women need in order likely to vote—said they favored President ment-provided healthcare, an over-extensive to achieve the highest possible place in so- Bush over Kerry by 48 to 43%. This serves system of regulations on businesses, and ciety. Granted, every contingent of society as a sharp contrast to the 2000 election, in steeply progressive taxes is one of depen- benefits from some governmental assistance which women favored Gore over Bush, dence, and should not be considered a shelter and incentives (tax relief to small business 54 to 43%. They clearly preferred the for women. All of the aforementioned mea- startups, college financial aid, or expense conservative agenda, one with a focus on sures involve taking money from taxpayers, credits), but it should be applied across the SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 13 NATIONAL board, not according to gender. employment in order to raise her family, it raising families, so to speak, when assess- Some would argue that gross dis- seems fair to allot higher wages to the man ing careers, by choosing lower-paying jobs crepancies in earned wages are a basis for who has ten more years of work experience. with more work flexibility. An important gender-based government assistance. It is As we all know, experience is valued in the issue facing modern women is management often stated that women make seventy-seven work force. While a number of raises are ap- of family and work; while men are, on the cents to every dollar made by men; this portioned relative to success and exceptional whole, more free to choose employment figure is often used justify grievances (some- work, a substantial number are proportional based on income, women are more inhibited times well-founded grievances, to be sure) to seniority. In his latest book, Why Men by their commitment to raising their chil- about inequality, especially in the workforce. Earn More: The Startling Truth Behind the dren. It is tempting to suggest that men with However, the number is used so often that Pay Gap and What Women Can Do About families are faced with the same choices, its relevance is often misunderstood. It is It, Warren Farrell claims that women prefer and consider factors such as work hours and derived from the 2002 census survey, in a jobs that involve nominal danger, minimal location at risk of making less money. It is section that compared yearly median earn- travel, and incorporate social skills. In the true that the aforementioned factors do play ings of full-time working women to those book, he cites statistics showing that men a part in men’s employment decisions, but these factors play a lesser role for men than they do for women with children. We are continually painted as being victimized by a Equal outcomes are often times not the tyrannical, chauvinist stratum of powerful men, even as correct means to assess fairness. This is reflected by the effects Title IX has had on America’s 9.1 million women-owned businesses employ 27.5 male sports programs. Since athletics are, million people and contribute $3.6 trillion to the economy. in general terms, less popular with women than men, it is easiest for universities to enforce Title IX (and in doing so avoid government inspection and litigation) by eliminating men’s sports teams; over 100 of their male counterparts. The median of make up 92% of occupational deaths because men’s NCAA teams were cut in 2003 alone. the two lists (including a wide selection and the most hazardous occupations—including An important question to address is whether variety of job descriptions) were compared, construction, mining, and firefighting—are the fight for women’s rights should under- thus creating the basis for remonstration. employed primarily by men (in most cases, mine the rights of men. The important question is whether the afore- 96-98% of employees are male). It is time for women to assume mentioned process substantiates women’s There have been several studies that a more individualistic outlook. We are grievances and consequent calls for “equal have used control groups in attempts to currently more than willing to accept the pay for equal work”—that is, whether the create a more accurate number than the com- benefits of being intrinsically different than statistic accurately depicts the current wage- monly used 75 cents per dollar. One study men (such as maternity leave policies), but earning status of women. in particular focused on a population which baulk at the existence of a wage gap—even This begs the question why any consisted of childless men and women aged though its existence can be attributed businessperson whose focus is purely on the 27 to 33. It found that the women earned 98 to our own employment decisions. It is bottom line would not hire women only, if cents for every male dollar. Other studies, the Republican Party that champions the female labor is so drastically less expensive however — such as a recent report by the individualism that women must embrace than male labor—this is the basic principle General Accounting Office— concluded in order to achieve truly equal status. It of supply and demand. It is important to note that after controlling for education and oc- is naïve to reject the existence of intrinsic that a greater proportion of full-time working cupation, a significant gap remained, close differences between women and men. women hold lower-paying types of jobs than to eighty cents for every dollar earned by Instead, women should embrace these men: women do not necessarily get paid less men. However, the GAO study warned that differences —which do not and should than men if they have the same type of job. this disparity cannot necessarily be linked to not inhibit them from pursuing any career The seventy-seven cents figure that has gender bias because “we cannot determine to any degree—and turn to a party which been embraced by the feminist movement as whether this remaining difference is due to fosters individual empowerment through a basis for indignation does not account for discrimination or other factors that may affect fair treatment rather than by assuming the several important factors, including levels earnings.” The report emphasized the point role of caretaker. of education, occupational choice, and years that women often trade income for flexibility of experience. Take the example of a mother in order to manage their families and care for who leaves the work force for a period of ten their children. Juliann Vikse ‘08 years in order to care for her young children. It is easy for ambitious, Ph.D. seeking is a prospective Lengthy absences from the workplace are Princeton women to judge their peers using Politics major not accounted for by the “unequal pay for their own standards. The average woman from Holmdel, equal work” figure. If a man and woman of with a family is less likely to consider maxi- New Jersey. She the same age and of a similar educational mizing her income as the most important sings with the Ti- background hold the same job, they should issue when deliberating over job choice, gressions and is obviously be granted equal pay. However, if when compared to men and single women. a member of the the woman has taken a ten-year leave from Even single women may “plan ahead” for IRC.

14 · THE PRINCETON TORY SEPTEMBER 2005 NATIONAL OUR FOUNDING PRINCIPLES: REPUBLICANS MUST PUSH FOR FLAT TAX

Jurgen R. Reinhoudt ’06 subject of tax reform, and Senate Majority which imposed a tiny federal tax of 2% on January 2005 Leader Bill Frist ’74 has not taken a firm incomes over $4,000. Opponents rightfully position on tax reform either. So which one criticized it as “communistic”, and federal is better? A sales tax or a flat tax? courts (before any liberal judges believed April 15th, the deadline for filing tax A flat tax is attractive in many respects, in a “living constitution”) struck it down returns, recently passed. The gruesome and it used to be the norm in civilized as unconstitutional. Undeterred, politicians date reminded all Americans that the countries until Karl Marx called for a “a created an Amendment to the United States current tax code, at more than 60,000 heavy progressive or graduated income Constitution, which became effective in pages, is an abomination. The code has 1913. The amendment resulted in a minimal been altered more than 7,000 times since income tax: 49 out of 50 Americans did not 1986 alone, to the point that it is riddled pay any income tax, and the small group with loopholes and exemptions that which did paid a maximum rate of 7%. require many families to spend days The top rate rose quickly thereafter, filling out their tax returns. The and the high-point of taxation came loopholes, in turn, primarily in 1944, when the top tax rate in the benefit wealthier Americans, United States rose to an astonishing who can afford to hire people 94% for income earned above to scour the code for these $200,000. Somewhere, Karl loopholes. Burton Malkiel, Marx was glowing. a Princeton Economics The effect of income taxes Professor, has written widely in World War II was felt much on the disincentive costs more strongly than during World of the current tax code in War I, because middle-class “Corporation Finance.” Americans were increasingly President Bush seems affected by the income tax as to agree that reform is long their share of the tax burden overdue. After he won re- rose. The top tax rate stayed election by a very comfortable in the 90%-range throughout margin in November of 2004, the 1950s, and it fell to 77% in he created a commission to 1964 only thanks to President study reforming the American tax Kennedy. In 1964, President code. The commission, created in Kennedy was no longer alive, but early January of 2005, is bipartisan Congress passed his tax-cut plan out in nature and includes talented of a sense of obligation to his legacy and Democrats such as former Sen. John his principles. No true further relief came Breaux of Louisiana. What James Madison, Apparently, James Madison understood the danger of until the 1980s; the top rate eventually fell Class of 1771, wrote in the Federalist No. big government much better than we do today. to 28% in 1988, thanks to the unceasing 62 applies today: “It will be of little avail tax” in his economically destructive and efforts of President Reagan. By eliminating to the people, that the laws are made by ill-conceived “Communist Manifesto” of a large number of exemptions, tax revenues men of their own choice, if the laws be so 1848. It should come as no surprise that increased sharply despite the fact that tax voluminous that they cannot be read, or so every flat-tax country in the world today rates were cut. In addition, the economy incoherent that they cannot be understood.” (except Hong Kong) is a former communist grew at a rapid pace, a phenomenon referred The tax code has long passed that point and nation that has experienced the woes of to as “Reagonomics.” Recently, President must be scrapped in its entirety. But what redistribution firsthand. A flat tax would be George W. Bush also substantially cut should replace the current monster? the right choice for this country as well. taxes. Several proposals have been floating The United States, of course, used While the tax cuts of both President around recently; they range from creating a to have no Federal Income tax at all. Reagan and President W. Bush are national sales tax to creating a flat tax. Presi- Congress attempted to create an income significant improvements, they leave dent Bush has said he is open-minded on the tax in 1894 through the Income Tax Act, something to be desired: simplicity. In their SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 15 NATIONAL quest to cut taxes, both Presidents made where people are now extremely skeptical the tax code much more complex in the of any politician advocating a Marxist process, in an attempt to get Congressmen “graduated income tax”. This past March, on board who wanted special attention for even Poland’s left-of-center government their pet causes. announced that it would introduce a flat tax The flat tax, in contrast to the current system by 2008. The new scheme would set tax code, would be simple, transparent, and taxes on all personal income and corporate best of all, friendly to the taxpayers’ wallets. profits at 18 per cent. Russia and Slovakia, Much like Steve Forbes ’70, the former Romania, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Serbia, Republican Presidential candidate has Ukraine, and of course Hong Kong, have argued, a flat tax discourages tax evasion, all preceded Poland, and perhaps Russia’s rewards hard work and productivity, and example is most instructive. does not penalize citizens for earning President Putin adopted a 13% flat tax additional income. Republicans who have in 2001, and in the following two years, proposed a flat tax in the past have argued tax revenue rose 50% in inflation-adjusted for a rate of around 19%, with a personal terms. This surprised many who believe exemption (an amount on which you don’t that higher taxes lead to more revenues, but have to pay taxes). I would argue against a it did not surprise economic conservatives personal exemption because then the “flat and others who know that lower taxes lead tax” is not a flat tax, but a system with two to much higher compliance and less tax rates: a 0% tax rate for income up to, say, evasion. As President Bush said in Russia growth, and convenience for taxpayers who $20,000, and a 19% tax rate for income in 2001, “I am impressed by the fact that don’t have to spend days calculating the earned above that amount. [Putin] has instituted tax reform -- a flat amount they owe the government. The benefits of a flat tax are numerous: tax. And as he pointed out to me, it is one Estonia was the first Eastern European for one, a flat tax would save billions of of the lowest tax rates in Europe. He and country where the flat tax was introduced. dollars by eliminating the jobs of 115,000 tax I share something in common: We both According to Prime Minister Mart Laar, who bureaucrats. A flat tax would also eliminate proudly stand here as tax reformers.” pushed through the reforms in 1994: “ ‘[...] the 33 million penalty notices the IRS sends President George W. Bush was equally if ‘old Europe’ is to compete effectively with out every year, as well as the 5 million impressed by the economic wisdom of ‘new Europe,’ it will have to lower taxes and error-filled correction letters distributed another former country in instituting a flat rethink the social-welfare systems that high to taxpayers across the country. Likewise, tax, and said, upon a visit to Slovakia in taxation supports. Ten years ago Estonia be- Americans would save the $223 billion they February of this year, “I really congratulate came the first country in Europe to introduce currently pour into tax consultation; they ... your government for making wise deci- flat rate proportional personal income tax, a would also save an estimated 6.6 billion sions.” Western European politicians were policy designed to energize our people and hours in tax preparation time, and even considerably less excited. Former French stimulate growth. It was a huge success. prevent the destruction of the 294,000 trees Finance Minister and Presidential contender Latvia and Lithuania followed, then Russia, used every year to print the 8 billion forms Nicholas Sarkozy opined that if Eastern Ukraine and now Slovakia. [...] It looks quite which taxpayers must fill out. A significant European countries are “rich enough” to possible that within five years the whole of benefit of the flat tax would be reduced tax afford a flat tax, they should not need any Central and Eastern Europe will move to evasion; fewer people will resist paying a structural European help from Western Euro- flat-rate income taxes.” In Estonia, the flat low rate than the current 33% rate. The IRS pean countries. German Chancellor Gerhard tax increased productivity, capital formation, wages and job creation. Across the world, the flat-tax movement is spreading All this wisdom is not lost upon Western Europe, and many economic because of its success. It originated in formerly communist experts see the need for a flat tax; in the countries, where people are now extremely skeptical of any summer of 2004, Germany’s council of economic advisors, under the leadership politician advocating a Marxist “graduated income tax”. of Herr Doktor Wolfgang Wiegard, recommended the government introduce a flat tax of 30 percent. Chancellor Schroder’s estimates that the current “tax gap,” the Schroder, a socialist, and Swedish Prime government said (big surprise) that was out difference between what people should pay Minister Goran Persson, an old-style Swed- of the question: it contradicted the class- and what they actually do pay, is between ish socialist, voiced similar thoughts and feel warfare ideology of the ruling SPD party. $257 and $298 billion. This expensive that the rich should be much more heavily In France, meanwhile, President Chirac has problem of underreporting and evasion taxed in formerly communist countries. had to put his income-tax proposal on hold would largely be solved by a flat tax with Eastern European nations aren’t tinkering as the economy falters. During the 2002 a low rate. with their flat tax because one cannot argue election campaign, the President promised Across the world, the flat-tax movement with success: the flat tax has led to a strong to cut income taxes by 1/3, but he now says is spreading because of its success. It drop in tax evasion and tax fraud, an increase there is no financial room for him to give originated in formerly communist countries, in tax revenues, rapidly increasing economic those tax cuts. Chirac is putting the cart 16 · THE PRINCETON TORY SEPTEMBER 2005 NATIONAL before the horse, in a manner of of “healthy” foods by granting them tax- author’s opinion, the flat tax wins hands speaking, because cutting taxes increases exempt status? Would the government also down from the sales tax in terms of simplic- economic growth: after all, as President encourage “environmentally friendly” prod- ity and desirability. Reagan showed, tax cuts pay for ucts by granting tax-exempt status to hybrid With Eastern Europe economies themselves. cars and punish “polluting” products such booming in large part thanks to the flat Perhaps the most interesting example as SUVs and heating oil systems? Would tax, and a number of Western European of Western European support for a flat tax the government help the elderly by making economists openly considering it, there is comes from the Netherlands, a country long motorized carts (an item of necessity for no reason why the United States should saddled by high taxes and a complicated tax some) tax-exempt? It is clear that a federal stay behind. If the flat tax has helped the code. Dutch Finance Minister Gerrit Zalm sales tax system would be costly, complex, economies of Eastern European nations recently voiced support for the creation of and prone to frenzied lobbying. grow to such an extent as it has, one can a flat tax. In the Netherlands, the flat tax In addition, raising the tax would be only imagine the economic benefits the would be high, around 35%, but such a rate deceptively easy, because raising the sales United States would reap if it introduced the would already be a major improvement tax by a small amount (say 2%) doesn’t flat tax. Filling out tax returns on a postcard over the current system’s top rate of 52%. exactly cause a revolution, either in the may soon become a reality. All concerned The current rate has discouraged hard work economy or in the public eye. A federal sales Republicans should push 2008 Republican and entrepreneurship and has encouraged tax would only make it easier for politicians Presidential contenders to accept a flat tax substantial tax evasion and even emigration to raise taxes. European countries are a case as a replacement for the current system. For by people with higher incomes to countries in point: in the Netherlands, the sales tax far too long, Americans have been forced to where the tax burden is lower, countries increased by 58% between 1969 and 2001 contend with a tax code which, in practical such as Belgium, the United Kingdom, and without so much as a whisper of protest. In terms, is excessively costly and complex, the United States. the long run, gradually raising a sales tax and from an ideological point of view, What about a sales tax? It is the major is deeply economically harmful, but in the stands in blatant opposition to America’s competitor to the flat tax in the field of con- short term, few seem to notice, and even historical commitment to economic servative ideas. A federal sales tax is unat- fewer seem to care. freedom through low taxation. tractive because it would be complex, easy The biggest problem with a sales tax, Jurgen Reinhoudt to raise, and because it would not replace the however, is that it would not replace a feder- ’06 is a Politics current income tax, but supplement it. al income tax, but supplement it. Americans major from Ossin- A sales tax would be complex because would get stuck with a federal income tax ing, NY. This past “basic goods” such as bread, water, etc. and a federal sales tax. This has happened in fall he campaigned would be granted tax-exempt status in order nearly every European country, because the with the Bush cam- to not hurt the poor. And while food in gener- income tax is never repealed after a sales tax paign. al is a basic necessity, what about hamburg- is introduced. The United States could be an ers and pizza, or even French cheese? Would exception, but this is highly unlikely. the government encourage the consumption For these three reasons, in this

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SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 17 THE LAST WORD 22 MINUTES: BUSH’S PHILOSOPHICAL REVOLUTION unexpectedly: thanks to the inauguration, Another allusion to the Declaration and Powell Fraser ‘06 political theorists and philosophy professors to Locke is also tucked into the speech with- March 2005 can also have their day. in the first few minutes. Bush argued that Standing in the frosty air at a security Bush’s second inaugural address was “we are led, by events and common sense, checkpoint in downtown Washington, I won- more than a policy forecast; it was more to one conclusion: The survival of liberty in dered what lay ahead. Literally, I could not than a declaration of doctrine; it was more our land increasingly depends on the success see over the heads of the thousands who had than crowd-pleasing rhetoric for the legions of liberty in other lands.” This statement is thronged to our nation’s capital to witness of faithful who crowded the mall on that Bush’s version of a self-evident truth, an idea the swearing in of the President. But there morning. In his speech, President Bush that also originated from Locke. “Reason, was also a certain mystique, an excitement laid forth what he declared to be the driv- which is that law, teaches all mankind, who in the air, a question of whether or not we ing philosophy of his administration (and, will but consult it,” wrote Locke in defend- were standing at the crossroads of history. indeed, of America as we know it). The ing his ideas. Locke believed that logic was Such conclusions are much easier to make philosophy is a coherent one, despite pulling God’s gift to mankind, and when Bush as- in hindsight, but occasionally history tips its from a wide range of the greatest political serts that the answer to our national security hand and lets you know that you may well thinkers in Western civilization. And given concerns lies in “common sense,” we are be witnessing an event the significance of the theoretical undercurrents of the speech, hearing the echoes of Locke. which will echo through the ages. to attempt to understand its policy implica- The next philosopher called into service So far as inaugurations go, some have tions without engaging its origins would be by President Bush is Immanuel Kant. “The captured our imaginations more than oth- impossible. best hope for peace in our world is the ex- ers. George Washington’s second inaugural The first philosophy to surface in the pansion of freedom in all the world,” said speech was about a paragraph long. Abra- Bush address is the work of British thinker Bush in his address. In saying this, Bush ham Lincoln’s second inaugural address has John Locke. “From the day of our Found- is referencing a concept known as “the become one of the most cherished pieces of rhetoric in our history. And William Henry A policy aimed at “ending tyranny in our world” is certainly Harrison never had the opportunity to give ambitious, and critics will call it absurd. Bush, however, a second inaugural address because he caught pneumonia giving his first. I suppose believes that such an achievement is possible; in fact, he that the main question on the minds of his believes it is inevitable. supporters was an anxious curiosity over whether or not the speech would ever end – the long-winded Harrison braved the wind- ing, we have proclaimed that every man and democratic peace,” originally proposed by chill and spoke for almost two hours. woman on this earth has rights, and dignity, Kant in his essay “Perpetual Peace.” The No one watching the ceremony on TV and matchless value, because they bear the definitive articles of this peace treaty include could have possibly missed the Harrison image of the Maker of Heaven and earth,” stipulations that “the civil constitution of anecdote, as every pundit repeated it at one Bush said in his speech. A historian would every state shall be republican” and that “the point or another. Pundits have a field day quickly identify this as an allusion to the right of nations shall be based on a federa- whenever the President speaks, and the In- Declaration of Independence. But the origi- tion of free states.” Many of Kant’s ideas augural Address and the State of the Union nator of this idea was Locke, who derived reappeared in Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen are always prime targets for analysis. In his the value of the individual from the sanctity Points, making such goals the policies of our State of the Union speech, President Bush of the work of the creator. In his Second “idealistic nation.” outlined an ambitious plan to restructure So- Treatise on Government (1690), Locke Bush also channels Kant in describing cial Security, guaranteeing the employment described men as “the workmanship of one freedom as a moral imperative. “We will of many economists and policy analysts for omnipotent and infinitely wise Maker… they persistently clarify the choice before every the next few years. With rumors of war with are his property, whose workmanship they ruler and every nation: The moral choice Iran or North Korea circulating, the brigades are, made to last during his, not another’s between oppression, which is always wrong, of armchair generals enlisted by the news pleasure.” Locke then proceeded to suggest and freedom, which is eternally right,” Bush networks will be able to feed their families the idea of inalienable rights to life, liberty, mandated. Kant wrote, “There can be no until both countries give up their nuclear and property. In Locke’s world – and Bush’s conflict between politics, as an applied ambitions. One other group will also benefit – human rights exist through God. branch of the right, and morality, as a theo-

18 · THE PRINCETON TORY SEPTEMBER 2005 THE LAST WORD retical branch of the right.” When Bush said, he stated at the Inauguration. In such a sce- rial written for The New York Times (“The “All who live in tyranny and hopelessness nario, the US can only survive in the realist Doctrine That Never Died,” 1/30/2005), can know: the United States will not ignore world by clinging to its idealistic beliefs. In saw echoes of the Monroe Doctrine and a your oppression, or excuse your oppressors,” such a construct we choose to wage not just 19th century American belief in manifest we hear him echoing Kant’s demand that a war against a specifi c enemy but rather a destiny. He follows the doctrine from its we must “let justice reign, even if all the War on Terror – by Bush’s philosophy we beginning, the American assertion its right rogues in the world must perish.” In this are not simply pursuing strategic goals but to interfere in governments in the Western vein, Wilson asserted in 1917 that “the world also moral ones. Fred Barnes of The Weekly Hemisphere, to its modern version, the must be made safe for democracy. Its peace Standard sees parallels here between the American quest to bring democracy to the must be planted upon the tested foundations elder Bush and his son: just as George Bush entire world. He points to Teddy Roosevelt, of political liberty.” oversaw the unifi cation of East and West Henry Cabot Lodge, and George Kennan Placing Bush in the same foreign policy Berlin, George W. Bush has torn down the as the torchbearers of this doctrine, which arena with Kant and Wilson signifies a wall between realism and idealism (“Bush’s encourages America to reject its “splendid dramatic departure from the traditional Breakthrough,” 1/20/2005). isolation” in favor of taking an active role in school international relations theory advo- What are the policy implications of this world affairs. In a moment of humor, Wolfe cated by the Republican Party. Advisors to philosophical revolution? Bush made his wonders why no one at the Woodrow Wilson Bush’s father like James Baker and Brent point very clear: “So it is the policy of the School has noted this “fourth corollary to the Scowcroft were the guardians of an interna- United States to seek and support the growth Monroe Doctrine.” tional relations philosophy called “realism.” of democratic movements and institutions in As Bush closed his address, he an- Scowcroft’s protégé was a professor at every nation and culture, with the ultimate nounced to his shivering audience, “we are Stanford’s Hoover Institution named Condo- goal of ending tyranny in our world.” The ready for the greatest achievements in the leezza Rice, who would later become one of Wall Street Journal editorial board noticed history of freedom.” And suddenly, after the chief foreign policy advisors to George a potential pitfall of this strategy. “Critics only 22 minutes, the speech was over. In his fi rst four years, Bush had led America through a terrorist attack and two wars Placing Bush in the same foreign policy arena in two countries. In his fi rst half hour of with Kant and Wilson signifi es a dramatic departure his second term, he had completely rede- from the traditional school international signed American foreign policy and given it philosophical underpinnings that seemed relations theory advocated by the Republican Party. downright liberal. Yet for some reason, the Americans present seemed more excited than ever. Now we have four years to see W. Bush. “Idealism,” “moralism,” and will point out the inconsistencies of America what direction the Bush Doctrine will take, “Wilsonianism” have all been hallmarks of doing business with a Musharraf or Putin and a lifetime to judge this bold move in the Democratic Party, espoused by Franklin despite their detours from democracy,” they hindsight. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy. wrote. Saudi Arabia and Egypt also become John F. Kennedy proposed in a speech Realism is generally understood to be dubious allies under this new policy. “But that history, when standing in judgment of an extremely cynical approach to inter- we made such accommodations during the our lives, will look back and ask if we were national relations. It sees the world as a Cold War as well, by necessity, and that men of courage, judgment, integrity, and state of anarchy, comprised of individual didn’t stop presidents from letting the dis- dedication. On January 20, 2005, President self-interested actors. Hans Morgenthau, in sidents behind the Iron Curtain know that George W. Bush offered us with his own espousing the principles of realism, asserts we were on their side,” the editors conclude revision of the Kennedy rubric: “Did our that morality has no bearing on states or their (“Liberty Bell Ringer,” 1/21/2005). generation advance the cause of freedom? actions and that states’ sole goal is to ensure A policy aimed at “ending tyranny in And did our character bring credit to that their continued existence. Realists argue our world” is certainly ambitious, and critics cause?” These are the criteria upon which that states’ values should play no role in the will call it absurd. Bush, however, believes Bush wishes to be evaluated, and these are decision-making process and the sole goal that such an achievement is possible; in the questions that will determine whether of any sate action should be to guarantee fact, he believes it is inevitable. “History we truly stood at the crossroads of history the continued existence of that state. In a has an ebb and fl ow of justice, but history on that January morning. realist world, “the enemy of my enemy is also has a visible direction, set by liberty my friend,” and Nixon’s trip to China makes and the Author of Liberty,” said Bush. The sense at the height of the Cold War. idea of a direction of history was originally So is Bush a realist, like his predeces- presented by Hegel and then adopted by Powell Fraser ’06 sors in the party, or has he gone to the left Marx, who used it to argue the inevitability is a Politics major from and embraced Wilson? While this question of the socialist revolution. Bush’s version, Atlanta, GA. An offi cer is compelling, it implies that the two schools however, has a decidedly Christian edge to at Quadrangle Club, of thought are mutually exclusive. Bush it and reminds us once again of John Locke Powell interned last does not believe he must choose between and his belief in an ordered, logical world summer for a media realism and idealism. “America’s vital in- created by God. lobby organization in terests and our deepest beliefs are now one,” Popular author Tom Wolfe, in an edito- Washington, DC.

SEPTEMBER 2005 THE PRINCETON TORY · 19