Science Foundation for Physics

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SCIENCE FOUNDATION FOR PHYSICS

Council Chairman Sir Robert Norman Deputy Chairman S. E. Chatterton Councillor Lynn Arnold AN J. D. Brookes THI J. Keith Campbell T. N. P. Dougherty J. I. Dryburgh Sir George Fisher T. J. N. Foley H. D. Huyer R. J. Kirby W. M. Leonard J. A. Macpherson Sir Frank Packer Sir Raymond Purves John R. Slade or Paul H. Slade A. J. White R. W. R. Wiltshire Liaison Member I. McCloy Ex Officio Chancellor of the University of Sydney Deputy Chancellor Vice-Chancellor and Principal Deputy Principal Chairman, Senate Finance Committee" Professor and Head of the School of Physics and Director of the Foundation

Executive Officers

Director Professor H. Messel Secretary Oscar Guth Asst Secretary Miss Rita Knight Hon Secretaries C. R. Hall Rear-Admiral H. A. Showers, R.A.N. Ret. JAN ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE SCIENCE FOUN| THE SCHOOL OF PHYSICS WITHIN THE

JANUARY, 1972 Highlights of the Year:

RADIO TELEMETRY GROUP MARKS FIRST STEPS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

A HE past 12 months saw three principal highlights in the efforts of the Science Foundation. All three were in different spheres. In the sphere of the workings of the Foundation itself, a major breakthrough was achieved when the Annual General Meeting on March 17, 1971 recommended to the Senate of the University, and Senate subsequently approved, changes to the Constitution which made it possible for Life Governors and Life Members of the Foundation to remain such even if their annual contributions were not forthcoming at previous levels. The changes also made it possible for the Council of the Foundation to invite from within or outside of the Foundation, three additional Councillors to sit on the governing body of the Foundation. In the sphere of the Foundation's annual International Science Schools for High School Students, 1971 saw a departure from physics to biology as the general subject of the lectures which were given under the heading "Molecules to Man". Once again the international scholars included ten from the United States and five each from Britain and Japan. The Japanese scholars were honoured by the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr Eisaku Sato, who presented them, on behalf of the Foundation, with their scholarship certificates and medals. In London the students were presented to the Duke of Edinburgh at a Buckingham Palace garden party, and in Washington the presentation ceremony was held at the White House. The London and Tokyo ceremonies were marked by the presence of the Chancellor of the University of Sydney, Mr H. D. Black. The third highlight of the Foundation's year concerned the seventh Research Department in the School of Physics for which a Chair of Environmental Physics had already been established but has not yet been filled. The first research programme of the new department was initiated during early 1971 by Professor Messel in collaboration with the Administration of the Northern Territory. The programme concerns itself with the habits and movements of saltwater crocodiles which are at present on the verge of extinction. This programme requires the co-operative effort of physicists, electronic engineers, physiologists, anatomists, zoologists, and ecologists and provides an excellent opportunity for exciting and important interdisciplinary research. In fact, it was some seven years ago that the School of Physics decided that, if possible, it should also concern itself with studies which were more of an applied and interdisciplinary nature and hopefully more directly related to the immediate needs of society. It was felt that the School with the help of the Foundation, should endeavour to apply some of the latest scientific and technological know-how towards this end. This was one of the reasons for the establishment of the Chair of Environmental Physics in the School. The term "Environmental Studies" is exceedingly broad and even the term "Environmental Physics" covers a large number of areas. The problem of deciding what particular area or areas of Environmental Physics the new Department should endeavour to embrace is difficult and this is one of the reasons why the School has proceeded relatively slowly in this regard to the appointment of academic staff in the field. It was felt that perhaps the best way to proceed in the early stages was to build up a number of small, but important, projects having wide applicability and which could later fit in easily into the Environmental Physics Department. One such project is radio (electromagnetic) telemetry and interrogation, and this is at present the direct research concern of Professor Messel. .jiwjp;

COVER PICTURE shows an 11 ft saltwater crocodile being captured with a net in Australian Northern Territory waters. Nets are best for capturing crocodiles since the animal's nose usually becomes entangled and it is unable to bite. A drug is then administered and when it has taken effect the crocodile is pulled ashore. Left, once the drugged crocodile has been pulled ashore a series of measurements are made for future reference and checking, if and when the crocodile is recaptured.

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Above, handling a large crocodile requires manpower, muscle and plenty of skill. Professor Messel's team is now able to catch and drug crocodiles successfully, as well as handle them »>• on land. Here a crocodile is being weighed with a block and tackle—it weighed close io 400 lbs. Right, to attach a miniature radio transmitter to a crocodile allowing it u> be tracked for distances up to 100 miles, stainless "--*> steel bolts are put above the animals front legs by drilling holes through the scewts. The radio transmitter is then attached to the bolts, but this system of attachment has not proved satisfactory and is now being modified. ...-.- : ..-..-. Above, the problem of drugging a crocodile is a complex and difficult one. Professor Messel's team worked "with freshwater crocodiles about 6 ft in length which are more numerous and also saltwater ones. But, as can be seen they don't like being/hauled out of the water. Right top, a drugged crocodile being hauled oul of the water. Note the characteristic turning of the head to the right which unexplainably always seems to happen when a crocodile is knocked out with a neuromuscular relaxant. Right center, the crocodile remains unconscious for about 35 minutes and then must be carefully handled in bringing it back into action again. Right bottom, Professor Messel testing a crocodile to see how far its responses have recovered. Care is needed for they bite, and fast too!

The space programme gave considerable impetus to the development of microminiaturized electronic circuitry. Man's landing on the moon, the interrogation of scientific equipment on the moon, in space satellites and in deep space probes required the development of integrated circuits. These circuits made the construction of highly reliable, long term, very lightweight electronic equipment capable of functioning under severe environmental conditions possible. The field of radio (electromagnetic) interrogation of remote electronic sensors is an important and rapidly growing one to be used in a very wide sphere of scientific studies—from "machines" interrogating "man" to "machines" interrogating "machines" (for example, the radio interrogation of an electronic biosensor in the form of an "electronic pill" in the intestine of ron, or the radio interrogation by satellite of a scientific data-gathering ocean buoy). The problems involved in such work are complex and there is urgent need for much further development. The field is bound to grow rapidly and importantly provides excellent opportunity for interdisciplinary studies and research. It was for reasons such as these that in 1967 Professor Messel initiated, in conjunction with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, a research programme concerned with the radio telemetry tracking of polar bears over the Arctic Ocean. The successful completion of such a programme required the development of highly sophisticated electronic transponders and a contract was let to American industry for such development. After much work industry was at that time unable to fulfil the contract, ending in the payment and gain of $28,000 to the School of Physics for breach of contract. There was little alternative at that stage but to allow the polar bear research programme to lapse. As already mentioned, in the intervening years there has been considerable gain made in the development of electronic components. These developments have been watched closely, along with the increasing need and use of radio interrogation of remote electronic sensors. By 1971 it appeared that the time was opportune to pursue this matter further and for the School to establish a small radio telemetry and interrogation group, non-academic in the first instance. As a first step in this direction Professor Messel examined a number of possible specific research projects wherein radio telemetry techniques would be used for the solution of urgent ecological problems. He found, too, that there was considerable interest in this field throughout Australia and a two day workshop was held in the School on April 30 and May Y, 1971, for the Australian scientists concerned. Eighteen university and government scientists from Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales participated in the workshop. The workshop confirmed more strongly than ever the urgent need for the establishment of a full-time radio telemetry and interrogation group which would form the base for such work throughout Australia. This group has now been established and one of its first tasks, concerns the study of the saltwater crocodile. -'•&;•

Iff -•••• SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING Austr soon simuli it is seco At the Seventeenth Annual General Meeting of the Science Foundation for Physics held at the Scienc Menzies Hotel, Sydney on March 17, 1971, Sir Robert Norman was re-elected Chairman of the Stude Foundation and Mr S. E. Chatterton was re-appointed Deputy Chairman for the year 1971-72. The following were elected Members of the Council of the Foundation for the year 1971-72: Mr J. D. Brookes, Mr J. Keith Campbell, Mr T. N. P. Dougherty, Sir George Fisher, Mr T. J. N. Foley, Schoc Councillor W. P. Henson, Mr H. D. Huyer, Mr R. J. Kirby, Mr W. M. Leonard, Mr J. A. seriou Macpherson, Sir Frank Packer. Sir Raymond Purves, Mr J. R. Slade (Mr P. H. Slade—alternate), again! Mr R. W. R. Wiltshire. Mr I. McCloy was re-appointed to be an additional Member as the Liaison thatn Officer between the Foundation and the School of Physics.

CHAIRMAN'S AND DIRECTOR'S REPORT

J. HIS is my second Annual Report as Chairman of the Foundation and it is the seventeenth of our Director. In the past two years, we have presented our respective reports separately, but for reasons which will become obvious during this report, this year we have < ;ided to make it a joint effort. Before turning to the more technical and academic side of this report to the Seventeenth Annual General Meeting of the Foundation, let me just say that it is not our intention to remind you of economic and fund-raising difficulties, but rather, because, as we all know, these difficulties exist and will continue to exist, to remind you of the brighter side of the picture, the credit side of achievement and the pride of success.

.6 -'"-.;.-- - • • - : This Foundation has now been active for 17 years and five days. It was the first such Foundation not only in an Australian University, not only in Australia as a whole, but within the British Commonwealth of Nations. It set the standard which became the living proof that Universities need not be ivory towers, but that there could and should be a close and mutually profitable liaison between them, industry, governmental and semi-governmental bodies, private individuals, and the general public. This is perhaps the greatest thing that our Foundation has initiated—to quote an old cliche, the "marriage between town and gown". Since our inauguration on March 12, 1954, many others have followed in our footsteps. We are not deploring this kind of imitation, we are welcoming it because we feel that it bears witness to the fact that we have broken new ground . . . fertile ground. And ever since our inauguration, we have been a leader, an innovator in education, while at the same time realising our limitations. This recognition at the outset of our endeavours, led us to the conclusion that if we were to make a real impact we must concentrate on certain specific fields in which we are most qualified to be effective. And this we did. Today, of course, it is history on what fields we concentrated, but for the sake of record we think we should repeat these facts. According to our Constitution, we had established ourselves to foster science education in Australia generally and in the University of Sydney and its School of Physics in particular. Very soon we realised that, in order to obtain the quality of students we wanted in our School, we had to simultaneously apply our efforts to both the tertiary and secondary fields of education. Hence, perhaps it is not strange that we should have gained such world-wide recognition from our efforts in the secondary school science field. Credit here must be given to two prime projects—our International Science Schools for High School Students and our series of Science Textbooks for High School Students. About both of these we shall have more to say later. In the field of tertiary education, that is in the field of science education in our own University's School of Physics—both undergraduate and postgraduate—we started at a tune when Australia was seriously plagued by what has since become known as the "brain-drain". We had to find a remedy against this ill, namely, the non-existence at the time of sufficient challenge in this University, or for that matter in any other in this country, for postgraduate students or academic staff to stay and work in their homeland. To bring them back and to retain them we had to offer fadUties second to none so that they would find, right here the same challenge and rewards offered overseas. Once again, we did this by not trying to be a Jack-of-all-trades, but rather to be a master in a few. There were many tempting research fields in the fifties but we chose our fields carefully and ended up seventeen years later with six world-renown research departments, and a seventh in the making. The Departments only span a limited sphere of physics, but the segments they do cover, they cover expertly, and in many instances as pace-setters.

THE PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE

What have been the results ? Very simply these: By helping provide first-class research facilities, by helping provide adequate salary and travel opportunities, we attracted back to Australia some of the. most brilliant of "our" scientists and, indeed, we attracted to Australia some of the most brilliant "not our" scientists from all over the world. The reputation of the work they did. with the facilities offered to them in turn attracted some of the most brilliant students. Let the figures speak for themselves; when the Science Foundation was established the postgraduate portion of the School of Physics practically did not exist. This year we have 65 postgraduate students (not counting postgraduate diploma students) with students endeavouring to join us fromall corners of the world. Our School is now one of the leading postgraduate centres within the British Commonwealth. The build-up was gradual and again made possible, with the help of our Foundation, which offered Scholarships to the most brilliant students. It is true, we never did c3er Scholarships to all deserving candidates, but it is equally true that we never set out to do this. We set out in the pursuit of excellence and it is only the excellent among the most gifted that we honour and help. Need I say that such work does not pass unnoticed and that the community, the industrialists and our members in all other walks of life, soon realised the rewards their Foundation was yielding— not perhaps to each individual member in a personal way, but most certainly to Australia, for which States, we have provided brilliant brains in the form of our student product. After 17 years we can proudly these st look at many of these young men and women in industry, in research, in Government and in academic general positions in other Universities as well as our own. For let us make no mistake, a Foundation of our IΓ. was so ] kind is only as good as the product it produces, be it research—the pushing back of the frontiers oi H.R.H. science, or in its most valuable form, highly skilled, brilliant brains that help not only science and Japan, their country, but humanity. The Foundation has helped in no uncertain way to place Australia the limi on the scientific research and educational map of the world. Excellence in everything we undertook to acce< was the keyword. students briefly, are held a specia THE FOUNDATION'S SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS Secretar High Sc

Now let me go back for a moment to the. publication of our Science Textbooks for High School Students—textbooks which have helped pioneer integrated science throughout the world—and I don't COR1 mean only the Western world—and which have aroused the interest of educationists from Denmark to Ghana, from London to Moscow, in South-east Asia and in the Far East and, most of all, in one of Of the United Nations' most valuable assets, U.N.E.S.C.O. it: It is How did these textbooks come about? Simple. Right from the start our Foundation came out The Ce for the teaching of compulsory integrated science in high schools. And when I say right from the Univers start, I mean at a time when integrated science and specially compulsory science was a naughty word, the Stal such as nudism is today. But we persevered and when Sir Harold Wyndham and his committee centre. produced the valuable plan for secondary school reform in the late fifties it provided for Review, compulsory integrated science to be taught from 1st to 4th year of high school, right to the School Review Certificate. Sir Harold's report was one thing, but its implementation was another. The Foundation works came to the Government's rescue, for there were not in existence anywhere in the world courses or implical textbooks from which students could be taught a four-year integrated science course. With the separata co-operation of the N.S.W. Education Department, Professor Messel set up his science textbook not bot series, which not only has been adapted and republished for use in the United Kingdom already, but Profess< which is to be found on the desks and on the shelves of almost every leading science educator bodies throughout the world as an example of what has been done in Australia and what could be done in Centre c; his country. And we, at the head of your Foundation, have no doubt that it will be done. The interestec Foundation's efforts in this field are having and will continue to have tremendous ramifications. scientific

THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE SCHOOLS

The advent of our International Science School for High School Students was similarly simple. It sprang from the basic fact that we realised in the late fifties that unless we help to re-educate science teachers, we would have no hope of producing a better student product to enter our Universities. We therefore held a series of four annual Science Schools for High School Teachers, and, in 1962, switched from the teachers to the students themselves. This decision—to honour and reward excellence among the young students throughout Australia—and to keep all Australians abreast of the latest scientific advances—was received with great acclaim, not only by our educational authorities, but also by the general public and the news media. Our first such Science School was held on the general theme of "A Journey through Space and the Atom" and featured such international authorities on space flight and cosmology as America's rocket chief himself, DΓ Wemher von Braun, and Britain's top cosmologist, Professor Hermann Bondi, who a fortnight ago started in his new position as Chief Scientific Advisor to the U.K. Ministry of Defence. The enthusiasm and concern shown for this Science School, well before it was staged, led to it being televised in toto. And, as you know, this programme was so well received by the Australian public that the televising of all lectures of all our Science Schools has since become an accepted fact. The famous lecturers we invited, the wide television coverage, and the enormous interest shown by press and public, teachers and students alike, led to the Schools attracting increasing international attention. More and more people overseas pressed for internationalisation of our peculiar form of "extra education" to honour top students in a way m which hitherto, only top sportsmen, had been acclaimed. Thus, by 1967 we could resist no longer and made available our Science Schools to an additional 10 top students from the United States. We all know how proud we were when the then President, Lyndon B. Johnson, agreed to give these students his name, and when in later years, his successor, President Nixon, made this name more general and simplified it to "The President's Australian Science Scholars." The success of this venture was so resounding that in the following year, 1968, Britain's Royal Institution under the patronage of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, came into the scheme and, similarly, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan. Since then many more nations have expressed a desire.to participate, but unfortunately, with the limited resources, both financially and in human effort, at oiir disposal, we have as yet been unable to accede to any of these requests and our International Science Schools continue to be held for students from all over Australia, New Zealand, Britain, Japan and the United States. And this, briefly, is how our International Science Schools, as you know them today, have come about. They are held for the best, by the best. And it is with great pride that I introduce to you on this occasion, a special booklet, suitably entitled "Honouring Excellence" and produced by Professor Messel and our Secretary, Mr Oscar Guth, giving for the first time the history of our Annual Science Schools for High School Students, in word and picture. ^

CORNELL-SYDNEY UNIVERSITY ASTRONOMY CENTRE

Of all the other achievements of the Foundation, let me turn in detail to one more. You know it: It is the Cornell-Sydney University Astronomy Centre which was established in September, 1964. The Centre is an arrangement under which the University of Sydney's School of Physics, the University's Electrical Engineering School and the Space Research Centre of Cornell University in the State of New York, have set up the world's largest radio astronomy and cosmic ray research centre. The basis and mode of operation of the Centre are described in greater detail in our Annual Review, "The Nucleus", and in a special brochure on the Centre, which you have all seen. Our Annual Review and the special brochure, give you a sufficient idea of how the Centre came about and how it works and what is its value. Here we would only like to add a little to all this, namely, the human implications and the implications of the mere fact that such a marriage of two Universities in two separate nations, so far apart, should have been not only possible, but also so successful. We shall not bore you with the long negotiations that went on between the two co-directors of the Centre, Professor Messel here and Professor Thomas Gold at the other end; or between the two governing bodies of this and of Cornell University. Let us just tell you that it was almost a miracle that the Centre came into being—again one of the first such overseas marriages between two Universities, interested in the same kind of research. It is one of the most outstanding and fruitful international scientific operations in the world today. It is perhaps not surprising that there should have sprung up in some overseas quarters, questions regarding the control over some of the most magnificent astronomical instruments existing in the world today. We believe it only right to say in this Annual Report that we in this Foundation would consider it a death sentence on the Centre if any of its present working arrangements were interferred with by anyone, or any body, other than the two participants, Cornell University and the University of Sydney. This example of REAL international scientific co-operation must not be touched, but be encouraged so that it shines as a great example that scientific research, and knowledge know no international boundaries.

So inuch for the very brief record of some of the things we have done overall. I think all Members will agree that it is a proud record and one in which each of you has participated. It is true that when we join the Foundation and make donations, we do so without any strings attached. But I think it is equally true that all of us have at one time or another basked in the sunshine that emanates from such a distinguished list of achievements. This may to some seem not a great reward, but to all of us, it is the very reward we want—the satisfaction of having turned our efforts, not only to our own success, but to the success of those who come after us, the youth of our country. For the slightly more technical side of this report, let us add the following details about teaching in our School and about our Research Departments. Let us not forget that this part of this report is not "also" important but it is "all" important. Without it, all the rest would never have come to pass. UNDERGRADUATE TEACHING

In the field of undergraduate teaching a great deal of hard work and thought has continued to be expended. This year sees completed a drastic revision of all our undergraduate courses from First to Fourth Year. It will be recalled that in 1968 the first of the new breed of students entered the University having done the new six-year secondary school course. Consequent upon this we have introduced completely new courses successively in each of the four years ending this year with the introduction of new Honours courses. It is our intention to keep all of these courses under constant scrutiny, to keep changing them so that we still continue to produce not only the top-class potential research physicists, who go on and enter our research departments to do postgraduate work, but also good all-round physicists with up-to-date knowledge, ready to contribute to the fields of technology, industry and teaching. To illustrate what is meant by constant scrutiny: We have videotaped all 78 lectures for the Physics IB course and in this way we make sure that the 1,500 students who take this course get the best lecturers in the School. Of the 78 lectures originally presented in 1968 more than half have been retaped at least once to date and some of these for a third or even fourth time. This year we are planning to extend our existing live tutorial work in this course by introducing audio-visual taped tutorials designed to improve the students' problem solving ability. This is one field where we could not have hoped to make even a modest start without the assistance of the Foundation to buy some of the necessary equipment. This year a new Director of First Year Teaching has taken up duties following the retirement of DΓ Malcolm Fraser. The new Director, DΓ Mclnnes, is a former student of ours whom we have persuaded to rejoin us from the staff of the University of Queensland. Physics I is a required subject in the courses of several other Faculties—Medicine, Dentistry, Veterinary Science, Engineering—and we have large numbers of students in this course (40 per cent of all First-year students entering the University of Sydney take First-year Physics). The new Director's task is one of considerable magnitude and we are fortunate to have Dr Mclnnes take it on.

POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

We have not been able to allow the number of postgraduate students to increase significantly during the past few years. Due to the University's reduction of the School's maintenance and equipment votes, we have been forced to stabilize its intake in spite of the fact that the applications for postgraduate work from students outside the University of Sydney have risen more than threefold over the past four years to a total of 150 in 1970. Strangely, we welcome this situation as it has allowed us to raise still higher the level of intake to our postgraduate school even if this has meant rejecting first- class honours candidates from other Universities in Australia, U.S.A. and elsewhere. However, we are a little unhappy at the long-term effects of our restrictions and believe there could be a shortage of physicists within the next decade.

At the present time, due to cut-backs, there has been an apparent surplus of physicists in U.S.A., but not of the quality we believe we produce in Sydney. Certainly all our doctoral graduates have succeeded in securing postdoctoral employment, but not necessarily in their first field of choice. We hope tho almost panic measures in U.S.A. in scientific research, programmes will not catalyze too many long-term adverse effects in Australia. As opposed to U.S.A., surveys in the United Kingdom by the British Institute of Physics have shown no surplus production of physicists and, moreover, about one-third of the physicists in British industry are employed in non-research and development positions and, incidentally, are earning significantly higher salaries than their research colleagues at all age levels from graduation to retirement. The current postgraduate student body (excluding postgraduate diploma students) in the School of Physics numbers 65, comprising 41 enrolled for Ph.D. (33 on scholarships), 18 for M.Sc. (10 on scholarships) and 6 postdoctoral fellows. The number of applications from outstanding postdoctoral fellows currently greatly exceeds the number of awards available; at this point of time there are a number of very able scientists wanting to come to Australia for postdoctoral work and the Commonwealth Government would be well advised to increase the number of Queen Elizabeth II Fellowships as well as removing the age and nationality restrictions. The excellence of the postgraduate activities in this School of Physics shows up in many ways but is perhaps best exemplified in that five students of those who have graduated in the last 15 years are *• _w occupying Chairs and a further five members of the staff left to take up University Chairs. 10 THE "DAILY TELEGRAPH** THEORETICAL DEPARTMENT

The "Daily Telegraph" Theoretical Department's main interest is in nuclear reactions and the structure of the nucleus. This work, outlined in previous Annual Reports, continues to be of major significance. Other aspects deserving mention comprise Dr I. D. S. Johnston's work which goes a long way towards explaining the years-old puzzle of the character of the radio waves coming from regions of space containing molecules, and Dr B. H. J. McKellar's work (reported in an invited paper at the Kiev Conference last year) which brings together features of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. Dr R. M. May, who was appointed to one of the University of Sydney's first two Personal Chairs in 1970, has been investigating theoretical aspects of the dynamics and stability of complex communities of biological species. This work, which provides new insight into the relationship between complexity and stability in ecological systems, is likely to become an increasing interest within the School. During 1971, Professor May will be presenting this wrrk, and also work on plasma physics at several conferences in Europe and the United States.

THE FALKINER NUCLEAR DEPARTMENT

Largely as a result of the Falkiner Department's work the search for quarks has been greatly intensified. So far five groups from overseas have reported the results of their work. One group working at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley has failed to find a quark in one year's search. Four other groups working in Turin (Italy), Durham (England), Ohio State University and Stanford (U.S.A.) have produced evidence supporting the physical existence of quarks. The Falkiner Department has got its first high-pressure cloud chamber working and is building four others. The Department's large array in the Pilliga Forest has recorded the most energetic cosmic ray particle ever observed—with an energy of at least 5 x 1021 eV. The array is used to determine the origin of cosmic radiation. Up to about 10" eV it is almost certain that most of this radiation comes from pulsars within our own galaxy. Above that energy the radiation comes from outside our Galaxy but we are beginning to feel fairly sure that it generated within our "local" 'Super Cluster', that is, it is 'local' radiation; "local" meaning within 10,000,000 parsecs+. The Department is using this very energetic radiation to study particle interactions at these extremely high energies.

THE WILLS PLASMA PHYSICS DEPARTMENT

The work of the Wills Plasma Physics Department has received a scientific incentive boost from the report of the "panel of tea leading scientists called together by the International Atomic Energy Agency to summarize the present status of controlled fusion research—estimate possible costs and time scales, and make recommendations on international co-operation in this field". The panel, which included Russian, European, American, Japanese, and Australian (Professor Watson-Munro) scientists, has published a report which is tinged with a sober optimism and estimates that by the turn of the century fusion could be more than cost competitive with other forms of energy, including fission breeder power—with respect to the latter, to the extent of 10,000 million dollars per annum on a world basis. The panel has recommended to its member nations an immediate increase in plasma physics expenditure of 15 per cent per annum for the next five years and foreshadows international co-operative ventures of prototype fusion reactors up to 1,000 million dollars each. Controlled thermonuclear research in Australia was pioneered by the Wills Plasma Physics Department and has now extended to the Flinders Physics Department in South Australia. Financing by the Australian Research Grants Committee and by the Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering is adequate for all normal purposes, but the Science Foundation has been proud to play a vital role, not only in the initial grant of $100,000 by W. D, & H. O. Wills (Aust.) Ltd, but at the present time in the purchase of small items of equipment where research could not estimate the need 12—18 months ahead of time. The Foundation has also financed overseas travel to enable Sydney physicists to discuss their results with colleagues in Europe, U.S.A., Russia and Japan. The Department is one where the postgraduate student enrolmeot is increasing-—partly due to the developing interests of controlled thermonuclear energy, but also due to the applications of plasma physics techniques to other industrial problems of today. For instance, in the case of lasers, the Plasma Physics Department has developed techniques for measuring one-million-millionth (10"12) of the scattered light from a laboratory plasma and hence securing information on the particle density

11 in the plasma. In the next two to three years it is proposed to try and apply this laser technique to TI examine the possibilities of identifying the chemical nature and number density of atmospheric pollutants in Sydney. The SUPPER III machine has been rebuilt as a plasma certrifuge (where speeds of 100 times ye* greater than those of mechanical centrifuges are possible) to study isotope and element separation by mo this technique. The other four plasma sources are in full operation and a small, but fortunately dia manageable, queue has developed for machine time. it 1 am wo its THE BASSER COMPUTING DEPARTMENT Ch ma Au The Basser Computing Department pioneered automatic computing in Australia. As long ago To as 1954 the Department built its first computer, SILLIAC, which was taken out of service 12 years ho\ later. With the installation in 1964 of an English Electric KDF 9 (obtained largely through a gift of Sec $250,000 to the Foundation by DΓ and Mrs Cecil H. Green of Dallas, T»xas) and further equipment, ofl the Department became not only a major computer science teaching centre, but also one of the enc foremost University computing service facilities. obs cot The Department equipment is however, now largely obsolescent and is in urgent need of replacement. The Australian Universities Commission submission to the Commonwealth Govern- ment covering the 1970-72 triennium pointed out in late 1969 that separate submission and par recommendation in regard to the computing needs of New South Wales Universities would shortly be be put before the Government. It was decided after very lengthy and detailed consideration that the ear computing needs of both the University of Sydney and New South Wales could be met adequately cor by the establishment of a joint computer centre containing a major computer facility. We were delighted with the prospect of a first-class joint centre. The 1970-72 triennium is now nearly half over and still there has been no word in regard to the date the finance for the centre will be forthcoming. Neither has there been any word about supple- mentary computing grants in lieu of the centre, to cover the 1970-72 period. Simply nothing has happened. The seriousness of this situation cannot be over stressed. It is amazing, to say the least. I he Department has trained large numbers of people in computer science, as well as provided an indispensable service, not only to the School of Physics and other Departments within the University, of Sydney, but also to Government and industry, outside the University. Student numbers continue to increase. Apart from providing a short course for all students taking first year Mathematics (attended in 1970 by over 1,500 students), credit courses are now offered to over 400 students, drawn from the Faculties of Science, Engineering, Arts and Economics. Effective student numbers (calculated by a weighted formula) have been rising at about 20 per cent per annum for some time now. During the year the Department has provided a MEDLARS search service for Australia with a data base, provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, containing over a million articles. A total of about 600 searches was carried out in all. It is anticipated that, in the near future, a section of the complete file, containing details of articles appearing in the principal medical journals over a period of over eighteen months, will be available for direct access to Sydney University research workers through the Department's computer network. This revised scheme will carry out a search for a research worker sitting at a console. The present system, which is operated through a network of libraries, inevitably results in a delay of several weeks between the time a request for a search is made and the return of the results of the search. Among the various research projects being carried out in the Department may be mentioned the computer generation of colour movies. The early phases of this project were carried out in conjunction with Professor Bird of the Department of Aeronautical Engineering, and exploited the advantages of having the Department's machines connected in a network. Computations are carried out on one machine, and stored temporarily on magnetic disc units controlled by a second machine. The results of the computation are then displayed on a third machine, which also controls the movie camera.

12 THE CHATTERTON ASTRONOMY DEPARTMENT

The Chatterton Department's Stellar Interferometer at Narrabri has had a busy and productive year. As it approaches the end of its work, in December 1971, it has done all that was hoped for, and more. The original aim of the work was to measure, remember for the first time, the angular diameters of hot stars and to find their temperatures. All this has been done with complete success; it has measured a carefully chosen sample of hot stars. The results are widely used by astrophysicists and represent a unique contribution to stellar astronomy of permanent value. An account of the work at Narrabri is to be found in most modern textbooks of astronomy and optics; it has even found its way into the major encyclopedias. But is this the end?—should the work be carried on? The Chatterton Department has looked at this question and has concluded that, if possible, we should maintain our lead in this new branch of observational astronomy and build a larger interferometer in Australia. There are many really new things, things which no one else can do, which could be done. To mention only two: First, the now well-known work at Narrabri on the double star Spica has shown how to measure the precise distance of a star well beyond the limit of classical methods of parallax; Secondly, calculations show that the distances of many Cepheid variables, the "standard candles" of the astronomer, could be measured directly by means of a large interferometer. Those who know enough about astronomy will realize that it is precisely in the measurement of distances that the observational methods are weakest and that either of these applications, alone, would justify the construction of a fairly large instrument. In short we are convinced that a larger instrument should, if possible, be built and we seek a partner in this enterprise. The cost is too high for us alone, furthermore, a costly instrument should be open to all users. We are therefore seeking the help of the Federal Government in the hope, the earnest hope, that we may jointly seize this unique opportunity to make an original and valuable contribution by Australia to modern astronomy. Perhaps we should add that a related concern of the Chatterton Astronomy Department is still the construction of an optical telescope, and we have referred to this on previous occasions. However, the choice of the instrument and its site must necessarily await a decision on a larger interferometer. A telescope of modest size would be needed as an essential auxiliary to a large interferometer to augment the existing data on stars in the southern hemisphere. On the other hand, if an interferometer were not to be built, perhaps a different type of instrument or a different site might be chosen. We must await the outcome of our approach to the Federal Government before we can take this question further.

THE ASTROPHYSICS DEPARTMENT

The Astrophysics Department has had another fruitful year, highlighted by the successful completion of some long-term investigations which began shortly after the Mills Cross radiotelescope was put into operation. These investigations include extensive studies of the radio emission and structure of a complete sample of bright southern galaxies, the accurate measurement of the positions of several hundred faint radio sources and the first identifications of more than 100 of them with distant quasars or galaxies and, finally, extremely precise measurements of the positions of a few hundred strong 'calibrating' radio sources and the corresponding precise measurements of their optical positions when they could be identified with optical objects. This last project has involved collaboration with the Inter-American Observatory at Cerro Tololo in Chile to secure photographs of some of the southern source fields. For the more northern fields the comprehensive photographs of the 'Palomar Sky Atlas' have been used and it has been found that, without realizing it, astronomers throughout the world have had readily available for many years a source of very precise optical positions. A simple and cheap measuring machine constructed in the School of Physics when used with the Sky Atlas photographs, has given positions of accuracy comparable with the best obtained in overseas observatories. These photographs were also used in making the 100 new identifications with quasars and galaxies, previously mentioned. Unfortunately, further work on the physical nature of these very distant objects is precluded by our lack of a telescope to measure their optical spectra. Thus the provision for the School of Physics of an optical telescope of at least 40in. aperture fitted with modern sophisticated instrumentation remains a most pressing need of the Department.

13 At The Annual Dinner

CHANCELLOR PRAISES SCIENCE FOUNDATION'S ROLE IN FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH

Proposing the toast to the Foundation at the Annual Dinner on March 17, 1971, the Chancellor of the University of Sydney, Mr H. D. Black, said:

J.F you will, as the Chairman has asked you, read the Annual Report, I think you will see that the resources placed at the disposal of the Foundation have been allocated into fields in all of which there is a story to be told of advance, in terms of the things to which Universities are in fact devoted—knowledge and pushing out into space the bounds of understanding of the phenomena that are wrapped up under the general term of physics. I had the opportunity last year for example of seeing just two parts of some of the work, and I select these, not because they have a special prominence or priority over what is done. I was able to see something of the work done on cosmic rays at the stations throughout the Pilliga State Forest and the work that is associated with Professor Hanbury Brown's scrutiny of the many stars within the range of his stellar intensity interferometer. And here in all cases one has that experience which comes with contact with fundamental research, the sense of deep inner excitement that something of the unknown is in process of being conquered and brought within the bounds of human understanding. It is a peculiar characteristic of the Science Foundation that through it are funnelled into fundamental research the resources which ultimately expand man's understanding of the universe within which he lives. Many years' ago, Bertrand Russell, in his little book "Icarus", remarked upon the dual aspect of the increase in human knowledge. He said that there were two aspects associated with the increase in human knowledge—the first, what might be called the implemental aspect. Increases in knowledge themselves increase man's power over his environment. It is in a sense the power aspect of knowledge, the feature of knowledge that gives you control; it is something which goes with knowledge, that it may be applied, used, adapted. That is one sense aspect; but it was not this aspect to which Russell drew chief attention. The other aspect, he said, any was that with the advance of knowledge there was brought into existence a change in man's conception resea of the universe about him. Whether it was of man or beast, of society or of thing, whether it was resoi of star or of the substance of the universe, wherever the probing intelligence of man thrust itself resea into, and by enquiry sought an understanding of any range of phenomena, physical or otherwise, resea the resulting discoveries did in effect change roan's conception of the universe. And if you look towa at some of the great moments in the history of science, this you know to be the case. And in its withs way, by channelling funds into the University of Sydney's School of Physics, in its varied activities, r those this is part of that great human adventure of discovery, which in its way yields a changed view of that the universe about us. Whatever it may do otherwise, in terms of giving us increased control over Four that universe, how that power is used of course calls also upon our moral stature, our conceptions then of beauty, our ideas of what is just and fair and right; but in the intellectual sense the resources so enqu placed at the disposal of the Foundation do contribute to that fundamental change in man's to us understanding, which is part of his whole process of discovering where and how he stands in the whic! world about him. has I

14 At the Foundation's 17th Annual Dinner the Hon. F. M. Hewitt, M.L.C., State Minister for Child and Social Welfare and Advisory Minister for Transport, and a Fellow of the University Senate, with Professor Bruce R. Williams, Vice-Chancellor and Principal of the University of Sydney.

It is important that that kind of fundamental research go on and that it go on in an unbroken sense, not subject to the vicissitudes of the economic climate of the moment. It would be stupid of any community, of any organisation, to impose upon any organisation gathering resources for research, fluctuations in terms of the current state of the economy as such, that when it boomed resources were large, when it slackened off resources were equally cut back. Fundamental research should not have a kind of inbuilt business cycle of support within it. Fundamental research needs continual pressure against the unknown, supported by unbroken resources flowing towards that end, and it is a matter of great satisfaction that the Foundation has managed, not withstanding the vicissitudes of the Australian economy and through those vicissitudes its effect upon those of you who represent firms and organisations. It is, I think, a matter of great congratulation that notwithstanding those changed circumstances the steady volume of loyal support of the Foundation has been maintained, and I thank you for it. I think that is in line with the needs of the nature of enquiry itself, and insofar as you accept that kind of obligation to under-pin continuous enquiry, it gives us a basis on which we can plan forward in confidence of known resources flowing to us, unchecked by any hesitancy about whether we can in fact afford to plan ahead for expenditures which may demand funds not available if people are a bit nervy about the future. Your support has been steady, and the research has consequentially been steady also.

15 Seated at the top table at' the Foundation's Annual Dinner are (I. to r.) Mr W. M. Leonard, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Ampol Petroleum Limited, and a former Chairman of the Science Foundation; Mr H. D. Black, Chancellor of the University of Sydney; Sir Robert Norman, Director and Chief General Manager of the Bank of New South Wales and Chairman of the Science Foundation for Physics; The Hon. F. M. Hewitt, M.L.C.; Professor Bruce R. Williams; Mr J. L. O'Sullivan, United States Consul General; Professor H. Messel (speaking); Mr L. J. Hooker, Chairman, Hooker Corporation Limited; and Mr T. J. N. Foley, Chairman, W. D. & H. O. Wills (Atist.) Ltd and a former Chairman of the Science Foundation.

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Having said that, I think I should just quote, if you'll forgive me, a remark made in answer to a question that I put to him at Narrabri when I asked Professor Hanbury Brown, what now that he had virtually completed the measurement of a multitude of outer stars in the manner he had wished. And he replied, in a sweet and I thought modest voice, to the effect that all he needed now was another four million dollars. I do not believe in undertargeting a reply, and the plain fact of the matter is that if one has in fact reached a certain point in one's grasp of the world about one, who is it to say that the cost of going further must be cheaper on the morrow, and four million dollars is peanuts in a country that has now before it the measure of growth-potential opening up in this country in the decade of the seventies. So I repeat that the figure is four million dollars in one section only of the Science Foundation's support for the work done within the School of Physics in this University. The second thing I think I should say is that the Universities of Australia contemplate 1971, so far as the financial problems that they confront, with nothing other than the simple fundamental emotion of apprehension. There is no question but that our Universities for this year are confronted by a problem in the financial sphere which calls for a determination of the priority in terms of Government policy as a whole, given them by Governments, State and Federal, to help us continue with what is one of the fundamentally important features of the development of this country, namely, the tertiary education of our young people. No one can but recognise the transformation that has come over public attitudes in relation to education, no one should underestimate the extent to which, as is proper in a democratic .-I' community, State and Federal Governments have responded to that changed attitude in terms of the growth of assistance by finance and other forms of aid that they have accorded. It is not an ungenerous response, and it is not on my part suggesting ingratitude, if I say that what is given feeds the appetite for more, and that the need of the hour is for more; and that we are in a sense

17 caught in a situation where the growth of costs against us, and the inability, the inflexibility of our incomes is such that some ultimate initiative is required, based upon a real priority that, as it were, removes the Universities of this country from being involved in the fluctuating fiscal policies of the Federal Government. It is, I think, pretty intolerable that when in fact there have to be fluctuations in policy, as I recognise are essential, these fluctuations sometimes embrace and almost engulf Universities in the movements of expenditure up and down, in such a way that makes educational planning impossible. I do think the new Government has in a sense a chance to set a set of priorities in operation relating to the problem that confronts the Universities of Australia. The third thing I want to say is that we all recognise the fact that we have something that is called by the somewhat vague term, an inflationary situation. Time was when the term inflation was given a fairly simple meaning: it was a persistent and substantial rise in a certain price level. That is to say, it was not a rise in the price level, simply that it was a persistent one and a substantial one. We have for example in Australia in recent years accepted, albeit not always without some murmurs, a movement of prices sometimes 2\% to 3% per annum, and grumbles there have been, and sometimes statements to the effect that we have a situation of inflation. But when it becomes persistent and substantial, then normally we apply the term to such a situation. Naturally, in these circumstances, people seek for causes, and when one looks at the attempt to analyse the causes of this situation and to discover how it comes that Universities are now involved in the consequences of these causes, one is reminded of a very famous remark of the late President Kennedy. "Success," Kennedy said, "has a thousand fathers; failure is an orphan." When in fact the economy functions well, few there are who have not moved forward to say, it was my doing or I had a part in it, but when in fact it functions ill and there are evidences of some excess pressure upon our resources, it is amazing how many people were not present at the birth. And yet, this is the situation at the present moment. We know that one group of arguments stresses the fact that excess pressures have been let loose upon the resources of this community, there has been pointed out the increase in public expenditure, additionally there has been pointed out the very buoyant level until fairly recently in private investment in the private sector. There has been pointed out also the fact that these, plus the especially active developments in the field of construction, all have added pressures in the economy which add up to the theory that most of it is due to an excess of demand which has in some sense been partly attributable to Government policy, particularly at the Federal level.

COST-TYPE INFLATION There is a second line of argument that of course has developed lately, namely that it's not a demand-type inflation but a cost-type inflation. That it has been due to the thrust of costs arising and in particular attributed to decisions by the Arbitration Commission. And indeed the bone was pointed in that direction rather unmistakably recently. This has of course involved a controversy in which leaders of labour and of unions have argued that the decision was one that gave simply the legitimate claims of labour its due, and that the subsequent price rises were not in fact attributable to the income increase given to workers at the wage-taking level, but due to what has been called the oligopolistic or relatively non-competitive nature of Australian industry; that immediately the wage-increase takes place, there is ai upward movement of prices because a large number of firms with a certain amount of marker power exercise that power in the form of covering the cost by raising prices. Intellectually this involves the assumption that they weren't using that power in the first place, but it is an argument which has been attributed by at least one fairly vocal spokesman for the trade unions. So that there are differences of analysis: those arguing that the pressures have been attributable to misjudgement in terms of total demand, the Government being one of the people who can be argued as responsible, and others trying to shift it onto the cost side, arguing that its due to a malfunctioning of one of our institutions. And in this kind of situation you have what a very famous philosopher, F. H. Bradley, once described as a case of half-truths angrily denying each other. We need, in other words, a far more scientific, non-interested approach to the problem, an inspection of what the facts an, in terms simply of what is the situation, in the same candid sense as physicists inspect what is there or what is out there, so in the scientific field of the discussion of the economy as it involves economists, as it involves universities. The same candor, independent of the interests involved, is needed in analysing the workings of the way the economy v/3 live in functions and is called upon to function in relation to demands put upon it. It is, I think, remarkable that, notwithstanding the problems which many oi you in the public and private sector have encountered as a result of these inflationary forces, you have in fact maintained the level of assistance you have given the Science Foundation. It would have been easy for you to have taken the soft option of saying, "our current financial problems are such that we must in fact economise in that direction since the pressures on our expenditures are

18 Sir Robert Norman, Chairman of the Science Foundation, with Mr C. R. Hall, the Foundation's first Hon. Secretary, the Hon. J. B. Renshaw, M.L.A., and Mr H. D. Huyer, Chairman and Managing Director, Philips Industries Ltd, at the Annual Dinner. such that we cannot spare it for you". It is, I think, to the credit of those who have supported the Foundation, that this has not been the response, that in a sense, judging the need and the value of this kind of activity to be what it is, they have maintained their support despite the strain and despite the demand upon the resources placed upon organisations by these changed circumstances. I commend that approach and I hope that it holds through what may be the action necessary to be taken by the Government in terms of bringing the economy into some sort of balance. The fourth thing I want to say arises as a result of one proposition which can be found in the Annual Report, and I draw your attention to it. If you care to look at what has been written, the hand is the hand of Esau and the \oice is the voice of Jacob, but you'll notice that in one place there is drawn to your attention the number of students who in fact attend in Physics in the University of Sydney, will draw your attention to the fact that 40% of all first-year students entering the University of Sydney, take first-year physics. I think you must look ahead, ladies and gentlemen, to a future in which the variety of options open to students in Universities, this one included, is such that students will increasingly make their choices according less to past patterns and more in terms of their developing and diversifying interests. I believe that in fact we are slowly moving out of a situation where patterns of choice by students, in terms of, as it were, routines of subject composition for their degrees, will be replaced by students increasingly wanting to do "their particular thing" in the University. Universities, as their range of options widens, will find that students will spread themselves more. It will be a good thing in some sense because some subjects will command fewer numbers, and the smaller, less selected subjects may command more students. In a curious way this may even improve staff-student ratios as they move into areas previously not

19 so much selected. But the point I want to make is that this sort of growing need for diversification in choices within universities is not something which universities can satisfy unless they are under- pinned by resources made available to them as a result of their submissions for the triennia to the Australian Universities Commission. The Commission itself, as it were, needs to have its ear close to the ground. I am not suggesting that it should try to respond, as it were, to the demands of "the customers"—treating the students as the customers—but what I am suggesting is that each Commission report, in a sense, should take account of the fact that each generation of new students is not simply a carbon copy of the tastes, preferences, interests, wants, desires, needs or scientific choices of subjects; that it must be met by increased variety in what we can in fact offer. We can recognise it, yet we cannot provide it unless the resources come ultimately to us through the assistance of the A.U.C. This may mean that in time a figure such as the 40% quoted in the Annual Report falls to perhaps a figure of 30%. This would not be a matter of some sorrow I think, for the Science Foundation, nor indeed for the School of Physics, for it would simply be the obverse of the coin of L\! \&1 a greater diversification taking place in the activity of the university as a whole, in response to the kind of students that we have coming forward to us. In a sense, it would be a sign that we were doing what universities aim to do, namely, to provide opportunities in which the potentialities of people, not all made according to a pattern, found outlets in choices possible within an ever richer university environment. Let me put it to you in a simple fashion. If you look at the upbringing of the great writer, to whom we turn when we think of the concept of liberty, John Stuart Mill, you will find that his father put him through, what he felt, was the basic and quite draconian series of chosen subjects of the time. The famous writer Isaiah Berlin says that this experiment upon John Stuart Mill was, what he called, an appalling success. Mill read, as you know, Greek at five, Latin and algebra at nine, he wf.s a master at most of what his father chose him to read in tho early ages, much earlier than any of our precocious children. But the old man denied him access, denied him, mark you, access to poetry. He was not to have his heart sing outward with reading poetry, it was not to read of religion in any form, nor was it to be in any sense connected with philosophical or metaphysical enquiry; that is what the father laid down, a limited range of choice. What was the consequence in Mill's life of this limited pattern of choice, like the limited patterns that universities can offer? What was it in the early twenties? Mill in his autobiography tells us that he was uncertain, that he went through a period of despair, that he was profoundly unhappy. And then as he gradually thought about his own upbringing what then happened and what was Mill's response? Professor Berlin says very simply, he revolted. And in what form did that revolt take place? Mill turned to all the things that he had been denied, *.ie immersed himself in poetry, he turned to the reading of the philosophers, he ranged across the whole known offerings of knowledge then open to him, and he came ultimately to the conclusion that what was most important in life was diversity, variety, opportunity for human nature to reach its full potential, and in his autobiography he finished by saying that individuals and society, need the opportunity to engage in education in what he called, and I quote his words, "innumerable and conflicting directions". It is v/hen a university can offer "innumerable and conflicting directions" that it gives the opportunity for the potential within human nature to reach its fullest and fairest flowering. Insofar as this Foundation has by its support of one of those opportunities, in the varieties offering in the School of Physics, given that chance to human nature to reach out in "innumerable and even conflicting directions" it has done something profoundly useful for the youth of this country, and it is to the Foundation that has done that, that I ask you to "stand and drink the toast with me.

Mr S. E. Science Fc Dinner tal retired as become hi Leonard, < c

20 Mr S. E. Chatterton, Deputy-Chairman of the Science Foundation for Physics, at the Annual Dinner talking with Miss Rita Knight, who has retired as Secretary to Professor Messel to become his Personal Assistant, and Mr W. M. Leonard, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Ampol Petroleum Limited.

21 CALIBRE OF STUDENT IS FINAL MEASURE OF OUR SUCCESS — MESSEL

At the request of the Chairman, Sir Robert Norman, Professor Messel responded to the toast. He said:

X\BOUT a month or so ago, each of you received a copy of our annual review, "The Nucleus", giving you a picture of the affairs of the Science Foundation for the past year. This evening you received a copy of a six-page report, known as the Chairman's and Director's Report. It is a lengthy document. I commend it to you for reading. It tells, I hope you'll agree with me, a wonderful story of what the Foundation has accomplished in its 17 years through the magnificent support which you have given. I hope it will inspire you to continue supporting us on the scale on which you have supported us in the past. I shall not take the trouble of going through this report point by point, but I hope it will give you some pride, along with ourselves, in the successes of this Foundation which all of you made possible. The second thing to which I wish to draw your attention is another document which no one, except Oscar Guth and I, has seen until this evening. This is a brochure entitled "Honouring Excellence", the motto of the Science Foundation. This booklet has been produced after the Science Foundation's International Science Schools had run for some 10 years. Many of you are aware that our efforts in tlus field are known, probably as well as any other single educational endeavour, around the world and have received acclaim considerable. We felt that after 10 years it was the duty of the Foundation to produce a document which would record historically the names of all the previous winners of the Science Foundatitn Scholarships, as well as give an historic and photographic record of those Science Schools. The booklet thus provides a complete record of what has happened in connection with these wonderful Schools of ours, and I hope that you will look through it and will show it also to your family and friends—with some pride. The final thing I wish to talk to you about is one very important point which is highlighted, both by the Report and by the booklet: It is the calibre of student who has been supported by the Science Foundation. The final judgement of the success or otherwise of this Foundation is and will always be determined by the calibre of student which it produces,and turns out from the University. This is the final judgement. This is the basis on which we wish to be judged by those people who pass judgement. I just wish to draw attention to the fact that, as the years have passed, this Foundation has been turning out an ever increasing number of young men and women who have gone into important posts in this country and overseas, very senior posts indeed. I shall just quote one example: We have in my School at the present moment a young man—I remember him when he was still sitting in the front row of the Physics I lectures just a few years' back. He is 29 years old, and his name is Bruce McKellar. His father is a postmaster in one of the outback towns

22 Professor Messel in conversation at the Annual Dinner at the ^Menzies Hotel, Sydney, on March 17, 1971, with Mr L. J. Hooker. Below, Mr J. A. Macpherson, Sydney Manager of- The Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Limited and a member of the Foundation Council, talks with Mr R. H. Whitecross, Assistant Registrar, University of Sydney.

23 in N S W This boy whom we educated, encouraged and helped, has just been appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the University of Melbourne as one of the youngest professors m Australia. This really warms my heart. I hope it warms yours, too. Just in the past two months, after advertising a lecturer's position in our School, and after receiving an incredible number of very fine applications we appointed to that lectureship a boy by the name of Brian James, one of the most brilliant young men we've had enter our School. It so happens that Brian James is also one of our former International Science Scholars and if you 11 look at the brochure—a good many years back—he was one of the youngsters who attained one of our scholarships. At the present moment in the School of Physics we have 28 people in the Postgraduate School working for their Masters degree and Doctorates, who are former International Science Scholars. This is an incredible achievement. Sitting in this audience tonight are a few other interesting people, such as for instance Brian O'Brien. Brian O'Brien is a fellow who is of particular interest to me: He was our first Ph.D. student. Brian did a wonderful job as a student. He then went to the Antarctic, and after that to the United States where he became Professor of Space Sciences at Rice University. He became very intimately concerned with the American space programme, came back to us as a visitor, and is sitting here tonight. Many of you are aware he has just been appointed Director of Environmental Protection for the Government of Western Australia, directly responsible to the Premier, and during the next month or so he will be taking over that very important post at a salary considerably greater than that of most of the people in our University, including myself. Brian, we congratulate you. We are proud of you. Wl NEW DIRECTOR OF FIRST-YEAR COURSES FO AN We also have in the audience this evening another former student of ours. Before I mention his name, just let me tell you a story. When I first came to Sydney, as many of you in the Science Foundation will remember, we brought over a distinguished group of scientists, many of them Australians, others British and American, from overseas to help build up our School. One of the men whom 1 brought into the school in those days as a Reader was Professor E. P. George who is now the Head of the School of Physics at the University of New South Wales. During his lectures sometimes students in a particularly unruly class would throw chalk and darts. Paul would be writing on the board and a piece of chalk would hit him. He would turn around and look. The person who could throw the chalk would have to be sitting in the front row. Yet all Paul could see was one individual sitting there with a priest's collar on his neck and a pious look on his face. So it couldn't be him. Then a dart would hit the board and Paul would turn around again and there would be this cleric sitting there looking very pious again. Only many years later did we realise that this fellow's name was Brian Mclnnes, who later became a very well-known Australian scientist. He gave up the "cloth", so to speak, took up a scientific career and did very well in this field throughout Australia, went to the University at Queensland, and just in the past two months we have appointed him back T into our School to one of our most important posts, that of Director of First-Year Courses. Brian, we're really thrilled to have you with us again and am sure the students will be pleased, too. of ii exce I could go on ali evening mentioning this sort of thing to you. Another one of our very young lads who came up through the Science Foundation route is Chris Wallace who now holds the Chair of Computing Science at Monash University. Still another instance is Max Brehnan who now holds the Chair of Physics at the Flinders University in Adelaide. I have not bothered mentioning all those who are not Professors; there are hundreds of them. We certainly have helped to "populate" the Universities in Australia and elsewhere in the world. Gentlemen, this is where your true pay-off comes. Just look at the young men which the University of Sydney, with your help, has produced, and just think of the ramifications of what those young men in responsible positions in this country are going to do. Please don't ask me what are we getting out of it. You are getting plenty, the nation is getting plenty and it's going to continue getting it years after all of us have passed away. β^j & B I'm going to close my speech by thanking you, Mr Chancellor, for your words of wisdom and by thanking all of you supporters, for being with us here this evening.

24 WHAT IS THE SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND WHAT DOES IT DO?

Th. C Science Foundation for Physics is a voluntary philanthropic association of individuals and public and private organisations dedicated to the pursuit of excellence in science education.

Its main constitutional objectives are:

• To support, promote, foster, and develop, financially and otherwise, scientific research in the School of Physics of the University of Sydney.

• To support and encourage science education and the training of scientists and technologists in the School and in Australia generally.

• To make and solicit donations, gifts, and bequests to the University of Sydney for these purposes.

25 WHEN AND BY WHOM THE FOUNDATION WAS ESTABLISHED

A HE Foundation—the first such organisation in the British Commonwealth—was inaugurated on March 12, 1954. Its inaugural meeting, held in the Great Hall of the University of Sydney, followed many months of careful planning and the ratification of the Foundation's constitution by the Senate of the University of Sydney on June 8, 1953. Although mainly concerned with the School of Physics of the University, the national importance of the Foundation was underlined by the presence at its inauguration of the then Federal Treasurer, Sir Arthur Fadden, representing the Commonwealth Government, the then Premier of New South Wales, the late Mr J. J. Cahill, the then Premier of South Australia. Sir Thomas Playford, and many other distinguished personalities. The establishment of the Foundation followed within twelve months the appointment of Canadian Professor Harry Messel to the Chair of Physics at the University. "It was his idea," said the University's Vice-Chancellor, Professor Sir Stephen Roberts, in his opening address at the inauguration, "that industry and the University could combine within a research foundation with great mutual benefit. And it was his energy and enthusiasm which have been responsible for the setting up of the Foundation. "Never before has the University needed so much the active co-operation of the community it serves, and I venture to suggest that never before has the community needed so much the services of thf University in ... what no doubt will be known as the atomic age," Professor Roberts said. "The Senate, when it invited Professor Messel to accept the Chair of Physics, agreed to appoint 12 new permanent members of the academic staff to the School of Physics; a grant of over $40,000 for equipment and research was made from the Sir Hugh Denison Foundation; a substantial sum of money was set aside to provide research studentships and fellowships for Australian and overseas graduates; and a sum of $90,000 is being spent on modernising the building containing the School of Physics. But Professor Messel found that these sums of money were insufficient to do all that must be done ... Hence the idea of the Science Foundation for Physics was conceived by means of which industry would support the University and the University would keep industry well informed of (science) developments, train young men and carry out fundamental research." Four generous gifts set the Foundation off to a good start. On February 12, 1954, the late Sir Adolph Basser, a prominent Sydney businessman, donated $100,000 for the establishment of a computing laboratory now known as the Basser Computing Department of the School of Physics. Three weeks later the late Mr G. B. S. Falkiner, of "Haddon Rig", Warren, N.S.W., made a similar donation of $100,000, which was used for setting up the School's Falkiner Nuclear Department, named in memory of his father, the late Mr F. B. S. Falkiner. The third and fourth gifts, each of $100,000, were made at the inauguration meeting by Mr Cahill on behalf of the N.S.W. Government, and by Sir Arthur Fadden, on behalf of the Federal Government. The meeting elected as first chairman of the Foundation, Mr R. G. C. Parry-Okeden, managing director of Lysaghts and representative of the Chamber of Manufactures of N.S.W. Mr Parry- Okeden also became the first chairman of the Foundation's governing body, its Council, whose other inaugural members were: Mr (later Sir) James N. Kirby, then Managing Director of James N. Kirby Pty Ltd (Dep. Chairman). Mr W. G. Walkley, Managing Director of Ampol Petroleum Ltd. Mr G. B. S. Falkiner, Grazier. Mr E. G. Boyd, Managing Director of Mount Morgan Ltd. Mr (now Sir) Frank Packer, Managing Director of Consolidated Press. Mr G. C. Crane, Chairman of Directors, Australian Gas Light Co. Mr T. G. Crane, Managing Director, Monsanto Chemicals (Aust.) Ltd. Professor H. Messel (ex oificio). Other ex-ofBcio members of the first Council of the Foundation were the Chancellor of the University, Sir Charles Bickerton Blackburn, the Deputy Chancellor, DΓ C. G. McDonald, the Vice-Chancellor, Professor Sir Stephen Roberts, the Registrar of the University, Mr W. H. Maze, and the Hon. Secretary, Mr C. R. Hall.

26 WHAT THE FOUNDATION HAS ACHIEVED SO FAR

JVlGHT from its inception the activities of the Foundation paved the way for Australia having an atomic energy research programme at all and for the establishment of the Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering. It was the Foundation which first brought together the Australian community—industry and the public—and the University in an effort to serve the mutual interests of both in science and thus in the development, progress, and growth of Australia. The main means by which the Foundation has succeeded in making the Australian public more science-conscious, thereby increasing the numbers of those wishing to become much needed scientists and technologists, included— (1) Continual appeal for the pursuit of excellence and encouragement of a higher standard of science education. (2) Scholarships—any student who obtains a first-class honours degree in Physics at any Australian University is offered a scholarship to do postgraduate work at the School of Physics of the University of Sydney. (3) Annual televised Science Schools for teachers and high school students (these schools became international five years ago). (4) Publication of scientific papers, articles, lecture-course and textbooks. Foremost among the latter are: Science For High School Students—a two-volume work of more than 1,000 pages integrating the four sciences of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology for 1st to 4th year high school use to the School Certificate. (New revised edition, 1970.) Science For High School Students Teachers' Manual—a teachers' aide companion volume to the textbook. (New, revised edition, 1970.) Abridged Science For High School Students—a shortened version of the main textbook, covering the Modified, Ordinary and Ordinary (Credit) study levels only whereas the main book covers the entire revised science syllabus approved by the Secondary Schools Board. (New, revised edition, 1971.) Senior Science for High School Students—a three-part work covering Physics, Chemistry and Biology respectively, for 5th and 6th year high school use, extending science study to the Higher School Certificate and matriculation requirements. Senior Science For High School Students Teachers' Manual—the teachers' aide companion to the three senior books. It was through the efforts and funds of the Science Foundation that a world-standard research programme was embarked upon by the School of Physics to give Australian students study opportunities that before they could find only abroad, and to attract to Australia world-ranking scientists to carry out and develop this ambitious programme. The most spectacular achievement of the Foundation is that it has made possible the development of the School of Physics of the University of Sydney into one of the leading such schools in the world and a partner in the new Cornell-Sydney University Astronomy Centre. Finally, the Foundation in supporting fundamental research in the School of Physics, concerns itself with making readily available to Australian industry such results as may lend themselves to useful practical applications. The School of Physics is frequently consulted by Australian industry on such specialised equipment as lasers, energy sources, and high quality microwave receivers. Technical help is always freely given. The School, in the revision of its Physics III courses necessitated by the Wyndham Scheme wave, is paying particular attention to the developing needs of industry for scientific and technical staff.

27 TEACHING IN THE SCHOOL OF PHYSICS

JL HE work of the School of Physics can roughly be divided in two—the teaching and the research aspects. All persons concerned with research in the School aiso take an active part in its teaching activities. There are also certain members of staff whose interests lie mainly in the field of teaching. In first and second years, where the School deals with particularly large numbers of students, the organising of laboratory and lecture courses is for these members of staff a full-time job. The responsibilities and functions of teaching and training in the School are briefly: • Ph.D. courses and research facilities which train research leaders for industry, Government and for the academic staff of institutions of tertiary education. This last has been an important task for the School of Physics in the past years of great university expansion in Australia. With further expansion of tertiary education, and in particular of colleges of advanced education, it will no doubt continue to be of importance. • M.Sc. courses, like those for a Ph.D., provide training in research. M.Sc. graduates have in the past gone into research and development within industry, government establishments and other Universities, also into secondary and technological teaching. • B.Sc. Honours aud Pass. These undergraduate courses provide the basic training of the physicist. Honours graduates, who do not proceed to the post-graduate degrees of M.Sc. or Ph.D., and pass graduates are required in industry for development and control work, as research assistants, as secondary school-teachers and in a wide variety of semi-administrative roles where a scientific training is called for. • Service courses are provided by the School of Physics for many other University faculties and departments. • Computing courses in the School of Physics are constantly expanding due to the enormous increase in the use of computers in Australia and the consequent requirement of large numbers of trained people in this field. The School of Physics, which has been the first university institution in Australia to teach this new science, is doing its utmost to keep in step with the ever-growing demand for computer personnel training.

TEACHING STRUCTURE

The undergraduate and postgraduate teaching aspects in the School of Physics overlap in fourth year which provides the transition from teaching to research work. Research work in the School is organised in six interrelated research departments, each under its own professorial head. The research fields have been selected to stimulate cross-fertilisation of ideas and this shows itself in seminars, laboratory discussions and in common meeting grounds in Theoretical Physics and Computer usage. Most academic staff appointments to the School of Physics are made to research departments in specific fields of research, but these staff members also take part in the undergraduate teaching. As already pointed out, some staff members are exclusively appointed for teaching and particularly the organising of the teaching load. There is however no sharp demarcation line between teaching and research.

28 FIRST YEAR

The first year courses available are Physics IA and Physics IB. Physics IA is intended for students going on to specialise in Physics or in other sciences requiring a detailed acquaintance with Physics, e.g., electrical engineering, applied mathematics and physical chemistry. The course is of high standard; in Michaelmas Term 1971, 100 students were taking this course. Physics IB is designed for all other students requiring Physics, namely students in the Faculties of Medicine, Veterinary Science, Agriculture and Dentistry, biologists, biochemists, geologists and pharmacy students in the Faculty of Science and those students in the Faculty of Engineering who do not require such an advanced course as Physics IA. In Michaelmas Term 1971, there were 1,400 students taking Physics IB. Partly on account of the large number of students in this course the lectures have been prerecorded on television videotape. This has a number of advantages: all the students get the same lecture; all students get an excellent view of the many demonstrations which are given; all the lectures are good because they have been vetted by the lecturer himself and his critical colleagues. The eight lecturers giving this course are all active members of their research departments. To maintain person to person contact between the lecturers and the students the lecturer currently appearing on TV gives a weekly mass-tutorial. In addition the students may either personally or in small groups book tutorials with other members of the teaching staff of the School of Physics. In 1971, a pilot project, involving remedial tutorial work on problem solving using audio-visual techniques and group methods, was mounted during Trinity Term. Results and student reaction are encouraging and the project will be expended in 1972.

Many students respond well to the challenge provided in the laboratory course by the use of modern techniques and instruments such as cathode ray oscilloscopes, lasers, microwaves and electronic timing apparatus. The experiments have been designed to be investigative rather than simply illustrative, and students are encouraged to be self-reliant by being given considerable freedom in the choice and organisation of their investigations. We place emphasis on the research approach, and try to show students the importance of experimental work as the basis of all science.

SECOND YEAR

Physics II is taken mainly by students in the faculties of Science and Engineering but is also available to Arts students. There are two lecture courses, IIA and IIB, and a common laboratory course. Regular problem assignments, followed by tutorial discussion of these problems, are a feature of these courses. In the laboratory course use is made of modem equipment and techniques. One whole term is spent in a co-ordinated course in electrical circuits and electronics including transistor circuitry.

THIRD AND FOURTH YEARS

The Physics IIIA course is largely orientated to the needs of those students who plan to go on to further studies in Physics. The Physics HIB course is a terminal course, specially designed to meet the needs of students who are going to positions in teaching and industry or who are returning to the Faculty of Engineering. At the end of the third year a student may proceed to take his B.Sc. Pass degree. Students who obtain a Credit in the IIIA course may be allowed to proceed with the fourth oi Honours year.

29 During the Honours year students are attached to one of the current research projects in the School for their laboratory work. A certain amount of specialisation is allowed although a common-core of courses is provided and must be taken by all Honours students. It should be pointed out here that during the first three years no specialisation is allowed. Physics can only be taught as a "unity" and this policy is closely followed in the School. Students graduating at the end of the fourth year obtain an Honours B.Sc. with Honours Class I, II or HI. Students obtaining Honours I or II may be allowed to proceed to a postgraduate year and enrol as M.Sc. students. In exceptional cases students who do well in their M.Sc. year may without submitting an M.Sc. thesis be allowed to enrol as Ph.D. students. Students obtaining Honours I may of course be allowed to enrol from the start as Ph.D. students. The work of this degree takes a minimum of an additional three years. The average period of time taken is closer to four years beyond the Honours year.

POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

Many applications to enrol for postgraduate work are received from overseas students and from graduates from other universities. Although the academic standards we require are high it has still been necessary to restrict our numbers of postgraduate students on financial grounds. While we have a considerable capital investment in equipment, in cosmic ray installations, in plasma physics sources, in the Mills Cross and the Narrabri interferometer, it is difficult to secure the necessary finances to pay the technicians to maintain this equipment and to make extensions proven necessary from the research. In the computer field the Basser Department of the School conducts courses leading to a postgraduate diploma (Diploma in Numerical Analysis and Automatic Computing) and offers a course, Computing Science, to Science and General Science students in the third year of their Science courses. A fourth (Honours) year in Computer Science was introduced in 1967. Research projects leading to a Ph.D. or an M.Sc. degree (or, if suitable arrangements can be made, appropriate equivalents in other faculties, e.g., the degree of M.Eng.Sc, in the Faculty of Engineering) may be carried out under the supervision of members of the Department staff.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

Research students enrolling in postgraduate courses are usually supported financially through competitive Commonwealth and University studentships available to them, at an annual value of $2,350. In addition there are prestige awards such as the General Motors-Holden scholarships, C.S.I.R.O. studentships, the G. J. Coles scholarships and the Rothmans scholarships. There always appears a number of special cases of students who are not eligible for scholarship awards for a variety of reasons including residency, timing, etc. In such cases the School of Physics may give the students financial support through a Teaching Fellowship appointment (around $4,000, p.a. taxable) or by help from the Science Foundation for Physics. This help however is not given to students of a lower standard than that necessary for the award of a Commonwealth postgraduate studentship. .

1, .Z. r*-' :~" RESEARCH AND POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

OOME 17 years ago, when the Foundation was established, the postgraduate school in Physics in the University of Sydney was practically non-existent. The number of students coming forward for degrees in Physics were few and of these the best who were interested in pursuing postgraduate work invariably left for overseas. One of the Foundation's first tasks, therefore, was to stop the drift of young Australians overseas, to bring back some of the best of the young Australians who had left, and, if possible, even to get some of the best overseas students to pursue postgraduate studies in the University of Sydney's School of Physics. To do this it was necessary to establish a postgraduate group consisting of scientists of world repute to work in specially chosen fields of endeavour, and in which Australian research could lead and not just follow. The key was first-class staff—staff who were respected for their scientific work the world over. The co-operation in this regard during the past 17 years by the University of Sydney and the Foundation has resulted in the School of Physics establishing a high international reputation as a physics research centre. Scientists from all corners of the globe have joined and are continuing to join the staff and graduate students of the School and many brilliant Australians have been brought back to this country. Today the School of Physics is training and retraining students not only from the University of Sydney but also from other Australasian Universities. In addition, the School has for some time now been drawing many of its postgraduate students from overseas—from Britain, the United States, Canada, New Zealand^ Japan, and Europe. At present there are some 60 postgraduate students in the School. The research effort of the School of Physics is organised in six departments under Professor H. Messel, and a seventh Department—of Environmental Physics—has l>een authorised by the University Senate and is in the process of being established (see pages 2 to 6 of this issue). The six departments form an integrated research programme and their work is closely linked and has been chosen with that purpose, in mind. It is felt that by carefully choosing special fields of research work, Australia can be a worla* leader in these. Financed to a major proportion by the Foundation, the research effort in the School should allow Australia to make an ever-increasing contribution to the furthering of new knowledge in these fields. The six Research Departments of the School of Physics are: 0 The Daily Telegraph Theoretical Department, headed by Professor Stuart T Butler, Pli.D., D.Sc, F.A.A. Q The Falkiner Nuclear (Research) Department, headed by Professor C. B. A. McCuskerj, D.Sc, M.R.I.A. © The Basser Department of Computer Science, headed by Professor J. M. Bennett, B.E., B.Scii Ph.D. !1 " O The Wills Plasma Physics (Thermonuclear) Department, headed by Professor Charles N. Watson-Munro, O.B.E., D.Sc., M.T.E.E., F.InstP., F.A.A.

\ - • - © The Chatterton Astronomy Department, headed by Professor R. Hanbury Brown, D.I.C.- D.Scjt, F;R.S., F.A.A*, F.R.A.S. - O The Astrophysics Department, headed by Professor B. Y. Mills, M.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., FA-4-

' " • " ' -.'-""•* 1 • • •- •:••'- "31 . - THE " DAILY TELEGRAPH" THEORETICAL DEPARTMENT

STAFF POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS As a di Professor S. T. Butler D. W. E. Blatt of top-fligh Professor R. M. May M. A. Box but also bi Dr I. M. Bassett A. G. Bromley community. DΓ R. G. Hewitt H. N. Comins At the Dr I. D. S. Johnston N. F. Cramer G. N. Epstein (1) Low Em K.King Fo B. R. W. Lederer collisio B. L. Martin strippii I. R. Nicholls of sue P. Pick experin G. C. Vorlicek nature Ai solutio many which of co provide of nucl Y HE Daily Telegraph Theoretical Physics Department was established in 1959, with the appointment of the of Professor S. T. Butler. It was financed with the aid of the Foundation, in particular with a gift for the of $100,000 by Sir Frank Packer, Managing Director of Consolidated Press Ltd, owners of the Sydaey (b) goii Daily Telegraph. interact experin: Active work in the field of theoretical physics pre-dates the formal establishment of the department. In the early 19S0's, Professor Messel "captured" a brilliant trio of theoreticians— (2) Plasma J John Blatt, Stuart Butler, and Robert Shafroth—whose work, on superconductivity in particular, Pa: first brought the Sydney University School of Physics into the first class of world-ranking research Physics institutions. hydrod of shoe Since then, two members of the department have been honoured by the Australian Academy of Ot Science. Professor Butler was awarded the Academy's Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal for 1966 for body o "significant advances hi three different fields of theoretical physics'7;, and Professor R. M. May was into pi awarded the Academy's Pawsey Medal for 1967 for distinguished research in Physics made by a U.S.A." scientist under the age of 35. Professor May was also awarded-the Edgeworth David Medal by the this fiel Royal Society of New South Wales in 1968 and the David Syme Research Prize by Melbourne One fa University in 1968. During 1970, Professor May was awarded a personal Chair by Sydney University, energy ths first such position created by the University. (3) Miscellc During the past eleven years, the research work carried out in the department has ranged over A a wide variety of topics-rfrom the structure of,atomic nuclei to the structure of stars, from shock waves in laboratory plasmas to tides in the earth's atmosphere, from the nature of pulsars to the nature of quarks. ^

Over the years, the department hasdturned out 27 Ph.D.'s and 7 M.Sc.'s. Some nine of them currently staff Theoretical Physics Departments in Australian Universities, three of the best having been kept at Sydney University; -others occupy various research and teaching positions both inside (< and outside Australia. Five sometime staff members currently hold Professorships in Australia.

32 As a direct result of the Foundation's support, the Department has been able to maintain a flow of top-flight Visiting Professors, mainly from the U.S.A. This not only greatly stimulates research, but also brings home to the graduate students that they are members of a lively international community. At the present time, the group's interests lie mainly in the following fields: (1) Low Energy Nuclear Physics Following on Professor Butler's seminal work in the field of direct nuclear reactions (those collisions between fast moving nuclear particles which often go by the more colourful name of stripping reactions), the group has developed a new approach to the calculation of the probability of such processes occurring. Comparison between the results of these calculations and experimental results obtained in other parts of the world, yields valuable information about the nature of the nucleus itself and of the strong force which binds its constituent parts together. Another interesting recent development is the use of a new method for obtaining exact solutions of the so-called "Bethe-Goidstone" equation—a key equation in the theory of the many body problem (the problem of just how the many nucleons fit together inside a nucleus), which has up till now only been able to be solved approximately at the expense of vast amounts of computer time. The solutions to this equation, which are currently being explored, will provide the key to the computation both of nuclear structure properties and of the binding energy of nuclear matter. Yet other projects in the field of nuclear physics include: (a) a direct numerical calculation of the quantum mechanical three-body problem, which should soon lead to an accurate value for the binding energy of the triton (the nucleus of heavy-heavy-hydrogen) and of He3; and (b) going off in to the upper reaches of abstractness, use of "current-algebra" ideas about weak interactions to investigate parity mixing in nuclei—whereby it is hoped that nuclear reaction experiments can serve as probes to test various theories of the weak nuclear force. (2) Plasma Physics Part of this effort deals with problems of interest to, and suggested by, the Wills Plasma Physics Department. For example, investigations into the propagation of magnetohydrodynamic waves in plasmas have been carried out, with particular reference to the propagation of shock waves as a means of heating the plasma. Other projects in this field deal with experiments being done overseas. Thus the considerable body of theoretical work done on the production of highly excited neutral atoms for injection into plasma devices has been of relevance to the design of the machines ALICE (Livermore, U.S.A.), PHOENIX (Culham, U.K.) and OGRA (Leningrad, U.S.S.R.). Yet other work in this field deals with certain underlying problems which concern the,basis of plasma-kinetic theory. One facet of this work which makes contact with experiments is the calculation of the rate of energy loss by fast particles in a plasma: other aspects are more abstract. . • _

(3) Miscellaneous . s A number of smaller projects include work in the fields of: (a) Astrophysics—for example, the energy generating processes in stellar interiors, the shape and brightness distribution of rotating stars and close binary systems (in collaboration with the \Chatterton Astronomy Department), and even forays into the realms of = cosmology. = ; -• (b) ElementaryParticle'Physics—problems arising from high energy nuclear collisions and the many strange sub-nuclear particles produced in them. (e) Statistical Mechanics—-where investigations into abstract model problems have yielded surprising insight into topics in the behavioural sciences (e.g. the theory of voting).

33 COSMIC RAY RESEARCH IN THE FALKINER NUCLEAR DEPARTMENT

STAFF POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS Professor C. B. A. McCusker C. J. Bell Associate Professor M. M. Winn G. J. Chapman Dr L. S. Peak S. A. David Dr J. Ulrichs B. V. Denehy Mr J. B. T. McCaughan A. Gray Dr L. Goorevich J. G. Loy DΓ A. D. Bray A. K. Outhred Dr A. Parkinson A. Pallos Dr R. L. S. Woolcott L. S. Wilson Mr A. Bakich Mr L. Horton Mr P. Nielsen Miss R. Roberts

T., HE Department was established more than 10 years ago by an original gift of $100,000 from the late G. B. S. Falkiner. Its purpose is to study the origin, properties and nuclear interactions of extremely energetic cosmic radiation. The cosmic ray detector which it operates in the Pilliga State Forest, some 350 miles northwest of Sydney, is by far the largest in the world. It covers an area of 21 square miles. The photograph at right is a mosaic of aerial photographs of this array (taken from 15,000 feet) when it was in an early stage of development. Each of the small white rectangles is a clearing in the forest, about 70 yds x 30 yds, which contains two large cosmic ray detectors. The detectors consist of liquid scintillant in large steel tanks shaped like inverted mushrooms. Only the end of the "stem" of the mushroom protrudes above the ground. The second picture shows one of these stations (the particular station is ringed in the first picture). It was taken on the occasion of a visit to the array by members of the 12th Biennial International Conference on Cosmic Radiation. Scientists of 14 different nationalities visited Narrabri at the invitation of the Science Foundation for Physics. They were shown the School of Physics Intensity Interferometer at Narrabri, the C.S.I.R.O. radio and optical heliographs at Culgoora and the Giant Cosmic Ray Detector in the Pilliga Forest. The array has already recorded the most energetic cosmic ray particle yet detected, and is now looking for the source of these very energetic particles. At the Department's smaller array in Sydney, its prototype high energy cloud chamber for use in the search for the \e quark is working well and four other cloud chambers are under construction.

RIGHT: An aerial mosaic of the Giant Air Shower Recorder in the Pilliga State Forest. Each small rectangle is a 70 yard x 30 yard clearing in the Forest, containing a. deJector station. Generally, the stations are one mile apart but in the centre there are two nested sections with the station half a mile and a quarter mile apart respectively. The road is the Newell Highway running from Narrabri to Coonabara- bran. The circled station is that shown in the picture on page 36. 34

STAFF

An international group of cosmic ray physicists who visited Station 12 of the Falkiner Department's Giant Air Shower Recorder last September. From left to right: Dr A. Sakata (Japan), Professor K. Sitte (W. Germany), Dr Harold Allan (kneeling, Imperial College, London), Professor K. Marsden (Leeds), Dr P. V. Ramanamurthy (Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, India), Professor K. Suga (Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of Tokyo), DΓ Alois Schardt (NASA, U.S.A.), Professor A. J. Somogyi (Hungary), Mr R. C. Raubenheimer (S. Africa). Posing on the top of one of the large liquid scintillators, Mr L. Horton, B.Sc, manager of the field station and Professor C. B. A. McCusker.

36 THE WILLS PLASMA PHYSICS DEPARTMENT

STAFF RESEARCH STUDENTS Professor C. N. Watson-Munro L. Bighel Associate Professor D. D. Millar D. D. Cohen DΓ J. A. Lehane N. R. Heckenberg Dr L. C. Robinson R. A. Niland DΓ W. I. B. Smith F. J. Paoloni DΓ I. S. Falconer S. W. Simpson Dr R. C. Cross G. D. Tait DΓ B. W. James M. Turk Dr G. F. Brand L. B. Whitbourn

• ESTABLISHMENT AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT

The Wills Plasma Physics Department was established in 1960 under Professor C. N. Watson- Munro with the aid of the Foundation, in particular with a gift of $100,000 by W. D. & H. O. Wills Ltd. During the past few years there has been considerable support from local N.S.W. industry in the donation of specialised electronic components and equipment (total $100,000), the Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering, the Australian Research Grants Committee and the University of Sydney Research Committee.

• WHAT IS A PLASMA?

While the term "fourth state" of matter was introduced in 1879 by the English physicist Crookes to describe what he called "an ultra gaseous state of matter", the term plasma—to describe the ensemble of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons one finds in an ionized gas—was introduced by Langmuir in 1929. In the laboratory one can prepare a plasma by heating a gas to about 20,000° C, at which temperature the orbital negative planetary electrons become dissociated from the positively charged nuclei. Because the positive and negative ions in the plasma are electrically charged they circulate around magnetic field lines; thus magnetic "bottles" can be designed to confine a plasma for periods of a few thousandths of a second and enable their properties to be studied. The Wills Plasma Physics Department has built five such magnetic bottles as plasma sources.

• WHY RESEARCH IN PLASMA PHYSICS?

* Immediate Industrial Applications to fluorescent discharge tubes, lightning arrestors, electronics, nuclear particle detectors, vacuum technology, high current switching. * Longer Term Application—direct magneto-hydrodynamic conversion in power stations which could remove necessity for turbine and increase efficiency from 40 up to 60 per cent. :lStS * Possible Application to controlled nuclear fusion power production from heavy hydrogen, iner where world's energy resources are 1,000 million times that of coal. last :ata * Space Propulsion. Dr ge, * Basic Physics Research to understand behaviour of Fourth State of Matter. Dr for * Assistance in the interpretation of Astrophysical observations and theory. K. sity A.), • WORLD PROGRESS IN CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR RESEARCH C. top !_•• If we can heat a heavy hydrogen plasma to a temperature of around 300 million degrees we can and overcome the repulsive forces between the positively charged hydrogen nuclei and fuse them together with a very large release of energy. Such processes indeed take place in the sun (where

37 gravitational forces hold the plasma together) and in the uncontrolled hydrogen bombs. To achieve controlled thermonuclear reactions on earth it is necessary to hold the plasma in a magnetic bottle for a time of the order of tenths of seconds. The main problem is one of confinement but substantial progress has been made in the Russian Tokomak programme which has now been duplicated and extended in the U.S.A. and Western Europe. Between 1952 and 1956 confinement times increased by a factor of 1,000; between 1956 and 1966 there was no improvement while the instabilities were identified; from 1966 to 1971 there has been a period of instability suppression which has resulted in a factor of 100 improvement on the confinement time; this is only a factor of 10 off the requirement and if the Russian empirical scaling laws apply their T10 machine, due for completion about 1975, should be a thermonuclear device. There would, of course, still be a very long period of engineering and technological development to the power reactor stage, but the situation is sufficiently optimistic for the International Atomic Energy Agency to set up a permanent 10-man International Fusion Council to promote international co-operation including the holding of conferences. Professor Watson-Munro is one of the members of this Council. The problem is one of the most difficult ones yet encountered by physicists, but research in the past year or two, particularly in Russia, has given a feeling of cautious optimism that fusion may well make a significant contribution to the world's energy demands by the end of this century. Atmospheric pollution from fossil fuels, coupled with some doubts on fission product disposal and the safeguards associated with fast breeder reactors, has led to a reassessment of fusion prospects. In July 1970 an international panel of nine fusion scientists from U.S.A., Western Europe, Russia, Japan and Australia (Professor Watson-Munro) met in Trieste and reported back to the International Atomic Energy Agency on the present state of fusion research, of the likely timetable and of the scope for international co-operation. The world is at present spending 100 million dollars per annum on fusion research; it has been estimated that the development of a prototype fusion reactor might cost about 1,000 million dollars, but fusion power, if successful and adopted substantially in the world, would produce savings at the rate of about 10,000 million dollars per year compared with fission breeder reactors.

PLASMA SOURCES AT SYDNEY UNIVERSITY

Supper Machines (Sydney University Plasma Physics Experimental Rigs):

Machine Diameter Length Magnetic Field Use

in ft in Supper I (1961) 6 2 6 10,000 gauss Diagnostics Supper II (1962) 9 5 6 20,000 gauss Wave Studies Supper III (1966) 9 1 0 30,000 gauss Wave Studies near Electron Cyclotron Resonance Supper IV (1968) 4-6 8 0 15,000 gauss Wave Studies Supper V (1969) 4 1 6 2,000 gauss Continuous Source (PIG)

• SYDNEY UNIVERSITY PLASMA RESEARCH

Research in the Wills Department has been lately associated with the interaction between electromagnetic waves and plasma embedded in a magnetic field. This work has involved wave frequencies ranging from 104 (10,000) cycles per second or hertz to optical frequencies in the ultra violet (1015 or 1,000 million million hertz). Discussing the activities in orSer of increasing frequency:

• MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMTC REGION (IO'-IO7 hertz)

This region covers from 10* hertz to about 10' hertz—the ion cyclotron frequency or the characteristic frequency at which an ion circulates around a magnetic field line. In this region the

38 i: fi ;, i ife;^-- •-

<*w ,J." ^ '<;'!J,-

I* «»£ --f • •

'r^"^ ft{

Ruby Laser Experiment on SUPPER II. The ruby laser experiment being carried out with the SUPPER II machine in is depicted above. 1. Ruby laser source. 2. Magnetic field coils enclosing SUPPER II plasma source. 3. Polychromator to measure light scattered at right angles. This experiment enables the temperature (about one million degrees C) and density of the plasma bvhind the shock to be measured. A pulse of light from a ruby laser one-tenth of a microsecond in length and 50,000 kilowatts power, is concentrated in a beam of light about 1 millimetre in diameter and scattered from hot electrons in the plasma. The scattered light (about 100,000 millionth part of the original) is observed with the polychromator which measures the intensity and wavelength distribution of the scattered ruby laser light.

39 plasma behaves as a magnetised fluid and magnetic forces modify normal fluid dynamics. Sydney work in this region includes: * Studies of magnetohydrodynamic wave propagation in plasmas. * Studies of heating of plasmas with magnetohydrodynamic shock waves travelling at velocities of 25 centimetres per second (about one thousandth of the velocity of light) and leaving behind plasma of temperature approaching one million0 C. It might be worth mentioning that the energy we use for this work comes from a condenser bank, which delivers a pulse of current of 150,000 amperes at 20,000 volts for about 10 microseconds. * Studies of hea ng of a plasma by transfer of energy from waves to particles at the ion cyclotron resonance. * Studies of separation of isotopes with plasma centrifuges where the peripheral velocities of 10 million cm per second are one hundred times those achievable with mechanical ^..ntrifuges.

• MICROWAVE REGION (10M0u hertz) This region covers the electron cyclotron resonance (2-8 x 1010 hertz) at magnetic fields of 10,000 gauss. Developments include: * Studies of the left hand circularly polarized (ion cyclotron) and right hand circularly polarized (whistler and electron cyclotron) waves propagating parallel to a steady magnetic field. * Studies of the ordinary and extraordinary electromagnetic waves propagating perpendicular .to a steady magnetic field. * Development of 8 mm, 2 mm and double microwave interferometers for measuring the density decay of a plasma in a magnetic field. * Microwave studies of electron cyclotron harmonic radiation which has important thermonuclear applications. • INFRARED REGION (10u-10" hertz) This region of the spectrum has opened up new and exciting possibilities due to the development of high power laser sources of radiation and new solid state detectors a thousand times better than those available a few years ago. The School of Physics has constructed a new far-infrared laboratory, air-conditioned to protect expensive optical surfaces. Equipment has been constructed and commissioned. * A cyanide laser seven feet long and four inches diameter as an intense source of far- infrared radiation at a main wavelength of 0-3 mm (1012 hertz). The cyanide is produced in a plasma by ionizing methane and ammonia. The properties of this unusual type of plasma are being studied. * Studies of Doppler broadening of spectral lines to yield ion temperatures. * A second cyanide laser operating continuously as a far-infrared source for plasma studies. * A far-infrared detector of the indium antimonide free carrier photoconductive type complete with a super-conducting magnet (up to 35 kilogauss) has been brought into operation. The necessary cryogenic equipment to run at liquid helium temperatures has been constructed. * An infrared helium neon laser of wavelength -0034 mm (1014 hertz) used for measuring plasma density from its refractive index. • VISIBLE REGION (1015 hertz) * Image Converter Camera capable of fractional microsecond exposures for photographic studies, shared with other universities through the Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering. *Ruby Laser (50,000 kilowatts) for measurement of electron density and temperature by scattering light off electrons in plasma. * Studies of Spectral lines with a monochromator of high resolution to yield information on electron density. * Helium-Neon laser to measure electron density from refractive index. * Photo-diodes to measure shock velocities from light fronts.

40 Above: Cyanide Laser as Far-Infrared Source. In this experiment the plasma properties of the gas filling of the laser are being investigated. The laser tube, mounted on the framework on the left of the picture, is 7 ft long and 4 in diameter. The cyanide is formed by an electrical discharge in a mixture of methane and ammonia. Below: SUPPER 1 Plasma decay experiment. Measurements of the electron density in SUPPER I (J) are made using a micro-wave interferometer (2) and a helium-neon laser interferometer (3). THE BASSER DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

STAFF RESEARCH STUDENTS Professor J. M. Bennett J. M. Barry Dr J. B. Hext R. J. Dear Dr A. H. J. Sale J. J. Edwards Dr H. R. Hwa J. F. Federer Dr R. J. Quinlan B. K.Haddon Dr D. Herbison-Evans M. Hore Mr M. W. Whitelaw J. R. Hynd G. A. Lue K. McAllister C. J. Mackintosh A. T. Rattray B. G. Rowswell R. Skeivys M. W. Whitelaw C. K. Yuen

JL HE Basser Department of Computer Science was formerly the academic section of the Basser Computing Department. In 1972 it is being constituted as an independent Department, within the School of Physics, separate from the Computing Service. Since its inception in 1956, the Basser Computing Department had always served a dual academic/utility role. Its initial computer, the SILLIAC, provided largely through the generosity of Sir Adolph Basser, was the first computer built by Australian industry, and provided a valuable computing facility for the School of Physics. However, within a matter of months it was in demand by many other groups within the University, and courses were introduced to train people in its use. During its twelve years service, the Department expanded rapidly, acquiring four more computers and introducing courses at all levels from first year through to research. Because of this great and continuing expansion, the separation between the academic and utility sections became necessary. *, i' " . Following the separation, the Department of Computer Science will retain the use of the CDC 1700 and the DEC PDP-8 for teaching and research purposes. The former is connected to discs, consoles, the PDP-8 and to the two machines of the Computing Service. The latter is used primarily for work in computer graphics. The Department's undergraduate courses range from Automatic Computing and Introductory Computer Science (for first- and second^year Arts, Economics and Science" students) to an honours year for fourth-year Science students.;-, At the postgraduate level it awards the Diploma in Numerical Analysis and Automatic Computing and|the degrees of Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy. The research interests of the Department include the design of computers, the theory and practice of their application to numerical processes, techniques for the computer-oriented formulation of problems, and the use of computers in education. The current work of the staff and fifteen research students covers many aspects of the computer science spectrum.

42 - - : ." -••-, : Top: Miss Christine Walker! a Basser Depart- ment operator, typing problems into the main computer via the ControlData 1700 machine. Lower:. Student Miss Sue Bunce preparing to photograph pictures produced by the PDP-8 computer. = The pictures are filmed . to give moving images of certain computer calculations, 43 THE BASSER COMPUTING CENTRE

Below: The English Electric-Leo-Marconi KDF9 is the most powerful of the five computers in the Basser Computing Cenire. The large central processor is housed in two rows of cabinets behind the magnetic tape transports. The automatic operating system is controlled from the operator's console on the right. Right top: The Department's IBM 7040 computer operates almost completely automatically. The console on the left is used for starting the system and for occasional control by the operator. Right lower: Connected to the IBM 7040 are six magnetic tape transports and a small IBM 1401 computer. The 1401 buffers the printer (left foreground) and card reader/punch (centre) THE AST!

STAFF Manager: R. B. Donnelly Chief Engineer: G. R. Brooks Operations Supervisor: T. Porter Applications Supervisor: B. K. Haddon

J. HE Utility section of the Basser Computing Department has been reorganised to become an independent body within the School of Physics, called the Basser Computing Centre. It provides for the computing needs of the University by offering the following services: * the operation and maintenance of two medium scale computers and ancillary equipment, * the provision of supported programs together with guides to their use, * assistance to users of the computing facilities, * the writing of programs for users, * consultation on computing problems. One of the computers operated by the Basser Computing Centre is an ICL KDF 9, which was delivered in 1964. Its purchase was assisted by a donation to the Foundation of $250,000 by Dr and Mrs Cecil H. Green of Dallas, Texas. The other machine, an IBM 7040/1401, was donated to the University by the IBM World Trade Organisation through IBM Australia, and has been taking an increasing share of the load as the demand for computing grows. These computers are connected to the smaller machines in the Basser Department of Computer Science to enable them to call on greater computing power. A computing centre within a University needs special facilities which may not be provided by the equipment supplier. One problem in teaching computing is the need to process large numbers of small programs written by undergraduate students. The Basser Computing Centre is currently writing an in-core ALGOL compiler for the 7040 to run these programs in ap. acceptable time. It has recently added a program to automate the marking and analysis of objective examinations to its suite of service programs. Another special facility developed here is the ability to read instrumentation magnetic tapes containing data from remote experiments. This is currently being used by two research Departments in the School of Physics: the Falkiner Nuclear Department for data from the Giant Air Shower array and the Astrophysics Department to auuyse- data from the Mills Cross. The computing needs of the University are changing rapidly in magnitude and in character. The Basser Computing Centre is intimately involved in the reappraisal of these needs, and in the process of determining how they are to be met.

46 . THE CORNELL SYDNEY UNIVERSITY ASTRONOMY CENTRE

•iisf-

The Arecibo Observatory is one of the facilities of the Corneil-Sydney ' University Astronomy Centre ^sce next page), it is operated by Cornell University under contract with the U.S. National Science Foundation, and is the world's largest radar radiolelescope. Its reflector, J,000 feet ir. diameter, is built in the shape1 of part of a sphere in a natural bowl in the Puerto Rican hills near Arecibo. It is being upgraded during 1972 and 1973 with an additional expenditure - of 10 million dollars. 47 A HE Cornell-Sydney University Astronomy Centre established in September, 1964, is an arrangement under which the University of Sydney's School of Physics, headed by Professor H. Messel, the University's Electrical Engineering School, under Professor W. N. Christiansen, and the Radiophysics and Space Research Centre of Cornell University, New York, headed by Professor T. Gold, F.R.S., have set up the world's biggest radio astronomy and cosmic ray research centre. The basis and mode of operation of the Centre are described in greater detail in a separate brochure which is available on request. Briefly it is as follows. The Centre, under the joint directorship of Professors Messel and Gold, completely pools into a joint venture over S25 million worth of astronomy instruments and related facilities of both universities. It also brings into a joint venture the highly-trained research and technical staffs of the member departments of the two universities, giving the Centre the largest known concentration of astronomers and associated scientists ever assembled in one organisation. Within the new Centre the University of Sydney and Cornell University staff and even postgraduate research students are completely interchangeable, thus setting an entirely new pattern of international university co-operaticn. Whenever appropriate fox the lesearch woTk in which they are engaged, postgraduate students are interchanged between Cornell University and the University of Sydney. Students enrolling at Cornell University then work for a Cornell degree and those enrolling at the University of Sydney work for a University of Sydney degree. The impressive list of astronomy facilities pooled in the Cornell-Sydney University Astronomy Centre is headed by Cornell's instrument at Arecibo in Puerto Rico, by far the largest radar radio-telescope in the world, built at a cost of nine million dollars provided by the U.S. Advanced Research Project Agency (see caption on page 47). The spheric dish-shaped antenna of this telescope is 1,000 feet in diameter, compared with the 250-ft dish at Joderell Bank, England, and the 210-ft C.S.I.R.O. dish at Parkes, N.S.W. The Arecibo Observatory is owned by the U.S. National Science Foundation and operated by Cornell University under contract with the N.S.F. as one of the several national observatories of the United States. The Sydney University astronomical instruments pooled in the new Centre are: School of Physics: The Stellar Intensity Interferometer at Narrabri, N.S.W. under the direction of Professor R. Hanbury Brown, F.R.S.; and the giant one mile by one mile Mills Cross radio- telescope at Hoskinstown, near Canberra, under the direction of its Australian inventor, Professor B. Y. Mills, F.R.S. The capital cost of these two Sydney School of Physics facilities alone is well over two million U.S. dollars. Major financial support has been or is being provided for these projects by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research of Great Britain, the Science Foundation for Physics within the University of Sydney, and Mr S. E. Chatterton, of Sydney. School of Electrical Engineering (field station at Fleurs, near Sydney): the Criss Cross, a grating cross of sixty-four 19-ft paraboloid antennas; the original 1,500 ft by 1,500 ft Mills Cross; and the Shain Cross, all are under the direction of Professor W. N. Christiansen. In addition to their astronomical instruments, both universities have closely related cosmic astronomy installations, and these, too, have been pooled and included in the joint Cornell-Sydney University Astronomy Centre. These installations, which are supported largely by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the Sydney University Science Foundation, are under the direction of Professor C. B. A. McCusker, head of the Sydney School of Physics' Falkiner Nuclear Department, and at Cornell under Professor K. Greisen. Furthermore, all the space research of Professor Gold's group is also pooled and thus/the Sydney group goes automatically into this field as well. The academic research staff of the Cornell-Sydney University Astronomy Centre includes some 35 scientists, nine of whom are full Professors and three of whom are Fellows of the Royal Society. The Foundation has played an important role in bringing this great scheme into being—a scheme which is having far-reaching consequences for science in both Australia and the U.S.A.

48 THE CHATTERTON ASTRONOMY DEPARTMENT AND ITS STELLAR INTERFEROMETER

STAFF POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS Professor R. Hanbury Brown, F.R.S. R. J. W. Lake Dr J. Davis N. R. Lomb Dr L. R. Allen R. T. Kery DΓ R. R. Shobbrook R. J. Webb

J. HE Chatterton Astronomy Department of the School of Physics is concerned with Optical Astronomy and works mainly on the properties of visible stars. Most of the observational work is carried out with the Stellar Interferometer at Narrabri Observatory, about 300 miles north-west of Sydney; however, some observations are made, by courtesy of the Director, with optical telescopes at the Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories of the Australian National University. The original Department was established in 1959 with the help of a $100,000 donation by Mr S. E. Chatterton, a prominent member of the Science Foundation. The department was then Aerial view of the Stellar Interferometer installation at Narrabri with the Nandewar Range in the background.

«?t 1 , The control desk of the Interferometer. One reflector can be seen through the window.

responsible for developing two major projects—the Mills Cross radio-telescope and the Stellar Interferometer. The Mills Cross (Molonglo Radio Observatory) is now operated by the Astrophysics Department, under the direction of Professor B. Y. Mills, while the Stellar Interferometer (Narrabri Observatory) is operated by the Chatterton Astronomy Department and is directed by Professor R. Hanbury Brown. The basic problem in Astronomy with which the programme at Narrabri is concerned is the very old question, "how large are the pinpoints of light which we see in the night sky and what is their shape ?" In other words, "what is the angular size and shape of the visible stars ?" This is a difficult question to answer by experiment, the angles involved are so small that they are measured in ten thousandths of a second of arc. Prior to 1956 only 6 stars had been successfully measured at Mount Wilson (California) using Michelson's stellar interferometer. All these stars are cool giants or super-giants which are relatively close to the earth and have large angular sizes. Attempts to measure hotter and more common types of star were made, using a larger instrument, but failed and the work was discontinued. In 1956 a small pilot model of an interferometer, operating on an entirely novel principle (intensity interference) was built at Manchester University and was used to measure the angular size of the hot star Sirius. The Stellar Interferometer at Narrabri is the first full-scale model of this new type of interferometer and is the only instrument in existence which can measure the extremely small angles subtended by the hot stars. It is, of course, of little use simply to know the angular size of a star, but when this knowledge is combined with other data it yields important information. For example, if we know both the angular size and the amount of light received from a star, we can find the light flux radiated by each square metre of the star's surface and its temperature. These quantities are of fundamental importance to the study of stellar atmospheres. As a second example, if the measured angular size is combined with a measurement of distance then we can find the actual physical size of the star in

50 kilometres. Again, this is fundamental to the study of stellar structure. As a final example, if we observe the angular separation between the two components of a binary star and combine this with spectroscopic data then, for some stars, we can gain a wealth of significant information which includes the masses, luminosities and temperatures of the two stars and their distance from the earth.

The Stellar Interferometer at Narrabri relies on a novel principle which has not previously been applied to astronomy and which makes it possible to measure extremely small angles. The light from the star is received on two large reflectors, where it is focussed on to photo-electric detectors and, in effect, converted into electric currents. The current from each detector contains rapid fluctuations which correspond to fluctuations in the intensity of the light received from the star. When the reflectors are close together these fluctuations are the same in both detectors, but when the reflectors are separated they see different "views" of the star and the fluctuations become different. The angular diameter of a star is found by measuring the similarity, or correlation, between the fluctuations in the two currents in an electronic correlator and by observing how this correlation depends upon the separation of the two reflectors.

The two photoelectric detectors are mounted at the focus of two very large optical reflectors, 25 feet in diameter. These reflectors are a mosaic of 252 hexagonal glass mirrors coated with aluminium. The reflectors are mounted on trucks which move round a circular railway track, 618 feet in diameter. They can be pointed to any part of the sky and they follow the east-west motion of a star by travelling round the circle. The reflectors are under automatic control from a computer in a central building, which points the reflectors at the star and keeps their separation constant at the value chosen by the operator. As the reflectors move the line joining them, the baseline, is always kept at right angles to the direction of the star. The fluctuating currents from the detectors are carried by overhead cables, slung from a central mast, to the electronic correlator in the central building. The observations, which for faint stars take about 60 hours, are printed by an electric typewriter and are subsequently analysed by a computer in the School of Physics in Sydney.

The first objective of the Narrabri Stellar Interferometer has always been to measure a reasonable sample of stars in the spectral range Type O (temperature about 30,000°) to Type F (temperature about 6,000°). The observing programme envisages measurements on 40 very carefully selected stars. The Observatory has completed observations on 38 stars and plans to finish the programme in 1972. When this work is complete all observations will be published, and will be a major contribution to stellar astronomy. There are no other existing measurements of the hot stars nor of any main sequence stars and our work will make it possible to establish a reliable scale of temperature for these stars. It should be noted that, previous to the work at Narrabri, successful measurements had only been made on 6 stars which are all cool giants or supergiants and are not a satisfactory sample of the stellar population.

The second objective of the work at Narrabri has been to develop the technique and to demonstrate its potentialities. The Department therefore carried out a number of special experiments to investigate, and to demonstrate, some of the many applications of an interferometer to optical astronomy. It has, for example, shown how to measure the size of the extended emission region of gas surrounding a Wolf-Rayet star, the shape of a rapidly rotating star (Altair) and the distribution of brightness over the disc of a star (Sirius). It has also shown how an interferometer can be used to find the distance of a binary star (Spica); this latter experiment is of considerable significance. Finally, in 1972 scientists in the Chatterton Department plan to see whether or not we can find any sign of a corona around a hot supergiant star (Rigel).

The Stellar Interferometer should therefore complete its programme early in 1972. After that it is proposed to use it for a few months, in a joint programme with the Smithsonian Institution in the U.S.A., to test a new method of detecting gamma-rays as they enter the earth's atmosphere. This method cannot be tested satisfactorily on any other existing instrument.

The work at Narrabri Observatory has already made a major and lasting contribution to stellar astronomy and it has demonstrated, beyond question, that it would be of great value to build a larger instrument. In fact the Department has an unusual opportunity to make a unique and exciting contribution to observational astronomy. The experience at Narrabri has therefore been used to make a detailed proposal for an improved and larger instrument, which has been submitted to the Department of Education and Science in Canberra.

51 In November, 1971, Professor R. Hanbury Brown, F.R.S., received two major awards—the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society of London and the 1971 Britannica Australia Award in Science. Picture shows Professor Hanbury Brown (left) receiving his Britannica Australia Award at a Sydney ceremony from Sir Robert Madgwick, Chairman of the Australian Broad- casting Commission, for outstanding achievements in astronomy and radio-astronomy. The Britannica Awards were established in 1964 to recognize outstanding achievements in three selected fields of human endeavour in Australia— the Arts, the Sciences and the Humanities. Each individual award consists of $10,000, a gold medal and a citation. The Hughes Medal was awarded to Professor Hanbury Brown, "in recognition of distinguished work in developing a new form of stellar interferometer culminating in observations cf Alpha Virginis". The Medal is awarded annually to such person as the President and Council of the Royal Society may consider the most worthy recipient, without restriction of sex or nationality, as the reward of original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications, such discovery or applications having been published not more than one year before the award. Previous holders of the Hughes Medal include two Australians, Dr J. L. Pawsey and Sir Marcus Oliphant, now Governor of South Australia.

52 THE ASTROPHYSICS DEPARTMENT AND ITS MILLS CROSS STAFF POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS Professor B. Y. Mills M. J. Batty R. W. Hunstead Dr M. I. Large J. N. Clarke R. G. Milne Mr A. G. Little I. M. Davies R. E. B. Munro Dr W. B. McAdam A. J. Green (Mrs) J. G. Robertson DΓ H. S. Murdoch D. S. Hoskins R. T. Schilizzi Dr A. J. Turtle A. E. Vaugkan Dr P P. Crawford

1.HE Astrophysics Department, headed by Professor B. Y. Mills, F.R.S., is concerned mainly with the collection and interpretation of radio astronomical data obtained with the Mills Cross radio- telescope at the Molonglo Radio Observatory located at Hoskinstown, near Canberra. This is a unique instrument unmatched in its combination of speed, resolution and sensitivity elsewhere in the world. The sensitivity of a radio-telescope depends on its collection area, whereas the fine detail it can detect in the sky depends on its diameter. In 1953 Professor Mills showed that by building two long narrow aerials in the form of a symmetrical cross and connecting them together appropriately it was possible to obtain a resolution, or definition, appropriate to the lengths of the aerials, i.e. the "diameter" of the cross, and a sensitivity appropriate to the total area of the arms of the cross. Thus by picking the correct length and width it was possible to tailor a radio-telescope exactly to the astronomical problem and thereby construct it very much more economically. The first instrument of this type which was constructed at Fleurs, near Sydney, in 1954 proved very successful for studying the cosmic radio emission from remote parts of the universe. In 1960, Dr Mills joined the staff of the School of Physics with the plan of constructing a very much larger and more sophisticated Cross of similar type. For this the Science Foundation for Physics had made available a sum of $200,000 which was soon supplemented by a grant of US. $746,000 from the U.S. National Science Foundation. The first part of the Cross was completed by 1965 when the Observatory was officially opened by Sir Robert Menzies in a ceremony attended by many overseas scientists and diplomats. In 1965 also, Dr Mills was appointed a Professor and the Astrophysics Department created to operate the Cross and exploit the scientific results. The new Cross represents an enormous advance in sensitivity and definition. It also incorporates a new "imaging" system which presents an instantaneous picture at radio wavelengths of the part of the sky on which it is focussed. The net result is a very powerful and sensitive instrument which provides data enormously faster than conventional radio-telescopes which measure only the total amount of emission from one small area of the sky at a time. The Cross has two mile-long arms, running East-West and North-South, which intersect at their centres. Each is in the form of a cylindrical parabola approximately 40 feet wide. The East- West arm is split in the middle to allow the continuous North-South arm to pass through; it is mechanically tilted over its whole mile length to point to any selected elevation angle. The North- South arm is fixed on the ground, but its reception pattern can also be directed to any elevation angle by "phasing" of the 4,200 individual dipole aerials at the focus of the parabola. The instrument has now been in full operation for four years and many significant results have emerged. Perhaps the most noteworthy performance has been in the detection of pulsars, a new type of pulsating radio star, first discovered in early 1968. At the time of writing the world total of known pulsars is 58, of which 31 have been discovered using the Mills Cross. The first identification of a pulsar with the stellar remnant of an exploded star was also made with this instrument. Other interesting results have been reported on the radio emission of galaxies and the physical properties of the interstellar material in the Milky Way—all relevant to an understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxies. The precision of the new instrument is such that radio sources may be located with an accuracy of a second or two of arc which has led to many new identifications of radio sources with galaxies and quasars. A survey of the Southern skies is in progress and over the next few years this will be used to produce a basic catalogue of tens of thousands of radio sources which will serve as a basis for research for many decades to come.

53 .fel'

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.».*i^ 1971 SCIENCE SCHOOL STARTS WITH CEREMONIES IN LONDON, TOKYO, WASHINGTON

A HE Foundation's 14th annual International Science School for High School Students, held from August 23 to September 3, was its fifth such international symposium. The first was held in 1967 when President Johnson agreed that 10 American students be selected to attend and be designated as "Lyndon B. Johnson Australian Science Scholars". In 1968 the international scope of the Foundation's Science Schools was widened to include not only 10 American Lyndon B. Johnson Australian Science Scholars, but also five students from the United Kingdom under the aegis of Britain's Royal Institution, and five students from Japan under the aegis of the Japanese Prime Minister, Mr Eisaku Sato. The British students were named "Royal Institution Australian Science Scholars" and the Japanese "Sato Eisaku Australian Science Scholars".

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,- ',•_ ^ift," As in previous years ceremonies were heid in London, Tokyo, and Washington to present the 1971 International Science Scholars with their scholarship awards and commemorative medals. In London the 1971 ceremony was held at the Royal Institution on July 21. and picture at left shows Sir William Pile, Permanent Under Secretary of State at the U.K. Department of Education and Science, making the presentation in the rooms of the Royal Institution to Miss Anne Johnson one of the five Royal Institution Australian Science Scholars. Picture at right shows the Chancellor of the University of Sydney, Mr H. D. Black, who attended the ceremony, surrounded by (I. to r.) Science Scholar Stuart Canty, U.K. escort. Miss Helen Ward, Anne Johnson and the other three U.K. Scholars, Valerie Harpin, David Barclay, and David Deutsch. The scholars were also received at a Royal Garden Party at Buckingham Palace where they met H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh.

1969 saw a new American President—Mr Richard Nixon—and the Science Foundation was privileged to find that Mr Nixon decided that the scheme of his predecessor should continue. To assure continuation, independent of wh. occupies the Chief Executive's chair in ihe White House, President Nixon renamed the American scholars "The U.S. President's Australian Science Scholars". Since then the International Science Schools have proceeded in accordance with this tradition. The 1971 International Science School branched out into the field of biology and presented 27 lectures under the heading "Molecules to Man". The lectures were given by: • PROFESSOR PAUL EHRLICH, one of the world's leading ecologists and Professor of Biology at Stanford University, California, who gave three lectures on Populations and Environment. • PROFESSOR R. J. HARRISON, expert on dolphins and Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge University, who gave five lectures on The Lile of the Dolphin: A Study of Mammalian Adaptation. 57 • PROFESSOR JULIUS SUMNER MILLER, El Camino College, California, who was on his 11th visit to Australia and who gave three demonstration lectures. • PROFESSOR G. J. V. NOSSAL, Director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, who gave three lectures on Immunity in a Modern Setting. • PROFESSOR D. C. PHILLIPS, F.R.S., Professor of Molecular Biophysics at Oxford University, who gave five lectures on The Structures, Activities and Evolution of Biologically Important Macromolecules. • PROFESSOR GEORGE PORTER, F.R.S., Director of Britain's Royal Institution who gave five lectures on Structure and Energy. • MR CHAPMAN PINCHER, Science Editor of the London "Daily Express", who gave three lectures on Science and the Press. Each of the 20 overseas scholarships awarded by the Foundation means for the winner a world trip by air, attendance of the Science School, a commemorative medal and scholarship certificate, as well as $25 pocket money in Sydney. All overseas scholarship winners were accommodated as house guests in the homes of Sydney scholarship winners during the 1971 Science School. The New South Wales country, interstate and New Zealand students were accommodated at the Cranbrook School, Bellevue Hill, one of Sydney's leading private schools. All students received the 1971 Science School book containing the lecture material entitled, like the School, "Molecules to Man". The book is being republished in London by Heinemann Educational Books. Each year the Foundation distributes 3,000 free copies of its Science School books to high schools and teachers throughout Australia. Over the years the Foundation has spent more than $250,000 on this programme alone. The ten 1971 Presidential Australian Science Scholars were escorted during their entire trip by DΓ and Mrs Keith Kelson, of the U.S. National Science Foundation, who in 1967 escorted the first Lyndon B. Johnson Australian Science Scholars to Australia. The five Sato Eisaku Australian Science Scholars had as their official escort Mr Shigeo Miyamoto, of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, and the British Royal Institution appointed a distinguished former science teacher, Miss Helen Ward, escort to the five Royal Institution Science Scholars. The 20 overseas scholars and their escorts arrived in Sydney two days before the opening of the Science School and were met at the airport by a large number of Press, Radio and Television representatives, as well as by their Sydney hosts—the parents of Sydney scholarship winners in whose homes the overseas students had been "billeted". As in 1969 and 1970, the 1971 Science School lectures were again televised jointly by the Channel-9 network and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, ensuring the widest possible TV audiences throughout Australia.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA PRIZES

At the termination of the Science School two outstanding students were each awarded a prize SCK of a full set of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, generously donated by the Company for this purpose. de\ The students were Annette Beath, of Newcastle Girls' High School, and Peter Gordon Cousins, of Gymea High School. The Encyclopaedia Britannica Corporation also donated sets of the E.B. Tto to overseas students and these sets were presented abroad. the The history of the Foundation's Science Schools goes back to the fifties. Then, concerned by the growing shortage of scientists and technologists in Australia and by the small percentage of tea undergraduates who upon entering the universities enrolled in the Faculties of Science and atti Engineering, the Foundation felt that much could be done to help increase the percentage of students sin enrolling in science or engineering by the institution of refresher courses for the high school science we teacher in the form of Science Schools. hig Scl . T'ie Foundation decided that as a matter of policy no effort or expense should bs spared in inviting to these schools only top-ranking scientists in the different fields even if this meant flying them to Australia half way around the world. It felt that this would not only ensure that Australian fut

58 The 1971 Tokyo ceremony was held on July 27 when Japan's Prime Minister Eisaku Sato presented the five Japanese Science Scholars, named after him, with their awards and medals in his official residence. Photograph shows him with the Chancellor of the University of Sydney, Mr H. D. Black, and behind them Professor Messel, surrounded by the five Japanese Science Scholars (I. to r.) Miss Mariko Morita, and behind her Kenji Furugori, Miss Fumiko Yokota and next to Mr Black, Yoshitaka Ono and Yasuo Takenaka. At the very left is Mr Toru Sawada, Director of the International Cultural Relations Division of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, and next to him at the same level is Mr D. Home, Australia's Charge d'Afiaires in Tokyo. Second-last at right in the third row is Mr S. Miyamoto, escort to Japan's 1971 scholars; and on his right Mr M. Yamaoka who escorted the 1970 and 1969 Japanese scholars. Mr Miyamoto is Mr Sawada's deputy and Mr Yamaoka is External Relations Officer of the Agency for Cultural AfTairs. The others in the picture belong to Mr Sato's staff. science teachers in these Science Schools obtained the latest and best information of current developments, but that it would also underline the importance the Foundation attached to the problem. Events have since proved that world class lecturers such as Professors Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold inspired science teachers and stimulated them to inspire their students more than had the courses been conducted exclusively by local and perhaps junior lecturers. The first such School was held from January 14 to 25, 1958, and was attended by 123 science teachers. But it was a School with a difference: instead of the science teachers paying to be able to attend, the Foundation paid their expenses and backed the project to the extent of $26,000. Also, since only a small percentage of N.S.W. Science Teachers could be admitted to the School, its lectures were printed in book form and made available to each science teacher in the State, as well as to every high school throughout Australia so that in all a total number of 3,000 free copies of the Science School book were distributed in Australia. This Science School proved such a resounding success that the Foundation decided to run future schools in two-year cycles, giving each group of science teachers the opportunity of attending 59 and ! The Washington ceremony was held in the Cabinet Room of the White House on August 16 escor when the ten U.S. President's Australian Science Scholars were presented with their awards Char and medals by Dr Edward E. David Jnr, Science Advisor to President Nixon, in the presence Loor of the ten British and Japanese students and their escorts. Picture shows seated around the table (1. to r.) Valerie Harpin, Carol Livingstone, Anita Crafts, Mariko Morita, and Fumiko Yokota. Back row (I. to r.) are David Deutsch, Phillip Nygren, Mary Stanley, Professor Messel

60 and Katherine Clarke, David Barclay, Stuart Canty. Next to Stuart Canty, back row is U.K. escort, Miss Helen Ward of the Royal Institution, Patricia Heidlmann, Dr David, William Chamberlain, Susan Lamb, Ann Johnson, John Schafer. In front of John Schafer is David Looney and Yasuo Takenaka. Behind Yasuo Takenaka is Japanese escort, Mr Shigeo Miyamoto of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, Yoshitaka Ono and Kenji Furugori.

61 two years in succession. Two such cycles have been run—the first was concerned with bringing science teachers up to date with the latest scientific developments, and the second was more concerned with courses on subjects directly related to the Leaving Certificate syllabus. Within these first four years of Foundation Science Schools for science teachers, and much to the surprise of the organiser*, wider and wider sections of the Press and general public showed an increasing interest, and newspapers particularly in Sydney published more and more reports of the lectures. This general enthusiasm culminated in 1960 when one of Sydney's commercial television stations, TCN Channu 9, applied for and was granted permission to televise the lectures of the third School for science teachers held from January 11 to 22, 19*0. This School, organised as all others by Professors H. Messel and S. T. Butle.% consisted of 27 lectures under the general heading "From Nucleus to Universe", was designed to keep science teachers up to date with the results obtained during the International Geophysical Year by means of artificial satellites and other modern techniques and in general to keep them abreast of the modern space age. Two distinguished overseas professors were specially flown to Sydney to give five lectures each—Professor G. Gamow, of the University of Colorado, and Professor Thomas Gold, Director of the Radiophysics and Space Research Centre at Cornell University. In addition, Professor Bart Bok, of the Australian National University, came from Canberra to give three lectures on " The Observational Basis for Stellar Evolution". It was this 1960 Science School which really put the Foundation's Science School effort "on the map" in Australia, and interest in these Schools not only by educationists but also by wider and wider sections of the general public has since been steadily increasing. By 1962 this general enthusiasm had become so strong that the Foundation, after consultation with governmental and education authorities, decided to interrupt the Schools for science teachers and instead to hold a series of similar such Science Schools for high school students who had just completed their fourth year and were in the second-last year of their secondary education. It was felt that if at that stage students could be further enthused in the field of science, a greater proportion of them might be encouraged to continue their studies in universities. The Foundation decided to award 150 scholarships to boys tJid girls alike, without discrimination, with the N.S.W. Education Department selecting students from Departmental schools and the N.S.W. Science Teachers' Association selecting students from non-Departmental schools in this State. Preference was given to top students interested in science as a career though a number of top students interested in the humanities were also chosen. The Foundation meant the scholarships to serve as a reward and inspiration to leading students and as a means to applaud their ability and diligence by giving them an opportunity to be instructed by a group of world-ranking scientists. The Foundation assembled on the lecturer's platform of the 1962 Science School a group of the world's leading experts in their respective fields who took students on "A Journey Through Space and the Atom "—the general heading given to the Summer School by the Foundation.

"INSTRUMENT FOR PROGRESS"

This distinguished team of scientists consisted of Professor Hermann Bondi, then Professor of Applied Mathematics, King's College, University of London, who gave five lectures on The Structure of the Universe. Professor R. N. Bracevvell, Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University California, who lectured on Life in the Galaxy. DΓ Wernher von Braun, then Director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, who gave five lectures on Space Rocketry. Newspapers and magazines throughout Australia devoted columns to reports and pictures of the Science School—a Press enthusiasm which can perhaps best be described in the words of the Sydney "Daily Telegraph" which said in an editorial: "In this age scientific knowledge t the greatest single instrument for progress and survival and peace—not just scientists but ordinary citizens are becoming more acutely conscious of that every day. It is this consciousness that has that made the annual Science Schools sponsored by the (then) Nuclear Research Foundation a popular the: success, beyond expectation". com As in the two previous years the 1962 Science School was again televised by station TCN chos Channel 9 Sydney, and through the station's affiliates the programme was also shown in all other scie: Australian State capitals. So great was trie popular enthusiasm for this type of television programme opp 62 i %„

The arrival of the 20 overseas Science Scholars and their escorts at Sydney airport on August 21 was a happy occasion. Above, members of the group photographed in the airport press room. Seated (1. to r.) U.S. escort Dr Keith Kelson, his daughter, Miss Carol Kelson, Professor Messel, Katherin*: Clarke, Ohio; Valerie Harpin, Yorkshire. Standing are (1. lo r.) Japanese escort, Mr Shigeo Miyamoto, of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs; Mrs Kelson, U.S. escort, Yasuo Takcnaka, Tokyo-to; behind him William Chamberlain, Mississippi, and David Looney, Missouri; David Deulsch, London; Mar.ko Morita, Saitama-ken; Fumiko Yokota, Gummaken; John Schafer, Iowa: David Barclay, Bristol; Ann Johnson, Cheshire; Anita Crafts, California; Patricia Heidtmann, Kentucky; behind Patricia Heidtmann is Yoshitaka Ono, Aichi-ken, Mary Stanley. Georgia, and Stuart Canty. that within less than one month of the end of the Summer School TCN-9 had to begin rescreening the series in Sydney and arrange similar repeat screenings also in other Australian capital cities. But however great public enthusiasm was over the 1962 Science School, it was almost insignificant compared with the enthusiasm of the attending 150 high school students themselves. They had been chosen from more than a thousand applicants from more than 33p N.S.W. schools and the famous scientists who lectured to them said afterwards that never before in their careers had they had an opportunity to lecture to such a keenly interested audience. At the conclusion of the SchonI the

63 il'.

World renown ecologist, Professor Paul Ehrlich, of Stanford University, California, (right) lecturing at the 1971 International Science School for High School Students to a fascinated audience (left) which included (in the front row) the Opposition Leader in the Australian Senate and Mrs Lionel Murphy. The science lectures were televised jointly by the Australian Broadcasting Commission and the commercial Channel-9 network. 150 students were each presented with an inscribed medal and received a personal cheque for out-of- pncket expenses. Students from outside the Sydney metropolitan area were also refunded their fare expenses to and from Sydney and their accommodation problem had been solved by billeting them in the homes of Sydney scholarship winners. Last but not least each of the students received a free copy of the richly illustrated 500-page book, " A Journey Through Space and the Atom ", containing all the lecture material. A total of 3,000 such books were distributed free by the Foundation to science teachers and high schools. The 1962 Science School for high school students thus became the norm for subsequent annual Schools as both educationists and the public seemed to agree on the tremendous value of this Founda- tion effort for the education of the youth of Australia. In January, 1963, the annual Science School was extended fron a N.S.W. School to an Australia-wide School and scholarships were awarded for 140 students from N.S.W. and to two students from each of the other five Australian States. 64

- f 65 I

Professor Julius Sumner Miller of EI Camino College, California, lectured to the 1971 Science School during his 11 th visit to Australia. At right, Professor G. J. V. Nossal, Director of the Walter and Eliza Hail Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, photographed during one of the three lectures he gave on Immunology. The 1963 School presented a lecture course entitled "The Universe of Time and Space" .nd dealt with subjects ranging from the structure and origin of the universe and the solat system to elementary atomic and nuclear physics, electro magnetism and an introduction to the theory of relativity. The 19 lectures of that course were given by: Professor Hermann Bondi. from London; Professor R. Hanbury Brown, then Professor of Radio Astronomy, University of Manchester and now Professor of Astronomy in the School of Physics; Professor Thomas Gold, from New York; Dr R. A. Lyttleton, Reader in Theoretical Astronomy, University of Cambridge; Professors S. T. Butler and H. Messel of the School of Physics, Sydney University; and last but not least by Professor Julius Sumner Miller, of El Camino College, California, who gave a series of demonstration lectures which not only greatly inspired the students but, through their unique presentation and Professor Miller's extraordinary showmanship, became an unprecedented television success throughout Australia. The January 1963 Science School lectures were televised in Sydney every week day at 7 a.m.— a successful experiment by the television station to afford people of all walks of life an opportunity to view this programme before going to work in the morning. People who missed the programmes I '-I aioused so much clamour for it in the Press and in correspondence that the lecture series was hardly finished when it had to be re-screened all over again. The same held true for other Australian capital cities and it was estimated that at least 3^ million people throughout Australia—or one in every three—had seen some of these science programmes.

'it

i "SIS Professor George Porter, F.R.S.,' Director of Britain's Royal Institution photographed during one of the five lectures he gave to the 1971 International Science School on Structure and Energy. At left, Professor D. C. Phillips, F.R.S., Professor of Molecular Biophysics at Oxford University during one of the five lectures on The Structures, Activities, and Evolution of Biologically Important Macromolecules he gave at the School.

In 1964, a Nobel Prize winner in medicine and one of the world's leading experts on the origin of life lectured to Australian high school students at the Science School. The main part of the Summer School consisted of a course of 18 lectures under the general heading "Light and Life in the Universe ", given by 1962 Nobel Laureate Professor James D. Watson, Professor of Biology at Harvard University; Professor Martynas Yeas, Associate Professor of Microbiology at the State University of New York; and Professors Messel and Butler. Professor Watson lectured on the basic structure of the molecules of life and the way they reproduced themselves; Professor Yeas lectured on the way in which life could have developed on earth and elsewhere in the universe; and Professors Messel and Butler lectured on the fundamental properties of light and the essential role it plays in life processes. In January, 1965, two of the world's leading cosmologists—Professor Bondi and Professor Gold- lectured at the Science School. A third distinguished overseas visitor to lecture was to have been Professor Julius Sumner Miller, of El Camino College, California, but illness caused his last-minute replacement by Professor C. B. A. McCusker, head of the School of Physics' Falkiner Nuclear Department. 69

i\ Professor R. 3. Harrison, Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge University, during one of the five lectures he gave to the 1971 School on The Life of the Dolphin. At right, the internationally known Science Editor of the London "Daily Express", Mr Chapman Pincher, photographed during one of the three lectures he gave to the School on Science and the Press.

The main part of the School consisted of a course of 18 lectures under the general heading of "Time". In this series Professor Bondi gave four lectures on Time and Relativity; Professor Gold four lectures on the Arrow of Time; and Professors Messel and Butler four lectures on the Relation of Geological and Biological Time. In addition, Professor McCuskef held a course of six spirited practical lecture demonstrations. The January 1966 School was turned over exclusively to School of Physics lecturers. The programme consisted of 18 lectures on subjects ranging from nuclear physics to the latest advances in astronumy and astrophysics under the general heading " Atoms to Andromeda". Apart from Professor Messel who introduced the lectures, the programme was carried out by: Professor S. T. Butler and Professor R. M. May, who lectured on theoretical physics; DΓ M. M. Winn and Dr L. S. Peak, who lectured on high-energy nuclear and cosmic ray research; Dr C. S. Wallace, who lectured on the latest advances in computer science; Associate Professor D. D. Millar, who lectured on plasma and thermonuclear physics; and by Professor R.~Hanbury Brown and Dr M. I. Large, who lectured on modern astronomy, interferometry, radio-telescopes and astrophysics. All lectures were televised and screened throughout Australia. The January 1967 Science School was the Tenth Anniversary Science School of the Foundation, and for the first time its scholarship: winners included students not only from New South Wales, the other five Australian States and New Zealand, but. also 10 L.B.J. Scholars from the United States, escorted by Dr and Mrs Keith Kelson, of the U.S. National Science Foundation. The International Science School, under the general heading of "Apollo and the Universe" included 20 televised lectures by Dr Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, i i who gave two lectures on the Transuranium Elements which he discovered between 1940 and 1955; 4 70 u r

4k Dr George E. Mueller, then Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters, Washington, D.C., who gave four lectures on Project Apollo; Professor Hermann Bondi, who gave four lectures on Gravity and Cosmology; Professor Thomas Gold, who gave three lectures on Radio-astronomy; Professor E. E. Salpeter, a Sydney University School of Physics graduate and now Professor of Theoretical Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, who gave three lectures on the Evolution of Stars and Formation of the Elements; and Professor Julius Sumner Miller, El Camino College, El Camino, California, who gave four lecture demonstration talks. Because of the participation of the L. B. J. Scholars, and because of the galaxy of leading overseas scientists as lecturers, the 1967 International Science School received a large amount of publicity in the Press and on the air, praising the efforts of the Foundation in extending its annual Science Schools for High School Students internationally. Indicative of the general approbation of this Foundation venture was the editorial comment which appeared in the "Sydney Morning Herald" on the opening day of the Science School. It said, in part: "This year Professor Messel had brought off another stroke by including American high school students in the school. The six boys and four girls who arrived yesterday were selected from 200,000 in schools all over the U.S.A. They are here under 'Lyndon B. Johnson Australian Science Scholarships' (provided, of course, by "the Foundation), and in extending them a welcome there is surely no Australian who, on this occasion at least, is not willing to go 'all the way'." The 1968 International Science School for High School Students, from August 26 to September 6, was a further extension of the Foundation's efforts in the field of secondary education. While the 1967 Science School was the Foundation's first to include scholarship winners not only from New South Wales, the other five Australian States and New Zealand, but also ten L.B.J. Scholars from the United States, the 1968 Science School was extended to include in addition five scholars from the United Kingdom and five scholars from Japan. The ten 1968 Lyndon B. Johnson Scholars were escorted during their entire absence from the United States by Dr and Mrs Charles A. Whitmer, of the U.S. National Science Foundation. The five Sato Eisaku Australian Science Scholars had as their official escort a senior officer of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Dr Tadao Arita. Britain's five Royal Institution Scholars had no official escort from their own country, but Dr Arita and Dr and Mrs Whitmer kindly acted as escorts wherever possible. As in previous years, the 1968 International Science School lectures were again televised by TCN Channel-9 and shown throughout Australia on the Channel's network. The lectures were given by: Professor R. N. Bracewell, Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, who gave five lectures on The Sun; Dr G. J. F. MacDonald, Executive Vice-Prtsident, Institute for Defense Analyses, Washington, D.C., who gave five lectures on Science and Technology of the Environment; Professor R. M. May, of the School of Physics, University of Sydney, who gave three lectures on The Time Scale of Creation; Dr E. F. M. Rees, then Deputy Director and Mrs now Director of the NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, who gave Scie five lectures on Space Flight; NASA Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, who gave two lectures on astronaut Reli training and experience; and Professor Julius Sumner Miller, El Camino College, El Camino, five California, who, as a special guest, gave one lecture demonstration talk. of 1 The 1969 Science School under the heading of "Nuclear Energy Today and Tomorrow" followed the extended international 1968 pattern. There was one innovation however; unlike in previous Oui years when the Science School lectures had been televised exclusively by the Channel-9 network, the Vic 1969 International Science School was televised by that network in conjunction with the Australian on Broadcasting Commission and the School's television audiences throughout Australia were thereby Spa greatly enlarged. Dr als< The 1969 lectures were given by: Professor R. H. Dalitz, Department of Theoretical Physics, Ph: Oxford University, Oxford, England, who gave five lectures on particle physics; Professor Sci C. B. A. McCusker, School of Physics, University of Sydney who gave five lectures on cosmic ray research; Dr P. W. McDaniel, Director of Research, U.S. "Atomic Energy Commission, who gave five lectures on the peaceful uses of atomic energy; Professor W. K. H. Panofsky, Director, Stanford Bo Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, California, who gave five lectures on particle physics; Fo Dr D. Z. Robinson, Vice-President of Academic Affairs, New York University, who gave two lectures ofE on science and the citizen; and Professor F. C. Brown, University of London Institute of Education Ge who gave one lecture demonstration talk. Av

72 SUIT!*!», OF

At the end of the 1971 Science School two scholars, Annette Beath of Newcastle Girls' High School, and Peter Cousins, of Gymea High School, were presented with sets of the Encyclopaedia Britannica by Professor S. T. Butler, Head of the Theoretical Physics Department in the School of Physics who, with Professor Messel, organises the annual International Science Schools. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. kindly donated the two sets and others which were presented to overseas scholars.

The ten 1969 Presidential Australian Scholars were escorted during their entire trip by Dr and Mrs Howard D. Kramer, of the U.S. National Science Foundation. The five Sato Eisaku Australian Science Scholars had as their official escort Mr Mototsugu Yamaoka, of the International Cultural Relations Division, Director-General's Secretariat of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs. Britain's five Royal Institution Australian Science Scholars were escorted by Professor and Mrs F. C. Brown, of the University of London Institute of Education. The 1970 International Science School was held under the general heading "Pioneering in Outer Space". The lectures were given by Professor Hermann Bondi, F.R.S.; Mr George Hage, Vice-President for Development, Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington, who gave four lectures on U.S. Space Flight; Colonel Lee B. James, Director of Lunar Operations at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, who gave another four lectures on U.S. Space Flights; Dr George E. Mueller, Vice-President, General Dynamics Corporation, Washington D.C., who also gave four lectures on U.S. Space Flight; Sir Mark Oliphant, F.R.S., Research School of Physical Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., who gave two lectures on Science and Mankind. The ten 1970 Presidential Australian Science Scholars were escorted by Dr and Mrs Alfred F. Borg, Deputy Division Director for Undergraduate Education in Science, at the National Science Foundation in Washington D.C. The five Sato Eisaku Australian Science Scholars had as their official escort Mr Mototsugu Yamaoka, of the International Cultural Relations Division, Director- General's Secretariat of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs. Britain's five Royal Institution Australian Science Scholars were escorted by Professor and Mrs R. King, of the Royal Institution.

73 SUCCESS OF BOOKS

JL ARALLEL with the success of the Foundation's annual Science Schools, the success of the Science School books published simultaneously each year has also greatly increased since 1958. The very first such book—"Selected Lectures in Modern Physics", edited by Professor Messel and containing, as did all subsequent books, the complete lecture material of the Science School— was re-published overseas by Macmillan & Co. Ltd. It was enthusiastically reviewed by J. M. Valentine in the Bulletin of the British Institute of Physics. "Written for the non-specialist," said the reviewer, "the lectures contain a surprising amount of solid information. Even the most out-of- date science teacher will have a fairly good idea of how the nuclear physicist looks at this work .. ." Together with the book on the first Science School in 1958, the Foundation also distributed to science teachers and high schools "The Astronomer's Universe", a book by Professor Bart J. Bok, then Professor of Astronomy, Australian National University, and Director of the Mount Stromlo Observatory, based on his series of lectures given at the Science School. The following year again the Foundation produced two Science School books—"Notes on an Introductory Course in Modern Physics", a collection of Professor Messel's lectures to that Science School, and "Nuclear Power and Radioisotopes", being notes on a course of lectures given to the School by Dr A. J. Herz. But the first really resounding success of a Foundation Science School book came in 1960 with the publication of "From Nucleus to Universe", which was also re-published in Britain by Macmillans. "From Nucleus to Universe" was edited by Professors Messel and Butler who collated the lecture material from 12 leading scientists including the late Professor George Gamow, of the University of Colorado, Professor Thomas Gold, of Cornell University, and Professor Folc. Coinciding with the 1961 Science School, the Foundation published "Space and The Atom" which proved a worthy successor to " From Nucleus to Universe ", including lecture material by Professor E. E. Salpeter, of Cornell University, who discussed the Quantum Theory and its application to the theory of nuclear reactions and the evolutions of suns (stars), and by Professor P. T. Fink of Sydney University, whose topics were aeronautics, rocketry and space travel problems. In addition the book included a course of ten lectures given by Professors Messel and Butler on elementary atomic and nuclear physics with an introduction to the theory of relativity. The largest Science School book to date has been "A Journey Through Space and The Atom", published in January, 1962. This book, which included a complete course on modern space rocketry by Dr Wernher von Braun, Director of America's space rocket research and development programme, was even more richly illustrated than its predecessors and ran to about 150 pages more than the hitherto average—nearly 500 pages. The book also contained a five-lecture course by Professor Hermann Bondi, then of London University and now Chief Scientific Adviser to the U.K. Ministry of Defence, on the astronomer's universe and the univeise of gilaxies, a contribution by Professor R. N. Bracewell, of Stanford University, U.S.A., on the question of life elsewhere in the universe, as well as a complete course on atomic physics again by Rofessors Messel and Butler. In 1963 the title of the Foundation's Science School and its book was "The Universe of Time And Space", with contributions again from Professors Hermann Bon^i and Thomas Gold and with additional contributions from Professor R. Hanbury Brown, then if Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester and now Head of the Chatterton astronomy Department in the School of Physics, as well as from Dr R. A. Lyttleton, of Cambridge Uuiversity. As the title implies the contents of this book ranged from the structure and origin of the universe and the solar system to elementary atomic and nuclear physics, electromagnetism and an introduction to the theory of relativity—the last subject being once again that dealt with by Professors Messel and Butler. The 1964 Science School book was in a way different from its predecessors hi as much as it dealt mainly with a subject that ii perhaps more allied to the field of medicine entitled " light And Life In The Universe ". Its principal material came from the 1962 Nobel Prize winner in medicine, Professor James D. Watson, of Harvard University, who wrote about his discovery of the structure

74 of the DNA molecule which the official Nobel Prize announcement hailed as solving a most fundamental biological problem. Professor Watson's discovery unravelled the "genetic code" and constitutes a major contribution in the fields of molecular biology and heredity. The second overseas contributor to the Science School and the book was Professor M. Yeas, of the State University of New York, also a world expert in this field. In addition Professors Messel and Butler dealt with the fundamental properties of light and the essential role it plays in life processes. In 1965 the book was on the general subject of " Time ". Under this heading Professors Messel and Butler dealt with Time and the Universe, Professor Hermann Bondi with Relativity and Time and Professor Thomas Gold with The Arrow of Time. The book also contained a section on Great Men of Science by Professor Julius Sumner Miller, of El Camino College, California. The 1966 Science School book, "Atoms to Andromeda", contained selected lectures given by senior staff of the School of Physics on theoretical physics, high-energy nuclear and cosmic ray research, plasma and thermonuclear physics, astronomy, astrophysics and electronic computing. The January 1967 Science School book, "Apollo and the Universe", contained material presented by Dr Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, on the Transuranium Elements; by Dr George E. Mueller, then Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, NASA, on the U.S. programme for landing a man on the moon; by Professor Hermann Bondi, on Gravitation and the Universe; by Professor Thomas Gold, on Radio-astronomy; by Professor E. E, Salpeter, of Cornell University, on the Evolution of the Stars and the Origin of the Elements; and some Biographical Essays on scientists by Professor Julius Sumner Miller. The 1968 International Science School book, "Man in Inner and Outer Space" was published coinciding with the Science School itself. Its contents ranged from America's manned moon landing programme to selected research fields, the sun and our own planet. The material was written by Professor R. N. Biacewell, of Stanford University, U.S.A.; Dr G J. F. MacDonald, Executive Vice- President, Institute for Defense Analyses, Washington, D.C.; Professor R. M. May, School of Physics, University of Sydney; by Dr E. F. M. Rees, then Deputy-Director and now Director of the NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, and by NASA Astronauts, D. K. Slayton, A. B. Shepard and L. G. Cooper. Coinciding with the 1969 International Science School "Nuclear Energy Today and Tomorrow" was published, presenting a course of lectures on selected topics in the fields of nuclear and atomic energy by Dr D. Z. Robinson, Vice-President of Academic Affairs, New York University; Dr P. W. McDaniel, Director of Research, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.; Professor C. B. A. McCusker, Professor of High Energy Nuclear Physics, University of Sydney; Professor W. K. H. Panofsky, Director, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, California; and Professor R. H. Dalitz, Professor of Theoretical Physics, Oxford University, England. For the 1970 International Science School "Pioneering in Outer Space" was published presenting a course of lectures on selected topics in modern physics and space flight by: Professor Hermann Bondi; Mr George Hage, Vice-President for Development, Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington; Colonel Lee B. James, then Director of Lunar Operations at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center at Huntsville, Alabama; Dr George E. Mueller, Vice-President, General Dynamics Corporation, Washington, D.C.; and Professor Sir Mark Oliphant, F.R.S., of the Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. The 1971 International Science School and its book departed from physics into the field of biology by presenting a lecture course under the general heading of "Molecules to Man". The lectures were given by Professor P. R. Ehrlich, Professor of Biology, Stanford University; Professor R. J. Harrison, Professor of Anatomy. University of Cambridge; Professor G. J. V. Nossal, Director Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne; Professor D. C. Phillips, F.R.S., Professor of Molecular Biophysics, Oxford University; Mr Chapman Pincher, Science Editor, "Daily Express"- London and Professor G. Porter, F.R.S., Director, The Royal Institution, London. All Foundation Science School books are published in Australia by Shakespeare Head Press, Sydney, and are edited by Professors Messel and Butler. Each of them has been distributed free by the Foundation not only to Science School participants, but also to high schools throughout Australia. -In aU';,the Foundation distributes 3,000 free copies of each book annually, an effort which has been hailed by; the Education Department as a major contribution to secondary school education. The wovld-wide interest in the Science School books may he judged by the fact that the last nine years books have all been re-published world-wide in the United Kingdom by Macmillans, Pergamon Press and Heinemaim-^ducational Books.

" - .1 - ' 75 Another work that should be mentioned among book publications by the Science Foundation is the three-volume textbook called "A Modern Introduction To Physics" edited by Professor Messel ACADE and published by Horwitz-Grahame, Sydney. This textbook was written by Professors Messel and Butler as well as by Professor J. M. Blatt, of1 the University of New South Wales, and by Associate Professor M. M. Winn of the School of Physics, Sydney University. Much like the overall policy followed in the Foundation's Summer Schools of presenting physics not as a series of dogmas and laws but in its naturally interesting way, this three-volume work also presents physics as a fascinating story.

THE SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS

Finally, there is the Foundation's most outstanding book venture—a completely integrated and interlocked "package" of textbooks and teachers' manuals covering the entire new six-year science syllabus for New South Wales high and secondary schools. This series of books was conceived by Professor Messel and prepared under his executive editor and principal authorship. It is published PROFESS< by the Foundation itself, and printed and distributed in Australia by the N.S.W. Government Printer. This series of books comprises: "Science for High School Students", a textbook integrating Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology in the single "science" course which is a required subject in the first four high school years. Director of First "Science for High School Students Teachers' Manual", a teaching aid companion to the textbook. Dr B. A. Mel "Abridged Science for High School Students", a condensation of the textbook, covering the Associate Ordinary Level of the science course only, while the original textbook also covers the Advanced Assoc. and Credit Levels. A British adaptation of this book has been published in the U.K. by Pergamon Asst Press Ltd in 13 volumes. Di "Senior Science For High School Students", a three-part work for fifth and sixth year high school study. Part 1 covers the Physics section of the syllabus; Part 2 the Chemistry section; and Part 3 the Biology section. "Senior Science For High School Students Teachers' Manual", a teaching aid companion to the three-part textbook. All books are now being used in the majority of N.S.W. high and secondary schools and are kept up to date by continuous revision by a large group of leading science educators.

Executive Assist M Manager, I " Mr

.76 ACADEMIC STAFF OF THE SCHOOL OF PHYSICS

Head of School: PROFESSOR HARRY MESSEL

Heads of the School's Research Departments: PROFESSOR S. T. BUTLER—Daily Telegraph Theoretical Department PROFESSOR C. B. A. McCUSKER—Falkiner Nuclear Department PROFESSOR J. M. BENNETT—Basser Department of Computer Science PROFESSOR C. N. WATSON-MUNRO—Wills Plasma Physics Department PROFESSOR R. HANBURY BROWN—Chatterton Astronomy Department (sieiiar interreromeier project PROFESSOR B. Y. MILLS—Astrophysics Department (MMS Cross project PROFESSOR R. M. MAY—Theoretical Physics

Director of First Year Courses: Dr B. A. Mclnnes

Associate Professor/Readers: Assoc. Prof. D. D. Millar Assoc. Prof. M. M. Winn Dr J. Davis Dr M. I. Large DΓ H. D. Rathgeber

Senior Lecturers: DΓ L. R. Allen Dr I. M. Bassett Dr P. G. Guest Dr R. G. Hewitt DΓ J. B. Hext DΓ I. D. S. Johnston Dt J. A. Lehane Mr A. G. Little Dr W. B. McAdam DΓ H. S. Murdoch Dr L. S. Peak Dr L. C. Robinson DΓ A. H. J. Sale DΓ W. I. B. Smith

Lecturers: Mr G. R. Brooks Dr D. F. Crawford Dr I. S. Falconer Mr C. J. Gordon DΓ H. R. Hwa DΓ B. W. James DΓ J. R. Quinlan Dr R. R. Shobbrook Dr A. J. Turtle

Senior Tutor Demonstrators: Dr R. C. Cross Mr A. E. LeMarne Mr J. B. T. McCaughan Mr I. M. Sefton Dr J. Ulrichs Executive Assistant in the School of Physics: Mr M. W. Whitelaw Mr Oscar Guth Manager, Basser Computing Centre: Mr R. B. Donnelly 77 MEMBERS OF THE SCIENCE FOUNDATION FOR PHYSICS WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY

Ex-Officio Members:

The Chancellor: Mr H. D. Black, 99 Roseville Avenue, Roseville 2069 The Deputy Chancellor: The Hon. Mr Justice D. M. Selby, Room 5020 Level 5, 50 Phillip Street, Sydney 2000. The Vice-Chancellor and Professor Bruce R. Williams. Principal: The Deputy Principal: Mr W. H. Maze. The Chairman of the Senate Mr A. F. Deer, 1179 Pacific Highway, Turramurra 2074. Finance Committee: Professor and Head of the Professor H. Messel. School of Physics and Director of the Foundation:

Life Governors: Representatives: Life Governors (conr.): Representatives:

• Ampol Petroleum Limited, Mr W. M. Leonard, Plessey Pacific Pty Limited, Mr R. W. R. Wiltshire, 84 Pacific Highway, Chairman and Chief 9-25 Commonwealth Street, Director of North Sydney. Executive Officer. Sydney. Marketing. (Box 5342, G.P.O., Sydney (P.O. Box 288, Darlinghurst 2001.) 2010.) Australian Consolidated Press Ltd, Sir Frank Packer, The Sydney County Council, Councillor Lynn 168 Castlereagh Street, K.B.E., Managing 552A-57O George Street, Arnold. Sydney. Director, and Mr David Sydney. (Box 4088, G.P.O., Sydney McNicoii, Executive (Box 4009,G.P.O.,Sydney2001.) 2001.) Editor. W. D. & H. O. Wills (Aust.) Ltd> Mr T. J. N. Foley, Australian Paper Manufacturers Mr J. D. Brookes, 71 Macquarie Street, Sydney. C.B.E., Chairman, and Ltd, Technical Director, (Box 145, G.P.O.,Sydney Mr H. Widdup, South Gate, South Melbourne. and Mr W. G. 2001.) Deputy Chairman. (P.O. Box 1643, Melbourne Gardner, Resident 3001.) District Manager, A.P.M. Ltd, Matraville 2036. The Broken Hill Proprietary Mr J. A. Macpherson, Governors: Representatives: Coy Ltd, Sydney Manager, 500 Bourke Street, The B.H.P. Coy Ltd, Australian Workers' Union, Mr T. N. P. Melbourne 3000. 20 O'Connell Street, 321 Pitt Street, Sydney, Dougherty, Sydney (Box 26y5, (Box A252, Sydney South General Secretary. G.P.O., Sydney 2001). 2000.) Chamber of Manufacturers Mr A. S. White, of New South Wales, President. Hooker Corporation Ltd, Mr J. Keith Campbell, 6 O'Connell Street, Hooker House, Chief General Sydney 2000. Angel Place, Manager. Mr S. E. Chatterton, C.B.E., Mr S. E. Chatterton, Sydney 2000. M.B.C. Building, C.B.E. 6 Dalley Street, Sydney 2000. M.I.M. Holdings Ltd, Sir George Fisher, Mount Isa 4825. C.M.G., President, Clyde Industries Ltd, Sir Raymond M.I.M. Holdings Ltd, P.O. Bex Hi 62, Purves, C.B.E., Box 1433, G.P.O., Australia Square, Chairman and Brisbane 4001 Sydney 2000. Managing Director. and Mr J. W. Foots, The James N. Kirby Foundation. Mr Raymond J. Kirby. Chairman, 86-90 Bay Street, M.I.M. Holdings Ltd, Broadway. Mt Isa 4825. (P.O, Box 332, Broadway 2007.) The Nell and HermorTsiade Trust Mr John R. Slade, Philips Industries Ltd, Mr H. D. Huyer, 40 Greenway Drive, (Box 2703, G.P.O., Sydney Chairman and Pymble 2073 2001.) Managing Director, and Mr Paul H. Slade, and Mr H. J. Brown, 4 Pindari Place, Technical Director. Bayview 2104.

78 Life Members: Representatives: Life Members (cont.): Representatives:

Mr A. E. Armstrong, Mr A. E. Armstrong. Morris Wools Pty Ltd, Mr Ivor G. Morris, Box 2616, G.P.O., Redbank4301. Sydney 2001. Managing Director.

Australian Gas Light Coy, Mr C. G. Crane, 477-487 Pitt Street, Sydney. Chairman. Prospect County Council, Mr R. A. Hingston, (Box 481, G.P.O., Sydney Miller Street, County Clerk. 2001.) Merrylands. (P.O. Box 14, Merrylands 2160.) Bonds Coates Patons Ltd, Mr Russell Slade, 100 Mallett Street, Chairman. Camperdown. (P.O. Box 36, Camperdown St George County Council, Mr W. A. Baldwin, 2050.) Montgomery Street, Chief Electrical Kogarah. Engineer, or The Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Sir James Vernon, (P.O. Box 15, Kogarah 2217.) Mr J. P. Lundie, Ltd, C.B.E., County Ckrk. 1-3 O'Connell Street, General Manager. Sydney 2000. Scotts Provisions (Holdings) Ltd. Mr H. K. Scott, The Commercial Banking Co. Mr G. B. Kater, 89-97 Moore Street, Leichhardt. Managing Director, of Sydney Ltd, Royal Exchange Bldg, (P.O. Box 86, Leichhardt and Mr A. S. Ducat, 343 George Street, 50 Pitt Street, 2040.) Director. Sydney 2000. Sydney 2000. Alternate: Mr G. F. Bowen, General Manager. Shortland County Council, Mr A. Donaldson, Nesca House, King Street, Chief Electrical Newcastle. Engineer. Commonwealth Trading Bank of Mr F. E. J. Butcher, (P.O. Box 487F, Newcastle Alternate: Mr A. J. Australia, General Manager. 2300.) Brown, Martin Place, Sydney. 16 Thomas Street, (Box 2719, G.P.O., Sydney Hamilton 2303. 2001.)

James Hardie & Co. Pty Ltd, Mr Frank A. Page, Asbestos House, Technical Director, Mr G. Hermon Slade, Mr G. Hermon Sladc. York and Barrack Streets, and Mr S. E. Cohen, "Ting Hao", Sydney. Chief Engineer. 15/104 Darley Road, Manly (Box 3935, G.P.O., Sydney (P.O. Box 70, 2095. 2001.) Parramatta 2150.)

Mr E. T. W. Holt, Mr E. T. W. Holt. Standard Telephones & Cables Mr A. T. Decgan, Mt Pleasant, Marulan 2380. Pty Ltd, Managing Director, 252-274 Botany Road, and Mr K. S. Brown, Alexandria. Technical Director. Leigh-Mardon Pty Ltd, Mr J. F. R. Lawes, (Box 525, G.P.O., Sydney 71 Macquarie Street, Sydney. Deputy Chairman. 2001.) (Box 519, G.P.O., Sydney 2001.) Stewarts and Lloyds (Aust.) Mr A. S. Attwood, John Lysaght (Aust.) Ltd, Mr V. A. Wardell, Pty Ltd, General Manager, 50 Young Street, Director. Works and Head Office, Stewarts and Lloyds Sydney. Newcastle. (Aust.) Pty Ltd, (Box 196, G.P.O., Sydney (P.O. Box 156, Newcastle 12 Carrington Street, 2001.) 2300.) Sydney 2000.

Mi ian McCloy, Architect, Mr Ian McCloy, Colman House, Unit 2, 646 Pacific Mr C. G. Whitmont. Cnr Walker and Berry Streets, Highway, Killara 2071 E. E. Whitmont & Sons Pty Ltd, North Sydney 2060. (representative of 143 Blacktown Road, Members on Council— Blacktown 2148. Liaison Member).

Monsanto Chemicals (Aust.) Ltd, Mr J. M. Kershaw, Woolworths Limited, Mr D. Wilson, Somerville Road, Managing Director. 534 George Street, Director, West Footsoray, Victoria. Sydney. 8a Cyprian Street, . (P.O. Box 62, West Footscray (Box 4068, G.P.O., Sydney Mosman 2088. 3012.) 2001.) Members: Representatives: Associate Members: Representatives:

Australian Abrasives Pty Ltd, Mr D. F. Richards, Mr A. F. Agnew, Mr A. F. Agnew. 302 Parramatta Road, Auburn Managing Director. 39 Neerin Avenue, (P.O. Box 22, Auburn 2144.) Castle Cove 2069.

Sir Robert Webster, Alcan Australia Ltd, Mr R. W. Berriman, Bradmill Industries Ltd, General Manager and Cnr Missenden and C.M.G., C.B.E., M.C., P.O. Box 12, Chairman. Granville 2142. Chief Executive Parramatta Roads, Officer, Camperdown 2050. Australia Square, Sydney 2000.

Commonwealth Development Mr R. S. Elliott, Bank of Australia, General Manager. Wing Commander Wing Commander Martin Place, Sydney. C. V. J. Alexander, C. V. J. Alexander. (Box 2719, G.P.O., Sydney 3 Ginahgulla Road, 2001.) Bellevue Hill 2023.

Commonwealth Savings Bank of Mr I. R. Norman, American Travel Headquarters, Mr Roland Hill. Australia, General Manager. 33 Bligh Street, Martin Place, Sydney. Sydney, 2000. (Box 2719, G.P.O., Sydney 2001.) Apex Club of Broken Hill, The President. P.O. Box 278, Broken Hill 2880. Conzinc Riotinto of Australia Ltd, Sir Maurice Mawby, 95 Collins Street, Melbourne. C.B.E., (P.O. Box 384D, Melbourne, Chairman. 3001.) A.N.Z. Banking Group, Mr M. Brunckhorst, (Box 495, G.P.O., Sydney Senior Chief 2001.) Manager for N.S.W. Ford Motor Company of Australia Mr A. D. O'Hara, Ltd, Public Relations 1735 Sydney Road, Manager, Melbourne. Brisbane Water County Council, Mr J. F. Brier, Campbellfield 3061. Alt.: Mr D. Syer, P.O. Box 32, Chief Electrical Manager, Eastern Gosford 2250. Engineer. Region, 221 Miller Street, North Sydney 2060. Commercial Bank of Australia Mr D. W. Stride, Ltd, General Manager, or 335 Collins Street, A. B. Jennings, Melbourne 3000. State Manager Hawker de Havilland Australia Mr T. W. Air, for N.S.W., Pty Ltd, Technical Director. 273 George Street, P.O. Box 78, Lidcombe 2141. Sydney 2000.

Mobil Cil Australia Ltd, Mr W. E. Anstee, Constable and Co., Mr D. N. Constable. 189-193 Kent Street, Manager for N.S.W. 70 Pitt Street, Sydney. Sydney. (Box 7033, G.P.O., (Box 1592, G.P.O., Sydney 2001.) Sydney 2001.)

Denison Estates Pty Ltd, Mr R. E. Denison, 701 Culwulla Chambers, Chairman of The ShsU Group of Companies Mr L. T. Froggatt, 67 Castlereagh Street, Sydney Directors. of Australia, Chairman of Directors, 2000. The Shell Co. of Aust. Ltd, and Mr C. T. Hansen, 155 William Street, Manager for N.S.W. Melbourne 3000. (Box 2694, G.P.O., Sydney 2001.) Macleay River County Council, The County Clerk. P.O. Box 224, Kempsey 2440.

Sunbeam Corporation Ltd, Mr M. J. Doherty, Coward Street, Mascot. Chairman and The Macquarie County Council, Chairman, Councillor (P.O. Box 39, Mascot 2020.) Managing Director. P.O. Box 374, Dubbo 2830. W. S. Brennan. Associate Members (cant.): Representatives: Donors Eligible for Membership: Representatives:

J. N. McArthur, Chairman, Mr J. N. McArthur. Allied Mills Limited, Mr A. W. Green, Karangi Minerals Australia Smith Street, Secretary. N.L., Summer Hill. 61-69 Macquarie Street, (P.O. Box 1, Summer Hill Sydney 2000. 2130.)

MuIIumbimby Municipal Council. The Mayor, Bank of New South Wales, Sir Robert Norman, P.O. Box 177, MuIIumbimby Alderman J. F. D. 60 Martin Place, Sydney. Director and Chief 2482. Green. (Box 1, G.P.O., Sydney General Manager. 2001.)

Murrumbidgee County Council, Mr B. J. Rodely, Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd, Mr L. W. Yeomans, P.O. Box 415, County Clerk. 22 Colgate Avenue, Balmain. Secretary. Leeton 2705. (Box 3964, G.P.O., Sydney 2001.)

Namoi Valley County Council, Chairman, Cyclone Company of Australia Mr J. D. Munro, P.O. Box 20, Councillor G. T. New. Ltd, Managing Director. Narrabri 2390. Alt.: CouncillorV.J. 93 City Road, South Williamson. Melbourne. (Box 187, P.O., South Melbourne 3205.) A. Norton Pty Ltd, Mr A. Norton, Managing Director. 198 Lyons Road, Drummoyne Mr Harold Dodd, Mr Harold Dodd. 2047. 27 Wimpole Street, London, W.I. England. W. C. Penfold & Co. Pty Ltd, Col. E. T. Penfold. 88 Pitt Street, Sydney 2000. Dr and Mrs Cecil H. Green, Dr and Mrs Cecil H. P.O. Box 5474, Green. Dallas, Texas, 75222, U.S.A. H. B. Selby and Co. Pty Ltd, Mr E. J. Selby. P.O. Box 121, North Ryde Hunter Valley County Council, Chairman, 2113. 6-10 Church Street, Alderman A. J. Maitland. Dorsman, M.B.E. (P.O. Box 38, Maitland 2320.) Southern Mitchell County Mr W. R. Hebble- Council, white, Chief Electrical 202-205 Russell Street, Engineer. World Travel Headquarters, Mr Frank P. Johnson, Bathurst. 33-35 Bligh Street, Director. (P.O. Box 172, Bathurst 2795.: Sydney 2000.

81 CONSTITUTION OF THE SCIENCE FOUNDATION FOR PHYSICS WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY as m Ordii to b< NAME MEMBERSHIP OF THE FOUNDATION 1. The name of the Foundation shall be The Science Foundation 6. Unless the Council shall otherwise determine the number of there members of the Foundation, other than Associate Members and Life or Physics within the University of Sydney. Members, shall not exceed one hundred. As

7. Such persons, firms, companies, corporations or associations as Signe OFFICE shall be admitted to membership by the Council of the Foundation shall be members thereof, and the Council may determine from time to 2. The office of the Foundation shall be in Sydney at such place as time the qualifications for and the conditions of membership. the Foundation may from time to time determine. prese 8. Until otherwise determined by the Council— IS. 1 quorun OBJECTS (i) The annual donation to be paid to the University by an but no Associate Member of the Foundation shall be not less than than t 3. The objects of the Foundation shall be to advise the Senate of the $200 and not more than $799. University of Sydney and the Vice-Chancellor on matters associated (i!) The annual donation to be paid to the University by a with Science in the School of Physics within the University of Sydney, Member of the Foundation shall be not less than S800 and without restricting the generality of the foregoing in particular to— and the payment of such sums for a period of ten years (a) Promote, foster, develop and assist Science in the School of shall entitle such Member to a Life Membership of the COl Physics within the University of Sydney. Foundation. (vii) The annual donation to be paid to the University by a 19. ' (b) Co-nperate with the School of Physics in furtherance of Science. Governor of the Foundation shall be not less than 54,000 affairs and the payment of such sums for a period of ten years appoin cl Recommend grants to the School of Physics for the purchase of shall entitle such Governor to be a Life Governor of the from : plant, equipment and materials, or otherwise, for the promotion Foundation* infra. of Science, from funds raised by the Foundation by way of fees, donations and the like. 8A, Individuals, firms, companies, corporations or associations, 20. making donations in accordance with either Section 8 (i), (ii) or (Hi) Meetir (d) Promote research into Physics generally. supra on joining may elect to be grouped under the classification Iessthi "Donor, eligible for Membership1' in lieu of as an Associate Member, or (e) Admit to membership of the Foundation persons, (inns, Member cr Governor. Such an election will not deprive the donor Chanc companies and associations, whether incorporated or unincor- of any entitlement of membership that would have accrued had the Finani porated, and upon such terms and with such privileges as may donor not so elected. ofSyt be determined from time to time. shall Professc (f) Recommend the printing of publications and the issue thereof 8B. Life Governors and Life Members shall be indicated separately membei to members of the Foundation and others. at the head of the respective lists of Governors and Members. Founda (g) Arrange for lectures, exhibitions and demonstrations. 9. Any Associate Member, Member or Governor may withdraw (h) Assist the University to acquire and turn to account patents, from the Foundation by giving notice in writing to the Secretary patent rights or inventions, copyright designs, trade-marks or subject to the payment of any donation which prior to the date of such secret processes, withdrawal he has agreed to make. (0 Assist in arranging visits from abroad of experts in Science. (j) Enter into any arrangement with any institution or association GENERAL MEETINGS having objects similar to those of the Foundation. 10. An Annual General Meeting of the Foundation shall be held at least once in each year and the Council may at any time convene a (k) Solicit donations, gifts and bequests to the University of Sydney Special General Meeting and shall convene such meeting on the Ill for the School of Physics from members of the public. requisition in writing of at least five Members or Governors of the Foundation. (I) Do all such things as are incidental or conducive to the attain- ment of the above objects or any of them. 11. Not less than fourteen clear days notice in writing of any General Meeting shall be given to every Associate Member, Member or PRELIMINARY Governor. 4. The following words and expressions shall have the following 12. At the Annual Genera! Meeting the Foundation shall elect from meanings: amongst the Governors a Chairman, who shall be Chairman of the Foundation, and Chairman of the Council and whose appointment as "The Foundation1* means the abovenamed Foundation. Chairman shall be approved by the Senate. "The University" means the University of Sydney. 13. The Chairman shall retire at each Annual General Meeting but shall be eligible for re-election as Chairman. "The Senate*' means the Senate of the University of Sydney. 14. No business shall be transacted at any General Meeting unless t "The Council" means the Council of the Foundation. Words at least five Members or Governors are present personally or by importing the singular number only include the plural number and vice representatives. versa. 15. At any General Meeting a resolution put to the vote of the Words imparting persons include companies and corporations. meeting shall be decided by a show of hands, unless a request for a ballot shall be made by not less than three Members or Governors present at the Meeting. Each Member or Governor shall have one MONEYS RECEIVED BY THE COUNCIL vote. Associate Members shall not be entitled to vote. 16. A declaration of the Chairman that the resolution has been carried or lost shall be conclusive evidence of the fact. ••» ivi me piumuuuii ui ovicide in iDc sum ocnooi oi rnysics ana in 17. No Member or Governor not personally present shall be entitled furtherance of the abovementioned objects, and no portion of such to vote unless such Member or Governor is a company, corporation, money shall be otherwise applied. aisociation or firm whose represenutive duly appointed in wriiing is

82 personally present. Provided that a Member or Governor may appoint 24. Every member of the Council other than the ex officio or the a proxy (who is also a Member or Governor) to vole on his or its additional member appointed pursuant to the provisions of Section 20 behalf. Such proxy will be in the form or to the effect following— supra shall retire at each Annual General Meeting bat shall be eligible for re-appointment. I the undersigned being a Member or Governor of The Science Foundation for Physics within the University of Sydney hereby 25. Nomination of the Council shall be determined by ballot unless appoint or failing him the Chairman shall decide that in the circumstances ballot is unnecessary But no person nominated shall be entitled to act as a member of the as ray proxy to vote for me or on my behalf at the (Annual or Council until he has been appointed by the Senate orihe University of Ordinary, as the case may be) General Meeting of the Foundation Sydney. ' to be held on the day of I and at any adjournment 26. No person not being a retiring member of the Council shall be thereof. eligible for nomination unless some other Member or Governor of the Foundation has left with the Secretai y, not less than fourteen days before As witness my hand this day of the Meeting, a notice in writing signed both by the proposing Member 19 or Governor and by the candidate for nomination. Signed by the said 27. The office of a member of the Council shall ipso facto be vacated: in the (a) if he becomes bankrupt or becomes of unsound mind or incapable presence of af performing his duties; IS. The Chairman may with the consent of any meeting at which a quorum is present adjourn the meeting to a date to be fixed by him, (b) if he is absent for a continuous period of three months without but no business shall be transacted at any adjourned meeting other special leave of absence from the Council; than the business left unfinished at the meeting which was adjourned. (c) if by notice in writing to the Council he resigns his office; (d) if he is requested in writing by not less than two-thirds or the tolal number of members of the Council to retire from office; or COUNCIL (e) if the Senate shall, by majority, resolve that the office be vacated. 19. The entire control, management and conduct of the business and affairs of the Foundation shall be vested in the Council who shall be appointed by the Senate of the University of Sydney, at its discretion, PROCEEDINGS AND POWERS from among the persons nominated under Sections 21, 21A and 25 infra. OF THE COUNCIL 20. Until otherwise determined by the Foundation in General 28. The Council may meet together for the despatch of business, Meeting and approved by the Senate, the Council shall consist of not adjourn and otherwise regulate their meetings as they see fit. Until the less than five, nor more than fifty, persons who shall be Life Governors Council shall otherwise determine, five of their number shall be a or Governors. The Chancellor, Deputy Chancellor, the Vice- quorum. Questions arising at any meeting shall be determined by a chancellor* the Assistant Principal, the Chairman of the Senate majority of votes, and in the case of an equality of votes the Chairman Finance Committee, the Professor of Physics within the University shall have a second or casting vote. of Sydney and the Director of The Science Foundation for Physics shall be additional and ex-officio members of the Council. The 29. Without prejudice to the generality of Section 19 the Council Professor of Physics shall have the right to nominate an additional shall have power: member of the Council who shall act as a liaison officer between the Foundation and the School of Physics. (a) to recommend the appointment, with or without remuneration, of a Secretary and such other officers as it shall think fit; 21. The Council may nominate any Life Governor or Governor of the Foundation for appointment either to fill a casual vacancy on, or (b) to appoint sub-committees, consisting of one or more persons as an additional member of the Council provided that the total (who need not be members of the Foundation) whose duty it number of members, other than the Professor of Physics and the shall be to investigate and report to the Council. additional member nominated by him pursuant to Section 20 supra, shall not at any time exceed the maximum number prescribed. 30. Tne Council shall cause Minutes to be kept and recorded of all resolutions and proceedings of General Meetings of the Foundation and 21A. The Council may, in addition, nominate from within or of Meetings of the Council and shall cause such Minutes to be signed by outside the Foundation a maximum of three persons, firms, companies, the Chairman of the Meeting or of the next ensuing Meeting. associations or corporations for appointment either to fill casual vacancies on, or as additional members of the Council, provided that the total number of members, other than the Professor of Physics and the additional member nominated by him pursuant to Section 20 REGULATIONS suprat shall not at any time exceed the maximum number prescribed. 31. The Foundation in General Meeting may make Regulations not 22. If the Life Governor or Governor of the Foundation or the inconsistent with the Rules of this Constitution. body invited under Section 21A supra is a firm, company, association or corporation, such Life Governor, Governor or invited body may designate in writing its representative who shall be eligible for appointment to the Council. ALTERATIONS TO CONSTITUTION 23. The first members of the Council shall be: 32. This Constitution may be added to, amended or repeated by Mr R. Parry-Okeden, Managing Director of Lysaghts and represent- resolution passed at any General Meeting, provided that no such ative of the Chamber of Manufactures of New South Wales. resolution shall be deemed to have been passed unless (a) it has been carried by a majority of at least two-thirds of the Members present in Mr W. G. Walkley, Managing Director of Ampol Petroleum Ltd. person or by representative or proxy and voting thereon and (6) it is Mr G. B. S. Falkiner, grazier. subsequently approved by the Senate. Mr E. G. Boyd, Director of Mount Morgan Ltd. Sir Frank Packer, Managing Director of Consolidated Press. Mr C. G. Crane, Chairman of Directors, Australian Gas Lighi NOTICE TO MEMBERS Company- 33. A notice shall be served by the Foundation upon any Associate Member, Member or Governor either personally or by sending it Mr T. G. Crane, Managing Director, Monsanto Chemicals through the post in a pre-paid letter, envelope or wrapper addressed to (Australia) Limited. him at his registered or last known place of address. (Seven Governors appointed by the Senate for the inaugural yeai 1954.) 34. Any notice sent by post shall be deemed to have been served on Mr James N. Kirby, Managing Director of James N. Kirby Manu- the day upon which in the ordinary course of post such notice would facturing Pty Ltd. reach the addressee. (Nominated by the Professor of Physics under Section 20 of the Constitution.) 35. The signature to any such notice may be written or typed or Professor H. Messel, Professor of Physics (ex officio). printed.

83 HOW TO JOIN THE SCIENCE FOUNDATION

X HE Science Foundation for Physics has three grades of membership, all of which are open to individuals and companies and other corporate bodies. The highest grade of membership is that of Governor. Governors are eligible for appointment to the Council of the Foundation. An annual contribution of at least $4,000 is required from a Governor. Next grade is that of Full Member. Full Members vote at General Meetings of the Foundation, but they are not eligible for appointments to Council. A minimum annual contribution of $800 is required for full membership, but larger amounts are most welcome. The total number of Full Members and Governors is limited to 100. An unlimited number of Associate Members are admitted to the Foundation on paying an annual contribution of from $200 to $799. Associate Mem- bers enjoy all the privileges of Full Membership with the one exception that they are not able to vote at General Meetings. Foundation members of all grades receive the publications of the Science Foundation for Physics, including "The Nucleus"; they are invited to attend meetings, lectures and discussions. All contributions to the Science Foundation for Physics are allowable deductions from income for tax purposes. Applications and enquiries concerning membership should be sent to:

r The Secretary, Science Foundation for Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, N.S.W. 2006. fi " In the conditions of modern life the rule is absolute: the race which does not value trained intelligence is doomed. Not all your heroism, not all your social charm, not all your wit, not all your victories on land or at sea, can move back the finger of fate. Today we maintain ourselves. Tomorrow science will have moved forward yet one more step, and there will be no appeal from the judgment which will then be pronounced on the uneducated." ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD, 1916.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE COUNCIL OF THC SCIENCE FOUNPAT1ON FOR PHYSICS WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY BY V. C. N. BLIGHT, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. SYDNEY. N.S.W.