Remembering 9/11 Is the U.S

E X S P P A E N C D I E A D L

IS S U E Res earc her ! Published by CQ Press, a Division of SAGE CQ www.cqresearcher.com Remembering 9/11 Is the U.S. safe from terrorist attacks?

s the 10th anniversary of the Sept. 11, 2001, terror - ist attacks approaches, Americans continue to ex - amine whether the U.S. response over the past A decade has made the homeland safer. While the government has taken a variety of measures to defend against similar attacks, legal questions over the treatment and prosecution of terror suspects have ignited longstanding debates over the legitimacy of the U.S. approach to the “war on terror” launched by President George W. Bush and continued by President Barack

Obama. Meanwhile, with the country at war in Afghanistan and Nearly two-thirds complete, 1 World Trade Center in New York City rises above the site of the twin towers that were destroyed in the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist intent on dismantling Al Qaeda, policymakers are asking whether attacks. Soaring to a symbolic 1,776 feet, the building, scheduled for completion in 2013, will be the nation’s it remains a credible threat to U.S. national security after the tallest. It is one of five skyscrapers planned for the site. killing of Osama bin Laden. Inside the United States, though, a I domestic jihadist subculture has arisen — against the backdrop of N THIS REPORT anti-Muslim sentiment among many Americans — that some say S THE ISSUES ...... 703 could also pose a threat to U.S. security. I BACKGROUND ...... 714 D CHRONOLOGY ...... 714 E CURRENT SITUATION ...... 722 CQ Researcher • Sept. 2, 2011 • www.cqresearcher.com AT ISSUE ...... 723 Volume 21, Number 30 • Pages 701-732 OUTLOOK ...... 725 RECIPIENT OF SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 729 EXCELLENCE N AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD THE NEXT STEP ...... 731 REMEMBERING 9/11 CQ Re search er

Sept. 2, 2011 THE ISSUES Many U.S. Muslims Fear Volume 21, Number 30 705 Extremism • Has the United States But some show support. MANAGING EDITOR: Thomas J. Billitteri 703 done enough since 9/11 [email protected] to prevent terrorist attacks? A Survivor’s Story: ‘Every ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR: Kathy Koch • Has individual liberty 706 Day Could Be the End’ [email protected] been sacrificed to security How 9/11 changed Walter CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: Thomas J. Colin since 9/11? Masterson’s life. [email protected] • Do radical Islamist ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Kenneth Jost views pose a threat in the Turning Profane Places 709 STAFF WRITERS: Marcia Clemmitt, Peter Katel United States? Into Sacred Ground Memorials at the three 9/11 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Sarah Glazer, BACKGROUND sites take different approaches. Alan Greenblatt, Barbara Mantel, Tom Price, Jennifer Weeks Is Al Qaeda Still A Threat? A Nation at War DESIGN /P RODUCTION EDITOR: Olu B. Davis 714 712 Defense secretary calls it all Within days of 9/11, Presi - but beaten; others are wary. ASSISTANT EDITOR: Darrell Dela Rosa dent Bush and Congress FACT CHECKER: Michelle Harris began “war against terror.” Chronology: Terrorism 714 Abroad INTERNS : Daniel Bauer, Benjamin Woody The Homeland Secured? Key events since 2001. 718 On the fifth anniversary of 9/11, Americans were di - Chronology: Terrorism at vided about Bush’s policies. 715 Home Key events since 2001. War on Terror 2.0? 720 Obama changed some Victims’ Compensation A Division of SAGE Bush policies, kept others. 716 Poses Fairness Issues VICE PRESIDENT AND EDITORIAL DIRECTOR: New fund extends eligibility Jayne Marks CURRENT SITUATION period for claims. DIRECTOR, ONLINE PUBLISHING: Anti-Extremism Strategy Rising From the Ashes Todd Baldwin 722 720 Five skyscrapers are planned; Obama’s plan to combat critics have doubts. Al Qaeda recruitment in Copyright © 2011 CQ Press, a Division of SAGE. U.S. draws praise, criticism. At Issue SAGE reserves all copyright and other rights herein, 723 Does Al Qaeda still pose a unless pre vi ous ly spec i fied in writing. No part of this 9/11 Trial serious threat to the U.S.? publication may be reproduced electronically or 724 A military tribunal may otherwise, without prior written permission. Un- soon try the self-proclaimed au tho rized re pro duc tion or trans mis sion of SAGE copy - mastermind of 9/11. FOR FURTHER RESEARCH right ed material is a violation of federal law car ry ing civil fines of up to $100,000. OUTLOOK For More Information CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional 728 Organizations to contact. Quarterly Inc. 725 Noise and Silence Bibliography CQ Researcher (ISSN 1056-2036) is printed on acid- Amid Ground Zero’s bustle, 729 Selected sources used. free paper. Pub lished weekly, except: (May wk. 4) reverential quiet. (July wks. 1, 2) (Aug. wks. 2, 3) (Nov. wk. 4) and The Next Step (Dec. wks. 4, 5), by CQ Press, a division of SAGE. 731 Additional articles . Annual full-service subscriptions start at $803. For pric - SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS ing, call 1-800-834-9020. To purchase a CQ Researcher Citing CQ Researcher report in print or electronic format (PDF), visit www. After 9/11, Few Killed in 731 Sample bibliography formats. cqpress.com or call 866-427-7737. Single reports start 704 Jihadist Attacks in U.S. at $15. Bulk purchase discounts and electronic-rights Individuals or groups embrac - licensing are also available. Pe ri od i cals post age paid ing jihadist views killed 14. at Wash ing ton, D.C., and ad di tion al mailing of fic es. POST MAST ER: Send ad dress chang es to CQ Re search - er , 2300 N St., N.W., Suite 800, Wash ing ton, DC 20037. Cover: CQ Press/Kenneth Jost

702 CQ Researcher Remembering 9/11 BY KENNETH JOST

killed by Al Qaeda terrorists THE ISSUES at the World Trade Center in New York, the Pentagon in en years later, the gap - Northern Virginia and a field ing hole left in lower in rural Pennsylvania. ** (See T Manhattan by the dead - “9/11 Casualties,” p. 704; liest foreign attack on the “9/11 Memorials,” p. 709. ) United States in history re - The country has gone mains largely unfilled. * But a through a lot since 9/11: two new skyscraper is nearly two- wars, two close presidential thirds complete at Ground elections, two economic crises. Zero to replace the iconic But despite the continuing twin towers that stood there fears and foreboding in the for 30 years until the terrify - aftermath of the attacks, there ing morning of Sept. 11, 2001 . has not been another suc - When complete, 1 World cessful hijacking or bombing, Trade Center will rise 1,368 only thwarted attempts. In the a

feet from ground level, topped m 10 years since 9/11, only 14 a T by an antenna structure that Americans have died within o i r

will reach the symbolic a the United States in terrorist M /

height of 1,776 feet. Many of s incidents clearly attributable to e g

the visitors who come to the a radical Islamist views akin to m

site from all over the coun - I Al Qaeda doctrine. ( For a com - y t try and around the world see t pilation of 30 CQ Researcher e

construction of the 104-story G reports on 9/11-related issues Twin waterfalls and reflecting pools, located inside the building as a demonstration footprints of the destroyed World Trade Center towers, since 2001, see p. 730. ) in concrete and steel of form the centerpiece of the eight-acre 9/11 Memorial in “Our country is stronger American resolve after the New York City, to be dedicated Sept. 11. Some 400 oak than we were a decade ago,” terrorist attacks that so trees line the memorial plaza, and bronze parapets Department of Homeland Se - changed the United States, bear the names of the 2,983 persons killed in the 2001 curity (DHS) Secretary Janet terrorist attacks in Manhattan, at the Pentagon, in rural possibly forever. Pennsylvania and in the 1993 WTC garage bombing. Napolitano declared in June. “It’s so beautiful to see how “We have indeed bounced it’s coming,” says Ken Morris, a social worker on the original World Trade back from the worst attacks ever on worker with military veterans visiting Center. Like so many of the nation’s our soil. And we have made signifi - in mid-August from Fort Lauderdale, responses to 9/11, the building has cant progress in many fronts needed Fla., just as he has done almost every been and remains controversial — to protect ourselves.” 1 year for the past decade. “It’s sort of with debates over design, cost over - Napolitano’s predecessor agrees. like our anti-terrorism beacon saying, runs and public subsidies. ( See “World “We’ve done a lot to make us more ‘We will survive.’ ” Trade Center,” p. 720. ) secure,” said Michael Chertoff, who The building, due to be finished in Those controversies will be set held the Cabinet post for four years 2013, has been long in coming. “It’s aside on the 10th anniversary of the under President George W. Bush. Even a national shame that they haven’t done attacks, however, as President Barack if the country suffered a major terror - this much sooner,” says Gene Duffy, Obama leads a host of dignitaries in ist attack, Chertoff said, “We would not a former New Yorker visiting from dedicating the National September 11 fall to pieces.” 2 California whose father was an iron - Memorial. The centerpiece of the Outside experts also generally pro - eight-acre memorial and park will be nounce the United States safer. “It is * The Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base two large waterfalls and reflecting pools more difficult for a group like Al Qaeda at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, leading to set within the footprints of the former America’s entry into World War II, was the towers. The pools will be surround - ** The list includes the six people killed in second-deadliest foreign attack on the United ed by bronze parapets with the in - the Feb. 26, 1993, bombing of the World Trade States: 2,388 men were killed. cised names of the 2,983 persons Center garage.

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 703 REMEMBERING 9/11

After 9/11, Few Killed in Jihadist Attacks in U.S. Nearly 3,000 people died in the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon and in rural Shanksville, Pa. In the decade since 9/11, however, attacks in the United States clearly attrib - utable to individuals or groups embracing Al Qaeda’s radical Islamist views have claimed only 14 lives.

Islamist-Linked Attacks in the United States

Where When Deaths Prosecutions World Trade Feb. 26, 1993 6 Six radical Islamists were convicted in trials in March 1994 Center garage and November 1997; all were given long prison sentences. WTC North Tower Sept. 11, 2001 1,470 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, alleged 9/11 mastermind, Flight 11 87 expected to stand trial in military tribunal with four WTC South Tower 695 co-defendants: Ramzi Bin al-Shibh, Walid bin Attash, and rest of Ali Abdul Aziz Ali and Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi. complex Flight 175 60 First responders 441 Pentagon 125 Flight 77 59 Flight 93 40 (Shanksville, Pa.) Post-9/11 Attacks Little Rock, Ark. June 1, 2009 1 Abdulhakim Muhammad, formerly Carlos Bledsoe, sentenced to life imprisonment on July 25 after pleading guilty to murder in a state court. Fort Hood, Texas Nov. 5, 2009 13 Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan to stand trial for capital murder in a military court in March 2012.

Source: National September 11 Memorial and Museum, news reports

today to conduct an attack on the scale Visitors interviewed at the World with weapons or explosives. “I don’t of 9/11 than it was before,” says Brian Trade Center site in mid-August also mind it at all,” says Matt Talbot, a re - Fishman, a counterterrorism research generally expressed confidence in per - cent high school graduate visiting from fellow at the centrist New America sonal safety from possible terrorist at - Milwaukee. “I’d rather have them do Foundation in Washington. tacks. “I feel pretty safe,” says Eugene it than not do it.” “We’re clearly more secure,” says Schlanger, a lawyer in New York City. Civil liberties and human rights Benjamin Wittes, a senior fellow at the Adoria Williamson, a scheduler for the groups, however, say the “war on ter - center-left Brookings Institution in Wash - Boeing Co. in Doylestown, Pa., agrees. ror” initiated by Bush and carried over ington and author or editor of three “We’re more aware and more cautious with modifications by Obama has books on war-on-terror issues. “There than we were before,” Williamson says. done as much or more to impinge on have not been substantial successful at - “I guess it’s a lifestyle now.” personal liberty and tarnish American tacks in the United States, and the am - Most of those questioned are also values as to enhance security. “A decade bition of the attacks has gone down.” content with the enhanced security after 9/11, we continue to permit the fear “Al Qaeda is trying to pull off a car procedures put in place since 9/11 — of terrorism to dominate our legal and bombing today,” Wittes explains. “That’s most conspicuously, the rigorous pre - political discourse,” says Hina Shamsi, a big change from what they were flight screening for passengers aimed director of the American Civil Liberties doing 10 years ago.” at preventing hijackers from boarding Union’s National Security Project.

704 CQ Researcher Civil liberties groups criticize broad - ened investigatory powers enacted in Many But Not All U.S. Muslims Fear Extremism the USA Patriot Act barely six weeks Sixty percent of American Muslims are concerned about Islamic after 9/11 and renewed most recent - extremism in the United States, but one-fifth see considerable ly in May. They also criticize the still- support for extremism among American Muslims. Nearly half say obscure electronic surveillance pro - gram that Bush personally authorized U.S. Muslim leaders have not done enough to speak out against three weeks after the attacks and that extremists. More than half of those polled say being a Muslim has Congress later ratified with modifica - become more difficult since 9/11 because of tougher national - tions. And they have severely criticized security policies, but nearly 40 percent of Muslims say some Ameri - the Bush administration policies of de - cans have expressed support for them (chart below). taining so-called enemy combatants at the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in How concerned are you about Have U.S. Muslim leaders done Cuba and subjecting some “high- a possible rise of Islamic as much as they should to value” terrorism suspects to harsh in - extremism in the U.S.? speak out against extremists? terrogation techniques — including waterboarding and sleep deprivation Other/ Other/ don’t know don’t know — that many have called torture. 5% Yes Conservative experts and observers, Very/ 34% however, defend the broadened law- somewhat 18% 60% enforcement powers and other policies Not too/ adopted during the Bush administra - not at all No tion. “American policies . . . kept the 35% 48% homeland safe from attack for a decade,” writes Abe Greenwald, senior editor of How much support for Being a Muslim in the U.S. the influential neoconservative maga - extremism is there among since 9/11 . . . zine Commentary in a cover story en - Muslim Americans? titled, “What We Got Right in the War on Terror.” Greenwald credits the re - Other/ Great deal/ Other/ sult to “thinking and acting more bold - don’t know fair amount don’t know ly than we have in generations.” 3 15% 21% 9% Whatever the balance sheet may Is more difficult show on security and liberty, the “war Hasn’t 55% on terror” has brought an at-times un - Not too much/ changed none at all 37% comfortable focus on American Mus - 64% lims. A small and largely unrecognized minority in the United States before 9/11, Muslims have drawn both inter - est and suspicion in the years since. In the past year . . . Within the past year, Muslims in com - munities around the nation have been People have acted suspicious of you 28% put on the defensive by local oppo - Been called offensive names 22% sition to the building of mosques, in - Been singled out by airport security 21% cluding a planned Islamic center a few Been singled out by other law-enforcement officers 13% blocks from Ground Zero, and by state Been threatened or attacked 6% campaigns to bar the use of Islamic Some expressed support for you 37% Shariah law, the Islamic code that guides Muslim beliefs and actions. * Figures may not total 100 due to rounding. Muslim groups and experts who pro - Source: “Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for mote interfaith dialogue dismiss the Extremism,” Pew Research Center, August 2011, people-press.org/files/2011/08/ controversies as politically motivated. muslim-american-report.pdf “It is an instigated campaign to drive a

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 705 REMEMBERING 9/11

A Survivor’s Story: ‘Every Day Could Be the End’ How 9/11 changed Walter Masterson’s life.

he Tribute WTC Visitor Center provides daily tours around Masterson fled along with others; no one in Building 5 was the World Trade Center site led by people affected by the killed. People in the lower floors of the north tower also began T Sept. 11 attacks: survivors, family members, recovery work - to evacuate. With the uppermost stories now in flames and the ers, neighbors, volunteers. Here is one survivor’s story. stairwells blocked, however, many others faced the terrifying Walter Masterson remembers the World Trade Center as “an ex - choice of leaping to their death or perishing by incineration. traordinary place to work,” a complex of seven buildings dominat - Quickly, hundreds of firefighters, police and rescue work - ed by the 110-story twin towers that rose 1,360 feet into the sky. ers began to converge on the scene even as employees in the On an average day, several hundred thousand people passed through complex rushed out. Confusion reigned. The crash was initially the center’s below-ground rail transit hub. The retail stores offered thought to be a ghastly accident — a badly piloted small private anything a person could want. “If you worked there,” Masterson re - aircraft. People in the south tower were initially told to stay in calls, “you never had to go outside the building.” the building, but then a few minutes later to evacuate. First- Masterson, now 65, then worked as a senior business analyst responders’ communications devices were not interoperable, or for an investment bank, on the top floor of a nine-story building. failed to work. On Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001, he was in the office early for a con - Then at 9:07 a.m., United Flight 175 hit the south tower, ference call. Many others who worked in the complex were com - carving a hole extending from the 77th to 85th floors. Images ing in late. Some parents were taking their children to the first day of the crash — in real time — were viewed by uncounted millions of school; others were voting early in the statewide party primaries. of people throughout the world. At 8:46 a.m., “an explosive sound, louder than anything I’d By 9:59, the south tower had begun to collapse; floor after ever heard before,” startled Masterson. He looked outside and floor pancaked onto the one below in a matter of seconds. The saw nothing. But above his line of sight, five Al Qaeda hi - north tower followed to the ground at 10:28. By then, two other jackers had just crashed American Airlines Flight 11 from Boston hijacked airplanes had crashed. American Flight 77 cut a gap - into the north tower, between the 93rd and 98th floors. ing hole in the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m. United Flight 93 crashed A few seconds after the crash, Masterson saw a chunk of shortly after 10 in rural Pennsylvania, near Shanksville, after pas - concrete “the size of an automobile” crash into the courtyard. sengers tried to overpower the terrorists. “Debris hit so fast I couldn’t see the plaza,” he says. “There For Masterson, some of the day’s events are a blur. “I went into were millions of sheets of paper flying through the air.” shock,” he says. He cannot recall seeing anyone jump from the wedge in our society between Muslims The United States marked its biggest the so-called “blind sheikh.” With bin and others,” says Salam Al-Marayati , pres - victory in the war against Al Qaeda on Laden’s death, government officials and ident of the Los Angeles-based Mus - May 1 with the killing of the terrorist counterterrorism experts openly spec - lim Public Affairs Council. group’s leader, Osama bin Laden. Obama ulated whether the United States could But the groups promoting the cam - went on television late on a Sunday night claim victory over Al Qaeda even paigns say American Muslims need to to announce the results of an elaborately though offshoots, notably the Yemen- do more to denounce and counter - planned raid by U.S. Navy SEALS on a centered Al Qaeda on the Arabian act the support for anti-American ji - compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, that Peninsula, continue to draw attention. hadism in some U.S. and worldwide the Saudi-born terrorist had apparently (See sidebar, p. 712; “At Issue,” p. 723. ) Muslim communities. “Muslim com - used as a hideout for years. 5 With the 10th anniversary of the munity leaders must take a more ac - Even before bin Laden’s death, 9/11 attacks prompting new scholar - tive role in educating their own faith other top Al Qaeda figures had been ship, fiction and nonfiction titles, news community about the dangers associ - killed or captured in U.S. raids or coverage and commentary, and much ated with providing a safe haven for” drone attacks. “We’re much more se - solemn reflection, here are major literature supportive of violent jihad, cure because we’ve killed or captured questions being considered: David Yerushalmi, general counsel of much of Al Qaeda’s leadership,” says the Washington-based Center for Se - Andrew McCarthy, a senior fellow at Has the United States done curity Policy, writes in an article co- the conservative National Review In - enough since 9/11 to prevent ter - authored with an Israeli academic in stitute and lead federal prosecutor in rorist attacks? the Middle East Quarterly , which echoes the 1995 sedition trial of the militant Naser Abdo put the clerk on edge conservative Israeli views . 4 Islamist Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, on July 26 when he arrived by taxi at

706 CQ Researcher towers, but he heard what he came to they weren’t trampling” each other, he says. realize were the sounds of bodies hit - For days after, New York City was on ting the pavement. He does remember its best behavior. “Rudeness vanished,” going into a nearby Catholic church Masterson recalls. “Everybody helped. and, uncharacteristically, kneeling to pray. Nobody wanted for anything.” Thousands Eventually, he called his teenage daugh - of New Yorkers donated blood, but little ter’s school to say he was all right. A was needed. People had either escaped t

second call, to his ex-wife, would get s to safety or died at the scene. o J word to his three older children. The events of the day changed Master - h t

The message to his daughter at e son’s life. In college, he had hoped for a n n

school was never delivered. Hours later, e career as a therapist, but he set the idea K /

Masterson finally heard from her. She s aside after marrying young and starting s e

was still at school, held there with r to raise a family. With 9/11 in mind, Mas - P other students as a precaution against terson went back to school for a degree Q

an attack of yet unknown dimension. C in social work. Now he has a part-time “All she could do was cry,” he says, Walter Masterson, a tour guide at the psychotherapy practice in Manhattan. choking up himself. “I didn’t even know new World Trade Center site, was a “That was the last day of their life, business analyst when he witnessed the she liked me.” and they had no idea,” Masterson says Al Qaeda attacks from a nearby office Reflecting a decade later, Masterson building. Now a therapist, he says, “If you of those who died on 9/11. “The thought says the cataclysm brought out the best have something you want to do, do occurred to me that if you have some - in the people of New York. He is most everything you can to have it.” thing you want to do, do everything you in awe of the first responders who can to have it.” braved the terrifying scene, including 343 firefighters who lost He adds: “Every day is an opportunity, and every day could their lives. “What heroism they had to walk into that, I cannot be the end.” imagine,” he says. For the civilians, he remembers efforts to main - — Kenneth Jost tain order amid the chaos. “People were rushing to get out, but

Guns Galore, in Killeen, Texas, and ing, had he not been stopped,” Killeen tempt by the so-called underwear showed little knowledge as he asked Police Chief Dennis Baldwin said at bomber, Umar Farouk Abdulmutal - about the store’s stock. Greg Ebert’s July 28 news conference. Army offi - lab; and the Dec. 22, 2001, attempt suspicions were further aroused when cials said Abdo, who is Muslim, ad - by the so-called shoe bomber, Abdo left the store without change or mitted planning an attack. The next Richard Reid . 7 a receipt after buying $250 worth of day, he shouted Hasan’s name as he “We’re more sensitive now to the gunpowder and ammunition. was led out of the courtroom after an fact that these attacks might hap - Ebert and his fellow employees had initial appearance. 6 pen,” says Lawrence J. Korb, a se - good reason for wariness. The pistol Ebert’s call fit a recent pattern nior fellow at the liberal Center for that Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan allegedly of terrorist plots or attempts foiled American Progress, who served as used in the November 2009 massacre by watchful civilians. Citizen tips an assistant secretary of Defense from of 13 at nearby Fort Hood came from have led to terrorism arrests and 1981 to 1985 during President Ronald their store. Ebert reported Abdo’s pur - convictions in New Jersey and a Reagan’s first term. “If you leave a chase to local police, who enlisted FBI pending terrorism case in Texas. package somewhere now, people agents to help question and then ar - Quick warnings by onlookers in will call.” rest Abdo at the motel where the AWOL New York’s Times Square alerted Public awareness, in fact, is one of Army private was staying. police on May 1, 2010, to a car- several components that Napolitano The arrest may have thwarted a sec - bomb attempt. And airline passen - credits for strengthening anti-terrorism ond terrorist attack on the giant mili - gers have been credited with thwart - efforts since 9/11. In her June speech, tary base. “We would probably be ing two post-9/11 attempted she noted that the now familiar “If you here today, giving you a different brief - bombings: the Dec. 25, 2009, at - see something, say something” campaign

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 707 REMEMBERING 9/11

that originated with the New York City subway system has spread with DHS’s encouragement to other transit sys - tems, federal buildings and sports and entertainment venues. Napolitano also pointed to two major law-enforcement initiatives: the estab - lishment of 72 so-called intelligence

s fusion centers designed to bring to - m a

r gether local, state and federal infor - b A

mation on possible terrorist threats and y a the nationwide “Suspicious Activity Re - R

y

n porting” initiative to train local and n

e state law enforcement on telltale clues H /

s about potential terrorists. e g

a The various law enforcement ini - m I

tiatives since 9/11 have come at a cost y t t

e — about $75 billion per year in fed - G

/ eral and state spending, according to P F

A an investigation by the Los Angeles Times. “The amount of money has been enormous,” Brookings Institution l l

i fellow Wittes says. In the early years, s i

d there were complaints that anti-terrorism u R funds were distributed widely to rural c i r

d and small-town law enforcement in - e C

stead of concentrated in urban cen - . t g

S ters more likely to be terrorist targets.

.

h The fusion centers have received more c e

T than $420 million in federal grants / e s since 2004 but are now facing possi - n e

f 8

e ble budget cuts. D

f Still, Fishman at the New America o

.

t Foundation credits the stepped-up do - p

e mestic security along with the killing D /

s of Al Qaeda leaders and operatives e g

a with seriously eroding the jihadist net - m I

work’s capabilities. “Jihadi terrorism is y t t

e a dangerous threat to us politically, G but in terms of a threat to individual Day of Destruction Americans the threat level is extremely low,” he says. On a cloudless September morning 10 years ago, jetliners hijacked by Korb also sees progress, but offset Al Qaeda terrorists crashed into buildings viewed as symbols of American financial power and military might: the twin World Trade Center (WTC) by counterproductive actions and poli - towers (top) and the Pentagon (bottom). Along with 441 firefighters and cies, such as the Guantánamo deten - other first responders who died at the WTC, 1,557 people died in the tions and the war in Iraq, that have cre - North Tower crash and collapse, and 755 from the South Tower crash ated “a whole new generation of terrorists” and collapse. A total of 184 people were killed at the Pentagon, including at home and abroad. “On the whole, 59 passengers on American Airlines Flight 77. Forty died near Shanksville, we’ve moved in the right direction,” he Pa., when Flight 93 crashed in a field as passengers tried to overpower says, “but not as far as we could have the hijackers. if we hadn’t overreacted.” Continued on p. 710

708 CQ Researcher Turning Profane Places Into Sacred Ground Memorials at the three 9/11 sites take different approaches.

e challenge you to create a Memorial that trans - cost of the 9/11 Museum in New York is under consideration, ac - lates this terrible tragedy into a place of solace, cording to museum director Alice Greenwald, with either a fixed “W peace, and healing. ” charge or a suggested donation needed to offset operating costs. — Family statement to designers of The New York memorial has been slow in coming not only National Pentagon Memorial because of the time involved in a design competition and in con - The victims of 9/11 died at locations far apart and markedly dif - struction but also because of the many controversies along the ferent: a hyperactive urban center, a super-secure military complex way. The plan combines the goals of memorialization and urban and a remote Pennsylvania field last used as a surface coal mine. redevelopment. Half of the former World Trade Center site is used The memorials on the three sites — one opened in 2008, the oth - for the memorial, an open urban park lined by 400 oak trees, ers are to be dedicated the weekend of Sept. 10-11 — take differ - with five new skyscrapers to be built on the rest of the land. ent approaches as dictated by their locations to fulfill the common A major difficulty was the placement of the 2,983 names of goal of transforming sites of profane tragedy into sacred ground. 1 those killed on bronze parapets lining the two giant reflecting “We are not nostalgic about the events of 9/11,” Brent Glass, pools at the center of the memorial. Listing the names alphabeti - then-director of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Ameri - cally was rejected if only to avoid separating spouses with differ - can History and an expert on the history of memorials, ex - ent last names. Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s suggestion to list names plained at a July 26 pro - randomly was also turned down. gram sponsored by the The final decision, as Green - National Building Museum wald explained at the National d a

that featured representa - e Building Museum program, was h l

tives from each of the sites. o to link names on the basis of “But almost immediately o “adjacencies” — passengers on W

there was a public consen - e each of the three flights grouped o J /

sus that we should memo - s together; the same for family e i rialize the people who died t members, friends and cowork - r e

that day.” p ers. Computers were needed to o r

New York City’s 9/11 P sort out the sequencing.

n

Memorial will be the most i The Pentagon Memorial uses e t

expensive of the three, at a s cantilevered metal benches to r e v

cost of $700 million for the l commemorate the 184 people i memorial and an under - S killed in the third of the crash - ground museum, which will One of two waterfalls and reflecting pools at the 9/11 es on 9/11. The benches are or - Memorial site in New York City, to be dedicated on Sept. 11. open in September 2012. The ganized in lines based on the An underground museum featuring displays and artifacts eight-acre site is expected to related to the 1993 and 2001 terror attacks on the World victims’ ages — from the have an annual operating Trade Center is scheduled to open in September 2012. youngest, age 3, to the oldest, budget of between $50 mil - age 71. lion and $60 million. The memorial was rushed to completion The Flight 93 Memorial commemorates the 40 passengers and in time for dedication on Sunday, Sept. 11, the 10th anniversary crew who died after overpowering the terrorists in order to di - of the attacks. vert the plane from its intended target: the U.S. Capitol in Wash - By contrast, the two-acre Pentagon Memorial, located on the ington. The crash site — the Field of Honor — is to be sur - Pentagon grounds and dedicated by President George W. Bush rounded by a one-mile walkway. A 93-foot “Tower of Voices” on Sept. 11, 2008, cost a relatively modest $22 million. will stand at the entrance to the memorial, containing 40 large The Flight 93 Memorial, surrounding the crash site of the wind chimes that designers intend to evoke the sound of the fourth hijacked airplane, is projected to cost $60 million by the wind and voices aboard the plane during its final moments. time of its anticipated completion in 2014. The 2,000-acre memo - — Kenneth Jost rial is oversized in order to minimize the impact of visitor traf - fic on the tiny nearby town of Shanksville, Pa. The first phase 1 Each memorial has a website: National September 11 Memorial and Museum, of the memorial will be dedicated on Saturday, Sept. 10. www.911memorial.org/; National Pentagon Memorial, http://pentagonmemorial. President Obama is expected to attend each of the dedica - org/; Flight 93 National Memorial, www.nps.gov/flni/index.htm. For reviews, see these articles published in The Washington Post on Aug. 28, 2011: Philip Kenni - tions and to visit the Pentagon Memorial during the weekend. cott, “Two stark voids. But in a city of life,” p. E7; “At site of crash, a peaceful Admission will be free at each of the memorials. The admission tribute,” p. E6; Manuel Roig-Franzia, “A lesson for the living,” p. E8.

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 709 REMEMBERING 9/11

Continued from p. 708 Has individual liberty been sac - ened the government’s ability to use Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, a senior rificed to security since 9/11? wiretaps in foreign terrorism cases. fellow at the conservative Foundation Nicholas Merrill was the president of The bill included a provision de - for Defense of Democracies and author a small Internet access and consulting manded by President Bush to im - of a new book critical of anti-terrorism company in 2003 when he was served munize telecommunications compa - policies, responds that much of the with a so-called national security letter nies for having cooperated with the funding has been badly spent. “Politi - from the FBI demanding that he turn expanded electronic surveillance cians often use spending as a proxy over what he considered sensitive in - program that he authorized after 9/11 for security,” he says. “The problem is formation about one of his clients. The without going to Congress. 13 not that the United States has not done government has issued hundreds of Civil liberties and privacy advo - enough; the United States in many thousands of subpoena-like “letters” since cates, including some on the political ways has done too much. But the sys - 9/11 — but with no need for court ap - right such as the libertarian Cato In - tems we have in place are not par - proval — using expanded authority stitute, say the various provisions allow ticularly efficient.” provided by the Patriot Act. the government to invoke national se - As one example, Gartenstein-Ross crit - Rather than turn over the informa - curity to justify intrusive investigations icizes the requirement for thorough in - tion, Merrill got help from American with little evidence. The critics say the spection of all airline passengers — no Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) lawyers broadened electronic surveillance also matter how unlikely they are to stage to represent him in a lawsuit chal - inevitably sweeps up communications an attack. “Our current security expen - lenging the order as well as the Pa - of individuals with no known con - ditures are not sustainable,” Gartenstein- triot Act provisions governing them. In nections to terrorism cases. “We have Ross says. “We eventually will be put addition, the suit challenged the unique created a national surveillance appa - in a position where we have to strip “gag order” that barred Merrill from ratus which is enormous but does not them down. That will raise the risk of disclosing any information about the at the same time have limitations a successful attack.” 9 order — to the target of the investi - through oversight mechanisms from Whatever gains may have been made gation or anyone else — or even his Congress or the courts,” says Shamsi in domestic law enforcement, Stephen own identity in challenging it. 11 with the ACLU. Schwartz, founder and executive di - Merrill’s suit eventually forced Con - Security-minded experts say any loss rector of the Center for Islamic Plu - gress to modify the gag-order provi - of liberties has been minimal and, in ralism in Washington, says the United sion. In the meantime, a massive re - any event, necessary for preventing States will remain vulnerable as long port by the Justice Department’s Office new terrorist attacks. “Certainly there terrorist networks can operate outside of Inspector General documented wide - are areas with constraints on person - U.S. borders. spread FBI abuses and misuses of na - al liberty that didn’t exist 10 years ago,” Securing facilities is a perfectly rea - tional security letters in collecting per - says Gartenstein-Ross at the Founda - sonable action to take, says Schwartz, sonal information about customers tion for Defense of Democracies. “The a Muslim convert and author of a book from Internet service providers, finan - question is not whether there has been on Islamic fundamentalism. “But the cial institutions and credit card com - a decline in civil liberties. The ques - goal should be eradication. Protecting panies. Even so, the government con - tion is how to balance that against the homeland can’t be done without tinues to use national security letters gains in security.” taking action to end the threat.” in large numbers. And Congress re - Bush administration officials often Attacks on the United States, whether jected any new restrictions on their use framed war-on-terror policies as efforts originating abroad or from within the when it reauthorized the Patriot Act in to balance security and liberty. Echo - country, are all products of Asian or late May. 12 ing a passage in Obama’s inaugural Middle Eastern terrorist networks, Besides the expanded authority address, Napolitano rejects the premise. Schwartz argues. “As long as those for national security letters, the Pa - “There is a false dichotomy if you have people are active abroad, they’re triot Act also broadened the govern - to say we have to sacrifice liberty for going to continue organizing conspir - ment’s power to obtain business security,” the DHS secretary said in the acies in the United States,” he says. records and allowed the government June 7 speech. “We don’t. We just have “The conspiracies uncovered here have to use “roving wiretaps” to track a to think about them at the same time not had to do with grievances of peo - target’s use of different devices. And and look for common-sense and prag - ple living in the United States; they’ve Congress in July 2008 approved an matic ways to make sure that both are had to do with Yemen, Pakistan, overhaul of the Foreign Intelligence being pursued.” Afghanistan.” 10 Surveillance Act (FISA) that broad - Civil liberties advocates agree. “It’s a

710 CQ Researcher false notion that we need to balance allowing for easy surveillance of peo - terrorism powers. “There’s a lot less out - our liberty and security interests,” says ple who have little reason to be sus - rage,” says Julian Sanchez, a research Mason Clutter, director of the rule of pected of terrorism have flooded se - fellow at the Cato Institute and author law program at the bipartisan Constitu - curity agencies with informational noise of a report in May that outlined possible tion Project in Washington. “They’re not and generated thousands of false leads legislative changes. “It no longer seems mutually exclusive. We don’t gain one that distract them from real threats,” like emergency powers. It seems like by giving up the other. We can increase the report states. 15 the new normal.” 16 our security by increasing our liberty.” Experts concerned about security, Some experts also insist that the however, find little to fault in the elec - Do radical Islamist views pose a controversial measures have not been tronic surveillance. “I didn’t see any - threat in the United States? necessary or even useful in countert - thing remotely that was wrong with Oklahoma voters went to the polls errorism efforts. “Many balances that that,” says National Review ’s McCarthy. last Nov. 2 to combat what they were could have been struck between se - “More of the opposition was political told was a potential threat to political curity and liberty weren’t,” says Jeffrey than constitutional.” and civil rights in the state. The bal - Rosen, legal editor lot measure listed as for The New Repub - State Question 755 lic and author of a proposed to bar the use pre-9/11 book critical of Islamic Shariah law of privacy-invading in Oklahoma courts. data collection sys - In proposing the tems. “We adopted measure, state Rep. Rex z feel-good technolo - e Duncan, a Republican, n e

gies and laws that m called it a “pre-emptive i J

unnecessarily invad - e strike against Shariah law s o ed privacy and lib - J coming to Oklahoma.” / a erty without making r Three weeks before the o

14 H us safer.” election, leaders of the a r

In a detailed re - e anti-Islamist group ACT! m i port issued in May, r for America warned in P / researchers at the pro - s an op-ed article that e g

gressive Break - a Shariah — viewed by m I through Institute, an some non- Muslims as y t t

Oakland, Calif., think e harsh and inhumane — G tank, reported finding Two days after the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, Dennis Diaz, is part of a “compre - “no credible evi - a member of Local 100 of the Service Employees International Union, hensive, theo-political dence” that contro - searches the Wall of Prayers at the entrance to Bellevue Hospital in New system” that limits rights versial counterterror - York for some 80 missing union members employed at the Windows of for women and “se - ism tactics, including the World Restaurant on the 106th-107th floors of the north tower. verely” curtails freedom expanded electronic of speech or religion. surveillance and data mining, have McCarthy and others note that Muslim leaders in Oklahoma called played “any significant role” in foiling Obama voted for the surveillance over - the proposal absurd and discriminato - terrorist plots since 9/11. The most ef - haul as a senator in 2008 and has con - ry. The state’s two leading newspapers fective counterterrorism measures are tinued the program as president. But editorially opposed it. But ACT! pumped “the least controversial,” the report con - Brookings’ Wittes says the program is $60,000 into the campaign, helping to cludes, citing such steps as strength - hard to evaluate because its workings pay for 600,000 pre-election robocalls ening port and border security and dry - remain obscure. “We don’t know what with an endorsement from former CIA ing up terrorists’ funding channels. this program is, even to this day,” director James Woolsey, an Oklahoman. The expanded surveillance has ac - Wittes says. In the end, the measure won approval tually been “counterproductive,” ac - Despite the continuing controversies, by an overwhelming 70 percent of cording to the report, co-authored by civil liberties advocates find little incli - the vote . 17 Nick Adams, director of the institute’s nation in Congress or under Obama With approval of the measure, Okla - science of security program. “Policies to rein in the most controversial anti- homa voters joined lawmakers in two

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 711 REMEMBERING 9/11

Is Al Qaeda Still a Threat? Defense secretary says it’s all but beaten; others remain wary.

hen newly confirmed Defense Secretary Leon E. officials from the CIA and other agencies had been delivering Panetta declared in early June that the United States the same analysis in classified reports and secret briefings to W is on the verge of vanquishing Al Qaeda, he Congress, The Washington Post reported. 3 touched off a spirited debate between those who see the But Michael E. Leiter, the recently resigned director of terror group as largely defunct and others who view it as a the National Counterterrorism Center, made clear that he continuing threat. didn’t share that consensus view. Leiter warned in late July The debate is taking place against the backdrop of the killing against underestimating Al Qaeda’s resilience. “The core orga - of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan by U.S. Navy SEALS in May. nization is still there and could launch some attacks,” Leiter President Barack Obama announced the death on the eighth said. He pointed to the continuing danger posed by jihadists anniversary of President Bush’s declaration that “major combat in Pakistan and cited an attempt to detonate a car bomb in operations in Iraq have ended” — a comment delivered about Times Square last year — a plot carried out by a Pakistani- six weeks after the invasion of Iraq under a banner reading American who had been trained by Pakistan-based Taliban “Mission Accomplished” that has become a cautionary example operatives. 4 of a premature declaration of victory. 1 The idea that Al Qaeda is on the verge of defeat lacks Panetta, who replaced Robert Gates as Defense secretary, “accuracy and precision,” Leiter said. “The American people served as Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director since the do need to understand that at least the smaller-scale terrorist first days of the Obama administration. attacks are with us for the foreseeable future,” he said . 5 “Now is the moment, following what happened with bin Leiter’s remarks stood as the most forthright response to Laden, to put maximum pressure on them, because I do believe Panetta’s assessment. But in a separate interview in The New that if we continue this effort that we can really cripple Al Qaeda York Times , Seth G. Jones, a senior political scientist at the as a threat to this country,” Panetta said during his first trip to RAND Corporation think tank who until February worked on Afghanistan in his new role. “I’m convinced that we’re within Afghanistan and Pakistan issues for the U.S. Special Operations reach of strategically defeating Al Qaeda.” 2 Command, also questioned the idea that Al Qaeda is near de - Panetta’s appraisal was no off-the-cuff observation. Senior feat in Pakistan. “Central Al Qaeda and a mix of other groups other states, Louisiana and Tennessee, in the state affiliate of the Council on tivating doctrine” of anti-Western ji - enacting anti-Shariah laws being pushed American-Islamic Relations. 19 hadists both in the United States and by two anti- Islamist organizations: A leading U.S. academic expert on around the world. “They will tell you ACT!, headquartered in Pensacola, Fla., Islam mocks the Oklahoma measure it’s Shariah,” Yerushalmi says. “They’re and the Washington-based Center for as “so unrealistic as to be ridiculous.” doing it as a legal mandate.” Security Policy. Both organizations fea - John Voll, a professor of Islamic his - Yerushalmi used financing from the ture warnings that followers of “radi - tory and associate director of the Prince center — which is headed by Frank cal Islam” pose a threat to the Unit - Alwaleed bin Talal Center for Muslim- Gaffney, a hawkish defense expert who ed States through what the ACT! site Christian Understanding at Georgetown served in the Pentagon during the Rea - calls “stealth jihad” to promote what University in Washington, D.C., says gan administration — to conduct a sur - the center’s site calls “the supremacy that for “the very small minority” of vey of literature taught in 100 mosques of shariah worldwide.” 18 U.S. Muslims who want to impose throughout the United States. The study For now, Oklahoma’s measure is on Shariah law in the United States, “going claims that “violence-positive” Islamic hold after a federal judge in Oklahoma to the Oklahoma legislature [to seek materials are taught in 82 percent of City found it likely unconstitutional. Shariah law] is probably the farthest the mosques and are most in evidence Judge Vicki Miles-LaGrange issued a thing from their mind.” In the federal at mosques that follow Shariah-based preliminary injunction to block the court hearing, the state’s lawyer defending rules such as segregation of men and measure after finding that it could the measure said he knew of no case women during worship. 20 rea sonably be viewed as “specifically in Oklahoma in which Shariah had Muslim leaders criticize the study singling out Shariah law, conveying a been invoked. and the underlying view of Shariah held message of disapproval of the plain - Yerushalmi with the Center for Se - by the anti-Shariah activists. Al-Marayati tiff’s faith.” The suit was filed by curity Policy counters by pointing to of the Muslim Public Affairs Council says Muneer Awad, executive director of the invocation of Shariah as the “mo - passages in Islamic literature extolling

712 CQ Researcher in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia are capable of pulling off an Overall, Chambliss said, “There is a swagger within the [in - attack in the U.S. homeland,” he said. 6 telligence] community right now for good reason.” 11 Other, more nuanced — and anonymous — reactions to — Peter Katel Panetta’s remarks came from officials who spoke to The Wash - ington Post. 1 Jenny Wilson, “Osama’s Death Announced Eight Years After ‘Mission Ac - “We can even see the end of Al Qaeda as the global, border - complished’ Speech,” Time.com , May 3, 2011, http://newsfeed.time.com/ 2011/05/03/osamas-death-announced-exactly-eight-years-after-mission-accomp less, united jihad,” one said. “What that doesn’t mean is an end lished-speech/. 7 to terrorists and people targeting the United States.” 2 Quoted in Craig Whitlock, “Panetta eager to seize chance to defang al-Qaeda,” A senior counterterrorism specialist largely agreed with Panetta The Washington Post , July 10, 2011, p. A7. For the official of transcript of Panet - ta’s remarks, “Media Availability with Secretary Panetta en route to Afghanistan,” but disputed his choice of words. “I’m not sure I would have Department of Defense, July 8, 2011, www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx? chosen ‘strategic defeat,’ ” he said. “But if you mean that we have transcriptid=4849. rendered them largely incapable of catastrophic attacks against 3 Greg Miller, “Officials: Al-Qaeda close to collapse,” The Washington Post , the homeland, then I think Panetta is exactly right.” 8 July 27, 2011, p. A1. 4 Quoted in Eric Schmitt, “Ex-Counterterrorism Aide Warns Against Com - Yet that official hedged his appraisal. “Terrorist organizations, placency on Al Qaeda,” The New York Times , July 29, 2011, p. A8; for a even more than enemy armies, are capable of reconstituting,” video of Leiter’s remarks, “Counterterrorism: Past, Present, and Future with the official said. “The thing we absolutely don’t want to do is Michael Leiter,” Aspen Security Forum, July 28, 2011, www.aspeninstitute.org/ 9 video/counterterrorism-past-present-future-michael-leiter; Mark Mazzetti, et al. , hang out another ‘Mission Accomplished’ sign.” “Suspect, Charged, Said to Admit Role in Plot,” The New York Times , May 4, Others seem less troubled at the possibility that officials are 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/05/05/nyregion/05bomb.html. making premature victory declarations. Sen. Saxby Chambliss 5 Quoted in Schmitt, op. cit. of Georgia, the top Republican on the Senate Intelligence Com - 6 Quoted in ibid. 7 mittee, told the Post that although the Al Qaeda satellite group Quoted in Miller, op. cit. 8 Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is “nowhere near defeat,” Quoted in ibid. 9 Quoted in ibid. Al Qaeda’s main Pakistan nerve center has been battered to 10 10 Quoted in ibid. the point that its total defeat is a realistic prospect. 11 Ibid.

violence against non-believers are from veillance and investigations. Civil lib - limited resources at people who are the historical periods of military con - erties groups second the complaints. most likely source of the problem,” he frontation. “That is not to be equated “There are growing accounts of FBI says. “The fact that [civil liberties critics] with principles of the Quran,” he says. conducting surveillance in mosques have succeeded in convincing people “All that Shariah means is God’s will for and other places of worship without that we can’t profile . . . has made every - mercy and compassion,” Al-Marayati adds. any evidence of wrongdoing,” says the body into a suspect.” “That’s all it means.” ACLU’s Shamsi. “That alienates the com - In McCarthy’s view, the government Voll agrees. “The goal of Shariah is munity from the government and from “goes overboard to be solicitous of the not chopping off hands,” he says. “The law enforcement.” Muslim community.” He faults Muslims goal of Shariah is a just society.” The Breakthrough Institute report also for failing to speak out more force - The anti-Shariah movement comes after argues that profiling directed at Muslim fully against anti-American elements a difficult decade for Muslims in the Unit - communities will hurt counterterrorism within the community. “There’s a real ed States since the 9/11 attacks. Muslim initiatives. “By treating populations with fear on the part of ordinary Muslims organizations spoke out against the suspicion,” the institute’s report says, to protest a lot of the things,” he says. roundup of Arab and Muslim immigrants “the state may be discouraging coop - Muslim leaders disagree. “Al Qaeda in the first months after Sept. 11. Muslim eration and even reinforcing terrorist is on the demise because Muslim Amer - organizations were also the plaintiffs in narratives and recruitment efforts.” icans prevented the ideology of Al the first court challenge against the Patri - But former federal prosecutor Mc - Qaeda from penetrating the mosques ot Act, filed by ACLU lawyers in July 2003 Carthy says the complaints about profil - in America,” says Al-Marayati. A Gallup in federal court in Michigan. ing are unwarranted and unhelpful. “Pro - Poll released in August showed that Muslim organizations continue to filing is just a way that law enforcement 92 percent of Muslims surveyed be - criticize what they regard as religious people and intelligence people organize lieve American Muslims do not sym - or ethnic profiling in anti-terrorism sur - their suspicions so that they can target pathize with Al Qaeda. 21

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 713 CRhEMErMoBEnRINoG 9l/o11 gy: Terrorism Abroad

2007 2001-2004 Bush announces “surge” in Iraq BACKGROUND U.S. goes to war in (Jan. 10). Afghanistan, Iraq. 2008 2001 U.S. combat deaths increase in A Nation at War Al Qaeda hijackers attack U.S. Afghanistan. . . . Violence decreas - he Al Qaeda hijackers who took (Sept. 11). . . . U.S. launches war es in Iraq; U.S.-Iraq accord re - down the World Trade Center tow - against Afghanistan for aiding, quires complete U.S. military with - T ers, rammed the Pentagon and perished harboring terrorists (Oct. 7). . . . drawal by end of 2011 (Nov. 20). in a fiery crash in rural Pennsylvania Kabul falls (Nov. 13). . . . Hamid . . . Attacks on Mumbai by mili - killed 2,977 people and shook the Unit - Karzai chosen to lead interim tant Pakistani group (Nov. 26-29). ed States to its core. Within days, Pres - government (Dec. 5). ident Bush and Congress began lead - • ing a unified nation into a “war against 2002 terrorism,” with battlefronts at home and President Bush confronts Iraq over abroad. Ten years later, Americans are weapons inspections; House, Sen - 2009-2011 sharply divided about the continuing ate authorize U.S. military action President Obama moves to conflicts abroad, and some are uneasy (Oct. 10, 16). wind down U.S. role in Iraq, about the effects of counterterrorism Afghanistan. policies at home. 22 2003 Al Qaeda and its leader, bin Laden, U.S.-led coalition launches war 2009 were immediately suspected of di - against Iraq (March 19-20). . . . Obama strategic review of recting the hijackings, and Afghanistan’s Baghdad falls (April 9). . . . Bush Afghanistan culminates in 30,000- Taliban government was blamed for declares end to major combat troop increase, to be followed by sheltering the terrorist group. Quick - operations (May 1). start of withdrawal in 2011 ly, Congress approved and Bush on (March 27). . . . Karzai re-elected Sept. 18 signed into law a resolution 2004 in tainted election (Aug. 23). — the Authorization for Use of Mili - Afghans approve new constitution tary Force — granting the president (Jan. 4). . . . Al Qaeda-linked bomb - 2010 authority to use force against any “na - ings in Madrid (March 11). . . . U.S. increases drone strikes tions, organizations, or persons” involved Karzai elected president in against Taliban, Al Qaeda leaders in the hijackings or that “harbored” Afghanistan (Oct. 9). in Pakistan. . . . Iraqi parliamen - those responsible. Bush launched U.S. tary elections end with two-vote air strikes in Afghanistan beginning on • margin between top electoral al - Oct. 7. By early December, the Taliban liances (March 7). . . . Karzai pro - had been ousted and the Western- poses three-year drawdown for leaning Hamid Karzai chosen as the 2005-2008 U.S., allied troops (July 20). country’s interim leader. Political turmoil, insurgencies Meanwhile, the administration had won continue in Afghanistan, Iraq. 2011 congressional approval of the Patriot Act U.S., Iraq consider extending U.S. with an array of new powers aimed at 2005 military presence past 2011 . . . ferreting out terrorists for prosecution. Al Qaeda-linked bombings in Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Congress modified the administration’s London (July 7). . . . Iraq parlia - Laden killed in Pakistan (May 11). original proposal somewhat in response mentary elections: Shiite party . . . Obama sets plan to withdraw to civil liberties concerns before approving wins plurality (Dec. 15). 33,000 troops from Afghanistan in the bill by votes of a 98-1 in the Sen - summer 2012 (June 23). . . . Al ate and 357-66 in the House. Bush signed 2006 Qaeda second-in-command killed it into law on Oct. 26. News accounts Shiite-Sunni violence escalates in in CIA drone strike in Pakistan focused on the expanded authority for Iraq. . . . Taliban insurgency in (Aug. 21). . . . U.S. combat deaths the government to detain immigrants, Afghanistan. in Iraq, 4,474; Afghanistan, 1,752. conduct wiretaps and share information Continued on p. 716

714 CQ Researcher Chronology: Terrorism at Home

2004 2001-2004 Supreme Court requires hearing 2009-2011 Sept. 11 attacks kill thousands, for citizens charged as enemy President Obama recalibrates stun nation; President George combatants; second ruling ensures counterterrorism policies. W. Bush declares “war on ter - review for Guantánamo detainees ror;” Congress responds. (June 28). . . . 9/11 Commission 2009 report faults intelligence failures Obama sets one-year deadline to September 2001 under Clinton, Bush; calls for in - close Guantánamo; suspends mili - Al Qaeda hijackings kill 2,977 in telligence overhaul, other reforms tary tribunals; orders secret CIA New York City, at the Pentagon and (July 22). . . . Director of Nation - prisons closed; nullifies Justice De - in rural Pennsylvania (Sept. 11). . . . al Intelligence created (Dec. 17). partment memos authorizing harsh Congress approves Authorization interrogation techniques (Jan. 22). . . . to Use Military Force against Al • Obama says some detainees to be Qaeda, Afghanistan (Sept. 18). . . . held indefinitely without trial (May 21). Anthrax scare: first letter postmarked . . . Army private killed in shooting (Sept. 18). . . . Office of Homeland 2005-2008 outside recruiting center in Little Security created (Sept. 20). . . . Con - Americans divided on “war Rock, Ark.; shooter is Muslim with gress creates September 11 Victim on terror.” Islamist views (June 1). . . . Military Compensation Fund (Sept. 22). commissions overhauled (Oct. 28). . . . 2005 Massacre at Fort Hood, Texas: 13 October-December 2001 9/11 Commission gives poor grades killed in shootings by Army psychi - Roundup of Arab, Muslim immi - to Congress, administration on re - atrist influenced by radical Islamist grants. . . . Bush authorizes Ter - forms (Dec. 2). views (Nov. 5). . . . Attorney Gen - rorist Surveillance Program (Oct. 4). eral Eric Holder’s plan to try KSM . . . USA Patriot Act signed: new 2006 in federal court in New York pro - anti-terrorism powers, penalties Patriot Act renewed, with some vokes protests (Nov. 13). . . . (Oct. 26). . . . Bush signs execu - changes (March 9). . . . Supreme “Underwear bomber” Umar Farouk tive order for military tribunals for Court ruling forces Congress, Abdulmutallab arrested after failed “enemy combatants” (Nov. 13). . . . president to rewrite military com - aircraft bombing (Dec. 25). Transportation Security Administra - missions law (June 29). . . . Mili - tion (TSA) created (Nov. 26). . . . tary Commissions Act overhauls 2010 “Shoe bomber” Richard Reid arrest - procedures, still bars judicial re - Failed car bomb attempt in New ed after failed aircraft bombing view (Oct. 26). York City’s Times Square (May 1). (Dec. 22). . . . House, Senate votes move 2008 bill to bar civilian trials for Guan - 2002 Supreme Court requires habeas tánamo detainees (Dec. 17, 22). First prisoners arrive at Guantánamo corpus review for Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba (Jan. 11). . . . detainees (June 12). . . . Foreign 2011 José Padilla arrested at Chicago air - intelligence overhaul sanctions ex - New 9/11 victim compensation law port, charged with plot to make panded electronic surveillance signed (Jan. 2). . . . Homeland Se - “dirty bomb” (May 8). . . . Justice (July 8). . . . First conviction in curity drops color-coded terror Department memo approves “en - military commissions: ex-chauffeur alert system (Jan 27). . . . Holder hanced interrogation techniques” for Osama bin Laden given mini - acquiesces, refers KSM for military (Aug. 1). . . . Department of Home - mal sentence on lesser charge trial (April 4). . . . Patriot Act re - land Security created (Nov. 25). . . . (Aug. 6-7). . . . Pentagon Memori - newed with few changes (May 26). 9/11 Commission established (Nov. 27). al dedicated (Sept. 11)...... Dedication ceremonies set for Barack Obama elected president Flight 93 Memorial (Sept. 10), 9/11 2003 after campaign critical of Bush Memorial at Ground Zero (Sept. 11). Alleged 9/11 mastermind Khalid “war on terror” policies. . . . New military prosecutor to as - Sheikh Mohammed (KSM) cap - sume Guantánamo post; move tured in Pakistan (March 1). may speed KSM trial (Oct. 1).

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 715 REMEMBERING 9/11

Victims’ Compensation Poses Fairness Issues New fund extends eligibility period for claims.

emolition expert John Feal arrived at Ground Zero in the program and see how we can design a program that is New York City on Sept. 12, but five days later 8,000 fair, transparent and easy to navigate,” she said. 2 D pounds of steel smashed his left foot, leading to am - The original Victim Compensation Fund compensated victims putation. who were near the plane crashes — or the families of deceased “When the steel hit, blood came gushing six feet into the victims — if they suffered physical harm within 12 hours of the air,” he recalls. But it was the tangle of red tape over com - events. Emergency responders who were harmed in the rescue pensation for the injury that he says really stung. “There’s not efforts and debris removal were eligible for compensation only a fight I can’t win,” Feal says. “But I found it appalling that I if they sustained injuries at the sites within 96 hours of the at - was forced to fight for my benefits.” tacks. That provision left Feal a little more than one day out of After nearly a year, Feal received $52,000 in workers’ com - the compensation window. pensation, but he was denied time and again by insurance The revamped fund will now extend the eligibility period companies as well as by a 9/11 fund set up by the federal in which responders and victims had to be at any of the three government. He was so upset by the experience that he cre - sites — as well as the Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island where ated his own nonprofit — the FealGood Foundation — to pro - crash debris was taken and sorted — to May 2002. It includes vide legal aid and advocacy for first responders and families compensation for conditions assumed to be linked to the of victims trying to navigate the compensation bureaucracy. aftermath of the attacks, such as lung disease, carpal tunnel “None of these brave men and women should have to go syndrome and asthma, which may not have been discovered through it alone,” Feal says. until much later. Claimants must substantiate their illnesses Feal also helped push for passage of the James R. Zadroga through a medical professional. 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named for a police officer The new fund requires those who accept compensation to who died of a respiratory disease attributed to his Ground Zero waive their rights to sue others for their injuries. In 2009, Birn - rescue efforts. baum mediated a $500 million settlement for 92 families who The law reopens and adds $2.8 billion to the September decided to forgo the fund and pursue litigation against the air - 11th Victim Compensation Fund, which existed between 2001 lines and security companies. and 2003 and was initially funded for $7 billion. Still, the new fund has critics, including Feal, who lobbied President Barack Obama signed the Zadroga Act on Jan. 2, for the Zadroga Act with some 90 trips to Washington over six 2011, following a partisan, seven-year battle in Congress. “This years. For one thing, Feal argues the fund could use an addi - legislation as written creates a huge . . . slush fund paid by tax - tional $4 billion and should remain open for 15 to 20 years payers that is open to abuse, fraud and waste,” Rep. Lamar Smith, to cover 9/11-related diseases that arise in the future. R-Texas, argued last year in a bid to block the measure. 1 Critics also complain that while, in the case of the World The new fund will open in October and accept claims Trade Center, the new fund expands the geographic area of through 2017. The Obama administration named New York at - eligibility from Ground Zero to a broader swath of lower Man - torney Sheila L. Birnbaum, who previously mediated lawsuits hattan, it does not cover people who may have breathed toxic filed by 9/11 families, to head the fund. “My first priority will dust in neighboring New Jersey less than a mile away. be to sit down with the people who will be most affected by Joann Sullivan says she inhaled contaminants and contracted

Continued from p. 714 organizations and two U.S. senators. Five Bush had proceeded in the mean - among intelligence and law-enforcement people were killed and 17 others in - time to put the government on a war- agencies. Terrorism-related crimes were fected. Congressional officials decided on-terror footing. In an address to Con - also broadened. The Justice Department to divert mail to an off-site facility for gress on Sept. 20, he announced creation vowed to use the new powers aggres - screening before delivery. Many patrons of a Cabinet-level Office of Homeland sively, while the ACLU warned of pos - requested that letters for home delivery Security — precursor of the Depart - sible misuse. be deposited outside their houses as a ment of Homeland Security — to co - With the nation still reeling from precaution. Al Qaeda was suspected, ordinate domestic anti-terrorism defense. the 9/11 hijackings, a new and per - but evidence remained elusive. Years Two months later, Bush on Nov. 26 plexing terrorist episode emerged. later, the government concluded that the signed into law an aviation-security mea - Anonymous letters containing deadly letters were sent by Bruce Ivins, a biode - sure creating the Transportation Secu - anthrax spores — the first postmarked fense researcher who committed suicide rity Administration (TSA) and setting in Sept. 18 — were sent to several news in 2008 while under suspicion. 23 motion the federalization of airport

716 CQ Researcher i k s w o l a i m S

a rare inflammatory lung con - ly would be fairer. n

dition as she aided fleeing a In future disasters, Dixon ar - d n

survivors while working in e gues, the government should co - r B

a Jersey City bar. “I got the / ordinate aid among charities and s

dust from hugging and kiss - e government funds to guard g ing everyone getting off the a against overlaps. He also says m I

boat,” said Sullivan, who now y regulations on disaster compen - t 3 t finds it difficult to work. e sation should be part of a broad - G Others also complain the John Feal calls for stronger benefits for first responders and er national security strategy. fund will not pay claimants other victims of the 9/11 attacks at the Capitol in Washington “Getting money distributed who say they developed on June 29, 2010, accompanied by U.S. Rep. Carolyn quickly and efficiently after an cancer from exposure to Maloney, D-N.Y. Feal lost a foot while doing attack can have a positive ef - 9/11 contaminants. The Na - demolition work at Ground Zero. fect on the rebuilding process tional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found too and minimize the chaotic ripple effects of the attack,” he says. little scientific evidence linking the disease to time spent amid Feal has a similar view. “Any compensation is unlikely to the dust and wreckage. cure any illnesses, and it won’t bring anybody back,” he says. “This is an injustice. We’re left out in the cold,” said NYPD “But we can make sure that families are not stuck with hun - Det. John Marshall, a first responder who said he developed dreds of thousands of dollars in medical bills and that the he - throat cancer from Ground Zero dust. 4 roes that risked their lives that day are free from any financial As new claimants await the fund’s implementation in Octo - burden they don’t deserve.” ber, policy researchers are assessing 9/11 compensation prac - tices and looking ahead to future disasters. — Darrell Dela Rosa The RAND Corporation, a think tank in Santa Monica, Calif., found in 2004 that a total of nearly $9 billion had been paid to 1 Michael McAuliff, “Congress Rejects Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act 9/11 victims and their families. Most of the payments went to as GOP Members Balk at Bill,” New York Daily News , July 29, 2010, articles.ny dailynews.com/2010-07-29/news/27071234_1_slush-fund-gop-members-tax-hike. World Trade Center victims from the first Victim Compensation 2 “Attorney General Holder Names Sheila L. Birnbaum as Special Master of Fund, but insurance companies, employers and charities also paid September 11th Victim Compensation Fund,” U.S. Department of Justice, benefits. Emergency responders received about $2 billion of the May 18, 2011, www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/May/11-ag-637.html. total, mostly from the federal, state and local governments. 5 3 Terrence T. McDonald, “Jersey City Hosts Session on 9/11 Victim Compensa - tion Fund at City Hall,” The Jersey Journal , July 29, 2011, www.nj.com/jjournal RAND noted that the Victim Compensation Fund tended to -news/index.ssf/2011/07/jersey_city_hosts_session_on_9.html. pay more to families of higher-income victims to account for 4 Karen Zraick, “First Responders Angry 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund the loss of a victim’s lifetime earnings potential. Doesn’t Help Those With Cancer,” Huffington Post , July 28, 2011, www.huffing tonpost.com/2011/07/28/first-responders-angry-91_n_911852.html. “The process has created doubts over the fairness of the 5 Lloyd Dixon and Rachel Kaganoff Stern, “Compensation for Losses From system,” says RAND economist Lloyd Dixon. Still, he says, it the 9/11 Attacks,” RAND Corporation, 2004, www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/ remains unclear whether paying all victims and families equal - pubs/monographs/2004/RAND_MG264.pdf. screeners and the institutionalization of nal charges, almost none terrorism - other court, national or internation - the pre-flight inspections now so familiar related. Civil liberties and immigrant al. Behind the scenes, the adminis - to air travelers. rights groups criticized the roundup as tration was deciding to house the The government’s aggressive moves racial and religious profiling, while suspects rounded up in Afghanistan began to draw criticism from civil lib - some law enforcement experts ques - at the Guantánamo Bay naval base erties groups, among others. Through tioned its effectiveness. in Cuba, a site thought to be out - November, the FBI and immigration Bush was also drawing fire for side the jurisdiction of federal courts. authorities had detained more than his decision in an order signed on By January, the first of several hun - 1,000 foreigners — young men of Arab Nov. 13 to create special military tri - dred detainees were being brought or Muslim background — in a hunt bunals to try suspected terrorists to Guantánamo, setting the stage for for Al Qaeda members or connections. whether apprehended abroad or in legal challenges and political de - The roundup produced hundreds of the United States. The order pur - bates that continue a decade later. immigration violations but few crimi - ported to bar any oversight by any Barely three months after 9/11, the

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 717 REMEMBERING 9/11

nation was jolted by news of a foiled to the three crash sites and high-level viding “material support” to terrorism. attempt to blow up a commercial air - pledges of the government’s continued Other arrests uncovered seemingly liner bound for the United States. Reid, vigilance against terrorism at home. well-developed conspiracies: plots a British citizen and admitted Al Qaeda Americans appeared to accept the gov - against the Brooklyn Bridge (March operative, was subdued by passengers ernment’s assurances that the country 2003), New York Stock Exchange (Au - as he attempted to detonate explo - was safer, if not completely safe, even gust 2004), Chicago’s Sears Tower (June sives hidden in a shoe while on an as controversies swirled about the ad - 2006) and Fort Dix in New Jersey American Airlines flight bound for ministration’s counterterrorism policies. (May 2007). Miami from Paris on Dec. 22. With no Americans were divided as well about Through September 2008, the Justice debate over the legal forum, Reid was the war in Iraq and Bush’s insistence Department counted 593 terrorism-related arrested and indicted in federal court, on treating it as an essential battlefront cases in federal courts, with convictions where he pleaded guilty in October in the global war against terrorism. 25 through trials or guilty pleas in 523. Pros - 2002 and was sentenced to a life term Major terrorist attacks outside the ecutions in some of the cases netted long that he is now serving. United States prevented Americans from prison terms. Four of the six men ac - Abroad, the administration was shift - becoming overconfident about the coun - cused in the Fort Dix plot were given ing its focus from Afghanistan to Iraq, try’s safety. Bombings of commuter trains life sentences; the two New York sub - with an avowed goal of ousting the in Madrid on March 11, 2004, killed way plotters drew 30-year prison terms. country’s long-serving dictator, Sad - 191 people and injured 1,800; the bomb - Some of the cases, however, appeared dam Hussein. Diplomatic moves and ings were connected to an Al Qaeda- to be less substantial than initially political debates extending for more inspired terrorist cell. Suicide bombings thought. Members of the Lackawanna than a year culminated in the deci - of three subway trains and a bus in Six, arrested in Buffalo after having at - sion to go to war on March 19-20, London on July 7, 2005, killed 52 peo - tended an Al Qaeda training camp in 2003. Baghdad fell barely three weeks ple and injured more than 700; in a Afghanistan before 9/11, later said they later, but Bush’s “mission accomplished” videotaped statement, one of the had been appalled by a video of Al speech — delivered aboard the air - bombers, a Muslim of Pakistani descent, Qaeda’s attack on the USS Cole in Yemen; craft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln on blamed unnamed governments for com - in exchange for cooperation with the May 1 — exposed him to sharp crit - mitting “atrocities against my people government, they received prison sen - icism as the fighting and political tur - around the world.” Three years later, tences of 10 years or less. moil in Iraq dragged on. members of a Pakistan-based Islamist Some critics found the Justice De - As he prepared to stand for re- organization conducted a series of elab - partment’s count somewhat padded, but election, Bush also suffered the first orate attacks in the Indian city of Mum - federal courts were accepted without two of four rebuffs from the Supreme bai over a three-day period, Nov. 26-29, question as effective venues for terror - Court in June 2004 for his aggressive 2008; in all, 174 people, including nine ism cases. Meanwhile, the military tri - legal strategy for dealing with so- gunmen, were killed . 26 als planned for Guantánamo were stalled called enemy combatants. The court In the United States, however, law by legal and political wrangling. Padil - ruled in one case that U.S. citizens enforcement counted successes in la’s case was diverted from the mili - held as suspected terrorists could not foiling a dozen or more terrorist tary tribunals into federal court, where be detained only on the president’s plots through Bush’s eight years in he was tried and convicted in 2007 say-so, but were entitled to a hear - office . 27 José Padilla, a U.S. citizen, and given a 17-year prison sentence in ing before some “neutral decision - was apprehended at Chicago’s O’Hare January 2008. The Supreme Court in maker.” In a second decision, the court International Airport on May 8, 2002, June 2006 effectively forced the ad - held that the hundreds of detainees as he returned from Pakistan and ac - ministration and Congress to rewrite held at Guantánamo could file habeas cused of planning to build a “dirty the rules for the military trials. The new corpus petitions in federal court to bomb.” His was one of the cases ruled law, the Military Commissions Act of seek their release. 24 on by the Supreme Court in 2004 on 2006, again sought to bar habeas cor - procedures for accused enemy com - pus review for Guantánamo detainees, batants. 28 Some cases were brought but the Supreme Court ruled in June The Homeland Secured? against groups of suspected terrorists: 2008 that the prisoners were constitu - the Lackawanna Six (September 2002) tionally entitled to judicial review of he Bush administration marked the and the Virginia Jihad Network (June the government’s grounds for holding T fifth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks 2003). They were charged not with them. Finally, in August 2008, the mil - in 2006 with solemn presidential visits plotting specific attacks but with pro - itary commissions produced their first

718 CQ Researcher conviction. Salim Ahmed Hamdan, a Yemeni accused of serving as bin Laden’s chauffeur, was convicted of the lesser of two charges and given a 66-month sentence, reduced by time served to five-and-a-half months. 29 In Washington, the war on terrorism remained at the top of the policy mak - ing agenda for the administration and Congress throughout Bush’s presiden - cy. In a mammoth report in July 2004, the congressionally mandated 9/11 Commission (formally, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States) recommended dozens of steps to improve the government’s counterterrorism capacity. One major change implemented by year’s end was the creation of the new post of director of national intelligence, tasked with better coordinating the work of and information-sharing between the CIA and the other agencies in the in - telligence community. Other steps adopted included the creation of ter - rorism watch-lists and additional trav - el security improvements, strengthened money-laundering enforcement and more secure passports and other iden - tification documents. ) h Despite those changes, the 9/11 t o b (

Commission one year later severely t s faulted the response by both the ad - o J

h ministration and Congress. In a “re - t e port card” issued in December 2005, n n e the commission gave out only one A- K / s (for moves against terrorism financ - s e r P ing); out of the other 40 grades, 24

30 Q were Cs, Ds or Fs. C Congress renewed the Patriot Act in Firefighters’ Memorial March 2006, but only after civil liberties- minded lawmakers forced the admin - A photo display and bronze bas-relief memorialize the 343 members of istration and the Republican-controlled the New York City Fire Department who died while fighting the infernos chambers to accept some changes. that destroyed the World Trade Center towers on Sept. 11, 2001. The Lawmakers debated the bill as the ad - memorials are on the outside wall of “Ten House,” home of Engine Company ministration was facing intense criti - 10 and Ladder Company 10 across the street from the WTC site. The cism on other fronts. The Washington firehouse, heavily damaged on 9/11, was reopened on Nov. 5, 2003, after a $3.5 million renovation. The memorials were presented to the Post had disclosed in November 2005 city by the Holland & Knight law firm. Glenn Winuk, a partner in the the use of harsh interrogation tech - firm and volunteer firefighter and emergency medical technician, also niques, including waterboarding, died on 9/11. Winuk joined the rescue effort at the site and was killed against some high-value terrorism sus - when the south tower collapsed. pects captured and held abroad. The

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 719 REMEMBERING 9/11

Rising From the Ashes of Tragedy Emerging World Trade Center complex weighted with symbolism

ew Yorkers who live or work around Ground Zero The man now in charge of the project ditched the name view the skyscrapers being built where the twin tow - Freedom Tower in 2008, though it is still used by New York - N ers once stood as proof not only of American resolve ers and on the Silverstein Properties website. “‘We were free against terrorism but also of the city’s resilience in the face of before 9/11, we were free after 9/11,” Christopher Ward de - financial loss. clared after he was appointed in 2008 as executive director of “Lower Manhattan is here to work again,” says Ben Huff, a the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. “New York - student in urban planning at Columbia University who works ers don’t need a tower named ‘freedom.’ New Yorkers need to for the New York City Economic Development Corp. know that we built it, that there’s a place to go and work.” 3 Silverstein Properties, the high-powered developer of four On its website, Silverstein boasts of the features that will of the five skyscrapers planned for the site, enthuses that the make 1 WTC an “architectural landmark,” from the 50-foot-tall complex “will mark a major milestone in the redevelopment public lobby to observation decks at the exact heights of the of downtown New York.” The centerpiece of the development, former twin towers: 1,362 and 1,368 feet. Safety features, be - 1 World Trade Center (WTC), nearly two-thirds complete, will yond New York City code requirements, will create “a new be the nation’s tallest building when finished. It is expected to standard for high-rise buildings,” including a three-foot-thick open in 2013. 1 concrete wall encasing all the building’s safety systems. The With the 10th anniversary of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks ap - building will also use “the latest green technologies, including proaching, however, an op-ed columnist for The New York Times renewable energy, interior daylighting, reuse of rainwater, and provocatively labeled the centerpiece of the redevelopment a recycled construction debris and materials.” “white elephant.” Joe Nocera, a Times business columnist for The financial fortunes of the complex remain to be seen, six years before joining the newspaper’s opinion section, com - however. Only recently did 1 WTC gain an anchor tenant with plained that 1 World Trade Center “will add 2.6 million square the announcement by the giant magazine publisher Condé Nast feet of office space in a city that doesn’t need it, at a cost so that it would move 5,000 employees to the building in 2014. 4 high that it will be a cash drain for decades to come.” 2 In all, the five skyscrapers are envisioned as providing 10 Rebuilding on the WTC site has been weighted with sym - million square feet of office space in the southern end of what bolism from the start. Gov. George Pataki, New York’s Repub - was once New York’s financial district. A recent report notes lican chief executive when construction began in 2006, gave that government agencies now employ more people in lower the planned centerpiece the symbolic name “Freedom Tower.” Manhattan than the financial industry. 5 The antenna structure at the top of the 104-story building will In his column, Nocera claimed that Condé Nast’s rent would evoke U.S. independence by rising to exactly 1,776 feet. be less than half the break-even cost and end up being sub - next month, The New York Times dis - lican nominee John McCain, Obama Qaeda’s strength appeared to be wan - closed the warrantless electronic sur - appeared poised to significantly recal - ing — even before bin Laden’s death veillance program that Bush had per - ibrate the nation’s war on terrorism, — but the war in Afghanistan dragged sonally approved soon after 9/11. both at home and abroad. on. And at home terrorist-type attacks Congress effectively prohibited the use or attempts by Islamist radicals, many of the so-called enhanced interroga - of them American Muslims, stirred fears tion techniques in the Detainee Treat - War on Terror 2.0? about the dangers posed by so-called ment Act of 2005, passed in Decem - homegrown jihadists. ber, but issues about the use of resident Obama vowed in his in - Obama began boldly by signing evidence obtained were to cloud fu - P augural address to “defeat” terror executive orders on his second full ture prosecutions. even as he signaled a change in ap - day in office — Jan. 22, 2009 — that By the time of the 2008 presiden - proach by rejecting any need to choose set a deadline to close Guantánamo tial campaign, Bush’s anti-terrorism poli - “between our safety and our ideals.” within one year and barred the CIA cies as well as the two protracted wars But Congress stymied his plans to close from maintaining secret prisons. He in Iraq and Afghanistan were useful the Guantánamo prison camp as well also nullified legal opinions permit - wedge issues for Democratic hopefuls, as his attorney general’s decision to try ting enhanced interrogation techniques including the eventual nominee, 9/11 conspirator Khalid Sheikh Mo - and suspended military commissions Obama. With his victory over Repub - hammed in a civilian court. Abroad, Al pending a review. “Bush’s ‘War’ on

720 CQ Researcher sidized by toll increases on the Lincoln Tunnel and George Washington Bridge connecting New York with New Jersey. Ward disputes Nocera’s charges. In a letter to the editor published nine days later, Ward contended that the port au - thority’s investment would be “cash-positive within several years (not decades).” And he blamed the recession for the port au - thority’s recent request to raise commuter tolls. “It is hard to know what Mr. Nocera would do differently at this stage,” Ward wrote. “For five years after 9/11, very little happened. It was only after the Port Authority stepped in, with a strong public-private partnership, that the rebuilding became

6 d

real, even with the admitted challenges along the way.” a e h — Kenneth Jost l o o W

1 See World Trade Center, www.wtc.com/about/ (visited August 2011). e o J

2 Joe Nocera, “9/11’s White Elephant,” The New York Times , Aug. 20, 2011, / s e

www.nytimes.com/2011/08/20/opinion/nocera-911s-white-elephant.html. For i t a reply, see Christopher O. Ward, “Ground Zero Rebuilding,” ibid. , Aug. 29, r e

2011, p. A22, www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/opinion/ground-zero-rebuilding. p o html. Ward is executive director of the Port Authority of New York and New r P Jersey, which owns the site and is the developer for the fifth planned building. n 3 i e

Quoted in Jim Dwyer, “Returning Ground Zero to New Yorkers,” The New t s

York Times , Aug. 10, 2011, p. A17, www.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/nyregion/ r e

returning-ground-zero-to-new-yorkers.html . Some other background drawn v l i

from article. S 4 Charles V. Bagli, “A Stylish Anchor for 1 World Trade Center,” The New The new World Trade Center complex is planned as a York Times , May 18, 2011, p. A14, www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/nyregion/ combination of five skyscrapers totaling 10 million square conde-nast-to-anchor-1-world-trade-center.html?pagewanted=all . feet of office space, plus the National September 11 Memorial 5 The study by the Alliance for Downtown New York is described in Patrick and Museum, a major underground transportation hub, McGeehan, “Financial District Turning Governmental, Study Finds,” City Room, The New York Times Blogs , Aug. 11, 2011, http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/ retail space and a performing arts center. Boosters view the 2011/08/11/financial-district-turning-governmental-study-finds/ . project as a symbol of New York’s resilience, but critics say 6 Ward, op. cit. the office space will far exceed demand.

Terror Comes to a Sudden End,” The in Afghanistan and Pakistan. But the case icans on edge and fueled what main - Washington Post proclaimed in a head - also highlighted concerns in the Muslim stream Muslim groups call Islamo - line. 31 Within a few months, how - community and in other circles about phobia. In June, an Arkansas man who ever, Obama appeared to backtrack law enforcement tactics. In their later claimed he had been sent by Al Qaeda somewhat. In a May 21 speech, Obama trial, the men claimed they were en - shot and killed a U.S. Army private outlined plans for the Guantánamo trapped by an FBI informant. A federal and wounded another outside a mil - detainees that included holding some jury convicted all four on terrorism - itary recruiting center in Little Rock. number indefinitely without trial. related counts in October 2010, but Two plots were foiled in September: The threat of domestic terrorism was Judge Colleen McMahon criticized the an Afghan was arrested in New York brought home later that day with the government’s tactics in June 2011 in City and charged with preparing to arrest in New York City of four men sentencing three of the men to 25-year bomb the city’s subway system; an Illi - in an alleged plot to bomb two syna - terms instead of life imprisonment as nois man was arrested after trying to gogues in the northwest Bronx neigh - prosecutors had asked. The fourth de - bomb a federal building with, it turned borhood of Riverdale. The suspects, U.S. fendant is still awaiting sentence. out, fake explosives provided by an citizens who had converted to Islam A succession of unconnected do - FBI informant. Then, in the deadliest while in prison, were quoted as say - mestic terrorism cases through 2009, incident, Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan, a ing that they wanted to commit jihad most involving U.S. citizens who had U.S. Army psychiatrist, was charged in in retaliation for the deaths of Muslims converted to Islam, helped keep Amer - a shooting rampage at Fort Hood in

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 721 REMEMBERING 9/11

Texas on Nov. 5 that left 13 people trying to blow up a civilian aircraft Al Qaeda and its affiliates to recruit dead and 30 others wounded. bound for Detroit by detonating ex - supporters within the United States. Meanwhile, the Obama administra - plosives sewed into his underwear; he The strategy, unveiled with little tion was working on plans to resume is awaiting trial now set for Oct. 4. And fanfare by the White House on Aug. trials of Guantánamo prisoners after win - Faisal Shahzad, a naturalized U.S. citi - 4, is being praised by Muslim groups ning congressional approval of changes zen who received bomb-making in - but is drawing mixed reaction from aimed at making the military commis - structions from a militant Islamic group others, including the Republican law - sion system fairer. The changes, part of in his native Pakistan, was sentenced maker who chaired a controversial a defense authorization bill signed into to life in prison in October 2010 after hearing on radicalization in Muslim law on Oct. 28, barred the use of co - having pleaded guilty to attempting to communities in March. 34 erced testimony, limited hearsay evi - detonate a car bomb in New York City’s The eight-page policy paper, entitled dence and gave defendants better ac - Times Square the previous May. “Empowering Local Partners to Prevent cess to witnesses and documentary With the 10-year anniversary of the Violent Extremism in the United States,” evidence. Two weeks later, Attorney Sept. 11 attacks approaching, the ad - labels Al Qaeda as the nation’s “pre - General Eric Holder designated seven ministration was continuing to adjust eminent terrorist threat.” In contrast to Guantánamo prisoners for trial before some of the security measures previ - the emphasis on broadened investiga - the revamped military tribunals. ously adopted. On Jan. 27, DHS Secre - tory powers in the Bush administra - The big story from Holder’s Nov. 13 tary Napolitano announced plans to tion’s war on terror, however, the Obama news conference, however, was his plan drop the often-satirized system of color- policy looks to families and communi - to prosecute Khalid Sheikh Mohammed coded terrorism threat levels first adopt - ties, “especially Muslim American com - (KSM), the alleged mastermind of the ed in 2002. Under the new National Ter - munities,” as “the best defenses against Sept. 11 attacks, in a federal court in rorist Advisory System, Napolitano said violent extremist ideologies.” New York City. The plan provoked that DHS would issue alerts when war - “Communities are best placed to protests from New Yorkers worried about ranted — categorized as either “elevat - recognize and confront the threat be - security and from Republicans and na - ed” or “imminent” — with specific in - cause violent extremists are targeting tional security-minded experts concerned formation about the nature of the threat their children, families, and neighbors,” about favorable procedural rights for and recommended steps to be taken. 32 the paper states. “Rather than blame KSM in a civilian court. A few days later, TSA unveiled re - particular communities, it is essential The controversy merged on Capitol vised body-scanning software aimed that we find ways to help them pro - Hill with opposition to Obama’s plans at defusing privacy concerns about a tect themselves.” for closing Guantánamo and moving system adopted in 2010 that displayed Muslim groups are applauding the any prisoners who could not be trans - lifelike images of airplane passengers policy. “Programs that build trust be - ferred to other countries to facilities being screened. The new software, tween law enforcement authorities and within the United States. A full year of first tested in Las Vegas on Feb. 1 and the communities they serve are cru - legislative maneuvering in 2010 finally now being phased in nationwide, marks cial to” combating violent extremists, resulted in a rider attached to the Pen - the location of any objects detected Nihad Awad, executive director of the tagon’s annual funding measure that on a generic human form. 33 Council on American-Islamic Rela - barred transferring Guantánamo prison - tions, said in a statement. Awad con - ers to the United States — and thus ef - trasted the approach with what he fectively blocked civilian trials for any called “the type of collective guilt and of them. Obama criticized the provision CURRENT community demonization” represent - as he signed the measure on Jan. 7, ed by hearings held on Islamic radi - 2011. Holder also criticized it three months calization by the House Homeland Se - later as he acquiesced and referred KSM’s SITUATION curity Committee under the leadership case to a military commission. of Rep. Peter King, R-N.Y. 35 In the meantime, however, two more King drew both applause and sharp defendants charged in foiled terrorist at - Anti-Extremism Strategy criticism for comments before and dur - tempts were being prosecuted in fed - ing the March 10 hearing about what eral courts. Abdulmutallab, a Nigerian he Obama administration is plan - he called Muslim leaders’ unwilling - and a graduate of an Al Qaeda train - T ning to use community outreach ness to confront the radical ization of ing camp in Yemen, was arrested on similar to the approach used in anti- Muslim youths or to cooperate with law Christmas Day 2009 after unsuccessfully gang initiatives to combat efforts by Continued on p. 724

722 CQ Researcher At Issue:

Doeyes s Al Qaeda still pose a serious threat to the U.S.?

DAVEED GARTENSTEIN-ROSS JOHN MUELLER (RIGHT) SENIOR FELLOW , F OUNDATION FOR PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCI - DEFENSE OF DEMOCRACIES ; AUTHOR , ENCE , O HIO STATE UNIVERSITY ; BIN LADEN ’S LEGACY (W ILEY , 2011) EDITOR , TERRORISM SINCE 9/11: THE AMERICAN CASES . WRITTEN FOR CQ RESEARCHER , SEPTEMBER 2011 MARK G. STEWART PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEER - he 9/11 Commission report concluded that terrorist groups ING , U NIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE , A USTRALIA ; CO -AUTHOR , WITH MUELLER , TERROR , S ECURITY , require physical sanctuaries in order to execute catastroph - AND MONEY : B ALANCING THE RISKS , B ENEFITS , t ic attacks. These sanctuaries give them “time, space and AND COSTS OF HOMELAND SECURITY ability to perform competent planning,” and to prepare skilled operatives. WRITTEN FOR CQ RESEARCHER , SEPTEMBER 2011 Al Qaeda enjoyed one sanctuary on Sept. 11, 2001, in Afghanistan. Today Al Qaeda affiliates enjoy four: in Somalia, ecalls former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani, “Anybody Yemen, Pakistan, and northern Mali. The United States has no — any one of these security experts, including myself strategy to dislodge militants from these areas, which suggests r — would have told you on Sept. 11, 2001, that we’re it is too early to declare victory. looking at dozens and dozens and multiyears of attacks like Beyond the threat of a catastrophic attack, Al Qaeda’s strat - this.” And intelligence agencies soberly estimated there to be as egy is working fairly well. The group sees the economy as many as 5,000 Al Qaeda operatives loose in the country. America’s key vulnerability, and the 2008 financial sector deba - Had these claims and anxieties proved to be valid, Al cle made the U.S. seem mortal. In turn, the collapse produced Qaeda might have justifiably been held to pose a serious an adaptationy by jihadis: ae turn towards smaller and more fre - threat to the United States. But, ao s Giuliani added in cosmic quent attacks, many designed to drive up security costs. understatement, “It hasn’t been quite that bad.” Al Qaeda operatives placed three bombs on passenger No true Al Qaeda cell has been uncovered in the country planes in the past 21 months: Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab’s after a decade of intense sleuthing, and scarcely anyone has underpants bomb in 2009, and bombs in ink cartridges in been found who even has a “link” to the diabolical entity. In - 2010. Though nobody was killed, Al Qaeda doesn’t necessarily deed, the vast majority of the mostly pathetic people picked up view those attacks as failures. Radical Yemeni-American on terrorism charges do not seem likely to have presented much preacher Anwar al-Awlaki said the ink cartridge plot created a of a threat at all. Over the decade, only 14 Americans were killed dilemma. “You either spend billions to inspect each and every in the United States by Muslim extremists, just one of them a package,” he wrote, “or you do nothing and we keep trying.” civilian, and the likelihood an American will be killed in the As Awlaki expressed, even this “failed plot” drove up costs for country by terrorism of any ilk is 1 in 3.5 million per year. The the group’s enemies. 9/11 attack stands as an aberration, not a harbinger. Current levels of security spending are unsustainable, our de - Outside of war zones, the number of people worldwide killed fenses inefficient. We are moving into an age of austerity, and since 9/11 by Muslim extremists comes to some 200 to 400 per simply slashing security expenditures will make successful attacks year. That, of course, is 200 to 400 per year too many, but it more likely if officials can’t find ways to do more with less. hardly suggests that the perpetrators present a major threat to just There is reason to be skeptical of current proclamations about anything: more people drown in bathtubs in the U.S. alone. from the intelligence community that Al Qaeda is on “the Nonetheless, creative fear-mongers, including some in the brink of collapse.” Nor has the Arab Spring killed Al Qaeda. Obama administration, continue to hype the threat not only as Though the anti-regime uprisings have not been fundamental - “serious” but as “existential.” Although terrorism, like crime, will ist, Al Qaeda likely foresees a more fertile recruiting environ - always be with us, such characterizations would begin to be jus - ment due to them. The Arab Spring is not just about a desire tified only if the terrorists manage to assemble a nuclear arsenal for democracy, but also unemployment and skyrocketing food or if the United States massively overreacts to any new attacks. prices. Unemployment in Egypt has risen since Hosni Mubarak Al Qaeda’s entire weapons of mass destruction budget when was overthrown, and Arab states’ economies will probably it was disrupted in Afghanistan was $2,000-$4,000, and evidence worsen. Historically, when sky-high expectations go unfulfilled, uncovered in Osama bin Laden’s lair when he was killed seems extreme ideologies can fill the void. to demonstrate that the group was cash-strapped and primarily Concluding that Al Qaeda poses no threat is unrealistic at occupied with dodging explosives delivered by drone. best. At worst, operationalizing such an idea could leave the Thus any threat to the U.S. presented by Al Qaeda arises not so

U.S. inno greater danger. much from what the miserable little group would do to America, but what Americans would do to themselves in response. www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 723 REMEMBERING 9/11

Continued from p. 722 report. Mark Potok, an expert on ex - at Guantánamo is raising hopes that the enforcement in anti-terrorist efforts. Re - tremist and hate groups and intelligence government will soon bring the self - acting to the White House policy paper, director for the Southern Poverty Law proclaimed mastermind of the 9/11 at - King said he approved of meeting with Center, found little new in it. He called tacks, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, to trial. Muslim community leaders but it “kind of innocuous.” 38 Adams, the Army Brig. Gen. Mark Martins, a high - warned against the sessions’ becom - security expert at the Breakthrough In - ly regarded military lawyer currently ing “politically correct, feel-good en - stitute, calls the report “commendable” serving as commander of the Rule of counters, which ignore the threats but says the policy’s success depends Law Field Force in Afghanistan, is to posed by dangerous individuals in the on the government’s earning trust from assume the new post on Oct. 1. He is community.” 36 succeeding Navy Capt. The White House John Murphy, who will policy paper calls for be returning to civilian engaging with com - life as a federal prose - munities on their full cutor in Louisiana after range of interests in - serving in the Guantá - stead of “around na - namo post for the past tional security issues two years. 39 alone.” It looks to In the new post, Mar - enlisting school tru - tins will oversee the next ancy officers and proceedings against Mo - t r

prison officials to e hammed — dubbed help identify indi - m KSM in news accounts m E viduals who might — and four co-defendants n o

be susceptible to D who are charged with / s

radicalization. And e planning or assisting in g it calls for monitor - a Al Qaeda’s Sept. 11, m I

ing the use of the y 2001, hijackings and at - t t Internet and social e tacks. Mohammed has G /

networks to promote P been in U.S. custody F

“violent extremist A since being captured in narratives” and coun - A banner on the rising 1 World Trade Center urges visitors to remember Pakistan in 2003, but po - the terrorist attacks at the Lower Manhattan site on Sept. 11, 2001. tering Al Qaeda’s The tower will soar 104 stories and feature observation decks at the litical and legal disputes “false narrative” that exact heights of the former twin towers: 1,362 and 1,368 feet. following his three years the United States is of detention and inter - at war with Islam. rogation in a secret CIA White House aides described the a community with reason now to be prison have delayed bringing him or policy as the product of more than a distrustful. any other 9/11 conspirators to trial. year of interagency consultations. “No person would want to tell fed - Martins’ appointment won effusive “We’re trying to shift the emphasis eral agents about the occasionally vi - praise from a high-ranking Justice De - away from the traditional national se - olent rants of a friend or family mem - partment official in the Bush administra - curity agencies” to agencies such as ber if they feared doing so would tion who continues to follow war-on - the Departments of Education and deliver that loved one to a secret mil - terror issues closely. In a post on the blog Health and Human Services, Quintan itary brig or a court lacking full due Lawfare, Harvard Law School professor Wiktorowicz, the White House’s se - process where they could be tried for Jack Goldsmith called Martins “an inspired nior director for global engagement, some expansively defined crime of ter - choice” who could manage both the legal told Politico reporter Josh Gerstein. rorism,” Adams says. and “public presentation” aspects of a “Lots of their lessons and experience major prosecution in a military tribunal doing prevention may be lessons widely viewed as illegitimate. learned” from anti-gang and anti- drug 9/11 Trial “A successful prosecution . . . re - programs for the anti-radicalization quires much more than outstanding fight, Wiktorowicz said. 37 he appointment of a new lead lawyering,” Goldsmith wrote on the day Scholars have mixed reactions to the T prosecutor for the military tribunals of Martins’ appointment. “It also re -

724 CQ Researcher quires outstanding judgment about pub - view, Attorney General Holder an - grapple with guide books and visitor lic presentation and conduct on the nounced plans in November 2009 to maps to get their bearings. public stage before many different, and try the case in federal court in New The visitors who make it to the often antagonistic, audiences. I cannot York City. “Family Room” of the Tribute WTC think of anyone more suited to this But Holder was forced to return the Visitor Center, however, find reveren - difficult task than Mark Martins.” 40 case to the military system in April tial silence. A ceiling-mounted televi - Martins graduated first in his class 2011 after Congress included in a Pen - sion displays, one by one, the names from the U.S. Military Academy at West tagon funding bill a provision that bars of those killed on 9/11. The scroll Point and earned his law degree from bringing any Guantánamo prisoner to takes more than four hours to com - Harvard Law School. He served under the United States. plete. Two adjoining walls are cov - Gen. David Petraeus, now director of Charges were refiled against KSM ered, floor to ceiling, with more than central intelligence, in both Iraq and and the others in the military system 1,200 photographs and memorabilia: Afghanistan. Martins’ role in Afghanistan on May 9; they must next be referred mothers and fathers with young chil - entailed responsibility for detention and for trial by a military judge known as dren, police officers and firefighters in legal-reform issues. He also served in the convening authority. The Office of uniform, kids at the beach and on the 2009 as co-director of the Detention Military Commissions website includes ball field. Policy Task Force that Obama creat - no information on the likely schedule Amid all the mementoes of love and ed shortly after taking office to review for further proceedings. 41 loss, one document stands out as stark - the military commission system. Administration officials are de - ly void of sentiment: the death certificate Mohammed is alleged to have pro - scribed as wanting to speed up mil - issued by the New York City medical posed the use of hijacked aircraft to at - itary commission proceedings. One examiner’s office for Scott Michael John - tack U.S. sites to bin Laden in 1998 and other major case is awaiting trial. Abd son, 26, office worker. “Cause of death: to have received authority from bin Laden al-Rahim al Nashiri is charged with physical injuries (no body recovered.)” to direct preparation and execution of murder, terrorism and other counts No autopsy. Category: “homicide.” 42 the plan. He and four co-defendants are in the October 2000 bombing of the Noise and silence: There has been charged with 2,973 counts of murder USS Cole. much of each in the decade since the along with other counts including con - Despite sharing enthusiasm over 9/11 murders. In the immediate after - spiracy, terrorism and providing mater - Martins’ appointment, however, Brook - math, stunned disbelief and solemn re - ial support for terrorism .* ings expert Wittes expects a pause in membrance became white-hot anger The eventual military trial will come proceedings until Martins arrives in the and steely resolve. Within a few months, only after an aborted earlier military new post. “I have trouble imagining however, Americans divided on how, trial in 2008 followed by the Obama that anything will happen before Mark when and where to respond. At home, administration’s thwarted decision to Martins takes over in early October,” President Bush’s war on terror seemed prosecute the case in a civilian feder - Wittes says. to sweep up many innocents in a web al court in the United States. The ear - of ethnic and religious suspicion. lier military trial began on June 5, Abroad, a just war successfully waged 2008, but was halted after Mohammed seemed to some to devolve into post- said he and the co-defendants all OUTLOOK war injustice. wanted to plead guilty. The controversies continued through The presiding judge then put the the years, interrupted only by once-a- proceedings on hold after Obama an - year ceremonies of mournful remem - nounced a review of the military com - Noise and Silence brance. The war in Iraq, entered into mission system in January 2009. After divisively on a rationale many questioned, a joint Defense-Justice Department re - isitors to Ground Zero find con - remains contentious even after two pres - V tinuous congestion and confusion. idents have declared it a success. The Office workers and commuters rush war in Afghanistan, once seen as a vic - * The four co-defendants and their alleged in and out of buildings and train sta - tory, has lost popular support after still roles are Ramzi Bin al-Shibh, coordination of attacks; Walid bin Attash, selection and train - tions. Cars, taxis and buses crowd streets going on almost 10 years later. And those ing of some hijackers; Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, as - narrowed by construction, and their who devised the Bush administration’s sistance in travel arrangements for hijackers; noise combines with the whirr of ce - war-on-terror tactics at home and and Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi, organization ment mixers and chatter of workers abroad continue to defend them even and financing. to create a never-ending din. Tourists as a president who denounced them as

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 725 REMEMBERING 9/11

candidate is viewed by his supporters The New Republic ’s Rosen cautions cial Justice, June 7, 2011. as having continued too many of them. against exaggeration but sees the need 2 Aspen Ideas Festival, “Could 9/11 Happen Are we safe? Fear persists even after for braver political leadership to strike Again?” Aspen, Colo., June 30, 2011, www.aifesti a decade with no new 9/11. Former a better balance between security and val.org/session/could-911-happen-again . 3 Rep. Jane Harman, a California De - liberty. “The warnings that we would Abe Greenwald, “What We Got Right in the War on Terror,” Commentary , September 2011, mocrat who was a leading voice on surrender our liberties wholesale have www.commentarymagazine.com/article/ what- homeland security and intelligence is - not been proved true,” Rosen says. we-got-right-in-the-war-on-terror /. sues until her resignation in February, “But to achieve a better balance, you 4 Mordechai Kedar and David Yerushalmi, blames the government itself. “We the need presidential leadership. There “Shari’a and Violence in American Mosques,” government haven’t given you enough appears to be no president willing to Middle East Quarterly , Summer 2011. encouragement to feel confident,” Har - adopt that mantle.” 5 For video and a print transcript, see White man, now president of the Woodrow Perhaps the danger will pass. House Blog, www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/ Wilson International Center for Schol - Schwartz, the advocate for Islamic 05/02/osama-bin-laden-dead . The post in - ars in Washington, remarked at the pluralism, forecasts an end to the cludes a link to the subsequent briefing by Aspen forum. Politics is the reason, global movements that have kept the White House aides. 6 Harman explained. “It’s very easy to West in fear for decades. “This cycle See these stories by Jamie Stengle, The As - sociated Press: “AWOL soldier defiantly shouts play the fear card,” she said. 43 of jihadism will end,” he says. Schwartz ’09 suspect’s name,” July 30; “Army: AWOL Others say there is good reason foresees positive change in Iran and Soldier Admits to Fort Hood Attack Plan,” to fear. “You’re always in a dangerous Saudi Arabia that will combine with July 29, 2011. Abdo was charged with un - situation,” says the National Review ’s the results of the Arab Spring to di - registered possession of a destructive device; McCarthy. “We’re still not coming to minish the influence of radicalism he did not enter a plea. For Ebert’s account, terms with the ideology that fuels ter - throughout the Muslim world. War- see “Greg Ebert — Clerk at Texas Gun Shop rorism.” Greenwald, the Commentary on-terror hawks are less sanguine. “To Near Fort Hood Who Alerted Police to Naser editor, writes of his fear that the coun - a holy army avenging a centuries-old Abdo,” NRA News, July 28, 2011, www.you try may “succumb to the deadly temp - wrong, 10 years is a short time,” Green - tube.com/watch?v=dqiOCWZQKsI . 7 tations of an illusory peace.” 44 wald writes. 45 Al Baker and William K. Rashbaum, “Po - Are we free? Civil liberties advocates In the meantime, a steady stream lice Find Car Bomb in Times Square,” The New York Times , May 1, 2010, www.nytimes. see an erosion of individual liberty. “I of visitors make their way to Ground com/2010/05/02/nyregion/02timessquare.html ; saw 9/11 firsthand, and it was an awful Zero, looking skyward to the new Pam Belluck, “Crew Grabs Man,” The New thing,” says Kevin Bankston, a senior symbol of American strength and all York Times , Dec. 23, 2001, www.nytimes. staff attorney with the Electronic Fron - around for remembrances of what com/2001/12/23/us/crew-grabs-man-explosive- tier Foundation and the lead lawyer in makes the country strong. On the side - feared.html ; Anahad O’Connor and Eric the group’s legal challenge to the ex - walk alongside the rebuilt firehouse Schmitt, “Terror Attempt Seen as Man Tries panded electronic surveillance initiated that is home to Ladder Company 10 to Ignite Device on Jet,” The New York Times , under Bush and being continued under and Engine Company 10, visitors Dec. 25, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/12/26/ Obama. “But that doesn’t mean I’m pause at a framed photo display of us/26plane.html . 8 willing to abandon the basic principles the 343 New York City firefighters who Kim Murphy, “Is Homeland Security spend - on which our freedom is based and died that awful day. Bolted to the ad - ing paying off?,” Los Angeles Times , Aug. 28, 2011, p. A1. The article drew on work by the ultimately are meant to keep us safe joining firehouse wall is a 56-foot-long Center for Investigative Reporting. See G. W. and free.” bronze bas-relief memorial sculpture Schulz, “Price of Peril: Homeland Security “I defy people to tell us what the with this inscription: “Dedicated to those Spending by State,” May 3, 2010, http://center quantifiable loss of liberty has been,” who fell and to those who carry on. forinvestigativereporting.org/articles/priceof counters McCarthy. “I don’t use the May we never forget.” 46 perilhomelandsecurityspendingbystate ; see Tim phone any less than I used to. Most Starks, “Post-9/11 Security Centers Now Face people aren’t up at night worrying Budget Threats,” CQ Weekly , Aug. 1, 2011. whether Eric Holder or [former attor - 9 See Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, Bin Laden’s Lega - neys general] John Ashcroft or Michael Notes cy: Why We’re Still Losing the War on Terror Mukasey is reading their e-mails. The (2011). 1 “Strength, Security, and Shared Responsi - 10 idea that there’s blanket surveillance See Stephen Schwartz, The Two Faces of bility: Preventing Terrorist Attacks a Decade Islam: Saudi Fundamentalism and its Role in out there, it doesn’t make sense. They after 9/11,” remarks at New York University Terrorism (2003). don’t have the resources to do that.” School of Law and Brennan Institute for So - 11 For Merrill’s first-person account, see his

726 CQ Researcher op-ed published anonymously by The Wash - at www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/index.xml . York Times poll, www.cbsnews.com/stories/ ington Post : “My National Security Letter Gag For a critical overview of the movement and 2006/09/06/opinion/polls/main1975940.shtml . Order,” March 23, 2007; for more recent cov - Yerushalmi’s role, see Andrea Elliott, “The Man Half of those polled said Bush administra - erage, see Ellen Nakashima, “ ‘John Doe’ re - Behind the Anti-Shariah Movement,” The New tion policies had made America safer, and veals concern with national security letters,” York Times , July 30, 2011, sec. 1, p. 1. 55 percent approved overall of Bush’s han - The Washington Post , Aug. 10, 2010, p. A2. 19 See Awad v. Ziriax , U.S. Dist. Ct. W.D. dling of the war on terror. 12 See Niels Lesniewski and Brian Friel, “Obama Okla., Nov. 29, 2011, http://s3.amazonaws. 26 “7/7 inquest — WMS,” Home Office of the Signs Expiring Patriot Act Provisions With com/content.newsok.com/documents/n29opin United Kingdom, May 9, 2011, www.home Autopen,” CQ Today , May 27, 2011. For pre - ion.pdf . For coverage, see James C. McKinley office.gov.uk/publications/about-us/parliamen vious developments, see Office of Inspector Jr., “U.S. Judge Blocks Ban on Islamic Law,” tary-business/written-ministerial-statement/77- General, Department of Justice, “A Review of The New York Times , Nov. 30, 2011, p. A22. inquest- wms /; Paul Hamilos, “Mass murderers the FBI’s Use of National Security Letters: As - 20 “Shari’a and Violence,” op. cit. jailed for 40 years as judge delivers verdicts sessment of Corrective Actions and Exami - 21 Abu Dhabi Gallup Center, “Most Muslim on Spain’s 9/11,” The Guardian , Nov. 1 , 2007, nation of NSL Usage in 2006,” March 2008, Americans See No Justification for Violence,” www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/01/spain. www.justice.gov/oig/special/s0803b/final.pdf ; Aug. 2, 2011, www.gallup.com/poll/148763/ international ; Delnaaz Irani, “Surviving Mumbai “ACLU Roadmap of Justice Department In - muslim-americans-no-justification-violence.aspx . gunman convicted over attacks,” BBC News, spector General’s Review of the FBI’s Use of 22 For a timeline of the events of Sept. 11, May 3, 2010, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/ National Security Letters,” March 19, 2007, 2001, see Tribute WTC Visitor Center, www.trib 8657642.stm . www.aclu.org/print/national-security/aclu-road utewtc.org/exhibits/gallery2.php ; or 9/11 27 Jena Baker McNeill, et al. , “30 Terrorist map-justice-department-inspector-general-s- Memorial, www.911memorial.org/interactive- Plots Foiled: How the System Worked,” The review-fbi-s-use-national-s . 911-timeline . The death toll was initially es - Heritage Foundation, April 29, 2010, www. 13 See Eric Lichtblau, “Senate Approves Bill to timated at more than 6,000. A complete list heritage.org/research/reports/2010/04/30-ter Broaden Wiretap Powers,” The New York Times , of the names can be found here: http:// rorist-plots-foiled-how-the-system-worked . July 10, 2008, p. A1. names.911memorial.org/index-regular.php# 28 The decision is Rumsfeld v. Padilla , 542 14 See Jeffrey Rosen, The Unwanted Gaze: lang=en_U S. Much of the material in the back - U.S. 426 (2004). The court dismissed Padil - The Destruction of Privacy in America (2000). ground sections is drawn from CQ Researcher la’s habeas corpus petition on the ground 15 Nick Adams, Ted Nordhaus and Michael coverage. For a compilation, see p. 730. that it had been filed in the wrong court. Shellenberger, Counterterrorism Since 9/11: 23 For a comprehensive account, see David Padilla’s attorneys filed a new petition later. Evaluating the Efficacy of Controversial Tac - Willman, The Mirage Man: Bruce Ivins, the 29 The Supreme Court cases are Hamdan v. tics, Breakthrough Institute, May 2011, http:// Anthrax Attacks, and America’s Rush to War Rumsfeld , 548 U.S. 557 (2006), and Boume - thescienceofsecurity.org/blog/CT%20Since%20 (2011). As Willman notes, friends and asso - diene v. Bush , 553 U.S. 723 (2008). For ac - 9-11_by_Breakthrough.pdf . ciates of Ivins dispute the government’s con - counts, see respective editions of The 16 Julian Sanchez, “Leashing the Surveillance clusion. Supreme Court Yearbook , op. cit. State: How to Reform Patriot Act Surveillance 24 The cases are Hamdi v. Rumsfeld , 542 U.S. 30 See Thomas H. Kean and Lee H. Hamil - Authorities,” Cato Institute, May 16, 2011, 507 (2004), and Rasul v. Bush , 542 U.S. 466 ton, Without Precedent: The Inside Story of www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=13099 . (2004). For an account, see Kenneth Jost, the 9/11 Commission (2006), pp. 341-346. See 17 For background, see James C. McKinley Jr., Supreme Court Yearbook 2003-2004 . also “9/11 Commission Recommendations: Im - “Oklahoma Surprise: Islam as an Election Issue,” 25 For a snapshot of public opinion as of plementation Status,” Congressional Research The New York Times , Nov. 15, 2010, p. A12. August 2006, see Joel Roberts, “Poll: Many Service, December 2006, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/ The op-ed article “Sharia law question merits Americans Feel Less Safe,” CBS News/ New homesec/RL33742.pdf . support” by Brigitte Gabriel and Lauren Lo - sawyer appeared in The Oklahoman (Okla - homa City) on Oct. 16, 2010, cited in “Ok - About the Author lahoma ‘Sharia Law Amendment’, State Question 755 (2010), Ballotpedia, http://ballot Associate Editor Kenneth Jost graduated from Harvard pedia.org/wiki/index.php/Oklahoma_%22Sharia_ College and Georgetown University Law Center. He is the Law_Amendment%22,_State_Question_755_%2 author of the Supreme Court Yearbook and editor of The 82010%29 (visited August 2011). See also Supreme Court from A to Z (both CQ Press ). He was a mem - Politico , www.politico.com/news/stories/1110/ ber of the CQ Researcher team that won the American Bar 44630.html . Association’s 2002 Silver Gavel Award. His previous reports 18 See “Welcome to ACT! for America,” www. actforamerica.org/index.php/component/con include “Prosecuting Terrorists,” “Closing Guantánamo,” tent/article/26-welcome-to-act-for-america/99- “Understanding Islam” and “Re-examining 9/11.” He is also home ; “Shariah: The Threat to America,” http:// author of the blog Jost on Justice (http://joston justice.blog shariahthethreat.org / (both visited August 2011). spot.com). The Center for Security Policy home page is

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 727 REMEMBERING 9/11

31 Dana Priest, “Bush’s ‘War’ on Terror Comes to a Sudden End,” The Washington Post , Jan. 23, 2009, p. A1. FOR MORE INFORMATION 32 See Greg Miller, “ ‘Concise’ terror alerts to ACT! for America , P.O. Box 12765, Pensacola, FL 32591 ; www.actforamerica.org . replace color codes,” The Washington Post , Grassroots organization, founded by a Lebanese immigrant, that opposes radical Jan. 28, 2011, p. A3. Islam. 33 See Ashley Halsey III, “TSA debuts system for more modest scans,” The Washington Post , American Civil Liberties Union , 125 Broad St., 18th Floor, New York, NY 10004 ; Feb. 2, 2011, p. A2. (212) 549-2500 ; www.aclu.org . National civil liberties organization critical of wide 34 White House, “Empowering Local Partners range of anti-terrorism policies adopted under President George W. Bush and con - to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United tinued under President Barack Obama. States,” Aug. 3, 2011, www.whitehouse.gov/sites/ default/files/empowering_local_partners.pdf . Center for American Progress , 1333 H St., N.W., 10th Floor, Washington, DC For coverage, including comments by Rep. 20005 ; (202) 682-1611 ; www.americanprogress.org . Liberal think tank critical of Peter King, see Scott Shane, “To Fight Radi - Bush policies following the 9/11 attacks. cal Islam, U.S. Wants Muslim Allies,” The New York Times , Aug. 4, 2011, p. A8. Center for Security Policy , 1901 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Suite 201, Washing - 35 “CAIR Backs President’s Plan to Fight Vio - ton, DC 20006 ; (202) 835-9077 ; www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org . Neoconservative lent Extremism,” Aug. 4, 2011, www.cair.com/Ar think tank addressing issues pertaining to U.S. national security. ticleDetails.aspx?ArticleID=26869&&name=n&curr Page=1&Active=1 . Constitution Project , 1200 18th St., N.W., Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20036 ; (202) 580-6920 ; www.constitutionproject.org . Bipartisan advocacy group defending 36 For coverage of the Homeland Security constitutional values in various settings. Committee hearing, see Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Laurie Goodstein, “Deep Partisan Rift Council on American-Islamic Relations , 453 New Jersey Ave., S.E., Washington, Emerges in Hearings on U.S. Muslims,” The DC 20003 ; (202) 488-8787 ; www.cair.com . U.S.-based civil liberties organization New York Times , March 11, 2011, p. A15. promoting the constitutional rights of American Muslims. 37 Josh Gerstein, “White House report: Locals key to anti-terror fight,” Politico.com , Aug. 3, Electronic Frontier Foundation , 454 Shotwell St., San Francisco, CA 94110 ; 2011, www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/60 (415) 436-9333 ; www.eff.org . Civil liberties group that advocates for citizens’ and 631.html . consumers’ free-speech and privacy rights. 38 “Patt Morrison Show,” KPCC radio, Los An - geles, Aug. 3, 2011, www.scpr.org/programs/ Foundation for Defense of Democracies , P.O. Box 33249, Washington, DC patt-morrison/2011/08/03/20143/extremism- 20033 ; (202) 207-0190 ; www.defenddemocracy.org . Conservative policy institute tentative /. dedicated to combating ideologies that threaten democracy. 39 U.S. Department of Defense, “New Military Commissions Chief Prosecutor Announced,” Heritage Foundation , 214 Massachusetts Ave., N.E., Washington, DC 20002 ; June 23, 2011, www.defense.gov/releases/re (202) 546-4400 ; www.heritage.org . Conservative think tank advocating aggressive lease.aspx?releaseid=14598 . For coverage, see approaches to the war on terror. Peter Finn, “Pentagon names new prosecutor for Guantánamo trials,” The Washington Post , Muslim Public Affairs Council , 3010 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 217, Los Angeles, CA June 24, 2011, p. A7. Some background drawn 90010 ; (323) 258-6722 ; www.mpac.org . Community-based advocacy group working to integrate Muslims into American life and the political process. from the article. 40 Jack Goldsmith, “Mark Martins to be Chief New America Foundation , 1899 L St., N.W., Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036 ; Prosecutor Military Commissions,” Lawfare , (202) 986-2700 ; www.newamerica.net . Centrist public-policy think tank addressing June 23, 2011, www.lawfareblog.com/2011/06/ political and social issues. mark-martins-to-be-chief-prosecutor-military- commissions /. Tribute WTC Visitor Center , 120 Liberty St., New York, NY 10006 ; (212) 393- 41 For the text of the charges, see U.S. De - 9160 ; www.tributewtc.org . Project of the September 11 Families Association with partment of Defense, Office of Military Com - gallery exhibits and walking tours conducted by survivors, family members, first missions, Sept. 11 Co-Conspirators, www.de responders and others affected by 9/11. fense.gov/news/commissionsCo-conspirators. html . For coverage, see Peter Finn, “Charges 46 against 9/11 suspects are re-filed,” The Wash - org/exhibits/vtour4.html . See FDNY Memorial Wall, www.fdnyten 43 ington Post , June 1, 2011, p. A6. Aspen Institute, op. cit. house.com/fdnywall/index.htm . 44 42 For a virtual tour, go to www.tributewtc. Greenwald, op. cit. 45 Ibid.

728 CQ Researcher Bibliography Selected Sources

Books gressional mandate to investigate “facts and circumstances relating to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.” The Blais , Allison Bailey , and Lynn Rasic , A Place of Remem - report details the planning and execution of the hijackings brance: Official Book of the National September 11 Memo - as well as the U.S. government’s investigations of and ac - rial , National Geographic , 2011 . tions against Al Qaeda under Presidents Bill Clinton and The heavily illustrated book uses comments from those George W. Bush. The closing two chapters detail recom - who lived through the events to recount the 9/11 attacks mendations for better preparing for domestic terrorist attacks and the aftermath, including the sometimes contentious his - and developing a global strategy against terrorism. tory of the creation of the 9/11 Memorial. A fold-out lists The complete report is available online. St. Martin’s Press the names of all those killed in the attacks. Proceeds are to published a paperback edition that includes extensive cov - help support the National September 11 Memorial. erage from The New York Times of the commission from in - ception through publication of its report. The chair and vice Creed , Patrick , and Rick Newman , Firefight: Inside the chair of the commission wrote an account of the commis - Battle to Save the Pentagon on 9/11 , Ballantine , 2008 . sion’s work that ends with the “Report Card” issued by com - The book recounts the underreported story of the fight to mission members in December 2005 evaluating unfavorably save the Pentagon from fire after the Sept. 11 attack. Creed the government’s actions in regard to recommended reforms. is an amateur historian, volunteer firefighter and U.S. Army See Thomas H. Kean and Lee H. Hamilton, with Benjamin Reserve officer; Newman is a newsmagazine journalist. Rhodes, Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Com - mission (Knopf, 2006). Gartenstein-Ross , Daveed , Bin Laden’s Legacy: Why We’re Still Losing the War on Terror , Wiley , 2011 . Rodriguez , Jose A. Jr. , Hard Measures: How Aggressive A well-known counterterrorism expert argues that the U.S. fight C.I.A. Actions After 9/11 Saved Lives , Threshold Editions , against terrorism has been undercut by expensive wars abroad forthcoming (May 2012) . and costly security policies at home. Includes detailed notes. The former director of the CIA’s national clandestine ser - vice will recount the covert operations and tactics against Al Goldsmith , Jack , The Terror Presidency: Law and Judg - Qaeda, including the use of so-called enhanced interroga - ment Inside the Bush Administration , Norton , 2007 . tion techniques, based on his role in overseeing operation The head of the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel from 2001 until his retirement in 2007. during part of the Bush administration provides a first-hand ac - count of his role in questioning and partially reversing some of Shipler , David K. , The Rights of the People: How Our the anti-terrorism policies adopted before he took office. Gold - Search for Safety Invades Our Liberties , Knopf , 2011 . smith is now a professor at Harvard Law School. Includes notes. The Pulitzer Prize-winning author and former New York Times reporter strongly criticizes what he calls a loss of pri - Harris , Shane , The Watchers: The Rise of America’s Sur - vacy and liberty that has worsened as result of anti-terror - veillance State , Penguin , 2010 . ism policies. Includes detailed notes. A senior writer at Washingtonian magazine traces the ex - pansion of the National Security Agency’s role in surveillance Soufan , Ali H. , with Daniel Freedman , The Black Ban - from the 1980s through the Bush administration’s war on ners: The Inside Story of 9/11 and the War Against Al terror. Includes detailed notes. Qaeda , W.W. Norton , 2011 (forthcoming Sept. 12) . The former FBI special agent and counterterrorism expert McDermott , Terry , Perfect Soldiers: The Hijackers: Who recounts, according to the publisher, “America’s successes They Were, Why They Did It , Harper/Collins , 2005 . and failures” in the “war” against Al Qaeda based on his A former Los Angeles Times reporter provides a full-length role in terrorism investigations from 1997 until his retirement account of the lives of the 19 hijackers who carried out, and in 2005. Soufan has previously criticized the CIA’s use of died in, the 9/11 attacks, as well as the planning and prepa - harsh interrogation tactics against high-value terrorism sus - ration beforehand. Includes photographs, detailed notes. pects. The New York Times reported (Aug. 25) that the CIA demanded substantial cuts from the manuscript during the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the Unit - legally required review for classified material. ed States , The 9/11 Report , U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 2004 ; also online: www.9-11commission.gov/report/ Wittes , Benjamin , Law and the Long War: The Future index.htm . of Justice in the Age of Terror , Penguin , 2008 . The bipartisan, 10-member commission produced a mam - A senior fellow at the Brookings Institution argues that legal moth and widely praised report in response to the con - aspects of the Bush administration’s war on terror are inad -

www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 729 REMEMBERING 9/11

equate for protracted counterterrorism efforts and should be strengthened by congressional action governing detention, CQ Researcher Reports interrogation and trial of suspected terrorists. Includes notes. CQ Researcher and CQ Global Researcher have Articles covered the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and their aftermath, along with the wars in Afghani - Greenwald , Abe , “What We Got Right in the War on Terror,” stan and Iraq, in more than 30 reports. Commentary , September 2011 , www.commentarymaga zine.com/article/what-we-got-right-in-the-war-on-terror /. David Masci and Kenneth Jost, “War on Terrorism,” A senior editor for the neoconservative magazine argues Oct. 12, 2001. that the Bush administration’s aggressive anti-terrorism poli - Mary H. Cooper, “Hating America,” Nov. 23, 2001. cies “kept the homeland safe from attack for a decade.” David Masci and Patrick Marshall, “Civil Liberties in Murphy , Kim , “Is Homeland Security spending paying Wartime,” Dec. 14, 2001. off?,” Los Angeles Times , Aug. 28, 2011 , p. A1 . Kenneth Jost, “Rebuilding Afghanistan,” Dec. 21, 2001. The article reviews and evaluates the estimated $75 billion Brian Hansen, “Intelligence Reforms,” Jan. 25, 2002. per year in federal and state spending devoted to homeland David Masci, “Confronting Iraq,” Oct. 4, 2002. security in the decade since 9/11. David Masci, “Torture,” April 18, 2003. Schmidle , Nicholas , “Getting bin Laden: What happened David Masci, “Rebuilding Iraq,” July 25, 2003. that night in Abbottabad,” The New Yorker , Aug. 8, 2011 , Martin Kady II, “Homeland Security,” Sept. 12, 2003. www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/08/08/110808fa_fa Kenneth Jost, “Re-examining 9/11,” June 4, 2004. ct_schmidle?currentPage=all . Peter Katel, “Global Jihad,” Oct. 14, 2005. A journalist with experience covering the Mideast and South Asia reconstructs through second-hand accounts the raid by Peter Katel, “War in Iraq,” Oct. 21, 2005. a team of U.S. Navy SEALS that ended with the killing of Kenneth Jost, “Presidential Power,” Feb. 24, 2006. Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. Pamela M. Prah, “Port Security,” April 21, 2006. Peter Katel and Kenneth Jost, “Treatment of Detainees,” Zerinke , Kate , and Michael T. Kaufman , “Born Into Privi - Aug. 25, 2006. lege, Bin Laden Became the Face of Global Terror,” The Kenneth Jost, “Understanding Islam,” Nov. 3, 2006. New York Times , May 3, 2011 , p. F6 . The 5,000-word obituary traces bin Laden’s life from his Samuel Loewenberg, “Anti-Americanism,” March 2007. birth into a wealthy family in Saudi Arabia and his leader - (CQ Global Researcher ) ship of the Islamist terrorist network Al Qaeda through his Roland Flamini, “Afghanistan on the Brink,” June 2007. death in a raid by U.S. Navy SEALS at a walled compound (CQ Global Researcher ) in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Kaufman, a foreign correspondent Seth Stern, “Torture Debate,” September 2007. ( CQ Global and columnist for The Times , prepared much of the obituary Researcher ) before his death in 2010. Sarah Glazer, “Radical Islam in Europe,” November 2007. (CQ Global Researcher ) Reports and Studies Peter Katel, “Cost of the Iraq War,” April 25, 2008. Adams , Nick ; Ted Nordhaus , and Michael Shellenberger , Robert Kiener, “Crisis in Pakistan,” December 2008. ( ) Counterterrorism Since 9/11: Evaluating the Efficacy of CQ Global Researcher Controversial Tactics , Breakthrough Institute , spring 2011 , Kenneth Jost, “The Obama Presidency,” Jan. 30, 2009. http://thescienceofsecurity.org/blog/CT%20Since%209-11_ Peter Katel, “Homeland Security,” Feb. 13, 2009. by_Breakthrough.pdf . Kenneth Jost, “Closing Guant ánamo,” Feb. 27, 2009. Researchers at the progressive think tank find “no credible Thomas J. Billitteri, “Afghanistan Dilemma,” Aug. 7, 2009. evidence” that controversial counterterrorism tactics had played a role in thwarting terrorist attacks. Kenneth Jost, “Interrogating the CIA,” Sept. 25, 2009. Barbara Mantel, “Terrorism and the Internet,” November Sanchez , Julian , “Leashing the Surveillance State: How to 2009. ( CQ Global Researcher ) Reform Patriot Act Surveillance Authorities,” Cato Institute , Kenneth Jost, “Prosecuting Terrorists,” March 12, 2010. May 16, 2011 , www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=13099 . Peter Katel, “America at War,” July 23, 2010. A research fellow at the libertarian think tank proposes to Peter Katel, “Homegrown Jihadists,” Sept. 3, 2010. narrow some of the Patriot Act provisions that expanded the government’s investigatory and surveillance powers. Marcia Clemmitt, “U.S.-Pakistan Relations,” Aug. 5, 2011.

730 CQ Researcher The Next Step: Additional Articles from Current Periodicals

Al Qaeda The office of New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg has turned away many survivors of the 9/11 attacks for the 10th anniver - Gertz , Bill , “Bin Laden’s Death Likely to Shatter Al Qaeda,” sary memorial service because of limited seating space. The Washington Times , May 11, 2011 , p. A1 , www.wash ingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/10/bin-ladens-death-likely - Girardot , Frank C. , “Pasadena Sept. 11 Survivor: ‘I’ve Been to-shatter-al-qaeda /. Waiting to Hear This News For So Long,’ ” San Gabriel Several security and intelligence officials say that the lack Valley (Calif.) Tribune , May 1, 2011 , www.pasadenastar of a unifying leader after Osama bin Laden’s death may news.com/news/ci_17970228?source=pkg . mean the end of Al Qaeda. A survivor of the World Trade Center terrorist attacks says he got chills when he heard President Obama announce bin Johnson , Kevin , “Terror Groups Live On Despite Leader - Laden’s death. ship Void,” USA Today , May 3, 2011 , p. A6 , www.usatoday. com/NEWS/usaedition/2011-05-03-AlQaeda03_ST_U.htm . Victim Compensation Many analysts say that the most troubling aspect of Al Qaeda’s influence is the emergence of American jihadists Grant , Jason , “9/11 Victim Fund Questioned,” Gloucester who have drawn inspiration from bin Laden. County (N.J.) Times , July 29, 2011 , www.nj.com/news/ index.ssf/2011/07/911_health_compensation_fund.html . Miller , Greg , and Joby Warrick , “U.S. Security Threat From Many first responders from the 9/11 attacks are upset that the al-Qaeda May Be Undiminished,” The Washington Post , Victim Compensation Fund will not compensate them for the can - May 2, 2011 , p. A1 . cer they said they developed as a result of their rescue efforts. Al Qaeda may still pose a threat to the United States be - cause it has established ties to militant movements in other Hernandez , Raymond , “In Step to Reopen 9/11 Health countries such as Somalia. Fund, Administrator Is Named,” The New York Times , May 19, 2011 , p. A21 , www.nytimes.com/2011/05/19/ Islam nyregion/overseer-of-911-health-fund-is-chosen.html . The Justice Department has appointed Sheila Birnbaum, who Abdul Rauf , Feisal , “One Nation Under . . . Muslims’ mediated lawsuits brought by 9/11 families, to administer the Ideals in Line With Other Americans,’ ” Fort Wayne (Ind.) reopening of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Journal Gazette , April 8, 2011 , p. A11 , www.journalgaz ette.net/article/20110408/EDIT05/304089995/-1/EDIT01 . Zaremba , John , “9/11 Victim’s Kin Pledge: We’ll Make Though radicals exist on the fringes of Islam, most American United Pay,” Boston Herald , July 28, 2011 , p. 14 , www.boston Muslims agree on the principal objectives of life, respect and herald.com/news/regional/view.bg?articleid=1354621 . dignity. The Boston family of a 9/11 victim has vowed to make United Airlines accountable for their son’s death. Kamandy , Jamal , “Islamophobia Poses Threat to Freedom,” Fort Collins Coloradoan , April 5, 2011 , www.crescentpost. CITING CQ RESEARCHER com/2011/04/the-coloradoan-islamophobia-poses-threat-to- Sample formats for citing these reports in a bibliography freedom /. American Muslims who had nothing to do with the 9/11 include the ones listed below. Preferred styles and formats terror attacks have unfairly been targeted with acts of violence vary, so please check with your instructor or professor. and discrimination, according to a student at Colorado State University. MLA STYLE Jost, Kenneth. “Rethinking the Death Penalty.” CQ Researcher Levy , Stephen , “Radical Muslims Recruit Criminals in U.S. 16 Nov. 2001: 945-68. Prisons,” The Washington Times , June 16, 2011 , p. A9 , www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jun/15/radical- APA S TYLE muslims-recruit-criminals-in-us-prisons /. Jost, K. (2001, November 16). Rethinking the death penalty. Radical Muslims are using American prisons to recruit criminals for terrorist activities, according to several counterterrorism experts. CQ Researcher, 11 , 945-968. Survivors CHICAGO STYLE Jost, Kenneth. “Rethinking the Death Penalty.” CQ Researcher , Alvarez , Maria , “No Room For Survivors,” Newsday , July 19, November 16, 2001, 945-968. 2011 , p. 4 , www.newsday.com/news/new-york/9-11-survivors- shut-out-of-anniversary-1.3034643 . www.cqresearcher.com Sept. 2, 2011 731 In-depth Reports on Issues in the News

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