Evaluation of Lightweight Block Ciphers in Hardware Implementation: a Comprehensive Survey
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A Low-Latency Block Cipher for Pervasive Computing Applications Extended Abstract?
PRINCE { A Low-latency Block Cipher for Pervasive Computing Applications Extended Abstract? Julia Borghoff1??, Anne Canteaut1;2???, Tim G¨uneysu3, Elif Bilge Kavun3, Miroslav Knezevic4, Lars R. Knudsen1, Gregor Leander1y, Ventzislav Nikov4, Christof Paar3, Christian Rechberger1, Peter Rombouts4, Søren S. Thomsen1, and Tolga Yal¸cın3 1 Technical University of Denmark 2 INRIA, Paris-Rocquencourt, France 3 Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany 4 NXP Semiconductors, Leuven, Belgium Abstract. This paper presents a block cipher that is optimized with respect to latency when implemented in hardware. Such ciphers are de- sirable for many future pervasive applications with real-time security needs. Our cipher, named PRINCE, allows encryption of data within one clock cycle with a very competitive chip area compared to known solutions. The fully unrolled fashion in which such algorithms need to be implemented calls for innovative design choices. The number of rounds must be moderate and rounds must have short delays in hardware. At the same time, the traditional need that a cipher has to be iterative with very similar round functions disappears, an observation that increases the design space for the algorithm. An important further requirement is that realizing decryption and encryption results in minimum additional costs. PRINCE is designed in such a way that the overhead for decryp- tion on top of encryption is negligible. More precisely for our cipher it holds that decryption for one key corresponds to encryption with a re- lated key. This property we refer to as α-reflection is of independent interest and we prove its soundness against generic attacks. 1 Introduction The area of lightweight cryptography, i.e., ciphers with particularly low imple- mentation costs, has drawn considerable attention over the last years. -
Lecture Notes on Error-Correcting Codes and Their Applications to Symmetric Cryptography
Lecture Notes on Error-Correcting Codes and their Applications to Symmetric Cryptography Anne Canteaut Inria [email protected] https://www.rocq.inria.fr/secret/Anne.Canteaut/ version: December 4, 2017 Contents 10 Reed-Muller Codes and Boolean Functions 5 10.1 Boolean functions and their representations . .5 10.1.1 Truth table and Algebraic normal form . .5 10.1.2 Computing the Algebraic Normal Form . .8 10.2 Reed-Muller codes . 11 10.2.1 Definition . 11 10.2.2 The (uju + v) construction . 12 10.3 Weight distributions of Reed-Muller codes . 13 10.3.1 Minimum distance of R(r; m) ........................ 13 10.3.2 Weight distribution of R(1; m) ....................... 14 10.3.3 Weight distribution of R(m − 1; m) ..................... 15 10.3.4 Weight distribution of R(2; m) ....................... 15 10.3.5 Duality . 15 10.3.6 Other properties of the weights of R(r; m) ................. 17 11 Stream Cipher Basics 19 11.1 Basic principle . 19 11.1.1 Synchronous additive stream ciphers . 19 11.1.2 Pseudo-random generators . 21 11.1.3 General functionalities of stream ciphers and usage . 22 11.2 Models of attacks . 23 11.3 Generic attacks on stream ciphers . 24 11.3.1 Period of the sequence of internal states . 24 11.3.2 Time-Memory-Data Trade-off attacks . 27 11.3.3 Statistical tests . 36 11.4 The main families of stream ciphers . 37 11.4.1 Information-theoretically generators . 37 11.4.2 Generators based on a difficult mathematical problem . 38 11.4.3 Generators based on block ciphers . -
Stream Ciphers
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by HAL-CEA Stream ciphers: A Practical Solution for Efficient Homomorphic-Ciphertext Compression Anne Canteaut, Sergiu Carpov, Caroline Fontaine, Tancr`edeLepoint, Mar´ıa Naya-Plasencia, Pascal Paillier, Renaud Sirdey To cite this version: Anne Canteaut, Sergiu Carpov, Caroline Fontaine, Tancr`edeLepoint, Mar´ıaNaya-Plasencia, et al.. Stream ciphers: A Practical Solution for Efficient Homomorphic-Ciphertext Compression. FSE 2016 : 23rd International Conference on Fast Software Encryption, Mar 2016, Bochum, Germany. Springer, 9783 - LNCS (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), pp.313-333, Fast Software Encryption 23rd International Conference, FSE 2016, Bochum, Germany, March 20- 23, 2016, <http://fse.rub.de/>. <10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5 16>. <hal-01280479> HAL Id: hal-01280479 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01280479 Submitted on 28 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Stream ciphers: A Practical Solution for Efficient Homomorphic-Ciphertext Compression? -
A Bibliography of Papers in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (2002) (Part 2 of 4)
A Bibliography of Papers in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (2002) (Part 2 of 4) Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 02 May 2020 Version 1.11 Title word cross-reference -adic [1754, 1720]. -Center [1691]. -D [1664, 84, 1060, 1019, 1637, 1647, 1364]. -Gram [1705]. -Level [50]. -List [1694]. -nearest [408]. -Partition [434]. -SAT (3; 3) [1732]. 0 [426]. 1 [426, 1647]. 1=f [420]. -Split [1732]. -Stability [164]. -Stage [1260]. 168 [1729]. 2 [1662]. -Tier [1430]. [1740, 943, 1677, 420, 50, 1732]. 3 [146, 154, 18, 1094, 1033, 1664, 196, 992, 1020, .NET [88]. 1065, 84, 29, 1640, 1075, 1093, 1662, 1023, 142, 1011, 1019, 1637, 30, 219, 1364, 1107, 1430]. /Geom/c [659]. 3 × 3 [536]. 4 [1060]. 8 · 168 [1729]. (G) [659]. 2 [1056]. st [208]. TM [596]. [213]. 2 1003.1q [1336]. 128 [1540]. 1980-88 [19]. ax7 + bx + c [1729]. ax8 + bx + c [1729]. ∆ 1989-1997 [20]. [1694]. Dy2 = x3 [1735]. k [1701, 434, 1677, 408, 1691]. kth [1711]. 2 [637]. 21 [208]. 2nd [1247]. MIN ERVA [292]. NEMESIS [358]. p [1754]. n [301]. N = pq [1752]. P [164, 1720]. 3G [649, 102, 640]. 3GPP [673]. 3rd [709]. Ψ [285]. q [1705]. x [1735]. y00 = f(x; y) [164]. 1 2 90 [186]. 95 [1328, 1329]. -
Improved Correlation Attacks on SOSEMANUK and SOBER-128
Improved Correlation Attacks on SOSEMANUK and SOBER-128 Joo Yeon Cho Helsinki University of Technology Department of Information and Computer Science, Espoo, Finland 24th March 2009 1 / 35 SOSEMANUK Attack Approximations SOBER-128 Outline SOSEMANUK Attack Method Searching Linear Approximations SOBER-128 2 / 35 SOSEMANUK Attack Approximations SOBER-128 SOSEMANUK (from Wiki) • A software-oriented stream cipher designed by Come Berbain, Olivier Billet, Anne Canteaut, Nicolas Courtois, Henri Gilbert, Louis Goubin, Aline Gouget, Louis Granboulan, Cedric` Lauradoux, Marine Minier, Thomas Pornin and Herve` Sibert. • One of the final four Profile 1 (software) ciphers selected for the eSTREAM Portfolio, along with HC-128, Rabbit, and Salsa20/12. • Influenced by the stream cipher SNOW and the block cipher Serpent. • The cipher key length can vary between 128 and 256 bits, but the guaranteed security is only 128 bits. • The name means ”snow snake” in the Cree Indian language because it depends both on SNOW and Serpent. 3 / 35 SOSEMANUK Attack Approximations SOBER-128 Overview 4 / 35 SOSEMANUK Attack Approximations SOBER-128 Structure 1. The states of LFSR : s0,..., s9 (320 bits) −1 st+10 = st+9 ⊕ α st+3 ⊕ αst, t ≥ 1 where α is a root of the primitive polynomial. 2. The Finite State Machine (FSM) : R1 and R2 R1t+1 = R2t ¢ (rtst+9 ⊕ st+2) R2t+1 = Trans(R1t) ft = (st+9 ¢ R1t) ⊕ R2t where rt denotes the least significant bit of R1t. F 3. The trans function Trans on 232 : 32 Trans(R1t) = (R1t × 0x54655307 mod 2 )≪7 4. The output of the FSM : (zt+3, zt+2, zt+1, zt)= Serpent1(ft+3, ft+2, ft+1, ft)⊕(st+3, st+2, st+1, st) 5 / 35 SOSEMANUK Attack Approximations SOBER-128 Previous Attacks • Authors state that ”No linear relation holds after applying Serpent1 and there are too many unknown bits...”. -
(Pseudo) Random Number Generation for Cryptography
Thèse de Doctorat présentée à L’ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR EN SCIENCES Spécialité Informatique soutenue le 18 mai 2009 par Andrea Röck Quantifying Studies of (Pseudo) Random Number Generation for Cryptography. Jury Rapporteurs Thierry Berger Université de Limoges, France Andrew Klapper University of Kentucky, USA Directeur de Thèse Nicolas Sendrier INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt, équipe-projet SECRET, France Examinateurs Philippe Flajolet INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt, équipe-projet ALGORITHMS, France Peter Hellekalek Universität Salzburg, Austria Philippe Jacquet École Polytechnique, France Kaisa Nyberg Helsinki University of Technology, Finland Acknowledgement It would not have been possible to finish this PhD thesis without the help of many people. First, I would like to thank Prof. Peter Hellekalek for introducing me to the very rich topic of cryptography. Next, I express my gratitude towards Nicolas Sendrier for being my supervisor during my PhD at Inria Paris-Rocquencourt. He gave me an interesting topic to start, encouraged me to extend my research to the subject of stream ciphers and supported me in all my decisions. A special thanks also to Cédric Lauradoux who pushed me when it was necessary. I’m very grateful to Anne Canteaut, which had always an open ear for my questions about stream ciphers or any other topic. The valuable discussions with Philippe Flajolet about the analysis of random functions are greatly appreciated. Especially, I want to express my gratitude towards my two reviewers, Thierry Berger and Andrew Klapper, which gave me precious comments and remarks. I’m grateful to Kaisa Nyberg for joining my jury and for receiving me next year in Helsinki. -
Linear Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round SIMON Using Super Rounds
cryptography Article Linear Cryptanalysis of Reduced-Round SIMON Using Super Rounds Reham Almukhlifi * and Poorvi L. Vora Department of Computer Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 March 2020; Accepted: 15 March 2020; Published: 18 March 2020 Abstract: We present attacks on 21-rounds of SIMON 32/64, 21-rounds of SIMON 48/96, 25-rounds of SIMON 64/128, 35-rounds of SIMON 96/144 and 43-rounds of SIMON 128/256, often with direct recovery of the full master key without repeating the attack over multiple rounds. These attacks result from the observation that, after four rounds of encryption, one bit of the left half of the state of 32/64 SIMON depends on only 17 key bits (19 key bits for the other variants of SIMON). Further, linear cryptanalysis requires the guessing of only 16 bits, the size of a single round key of SIMON 32/64. We partition the key into smaller strings by focusing on one bit of state at a time, decreasing the cost of the exhaustive search of linear cryptanalysis to 16 bits at a time for SIMON 32/64. We also present other example linear cryptanalysis, experimentally verified on 8, 10 and 12 rounds for SIMON 32/64. Keywords: SIMON; linear cryptanalysis; super round 1. Introduction Lightweight cryptography is a rapidly growing area of research, emerging to fill the need for securing highly-constrained devices such as RFID tags and sensor networks. The limited hardware and software resources require that the cryptographic primitives be highly efficient. -
Giza and the Pyramids, Veteran Hosni Mubarak
An aeroplane flies over the pyramids and Sphinx on the Giza Plateau near Cairo. ARCHAEOLOGY The wonder of the pyramids Andrew Robinson enjoys a volume rounding up research on the complex at Giza, Egypt. n Giza and the Pyramids, veteran Hosni Mubarak. After AERAGRAM 16(2), 8–14; 2015), the tomb’s Egyptologists Mark Lehner and Zahi Mubarak fell from four sides, each a little more than 230 metres Hawass cite an Arab proverb: “Man power during the long, vary by at most just 18.3 centimetres. Ifears time, but time fears the pyramids.” It’s Arab Spring that year, Lehner and Hawass reject the idea that a reminder that the great Egyptian complex Hawass resigned, amid armies of Egyptian slaves constructed the on the Giza Plateau has endured for some controversy. pyramids, as the classical Greek historian four and a half millennia — the last monu- The Giza complex Herodotus suggested. They do, however, ment standing of that classical-era must-see invites speculation embrace the concept that the innovative list, the Seven Wonders of the World. and debate. Its three administrative and social organization Lehner and Hawass have produced an pyramids are the Giza and the demanded by the enormous task of build- astonishingly comprehensive study of the tombs of pharaohs Pyramids ing the complex were key factors in creating excavations and scientific investigations Khufu, Khafre and MARK LEHNER & ZAHI Egyptian civilization. CREATIVE GEOGRAPHIC L. STANFIELD/NATL JAMES that have, over two centuries, uncovered Menkaure, also known HAWASS The authors are also in accord over a the engineering techniques, religious and as Cheops, Chephren Thames & Hudson: theory regarding the purpose of the Giza cultural significance and other aspects of and Mycerinus, 2017. -
FPGA Modeling and Optimization of a SIMON Lightweight Block Cipher
sensors Article FPGA Modeling and Optimization of a SIMON Lightweight Block Cipher Sa’ed Abed 1,* , Reem Jaffal 1, Bassam Jamil Mohd 2 and Mohammad Alshayeji 1 1 Department of Computer Engineering, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait; [email protected] (R.J.); [email protected] (M.A.) 2 Department of Computer Engineering, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +965-249-837-90 Received: 18 December 2018; Accepted: 18 February 2019; Published: 21 February 2019 Abstract: Security of sensitive data exchanged between devices is essential. Low-resource devices (LRDs), designed for constrained environments, are increasingly becoming ubiquitous. Lightweight block ciphers provide confidentiality for LRDs by balancing the required security with minimal resource overhead. SIMON is a lightweight block cipher targeted for hardware implementations. The objective of this research is to implement, optimize, and model SIMON cipher design for LRDs, with an emphasis on energy and power, which are critical metrics for LRDs. Various implementations use field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology. Two types of design implementations are examined: scalar and pipelined. Results show that scalar implementations require 39% less resources and 45% less power consumption. The pipelined implementations demonstrate 12 times the throughput and consume 31% less energy. Moreover, the most energy-efficient and optimum design is a two-round pipelined implementation, which consumes 31% of the best scalar’s implementation energy. The scalar design that consumes the least energy is a four-round implementation. The scalar design that uses the least area and power is the one-round implementation. -
Lab 6: Simon Cipher Encryption EEL 4712 – Fall 2019
Lab 6: Simon Cipher Encryption EEL 4712 – Fall 2019 Objective: The objective of this lab is to study the implementation of lightweight cryptographic ciphers using datapath and finite state machine. You will also learn how to instantiate and use memory components. Required tools and parts: QuartusII software package, ALTERA DE10-lite board. IP Used: An altsyncram IP component will be used in this lab. Also, a memory initialization file (in.mif, key.mif) will be used to initialize the memory values of the ROM and RAM. Discussion: Encryption is the process of using an algorithm (E) to encode a message (P) between two parties using a key (K). The output (C) should be undecipherable unless the secret key and encryption method are known to reverse the process. 퐸(푃, 퐾) → 퐶 퐸−1(퐶, 퐾) → 푃 Hardware encryption is favored over software implementations due to speed and protections from traditional attacks. Lightweight cryptographic block ciphers are designed to encrypt blocks of data in constrained applications such as embedded processors, internet-of-things (IoT), etc. In this lab, we will be implementing the Simon32/64 block cipher developed by the National Security Agency in 2013 [1]. Simon32/64 uses a block size of 32 bits and key size of 64 bits and word size of 16 bits for encryption and decryption. We will be implementing ENCRYPTION ONLY with 10 rounds. Pre-lab requirements: 1. Datapath Figure 1. Simon 32/64 Datapath 1 Lab 6: Simon Cipher Encryption EEL 4712 – Fall 2019 The datapath and control signals (blue) for Simon32/64 block cipher are shown in Fig. -
High-Speed Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
High-speed cryptography and cryptanalysis Citation for published version (APA): Schwabe, P. (2011). High-speed cryptography and cryptanalysis. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR693478 DOI: 10.6100/IR693478 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2011 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement: www.tue.nl/taverne Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at: [email protected] providing details and we will investigate your claim. -
Block Ciphers for the Iot – SIMON, SPECK, KATAN, LED, TEA, PRESENT, and SEA Compared
Block ciphers for the IoT { SIMON, SPECK, KATAN, LED, TEA, PRESENT, and SEA compared Michael Appel1, Andreas Bossert1, Steven Cooper1, Tobias Kußmaul1, Johannes L¨offler1, Christof Pauer1, and Alexander Wiesmaier1;2;3 1 TU Darmstadt 2 AGT International 3 Hochschule Darmstadt Abstract. In this paper we present 7 block cipher algorithms Simon, Speck, KATAN, LED, TEA, Present and Sea. Each of them gets a short introduction of their functions and it will be examined with regards to their security. We also compare these 7 block ciphers with each other and with the state of the art algorithm the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to see how efficient and fast they are to be able to conclude what algorithm is the best for which specific application. Keywords: Internet of things (IoT); lightweight block ciphers; SIMON; SPECK; KATAN; LED; TEA; PRESENT; SEA 1 Introduction In modern IT The Internet of Things(IoT) is one of the most recent topics. Through the technical progress the internet has increasingly moving into our daily lives. More and more devices get functions to go online interconnect with each other and send and receive data. The increasingly smaller and cheaper expectant electronic control and communication components were installed in particular in recent years, increasingly in things of daily life. Typical fields of application are for example home automation, Security technology in the private or business environment as well as the supporting usage in the industry [1]. Be- cause of the very high price sensitivity in this environment the focus is set on the efficiency of the used programs and algorithms.