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New Drug Evaluation Monograph Template © Copyright 2012 Oregon State University. All Rights Reserved Drug Use Research & Management Program Oregon State University, 500 Summer Street NE, E35 Salem, Oregon 97301-1079 Phone 503-947-5220 | Fax 503-947-1119 Literature Scan: Antiepileptics Date of Review: March 2018 Date of Last Review: July 2016 End Date of Literature Search: 12/11/2017 Current Status of PDL Class: See Appendix 1. Conclusions: There are no new evidence‐based guidelines of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) identified on which to recommend changes to the PDL class. Two Cochrane reviews included moderate to high quality evidence to evaluate carbamazepine safety and efficacy compared with lamotrigine or topiramate when used as monotherapy in patients with epilepsy.1,2 Lamotrigine was significantly less likely to be withdrawn than carbamazepine, but the results for time to first seizure suggested that carbamazepine may be superior in terms of seizure control.1 For individuals with focal onset seizures, there is evidence that 12-month remission will be achieved earlier with carbamazepine than with topiramate.2 A systematic review evaluating the safety of levetiracetam in pediatric patients identified behavioral problems and somnolence as the most prevalent adverse events and the most common causes of treatment discontinuation.4 In addition, children receiving levetiracetam in combination with other AEDs had a greater risk of adverse events than those receiving monotherapy with levetiracetam.4 Five AED medications received expanded indications from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since the last AED class update. Fosphenytoin received approval for use in pediatric patients with status epilepticus from birth through 17 years of age.5 Lacosamide and eslicarbazepine are now indicated for use in pediatric patients with focal onset seizures aged 4 years and older.6,7 Only the oral formulations of lacosamide are approved for use in children; the intravenous (IV) product remains recommended for use only in adults.6 Perampanel received an expanded indication for monotherapy for treatment of focal seizures with or without secondary generalized seizures in patients with epilepsy 12 years of age and older.8 Brivaracetam received an expanded indication for monotherapy treatment in patients with focal seizures in patients 16 years of age and older with epilepsy.9 The FDA expanded safety warnings for 4 AEDs since the last class update. The warnings and precaution labeling for perampanel and lacosamide were revised to include information about Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), also known as multiorgan hypersensitivity, associated with therapy.6,8 DRESS may be fatal or life-threatening and patients should be evaluated immediately if they experience fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and/or facial swelling. Labeling for levetiracetam was updated to include warnings and precautions describing the risk for anaphylaxis and angioedema associated with levetiracetam administration.10 Measurement of serum sodium and chloride levels should be considered during maintenance treatment with eslicarbazepine, particularly if the patient is receiving other medications known to decrease serum sodium levels, and should be performed if symptoms of hyponatremia develop.7 Author: Deanna Moretz, PharmD, BCPS March 2018 Recommendations: No further review or research needed at this time. After reviewing comparative drug costs in the executive session, no PDL changes were recommended. Previous Conclusions: The American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society published evidence‐based guidelines for starting AEDs in adults after a first seizure. The authors found moderate evidence that immediate AED therapy as compared with no treatment is likely to reduce absolute risk by about 35% for a seizure recurrence within the subsequent 2 years. There is moderate quality evidence lacosamide is effective and well tolerated in the short term when used as add‐on treatment for drug‐resistant partial epilepsy in adults. There are insufficient data to address the risk‐benefit balance of vigabatrin versus carbamazepine monotherapy for epilepsy in adults and children. There is moderate quality evidence that describes common adverse effects with lamotrigine therapy in pediatric patients. The most commonly reported adverse events include: rash, headache, fever, somnolence, vomiting, seizure aggravation, dizziness, cough, aggression, ataxia and insomnia. Children on lamotrigine monotherapy had lower incidences of adverse events compared to those taking multiple AEDs. There is low quality evidence that levetiracetam is effective in reducing neuropathic pain but it is associated with an increase in adverse events and premature discontinuation due to side effects. There is moderate quality evidence that discontinuing an AED in children prior to at least 2 seizure‐free years is associated with a higher recurrence rate than waiting 2 or more seizure‐free years. The optimal time of withdrawal is not clear due to insufficient evidence. There is no evidence to guide AED discontinuation in adults. For all the currently marketed AEDs, there is no evidence to support the use of any of them in treating migraines. Topiramate, sodium valproate and divalproex are effective prophylactic treatments for episodic migraine in adults. There is insufficient evidence to further support the use of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis. There is low quality evidence that topiramate may be effective in reducing the frequency of binge eating in patients with binge‐eating disorder Previous Recommendations: No further review or research needed at this time. After the executive session, no changes to the PDL were made. Methods: A Medline literature search for new systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing clinically relevant outcomes to active controls, or placebo if needed, was conducted. The Medline search strategy used for this review is available in Appendix 3, which includes dates, search terms and limits used. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Cochrane Collaboration, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), Department of Veterans Affairs, BMJ Clinical Evidence, and the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) resources were manually searched for high quality and relevant systematic reviews. When necessary, systematic reviews are critically appraised for quality using the AMSTAR tool and clinical practice guidelines using the AGREE tool. The FDA website was searched for new drug approvals, indications, and pertinent safety alerts. Finally, the AHRQ National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) was searched for updated evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines. Author: Moretz March 2018 The primary focus of the evidence is on high quality systematic reviews and evidence-based guidelines. Randomized controlled trials will be emphasized if evidence is lacking or insufficient from those preferred sources. New Systematic Reviews: Cochrane: Individual Participant Data Reviews A series of Cochrane reviews evaluating pair-wise monotherapy comparisons of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, lamotrigine, topiramate, phenytoin and valproate were updated in 2016 and 2017.1,2,11-13 Each of these updates compiled a meta-analysis of individual participant data (IPD), in which the raw individual level data for each study were obtained from the investigators and used for synthesis of the meta-analysis.14 Traditional meta-analysis methods involve combining quantitative evidence from related studies to evaluate outcomes. The goal of IPD meta-analysis is to summarize the raw data on a specific clinical question from multiple related studies.14 IPD analyses are time consuming to generate because the original investigators must be contacted to ask if they will share their raw data for the report. Only the updates that were based on moderate to high quality evidence will be described in detail for this class update. Three separate updates evaluated carbamazepine and phenobarbital, 11 carbamazepine and phenytoin,13 and phenytoin with valproate,12 but the recently published trials included in these updates were imprecise and may have misclassified seizure type, so the methodological quality of the evidence was rated as low by the Cochrane reviewers. Therefore, they are not included in this summary. One of the Cochrane updates in this series evaluated new evidence published through October 2017 for head to head trials comparing lamotrigine to carbamazepine in people with focal or generalized onset seizures.1 The authors used the IPD method to compile data for the meta-analysis. The primary outcome was time to withdrawal of allocated treatment. Secondary outcomes included time to first seizure, time to remission, and incidence of adverse events. Thirteen studies were identified for this update. IPD were available for 2572 participants out of 3394 individuals from 9 out of 13 trials, or 78% of the potential data.1 The results of this review are applicable mainly to individuals with focal seizures as 88% of included individuals experienced seizures of this type at baseline.1 The methodological quality of the included trials was generally good, but there is some evidence that the design choice of open-label treatment may have influenced the withdrawal rates of the trials.1 Therefore, the quality of the evidence for the primary outcome of treatment withdrawal was judged as moderate for individuals with focal seizures and low for individuals
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