DOCSLIB.ORG

Cotton Import to Norway 1835-1920

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cotton Import to Norway 1835-1920 Cotton import to Norway 1835-1920 Import, industrialization and globalization Master Thesis Martin Haugland The Institute of Human Studies UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN Spring, 2021 © Martin Haugland 2021 Cotton import to Norway 1835-1920 https://bora.uib.no/ Abstract Cotton today is a part of our daily lives. We use it in clothing, beddings, furnishing and more. For many, cotton is often associated with the dark times. Poor living conditions for millions of people working in the European factories, and forced labour picking the cotton that made a few plantation owners very rich. This has been depicted in many movies, like we can see in the popular movie Django Unchained. This thesis looks at cotton import to Norway and how it developed between 1835 and 1920. Using data collected from the digital archives of Statistics Norway to map out how much and where it came from. Europe and other parts of the world were changing in the nineteenth century. Industrialization and globalization are often words used to describe this period of development. But what exactly does these words mean? And when did these processes happen? This thesis explores different views on industrialization in Norway. Using digitalised data on the Norwegian external trade to look at cotton import, questions arise, but can they be answered? How much did Norway import? And where did the cotton come from? These questions and more will be discussed in this thesis. i Preface I would like to thank Ines Prodöhl for inspiring motivation in the final stage of writing this thesis, as well as good advice on history and how to become a better writer. I would also like to give a thanks to Marte Knudsen for proofreading my analysis chapters. Last, I would like to give credit and thanks to all students who found a way through the pandemic. Bergen, June 2021 ii Table of content 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thesis statement .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Why this period? ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Laws .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Changing conditions .................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Globalization ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.5 Previous research ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.5.1 Previous research - The Industrial Revolution and Norway in the nineteenth century 9 1.5.2 Previous research – global history through cotton .......................................................... 11 1.5.2 The Norwegian Industrial Revolution .............................................................................. 13 1.6 Sources, method and source problems .................................................................................... 16 1.6.1 Sources used in this thesis .................................................................................................. 16 1.6.2 Method ................................................................................................................................. 19 1.7 Structure of the thesis ............................................................................................................... 20 2. The history of the first textile industry in Norway ....................................................................... 22 3. Analysis of the cotton import to Norway 1835-1920 .................................................................... 26 3.1 Cotton import to Norway 1835-1844 ....................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 The year 1835 ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.2 The years 1838, 1841 and 1844 .......................................................................................... 30 3.2 Cotton import to Norway 1847-1859 ....................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 The years 1847-1855 – First wave of Norwegian textile industry .................................. 31 3.2.2 The years 1856-1859 – The Crimean Wars ...................................................................... 34 3.3 Cotton import to Norway 1860-1869 ....................................................................................... 36 3.3.1 The American Civil War .................................................................................................... 36 3.3.2 Change in unit 1866 ............................................................................................................ 41 3.4 Cotton import to Norway 1870-1879 ....................................................................................... 42 3.5 Cotton import to Norway 1880-1899 ....................................................................................... 45 3.6 Cotton import to Norway 1900-1920 ....................................................................................... 50 3.6.1 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden ................................................... 50 3.6.2 The First World War ......................................................................................................... 52 3.7 Raw cotton import to Christiania 1835-1920 .......................................................................... 55 3.8 Chapter conclusion .................................................................................................................... 55 4.2 Where did the cotton between 1835 and 1920 come from? ....................................................... 57 iii 4.1 Where the cotton come from 1835-1844 .................................................................................. 59 4.2 Where the cotton came from 1855-1860 .................................................................................. 61 4.3 Where cotton came from 1865-1870 ........................................................................................ 64 4.4. Where the cotton came from 1875-1880 ................................................................................. 67 4.5 Where the cotton came from 1885-1900 .................................................................................. 68 4.6 Where the cotton came from 1905-1920 .................................................................................. 70 4.7 Arne Fabrikker, trading networks and industry .................................................................... 78 4.8 Chapter conclusion .................................................................................................................... 82 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 83 6. Literature, sources and attachments ............................................................................................. 85 6.1 Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 85 6.2 Sources ........................................................................................................................................ 89 6.2.1 Norges handelsstatistikk .................................................................................................... 89 6.2.2 Bergen byarkiv ................................................................................................................... 94 6.3 Attachements ............................................................................................................................. 95 6.3.1 Tables 1-9 ............................................................................................................................ 95 6.3.2 Figures 1-5 ......................................................................................................................... 105 iv 1. Introduction Much of what we use today is produced in factories and shipped from far across the globe. We have become accustomed to almost overnight shipping with goods from around the world. Although the world today is connected by a complicated transportation network we do not need to go back to many years before trade was on a much smaller scale. In this master thesis I want to go back to the time when inventions helped transformed the globe. Travel and transportation changed, cities grew, factories appeared, and paid work became the new norm. The late eighteenth and most nineteenth century brought with them world changing inventions. Most notably the steam engine which became the foundation for a new way of getting energy. It powered steamships, trains, factories and more. It helped made nations and people extremely rich, but also has dark sides which can be connected to it. People, down to very low ages, worked tirelessly for long hours in textile factories. Slaves were used to pick the massive amounts of cotton that fed these factories, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CMC Class Notes Winter 2017
    RICHARD MEYERS ’60 days with family in Denver. After a reconnected at our 50th reunion Arkansas to spend a night in Branson. ’60 120 Grand Palm Way few days, we drove to Michigan for a weekend. They visited Hermosa We pushed on to Kansas City for notes Palm Beach Gardens, FL quick visit with our grandchildren and Beach to stay with RICK LEARNED and an afternoon at the WWI Museum Class 33418 their parents. In December we will his wife, Siva Zhang, and Seattle, which was also a really great exhibit, 561-624-2811 drive to California before fying to where they spent time with Kathie and saw a fne art museum. Finally, Cell 914-772-5260 Hawaii to celebrate our 50th and DICK GLASSBURN and Beverly and we returned to St. Louis and made [email protected] anniversary with our daughters and JOHN GREEN. Many old stories were stops at the Truman Library and the their families. We will fy back to foggily recalled and embellished Churchill Museum. It was a great Pacesetters Southern California and spend a few upon. If laughter is truly the best trip and we met lots of wonderful days to celebrate New Year’s with medicine, we all overdosed on our Midwest people and enjoyed some BOB SUNSHINE ’61 Charlotte’s sister and family before meds. great conversations. Go visit your AAA 1261 Cumberland Cross driving back to Kansas. Beyond that offce and get a set of books. We had a ’48 ’49 ’50 ’61 Road we are considering several travel JOHN GREEN ’66 wonderful trip.
    [Show full text]
  • International Relations Outside the European Union: Norway and Switzerland
    Research and Information Service Briefing Paper Paper 80/16 4 November 2016 NIAR 401-16 Michael Potter and Anne McDowell International Relations Outside the European Union: Norway and Switzerland 1 Introduction This briefing paper has been prepared to support the Committee of the Executive Office in its scrutiny of the Executive in its actions in relation to the exit of the UK from the European Union. The paper takes two non-EU Member States in Europe – Norway and Switzerland – and examines how they interact with the EU and internationally. While the Prime Minister has ruled out a specific ‘Norway model’ or ‘Switzerland model’1, there are elements of each example that may be considered during the process of negotiation with the EU. 1 ‘Theresa May's Conservative conference speech: Key quotes’, BBC News 2 October 2016: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk- politics-37535527. Providing research and information services to the Northern Ireland Assembly 1 NIAR 401-16 Briefing Paper 2 The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Economic Area (EEA) This section briefly describes the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Economic Area (EEA). Summaries of these arrangements, alongside other options following the UK withdrawal from the EU, are available in the paper Possible models for the UK-EU relationship post ‘Brexit’2. EFTA is an intergovernmental organisation set up for the promotion of free trade and economic integration among its member states, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland3. EFTA was founded in 1960 as an agreement between European states seeking the benefits of free trade without full membership of the then European Economic Community (EEC).
    [Show full text]
  • Moses and Frances Asch Collection, 1926-1986
    Moses and Frances Asch Collection, 1926-1986 Cecilia Peterson, Greg Adams, Jeff Place, Stephanie Smith, Meghan Mullins, Clara Hines, Bianca Couture 2014 Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage 600 Maryland Ave SW Washington, D.C. [email protected] https://www.folklife.si.edu/archive/ Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Arrangement note............................................................................................................ 3 Biographical/Historical note.............................................................................................. 2 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 3 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 5 Series 1: Correspondence, 1942-1987 (bulk 1947-1987)........................................ 5 Series 2: Folkways Production, 1946-1987 (bulk 1950-1983).............................. 152 Series 3: Business Records, 1940-1987.............................................................. 477 Series 4: Woody Guthrie
    [Show full text]
  • Europe 3 Brazil - Patagonia 4 British Caribbean 5 British Caribbean - Patagonia 6 Caribbean 7 Caribbean - Patagonia 8 Europe 9 Europe - U.S.A
    00000013.TIF 1 ARGENTINA 1 BRAZIL 2 BRAZIL - EUROPE 3 BRAZIL - PATAGONIA 4 BRITISH CARIBBEAN 5 BRITISH CARIBBEAN - PATAGONIA 6 CARIBBEAN 7 CARIBBEAN - PATAGONIA 8 EUROPE 9 EUROPE - U.S.A. 10 PATAGONIA 11 PATAGONIA - BRAZIL 12 SOUTH GEORGIA - EUROPE 13 U.S.A. 14 U.S.A. - EUROPE 15 VARIOUS 00000014.TIF 3 ARGENTINA 01.01.1958 Supplementary Ships ------------------- ALBERTO DODERO LUBE 8 AN MER A BU 1 ALTAMAR LQMA 1 AN A VS C TMS ANNA G LQUF 1 AN A VS C TMS ARGENTINA LPCR 8 AN MER A BU 1 TMS ARGENTINO LQQB 3 AN A VS BU 1 MS ANAMAR LQMR 1 AN A C ARISTOBULO DEL VALLE LRAD 10 AN MER A C 1 ARRIERO LQAG 8 AN A VS C 1 MS ARTILLERO LQAH 14 AN MER A C 1 MS ATLANTICO LUFE 10 AN MER A C 1 AUSTRAL LQWM 1 AN VS C B.D.T. 2 LOML 10 AN MER A VS C 1 TMS B.D.T. 3 LOMV 11 MER C 1 B.D.T. 7 LOMZ 1 AN VS C B.D.T. 11 LONF 1 AN A C TMS B.D.T. 14 LORK 11 AN A C 1 TMS BETTY RYAN LQKC 15 AN A VS C MS BUENOS AIRES LPAU 8 AN MER A VS C MS CALETA CORDOVA LRKA 10 AN MER A C 1 MS CALETA OLIVIA LRAM 10 AN MER A C 1 MS 00000015.TIF 4 ARGENTINA CAMPERO LQAQ 15 AN A VS C 1 MS CAZADOR LQXT 10 AN MER A VS C 1 MS COMODORO RIVADAVIA LUAZ 7 AN MER A VS BU 1 CONQUISTADOR LQXQ 10 AN MER A VS C 1 M CORACERO LQAV 9 AN MER A C 1 MS COLORADO LRKC 1 AN A VS C CORDOBA LPBG 8 AN A VS C MS CORRIENTES LPAW 8 AN MER A VS C 1 TMS CRUZ DEL SUR LPKN 6 AN MER A VS C 1 TMS DIRECTOR MADARIAGA LPKV 10 AN MER VS C 1 TMS DUBLIN LPBJ 1 AN A VS BU 1 MS EDIMBURGO LPBN 1 AN A VS BU 1 MS EL GAUCHO LQWA 8 AN A VS C 1 MS ENTRE RIOS LPBR 8 AN A VS C 1 MS ESTRELLA AUSTRAL LQWO 10 AN A VS BU 1 M EXPLORADOR LQXS
    [Show full text]
  • Explanatory Notes to the Agenda for the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders of Funcom N.V
    Explanatory notes to the agenda for the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders of Funcom N.V. of 24 April 2013 (the “Meeting”) 1. Opening. (discussion) The chairman will open the meeting at 11.00 am local time. 2. Proposal to approve certain amendments to the loan agreement with warrants dated 29 December 2010 as entered into by and between Funcom N.V. and the lenders. (vote) Mr. Hans Peter Jebsen controls the company Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Group Ltd. that in turn controls the companies Stelt Holding N.V. and KGJ Investments S.A., SICAV-SIF. As part of an internal reorganization within the Jebsen Group, the warrants under the warrant agreement dated 29 December 2010 have been transferred on 5 December 2012 from Stelt Holding N.V. to KGJ Investments S.A., SICAV-SIF. The proposal represents an inseparable part of a comprehensive loan restructuring plan as announced by Funcom N.V. on 28 February 2013. The objective of the plan is to provide cash relief to Funcom N.V. to complete the business restructuring process and to secure working capital for the development of the online multiplayer game based on the LEGO® Minifigure line and the establishment of the new Mobile and Online services departments. Currently KGJ Investments S.A., SICAV-SIF holds 5,000,000 (five million) warrants. The proposed amendments concern – amongst others – changes of the conditions of the exercise of these 5,000,000 (five million) warrants. The proposal is to approve the following proposed material amendments to the loan agreement with warrants dated 29 December 2010 as entered into by and between Funcom N.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Gard Management Report 2002
    24 The Gard P&I Annual Report 1 20th February 2002 CONTENTS HIGHLIGHTS 1 COMMITTEES AND BOARD 2 Membership 2 Retirements and elections 4 Meetings 6 REVIEW OF OPERATIONS 9 Summary 9 Tonnage 10 Premiums and calls 12 Contingency reserves 14 Claims 14 Fund management 17 Accounts 18 Loss prevention 23 Other matters 27 REPORTS OF THE AUDITORS 30 ACCOUNTS 32 GARD P&I 2002 1 Highlights SUMMARY CLAIMS Increased premium income, together with an improved claims The 2001 policy year shows signs of improvement compared picture, contributes to an improved result overall compared with the 2000 policy year, which was particularly claims with last year, notwithstanding losses on investments. The full intensive. The positive run off of claims for previous policy years estimated supplementary call is being levied for the second has increased, emphasising the conservative approach taken to successive year leaving the general contingency reserve the setting of claims reserves. marginally lower. Entered tonnage reaches record levels. ENTERED TONNAGE FUNDS The steady growth in tonnage continues and at the renewal at Total funds available to pay claims stand at USD 626 million. 20th February 2002 entered tonnage reaches record levels. GENERAL CONTINGENCY RESERVE INVESTMENT RETURNS Reduces by USD 5 million. Still below the lower end of the In an increasingly difficult financial climate, investments “comfort zone” set by the Committee. But, with the reserve at produced a disappointing negative return. USD 195 million, the Association remains financially strong. GARD SERVICES AS SUPPLEMENTARY CALLS The second year of operation has produced real benefits The full forecast supplementary call of 25 per cent has been to the Association, principally from marketing synergies and ordered for the 2001 policy year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commission's Leadership and the Governance of Europe
    THE COMMISSION’S LEADERSHIP AND THE GOVERNANCE OF EUROPE Spring 2015 Media partner Friends of Europe is a leading think-tank that aims to stimulate thinking on key global and European political challenges. We are a key player in 6 policy areas: Future Europe | Smarter Europe | Greener Europe Quality Europe | Global Europe | Security Europe Some of the familiar faces and household names who have used Friends of Europe’s high-profile yet neutral platform to put across their ideas to decision makers and to public opinion For more information on Friends of Europe’s work and to download our publications, please visit www.friendsofeurope.org friendsofeurope friendsofeurope friendsofeurope.foe friendsofeurope Friends of Europe is a leading think-tank that aims to stimulate thinking on key global and European political challenges. We are a key player in 6 policy areas: Future Europe | Smarter Europe | Greener Europe Quality Europe | Global Europe | Security Europe THE COMMISSION’S LEADERSHIP AND THE GOVERNANCE OF EUROPE Report of the Policy Insight co-organised by Friends of Europe, and the Jacques Delors Institute with media partner Europe’s World Spring 2015 Brussels Some of the familiar faces and household names who have used Friends of Europe’s high-profile yet neutral platform to put across their ideas to decision makers and to public opinion For more information on Friends of Europe’s work and to download our publications, please visit www.friendsofeurope.org friendsofeurope friendsofeurope friendsofeurope.foe friendsofeurope This report reflects the conference rapporteur’s understanding of the views expressed by participants. Moreover, these views are not necessarily those of the organisations that participants represent, nor of Friends of Europe, its Board of Trustees, members or partners.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Programme Bergen International Festival
    BERGEN MAY 25 — JUNE 08 2016 2016 PROGRAMME BERGEN INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL WWW.FIB.NO PREFACE FESTSPILLENE I BERGEN 003 2016 PROUD SPONSOR Challenge your OF DIVERSITY barriers Our world view is changing dramatically, and the in return you meet the festival’s many offerings Nordic spirit and our fundamental beliefs are with curiosity and an open mind. We disrupt the being increasingly challenged – both favourably town and offer a substantial and diverse pro- and adversely. This is reflected in this year’s gramme of music, theatre, dance, performance, festival programme. debate, and much more. The festival creates a breathing space to inhale fresh air and think We are experiencing a world at our doorstep new thoughts. as people cross borders both voluntarily and involuntarily. Barriers have been broken down We challenge you to confront your personal bar- and rebuilt. The dream of a great European fel- riers, defy accepted rules, and expose yourself lowship has been replaced by chaos, both on to a renewed perception of our wonderful world. our maps and in our minds. Welcome! Art has an inherent wish to be without limita- tions. It has a desire to break down barriers and create an understanding of the unexpected in order to craft a narrative for people in today’s world. This year’s festival uses the theme “Barriers”: A theme clearly visible in art that defies global challenges, and if you dare to open your ears and eyes to discovery, you will see the theme unfold in a number of areas of our varied pro- gramme. The American composer and pianist DNB values its partnership with Norwegian cultural institutions, sports Philip Glass is one such artist, who gathers musical inspiration from all cultures of the world associations and other non-profit organisations, both locally and on a to create music without artificial limitations.
    [Show full text]
  • Per Fronth Bio / 240118
    PER FRONTH BIO / 240118 Per Fronth Born November 24th 1963 Christianssand Norway KONGENS GATE 10 4610 KRISTIANSAND Solo Exhibitions VIBES GATE 27 0354 OSLO NORWAY 2017 Galleri Fineart / Tjuvholmen “Inner Rooms” Norway 2017 Bærum Kunstforening Norway 2016 Galleri BIZ “ Stamina “ Norway 2016 Kunstgalleriet “ Venia” Norway 2015 OLSOK-kunstner , Stiklestad Nasjonale Kultursenter Norway 2015 Kunstverket “ Blue Venia “ Nye Grafiske Verk Norway 2014 Galler Fineart / REPLIKA Norway Honors Books 2014 Galleri Sagesund / Sitat / Salt Norway 2013 Dillon Gallery “ Mapping the Surface “ New York 2009 Nobel Peace Prize Artist 2009 2009 PER FRONTH 2012 Aalesunds Kunstforening “Mapping the Surface “ Norway Diploma accepted by Cecilie Tyri Holt, Art Historian 2012 Galleri Nicolines Huse “Mapping the Surface “ Norway Nobel Peace Prize Laurate Introduction by John August Wood, 2012 Kunstgalleriet “ Venus Passage “ / Stavanger Norway US President Barack Obama Professor of Photography 2012 Galleri G Guddal / Rosendal “ raw material “ Norway Press Forlag / Press Publishing Norway 2011 Galleri BI-Z “ Last Statements “ Norway 304 Pages 2011 Norsk Skogmuseum “ Per Fronth / Retrospective I. “ Norway ISBN 978-82-7547-364-4 2011 Galleri Infill “ X-ray Taa-Taa ( remembrance) “ Norway Portraitures 2011 Galleri Ormelet “ Official Artist / 20 -year Jubileé “ Tjøme Norway First Edition - Sold Out - Sept 2012 2010 Dillon Gallery “ Evolution of Melancholy “ New York 2010 Farsund Kunstforening Norway 2016 Official Portrait: Marianne Lie Norway 2010 Nicolines Hus “ Works “ Kragerø Norway Rederiforbundet / Shipping Owners Association 2009 Galleri Trafo “Theatre of War “ Norway 2013 Official Portrait: Director Magne Ognedal Norway Norwegian Petroleum Authority 2009 Aalesunds Kunstforening Norway 2008 Official Portrait: Mayor Per Sigurd Sørensen Norway 2008 Dillon Gallery “ Carbon Compositions “ New York City Hall, Kristiansand Municipality 2008 Galleri Gathe “ Carbon comp.
    [Show full text]
  • Undertow Per Fronth
    undertow per fronth 2004 Per Fronth / undertow I hereby declare a total lack of memory due to Phases (Split Sky) (trip - tych) Galleri BI-Z / Christianssand / November 2004 Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas Each panel 60 x 135 cm / 24 x 54 in October ( Declining Nude ) Esterel Components Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas 46 x 112 cm / 18 x 44 in 60 x 60 cm / 24 x 24 in Surrogat Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas 42 x 110 cm / 16 x 43 in Boy ( Muybridge dilemma ) Heritage ( Son / Father / Figure ) Mixed Media / Phototransfer on Paper Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas 30 x 30 cm / 12 x 12 in 30 x 35 cm / 12 x 14 in Cluster / Pendulum I. Cluster / Pendulum II. Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas 205 x 165 cm / 81 x 65 in 205 x 165 cm / 81 x 65 in Family Secret Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas 120 x 135 cm / 47 x 54 in Following spread: Cluster / Pendulum (yellow) Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas 162 x 202 cm / 64 x 80 in Phases ver. I - III Phases ver. IV- VI. Photosculpture on 3x plexiglass Photosculpture on 3x plexiglass 19 x 24 cm / 7,5 x 9,5 in 19 x 24 cm / 7,5 x 9,5 in Declining Nude / ASF 30,960 KB T3 Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas 137 x 223 cm / 54 x 88 in Hymn / WMV 6,466 KB T3 or higher Ver I. Ver II. Mixed Media / Oil on Canvas 60 x 60 cm / 24 x 24 in Airfield / ASF 14,098 KB T1 Phototransfer on Paper 30 x 30 cm / 12 x 12 in Cantate IV.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Programme Bergen International Festival
    BERGEN BERGEN 24 MAY — 07 JUNE INTERNATIONAL 2017 FESTIVAL 2017 PROGRAMME BERGEN INTERNATIONAL MORE INFO WWW.FIB.NO/EN FESTIVAL BERGEN INTERNATIONAL 003 FESTIVAL 2017 PROUD SPONSOR OF DIVERSITY Who are we? In a time of immense global changes and chal- itself as well as its near and distant surround- lenges, the question of who we are or who we ings. My concern is to ensure there is artistic want to be is of the highest relevance. When room and openness allowing the audience to encountering the unfamiliar and those unfami- encounter something new and different we liar to us, we are confronted with other world- might not yet have words for. views and identities, which may sometimes strike us as provoking, sometimes as gratifying. Identity is the overall theme for the 2017 Bergen International Festival. We invite the audience The arts field presents us with powerful to a voyage of discovery across the various attempts at depicting differences and diversity art forms in our comprehensive programme. as an enriching force. They all contribute to the You will find a multitude of complex identities recognition that what is different and unknown among the performing and creative artists, who may be quite normal – as well as essential, inno- are always on the move towards new places. vative, and inspiring. Meet them on their journey – and perhaps you might also meet yourself. One of arts’ traits is just that; it creates a feeling of community across differences. Through art Welcome! we may come together in a way that bridges the gap between people from different cultures and social classes, with our different languages, religions, and cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe's Energy Outlook | Spring 2015 1
    Europe's energy outlook | Spring 2015 1 EUROPE’S ENerGY ouTLooK The race against the clock Spring 2015 With the support of Media partner 2 Friends of Europe | Greener Europe Friends of Europe is a leading think-tank that aims to stimulate thinking on key global and European political challenges. We are a key player in 6 policy areas: Future Europe | Smarter Europe | Greener Europe Quality Europe | Global Europe | Security Europe EUROPE'S ENERGY OUTLOOK The race against the clock Report of the European Policy Summit co-organised by Friends of Europe, the Italian Presidency of the Council of the EU, FuelsEurope and Statnett with the support of the European Investment Bank, E.ON, ExxonMobil, GDF Suez and SHV Energy with media partner Europe’s World Spring 2015 Brussels Some of the familiar faces and household names who have used Friends of Europe’s high-profile yet neutral platform to put across their ideas to decision makers and to public opinion For more information on Friends of Europe’s work and to download our publications, please visit www.friendsofeurope.org friendsofeurope friendsofeurope friendsofeurope.foe friendsofeurope This report reflects the conference rapporteur’s understanding of the views expressed by participants. Moreover, these views are not Table of contents necessarily those of the organisations that participants represent, nor 7 of Friends of Europe, its Board of Trustees, members or partners. EXECUTIVE SUMMAry Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted, provided that full credit EUROPE’S BATTLE TO STAY is given to Friends of Europe and that any such reproduction, whether IN THE LOW-CARBON RACE 9 in whole or in part, is not sold unless incorporated in other works.
    [Show full text]