Sd. Re Il. K 証rmzawa Um lI v. vo l. 28 N o. 1 pp. 27 ~58 June 1983

N est Architedure and Related N otes of Stenog: :a st r:i. nεWasps in in the P :r ovince of Sumatera Ba :rra to Indonesia

(Hymenoptera ラ V 側 p:i. dae) 1)2)

Ryoh-ichi Ryoh-ichi 立}l， o. l l(， αnazawa Kanaza ωa 920 ，

Shoichi Shoichi F. "rJ'. i' uClVrU Vl. l

Ho};;/zaido Ho};;/zaido

。/ lbaraki Mito 310 ， and Djuwita ABBAS Andalas

Sumatera B ω1α t; 1ηdonesia

(Received (Received April 30 ， 1983)

A lJ strad S巴venteen types of stenogastrin 巴 nests arεdescribed Irom the Pmvinc 巴 of Sumatera Bara t. Of these ， four belong to the genus Lioslenogaster ， four to 丘:ustenogaster

and nine to Parischnogasler (6 types belonging to the slri αtuia-group ，one to th 己 rnel!{yi

group and two to th 巴 facobsoni-group). The mat 巴rial and architectmεof nεsts v呂ry

co ロsiderably by spεcies ，though thεbasic features are to somεdegrεe taxon~sp 邑 cific at

g日nεric or specific 1日ve l. A l1 the nests examinecl are clevoid of p巴tiole. Typical c0111b is

rath 在r raIιmostly ilT cgu]ar ancl more 0 1' le ら disint 日grated. 1n 80m 行 nest 日 of

Lios!e 向。 Igaster and Pa γis cJ mog ω， tcr. cells arc 旦rrange ゴ evenεpar&tely on the flat

substrate substrate surfaces. Outer 己nvelope is lacking in most types. In Eustenog a. ゐtcr) an env 邑lop 巴

is is built as an 色xtension of walls of peripheral c巴lls (=psεudenve}op 邑)， and in th 巴 stn αtula

group ，a pass ョg巴 way (0. communal spac 白 surrounded by a modifi 巴d ps 巴l1 denvelope and

walls walls of neighboring cells) ，to 玩rhich celis open. is pr 日pare c1

1) 1) Contribution N o. 4 of Sumatra N atw 巴 Study (Entomologyi

2) 2) Part!y support 巴d by a gr 旦nt from Jap 高n Society fo 1' PromotiOll of Sciencεfor JSPSDGHE Sci 印式ific

Cooper ョtion (1 980) ，and a Grant-in-Aid for Oversεas Sci 仇 1tific Survey lT om thεJ apan l¥Ainistry of

Education 守 Science and Cultur 巴 (1981 :N o. 56041027) 28 28 Ryoh-ichi OHGUS 日!I， Shoichi Fo SAKAGAMI ，Soichi Y A!VI ANE ， and N iIl a Djuwita ABBAS

Int :r⑬ muct IllJi u

The stenogastrine wasps are and secretive insects ，but they are

remarkable an extreme of nest 2xchitectur 払 as well as very social

(羽 TEST- EBER l-I ARD ロ Such a is fr Ol ηthe of ethology and of considεsince the nest

architecture architecture represεnts thεfrozen behavior of wasps 嗣 U 1< :'C;:' ，"， our of this

has remained fragmentaryo to now ，a total of about 25 types of nests U C;J， V'")<: ，"H t<， to to five genera a recent taxonomic system

ぅ and ;V AN DER V ECHT havεbeen recorded 1919 ， PAGDEN hVATA SAKAGAMI 日md YOSHIKAWA YOS Hl KAWA et ar 1969 ， VAN DER VECHT 1977t

Figo Figo L Map showing localities of discovery and/or coll 芭ction of

抗告 nogastri 日記 nests in Sumatera Barat L Lubuk Mintrun ，2 ， Ulu Gadut ，

30 30 Teluk Kabung ，40 Siguntur Tua ，5 ， Li mau lVI anis ，60 IVfuko l¥II uko

(Maninjau) ，7 ， Bukittinggi ， 80 Payakumbuh ， 90 Lubuk Bangku ， 10 Kota Alam ， 1 1， Sungai Dar 巴h Nest Nest Architecture and Re よated Notes 01 Stenogasfri 向e -Was ρs in the Province 29 29 のr Sumatera 長 mzt ，lndonesia

As the first report of a serial study on the architecture and related problems of stenogastrine stenogastrine nests ョthe present paper describes 17 types of nests ， belonging to three genera

(Lios z' enogas 的 4 ; Ev "s te 刀:4 ; and :9 and gives a preliminary discussion on the stenogastrine nest architecture. The descriptions are based on surveys made in the Province of Sumatera Barat ， Indonesia during 1980 and 198 1， as a of of the Sumatra N ature Study aUended J apanese and Indonesian scientists. scientists. r¥，l'I ain collectio l1 localities are : in and near Bukittinggi at at 500-1000m and Sungai Dareh area of the of of

three three types werε p αlt e: rnata and P. while the others others to later vvith the t乳又onomic 了esults 110W in progre~)s D r. J. V AN DER Leiden ， 1n 1n addition to we have sorne other types of nests collected two of us (RO and

and Dr ， IC ， the Osaka (乙 4th and 5th Scientific

to to Southeast Asia Sar 釘 Nak ，Thailand ，Cambodia ，etc.i sent in 1964-1966. 1964-1966. The results were

el el but main the bulk has remained untouched. Thes 日 lllert 巴rials w i1l be described described follovved bv an consideratio l1，

TerUlhl 心

The nests arεcharacterized the absence of the Jうetiole ，which is

nests. nests. N ests consist of seve 1' al to son 児 ten

at at least som 行 of which arεattached to the substrate ， f! at comb (Figs. 2 ，3) or

It s 0 1' part is

at at the 況pex of ¥vhich an entrance is is different fro111 those made that that it is nevεrindep 巴ロ dent frorn the comb but

an extension of outer 京lalls of periphεral cells (= jりseu{ f， ε2). Nests of

the the striatula →叉 roup have a structure called T仏ぢ Sθ (ge-way ，a kind of modified c. 、

to to which ceUs open (Fig 切 ~')onlε of the prepare

守 snail shε11-like structu 1' e made from a matεrial secreted from the abdominal tip but but not much thin suhstrate of the nests at a

clos 巳 to or distant Irom the basalmost cell Sizes of ceUs ¥vere mεasured

as as fo11o '07 s: Diameter betwιen sides in case of

measU!子~d for ce ll)句 em Cl thickness of vmil 亡。 mb and other parts 羽引合εaJso measurεd if necεssarv. 30 30 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ， Shdichi F. SAKAGAMl ， Soichi YAMANE ，and N iH a Djuwita ABBAS

ぬ

C02

Figs. Figs. 2-9. Shematic representation of the architecture of r叩 resentative stenogastrine stenogastrine nests. 2 ・Enveloped nest of Eustenogaster ;3 ・Ditto ，comb seen seen from bottom 4;: Scattered arrangement of cells in Lioste ηogaste γ; 5: Ditto ，cells seen from orifices ;6: N est of Pa l' isch ηogaste l' st γ'iatura showing the communal passage way ;7: Multiple-combed n己st of P.

mellyi; mellyi; 8: Ditto ，a comb with cells arranged irregubrly ，S 己εn from bottom; 9: Li near nεst of the P. jacobso 刀i-group ，showing an ant guard Ag. ant guard ， Ce. cell ， Co. comb ， E. entranc 日， Etεntrance tube ，Pe

pseudenvelope ，Pw. passage 百fay Nest Nest Architecture a日 d ReZated lVotes 01 Stenogastrine W， ω戸'5 in the Province 31 31 01 01 Sumatem Bamt ，!ndonesia

L G 担nus Li osi θnogast εr

Wasps of this genus are medium-sized ，14-17mm in total length. Body color is usually usually brownish with markings. The genus is distributed from Bllrma and Thailand Thailand to Celebes (VAN DER VECHT Their nests have been reported from the

Philippines Philippines (WIL Ll AMS 1919) ， Thailand 1967) ， (PAGDEN 1958 ，YOSHIKAWA et a1. etc. etc. Some species prepare nests solitarily but some others gregariously or c1 umpedly in in a narrow space. USllally nests are built on flat undersurfaces of rocks ，leaves ，timbers ， etc. etc. MatεriaI and architectm 守 of 紅白抗日 vary so rf' markably th 批 it is difficuJt to specifv the generic generic pattem. Material is pure mud or l11 ud admixed with sand ， but in some types it it is carton (triturated vegitable matter). The and outer envelope are always absent Some species make bell-shaped muddy combs which resemble the polistine combs εL ，)， and others place carton cells in an array of hurseshoe shape 011 the underside of

L 2 ) 0 1' even scatt 巴redly on leaves Cells are circular or sOfnewhat in in combed types or irregularly circular in non-combed types. Cell walls are shared shared neighboring cell 日。 except in a combed type and a scaUered-cell type 。 After After cocoon spinning ，cell orifices are c1 0sed with the m.atedal same as for cells.

N umber of cells constructεdτexc 色町10: 100 ， Cells are reused for brood twice or or more. Empty nests are nラ rare ， caused reuse of abandoned nests. nests. N ests are initiated or multiple foundresses. F our types wεre found in Sumatera Barat

(Figs. (Figs. 10-16; P 1. I， A， B)

sp. sp. 1 二 L A nest aggregation was found a1:

Teluk Kabung. トI回 t is bell shaped and a we l1 know i1 type of the genus. Similar nests were a12 ，0 reported from Thιliland (cited as sp. in IWATA Fig. 1， and

as as ::J !tmC 1!1(l SfP 予鼻 日 in PAGDEN 1958 司 10 ; sp. in

YOSHIKAWA el a!. Pls. 2，5 ， but some of tlle l11 were from thin supports.

Substrate Substrate : of concrete cement pipes us 色d Ior irrigatio11 or watercourses

(Fig. (Fig. 16; Pl 目1， A ，13). Material : lvlud admi; げ d with sand paγticles. Color : and monochromatic ， Archilecture: in some nests central cells often often initiated 011 a disc-like solid base of 12) ， but in others such base initiated on substrate (Fig. !ater !ater cells inititated laterallv ancl to form a di5coid of which bo t1仁 )H1S are are 110t in contact with substratε 忍s. 12: Pl 目I， 10v ，氾 r surfacεof 120mb concentrically concentrically concave 12); cells or with walls shared one anot11er: anot11er: outermos "t walls of comb often downward in varying 'U"6.CU0 to to form a rudimentary unilateral on the shady side (Fig. 12). N ot

all all Gver thεouter surface. Size: Comb ， 4 lJ 60mm D and MJ 55mm L including the base; 4，7 it9rnm D and 10-14mm L; cell wall. LIL3mm T

No. 正~f α ll:守: 60 an c! 7fl (mean= 6i ，幻コ 32 32 Ryoh-ichi OHGUS Hl， Shdich i. Fo SAKAGAMI ， Sdichi YAMANE ，and N iIl 2，Djuwita ABBAS

咽叩刷泊岡山府川刷

Figso Figso 10-160 N ests site of Type LI (Liostenogaster spo 1 = L flavolineata ?) obsenled obsenled at Teluk Kabungo 10 : Matuno nest in lateral view ; 11 : Cell map showing brood composition ; 12: Vertical section of mature nest showing the base and cell walls extended at one sid 己 13: Ditto ， without base andεxtendεd walls; 14 : Ditto ， double-tiered use of the same cells for brood rearing ; 15 ・Nest sit 巴 inside a concrete tunnel for

a watercourse; 16: Ditto ， cross s日ction of the tmm 巴L ln this and

subsequ 巴nt figuτ 巴5 ，dev 色lopment 9o l stages 90re coded 90S follows: :Sg ， egg ， Lyo young larva ，Lmo midium larv3 ，LL larg 日 19o rva ，C cocoon or or closed cell ， Epo empty celL PWo young pupa ， Pbo mature pUp1L

C 己II with astedsk ， double-storied ceH Nest Nest Architecfure aηd Related Notes 01 Stenogastrine vv 匂ゆ s in the Province 33 33 01 01 Sumatera Ba 仰と lndonesia

Biol υ，gical η otes: Nests are constructed gregariously or clumpedly (Fig. 16; P I.I， A ，B).

The aggregation at Teluk Kabung contained about 20 nεsts in an area of 5m2 • Some cells were occupied two immatures of different stages in the upper and lower halves halves (F ig. Such two-storied use of a single cell i l1 the vespid combs is so far reported only only for two polistine subgenera ，戸olis たs and and OKAZA WA 19 77).

Type L 2 (F igs. 17-21; P l. II ，A-C) sp 圃? Some nest aggregations each containing several ten nests were discovered discovered at a roadside in Lubuk located near a road Provinces Provinces of Sumatera Barat and Riau. This is one of the most peculiar types in the stenogastrines ，consisting of a single or double tiers of ce !1 s arranged in a ^ -or 什

Similar Similar nests were reported from as "'''''"'1.'''1..<:，必ず sp. in PAGDEN 1958 ‘ Fig. 12 ; sp. sp. in YOS Hl KAWA et al. 1969 ， Pls. 7， Substmte: Underside oI big rock (Fig. 20; PL II ，A ト Material: Brittle

carton carton not admixed with mud or sand 司 more paper-like than that for cells of

El El and E 2 ) ; surface coated with unidentified but inorganic matter Color : Reddish brown 011 celi proper ， but

on εlaborated surface 司 bottom surfaces al1 d boundaries between cεlls.

Architeciure: Architeciure: Cells with a round botto l11 built directly on substrate with their axes in parallel parallel with substrate surface 宅 successive cells added to form a ^ -0 1' n -shaped with with orifices facing inward 17; PL II ， a second often constructed before before completion of first (Figs. 17 ， ; 110 nest with more than two tiers discovered ; neighboring neighboring substrate surface also coated with carton as thick as other parts ; ce l1 walls shared shared neighboring cells ; after cocoon formation orifices sealed with carton as for for other p訂 ts (F ig. 17). Su 尽の ce : After construction of first several cells ， covered with

matter.. matter.. som 日times admixed vvith carton ， thinly 011 side '.v alls and on bottoms and boundaries between cells. forming irregular ， even hom-like ridges ridges on bottom surface (Fig. 18; cf. a1so P I. II ，B ， ; untreated surface siightly coarser

and treated surface Size : 2030mrn x 40-55mm D 弔 4-10mm T; 5-6111m

12-Hmm L; cell O.3-0Amm T. No. cells: 8-27 刀 =12). This This type is similar to that of

more horseshoe-like their rounded 司 not curvature ， even forming a complete ring ， in part caused the less steep inclination of substrate thεre. thεre. Th 巴 adults from thεSumatran 札口 d n ヒscs are very simila r. at the present

distinguishable distinguishable from e乳ch oth 巴1'. T、his typεa180 res 巴mbles that of

from Luzon as in WIL Ll AMS 1919 )，

But from VVIL Ll AMS'S desc ri. ption (cf. Figs. 10 1. the V aJ かictus nest differs by the the matεrial mud admixed ¥ャ ith wood and the substrate surface notcoated with the material and serving as vva 1i of the celL

notes notes idl discovered nests were CO l1 structεd in shadv 句 but less 34 34 Ryoh-ichi OHGUS Hl， Shoichi F. SAKAGAMl ， Soichi Y AMANE ，and N illa Djuwita ABBAS

Q cコ ~抗、

7r 円

円。 ~d 盟問 位1 HJ c rn

Figs. Figs. 17-2 1. Mature nest and nest site of Type L 2 (Liostenogo~ter sp. 2) observεd at Lu. buk Bangku. 1'7・ Generai view of a double tier 巴d nest; 18: 18: Horn-likεprocesses on the bottom surface; 19: Cell map of another another nest((s) reused]; 20: Rock overhang as nest site; 21: A nest

aggregation aggregation on the v色rt i. cal surface of a rock

moist (PL II ，A) than in where nests were found on the ceiiing of concrete used for watercourses. 1n a sample ， 25 nests vvere counted within a 30 x 35cm area 240 21). Most nests contained several females and number of males ， attεnded single females. This suggests thεoccurrence of the 白一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一品…一一一一…←一一…

Nest Nest Architeclure and Related Notes 01 Stenogastri 四e Wasps in the Provi η ce 35 35 01 01 Sumatera Barat ，lndonesia

polygynous polygynous colony founding. A cell map (Fig. 19) shows that the same cells are used at least least twice for brood rearing. Few vacated nests were found in an aggregation c1 0sely studied ， probably due to frequent reuse of abandoned nests by other females and/or rapid exploitation exploitation of material from such nests by conspecific females.

Type L3 (Figs. 22-24; Pl. 1 ， c)

Liostenogaster Liostenogaster sp. 3. A newly recorded type ， probably rarer than L 1 and L2・ Only one young nest and one mature nest were collected at Limau Manis near Ulu Gadut on 23 August 1982 and Teluk Kabung on 16 October 1980 ，respectively. This is rather similar to Type Pj2 of the jacobsoni-group than to the other Liostenogaster nest types so far reported ， since since cells are placed contiguously ，someones even separately on the flat substrate without forming forming a comb. Substrate Substrate : Underside of living leaves of ferns (Fig. 22). Material: Rough and brittle carton carton made of coarse wooden parti c1 es. Color: Brownish with yellowish ， greyish and dark brownish transverse stripes. Architecture: Cells initiated in parallel with substrate surface surface as in L2 (Fig. 22; P l. I ， C) and elongated as in Fig. 24 (A-E) ， with round bottom and completely margined orifice ， but differing from L 2 in two points: (1) Cells arranged irregularly irregularly though all with the same direction ，and sometimes even separately on leaf ， not forming forming a compact c1 uste r. (2) Surface of leaf untreated with carton ， serving as walls of cells ，i. e. ，cells without proper wall on leaf. Cell walls shared when overlapping. Surface: Slightly Slightly coarse without particular elaboration. Size: Cell ，5.5mm D ，12-13mm L; cell wall ， 0.2mm T. No. of cells : 27 in the mature nes t. Biological Biological notes: Nests probably do not form aggregations. The young nest was attended attended by a single female ， suggesting the monogynous colony founding. The mature one had 2 females and 7 males (2 or 3 more adults escaped) and 23 immature stages ，more than half half of which were cocoons(Fig. 23). The large number of cocoons suggests that more than than one female contributed in egg laying in this nest.

Type L4 (Figs. 25-27) Liostenogaster Liostenogaster sp. 4. Probably a newly recorded type ， though not discovered in the completed completed form. Only a rudiment of a nest was found on the same rock overhang used by L 2 at Lubuk Bangku. The nest was broken during the examination on the substrate and not not preserved. Substrate Substrate :Same as for L 2 (P l. II ， A). Material: Mud admixed with sand for both nest base base and cells. Color: Reddish yellow and monochromatic. Architecture: Cells built vertically vertically on thin base (Fig. 25) ;all cylindrical and walls not shared by one another at least

in in early stage (Fig. 26). Su 叱face : Finely granulate ， though less than L1 • Size: Cell ，ca. 4mm D. D. No. of ce l， ゐ: 5. A completed form is probably like the combs prepared by Trypoxylon fabricator SMITH (SAKAGAMI (SAKAGAMI and ZUCCHI 1978) as imagined in Fig. 27. This type may represent the most primitive primitive state in the genus ， or in the entire subfamily. 36 36 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ，Shδichi F. SAKAGAMI ， Soichi Y AMANE ，and N iIl a Djuwita ABBAS

高7 部一 γv

ピ!国 -EQ 》 巳ヂ笠 liγ23 1」立と 型自

D 方3LI 1ι 1ι 需品

lat 曹 rai I/ iほW dorsal 11 i睦W

Figs. Figs. 22-n Matu 代田st of TypεL3 (L ぬstenogaster sp ， 3; 22-24) and

rudimentarγnest of Typ 日 L4 (Liostenogaster sp ， 4 ・25-27) ， 22 ， General view of L ，nest ，built on leaf 3. t Teluk Kabung ;23 ・Ditto ，ce l! rnap ;24 ， A-E ・Development of cell ; 25 : Nε5t of L built on the undersurface of rock rock overhang 3. t Lubuk Bangku ，vertical section ; 26: Ditto ， seen from bottom ，showing cell walls which are not shared; 27: Imaginary sketch sketch of a completed nest Nest Nest Architecture and Related Notes 01 Stenogastrine Wasps i日 the Province 37 37 01 01 Sumatera Barat ，lndonesia

Biological Biological notes : This species may be a forest dweHer ， but may prefer the places less moist moist than streamsides. The nest was attended by a single female.

2. 2. Genus Eustenogaster

This This genus ， consisting of species with the largest size (ca. 20mm) and the yellow marked black body ， is distributed from southern India to Celebes and the Philippines (v AN DER VECHT 1977). Species of the genus seem to be forest dwellers and relatively rare. Nests have been reported from Luzon (WILLIAMS 1919) ， Thailand (IWATA 1967 ，SAKAGAMI and YOSHIKAWA 1968) ，Malaya (PAGDEN 1958 ，YOSHIKAWA et al. 1969) ，etc. Nests are initiated on thin but rigid supports ，e.g. ，horizontal or slanting aerial rootlets and fern stems ， or flat surfaces ，e.g. ， undersides of floor timbers ，palm leaves used for roofs and rock overhangs. When suspended from rootlets ， nests are attached to the midway ， not to the tips ，and in in contact with them for some lengths. N ests are made from brittle carton ，stiff in some species ，sometimes containing a fraction of mud. They consist of single flat combs containing containing some ten cells and ， except for E. ca 砂 todoma SAKAGAMI et YOSHIKA WA ， outer walls walls of peripheral cells extend to form a pseudenvelope and narrowed downward as an entrance entrance tube ， the architecture of which is often extremely elaborated and probably species specific. specific. Expansion of comb by additional cells is impossible after its completion by the pattern pattern mentioned. Outer surfaces of the comb and pseudenvelope are elaborated in various ways. ways. Central cells are almost hexagonal while peripheral ones rounded. Walls are always shared shared by neighboring cells. Cell orifices are never closed with cartonous matter after the cocoon spinning. Colonies are usually small ， often containing only one female ， suggesting the the prevalence of monogynous colony founding. Four types were found in Sumatera Bara t.

Type E 1 (Fig. 28 ， 33) Eustenogaster Eustenogaster sp. 1. A newly recorded type. Only one completed nest was collected under under an overhanging rock at Teluk Kabung on 25 October 1980. This type is characterized by an elongated entrance tube with beautiful lacework and four big upward processes on the the top. Substrate Substrate : Thin stem of a fern. Material: Coarse and brittle carton not admixed with mud. Color: Pale chocorate brown and monochromatic. Architecfure: Flask-shaped; pseudenvelope pseudenvelope abruptly constricted below comb; with four big upward processes like donkey's donkey's ears on top ; entrance tube long and at opening a little expanded ; opening facing downward and radially asymmetrical with one side well lipped and slightly longer than the othe r. Surlace: Rather coarse with several discontinuous ridges developed as series of dentate dentate or spinous processes ; zone boundary between comb and entrance tube with rather irregular irregular processes ; tube symmetrically ornamented with fine lacework and some vertical plate-like plate-like processes. Size: 19mm D ，61mm L (including entrance tube); thickness of envelope ，0.8mm ; cell ， ca. 10.5mm D ，20mm L. No. 01 cel ゐ: 7. Similar Similar type of nests are reported from Malaya (cited as Stenog ω， ter sp. in PAGDEN 38 38 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ， Shoichi F. SAKAGAMI ， Soichi YAMANE ，and Nilla Djuwita ABBAS

30 30

Figs. Figs. 28-35. Three types of Eustenogaster nests. 28 : Mature nest of Type E) E) (E. sp. 1) built on a fern stem at Teluk Kabung ， with a cross section; 29: 29: Mature nest of Type E， (E. sp. 2) built on an aerial roo t1 et at Muko Muko ， with a cross section ; 30 ・Ditto ， with the entrance tube broken ; 31 31 : Mature nest of Type E， (E. sp. 3 = E. hauxwelli?) with the entrance slightly slightly broken ，Teluk Kabung; 32 ・Ditto ，vertical section ; 33 ，34 ， 35 : Combs of E) ， E" E" seen from bottom ，respectively. Nest Nest Architeau 問。河d Related Notes 01 Ste ηogastrine Wasts in the Provi 河ce 39 39 01 01 Sumatera Barat ，l: ηdo 河 esza

1958 ， Fig. 7，a ヲ but they lack the ear-like processes 011 the top and the taxonomic relations relations are open to further studies. N ests of E. (BINGHAM) discovered in Malaya and Cambodia (erroneously cited as Stenogaster micans (SAUSSURE) in YOS Hl KAWA et al. 1969 ， Pls. Pls. 4， superficially resemblεS E ，by frequent possession of upper processes and asymmetrically asymmetrically elaborated entrance tube. But the surface of Iraterna nests are characteristically characteristically smooth (this may be a group-specific charater) and females distinctly differ differ from those .of the present nes t. Biological Biological notes : This nest was found in a humid forest zone. It had 2 females whose social social relation was unknown

Type E 2 (Figs. 30 ， 34) sp. sp. 2. Two complete nests were collected at Muko Muko near Lake

Maninjau 0日 22 October 1980 and at Siguntur Tuao 立 29 September 1981 ，respectively. They were found in sma l1 earthen hollows of which openings were fairly closed by plants and the interior interior was quite dar k. One broken nest was taken at Siguntur Tua on 16 October 1980. In In basic and surface structure ，this is c1 ose!y similar to E " but differs by the absence of ear -like -like processes and the form of entrance. A similar abandoned nest was taken at Fraser's Hill ，Malaya (cited as St ω，10 伊 ster ωin YOS Hl KAWA et at. 1969 ，PL 30). 30). Substrate: Substrate: Exposed rootlets of trees. Malerial: Coarse and brittle carton as in E " but containing containing a little mud. Color: Greyish brown 0 1' chocorate brown and monochromatic. Archiiecture: Basically as E " but top rounded ， without upward processes ; entrance entrance tube long ， gradually narrowed downward ， boundary between comb and tube obscure ， expanded at apex; entrance radially symmetrical (Figs.29). S U1 face: Rather coarse as in E " without distinct and pronounced vertical ridges on of of peripheral cell whereas with scattered dentate ，l11 0re or less serial processes processes on them ; entrance tube with about ten vertical ridges being continuous but not much pronounced ， running from comb below to the lowest end of tube; between these

ridges ridges v>，ぺ th lacework prepared more uniformly than in E ，・ 8ize : 25-30mm D ，50-60mm L (i ncludi ロg entrance tube ，25mm thickness of 0.7-1mm; ca. llmm D ， 21mm L. No. 01 cells : 10-16. notes notes : The living nest taken at IVluko Muko had two females ， one of which probably probably had just emerge c1.

hal 仰 1Je lli (lヨ? one vacated nest was found at Teluk

K 乳 oη29 198 1. This type differs from the other types by a peculiar form

like like som と mantid oothecae ， crepε-like surface and simple entrance tube. Similar nests havεbeen reportξd from Thailand and Cambodia as micans in SAKAGAMI and YOSHiKAWA 1968 ，Figs. 5，6 ，C ， E. an c1 as sp. ill PAGDEN

:3 :3 ; S. rnican: 守 in "l~OSHIKAWA et al. PL 27). 40 40 Ryoh~ichi OHGUSHI ，Shoichi F. SAKAGAMI ，Soichi Y AIVIANE ， and "N ilI a Djuwite. ABBAS

Substrate Substrate : Thin rootle t. Material: Carton ロot strongest and of of aH nests ever examined US. Color: Pale grey and monochromatic. Architecture: Jj ke some mantid oothecae (Fig. ; top of nest

proJ I;~c1tm.g beyond substrate lNithout entrance tube (entrance seems to be broken) broken) ; successive cells adde c1 to of lO¥Ner ones

; swellings ofεral cells obvious. N ot rugged ヲ but with very fine and rather vertical Hke crepe with lacework below being less

elaborated elaborated as in El and 園 Size : 22mm D ，35[0111 L; thickness of envelope ，0 .4 ~O.5

mm; cell ，7mm D ，13~ 14mm L. 1¥ 10. 0/ cel ゐ:11 固 The specimens collected in Cambodia and cited as S. micans SAKAGAMl and YOSHIKAWA and YOS Hl KAWA et al. were later identified to E

hauxwe llz: Dr. J園 VAN DER VECHT. Nest described PAGDEN S官邸ns to differ in the

minutεarchitecture of thεsurface. N est of Cmnbodia ill lJ strated by SAKAGAMl and

YOSI- Il KAWA differs from the describ 吋 nest by E1e pr 明 ence of several vert;cal rows of of denti 口.lle3 down to the lower halL

et et YOSHIKAWA) ? a of the base of

vacated vacated nest wa3 co !i ected 杭atTεJu 此此1k on 4N ovember 1980. the preparation of

in 仁d日pel 巴1αe 口 in th 色 wasps ， the species m 町市町

ほider 口口川-，沈 tica! wi 抗th E . and YOSHIKA WA Figs. Figs. 4，6 ， B ，F ;YOSH!KAWA et al. Pls. 8ubs tJIj αte : Undersurface of a roc k. Material: Coarse and brittle carton as in El and little a little mud. Cotor: white and monochromatk. flκ hiteau -r e: About

seven seven to 12 cells directiy built on the rock surface and 号 εmade independently from

comb ; diamet 巴r 34mm at the base.

3~ 'G-~nu8

This This is" the- genus in the Stεwith ¥l IJasps of rather small size 刷 14 -15mm in total and yellow" marked 1コlack bodieso It s distribution ranges from India India to Celebes DER VECHT and nests have been from the Phllippines Thailand 1967 ，YOS!-llKAWA et al. HANSELL Cambodia

et et alo YOS Hl KAWA et al. Java (TURILLAZZ! aad PARDI PARDI et c. of this genus are common in disturbed areas and build nests even in in human habitationso N ests arεbuiit either 00 flat substrates or on thin supports

Ivlaterial Ivlaterial as a carton with brittle or paper~like nature ，sometlmes admixed with various various amounts of mud ， or rarely built by pure mud. Nests can be c1 assified into three types types in a with the taxonomicγoup ， the

ond the 附 group ，VAN DER VECHT ， pers. of adults. Basic structure structure IS The petiole is absent in all the groups ， while a J、Jest Architecture and Related Notes 01 Stenogastrine l4包 sps in the Province 01 01 Sumatera Barat ， Indonesia 41 envelope-like envelope-like structure (pas 弓age-way) is prepared in the striatula-group. Nine types were found )n Sumatera Barat.

The (Type Ps) This includes nests of P. striatula (Du BUYSSON) ， P. depressigaster (ROHWER) ， P. alternata

.JrU\.l~v ，"， lVld ， and some unidentified species. N ests arεbuilt in shady places such as depression depression of cliffs ， shades of et c. Most species hang nests from thin rootlets or frorn frorn flat substrates. 1戸， j est material is brittle carton ，with or without containing mud. This type type is distinguishable from a11 the other types of by the presence of the

passage-way (= communal entrance tube sm 姐 rounded pseudenvelope or walls of neighboring neighboring ce l1 s， to which cells open ， Figs 40 ， 46 ，50). N ests have some ten cells which form an atypical cornb with a species-specific form. N0 species makes the polistine type type f! at comb. Cell walls are shared neighboring cells. Cells are basically circular in cross cross section. As in ， this group does not close orifices of cells after cocoon formation. formation. Six types have been found in Sumatera Bara t.

37 37 3締

時"'， =-?で¥へ 語能 /、ぺ

Figs. Figs. 36-'12. N ests of thε Pω ブ五 cltnogasler striatu/a → group 、 1. 36 ・ Mature

11 色st of Type Ps ，(P 5t 台F、t必凶aZμlω u/ 【川 ，bu 叫lil 抗t Oll 呂 t吐hin 呂er 吋ial rootle 巴t at Batall 耳

P 呂 lupuh (I口 lC 託泊E日出1ロr Buki 託ttinggi 口) 巳 with a few vertical ridges 011 the surface ; 37: 37: Ditto ， imm 日tur 巴 nest found at Teluk Kabung with dens(¥

pronounc 巴d ridges ‘38 ・Ditto ， with Sl ロooth surfacε ， at the sam 巴 site ; 39 ， 40 :Shematic arrang 巴m 邑 nt of cells ，construction ord 色r and brood

con1positions; con1positions; 41 :Imm ヨ(l1 re n巴只 t of Type Ps ， (P. sp. 1) ，built on a thin

呂erial rootlet at Bt. Hulusungaisa !i k (near Sungai Dareh) 可 42: Ditto ，

cr03 メ 5日ctio 日 showing spiral iErangement ()f cells and lateral proj 巴じ tions on the surfacε 42 42 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ，Shoichi F. SAKAGAMI ，Soichi YAMANE ， and Nilla Djuwita ABBAS

Type PS 1 (Figs. 36-40 ， P l. III ， C) Parischnogaster Parischnogaster striatula (Du BUYSSON). Many nests were discovered and collected at Lubuk Bangku (700m a1t.)， Payakumbuh ，Bukittinggi ，Teluk Kabung ，and Sungai Dareh. This This type is characterized by a spiral arrangement of cells downward ， resulting in a spirally spirally cylindrical for m. Similar nests are known from the Philippines (cited as Stenogaster Stenogaster depressigaster in WILLIAMS 1919 ，Figs. 96 ，97) ， Thailand (P. striatula : YOSHIKAWA et et al. 1969 ，Pls. 31-33) ，Malaya (cited as Stenogaster sp. in PAGDEN 1958 ，Fig. 15; P. striatula : YOSHIKAWA et al. 1969 ， P l. 10). Substrate: Substrate: Fine rootlets; nests usually initiated at their lowermost tips. Material: Mostly brittle carton ， but sometimes admixed with a fraction of mud. Color: Chocorate brown ， often with indistinct light transverse stripes. Architecture: Cells constructed through through the following process (Figs. 39 ， 40): First two cells C 1 and C 2 made on tip of a rootlet rootlet followed by their joining together to form a common orifice ;C 3 initiated at a slightly slightly lower position between C 1 and C z，and joining the communal tube (passage-way ， Pw) ;C. and subsequent cells built in the same way ，finally resulting in a cylindrical ，slender and twisted comb (Figs. 36-38 ;P l. III ，C). SUl プ匂 ce : Slightly rugged ， with scattered narrow but but distinct keels which often branch reticulately (Figs. 36 ，37) ， or without such sculpture (Fig. (Fig. 38). Both types are syntopic. It is uncertain whether the presence or absence of keels keels depends merely on the age of nest (prepared only in aged ones) or on the behavioral plasticity plasticity of wasps. Size: Comb ，9-12mm D ，30-100mm L; cell ，4.5mm D ，12mm L; cell wall ， 0.5-0.6mm T. No. 01 cells: Mean 9.1 (n=9) with a maximum of 16. Biological Biological notes : N ests are built solitarily or forming a small ， loose aggregation ，and usually usually attended by 1-3 females and 1-9 males. Cell maps of two nests are shown in Figs. 39 39 and 40.

Type PS Z (Figs. 41 ， 42) Parischnogaster Parischnogaster sp. 1. Only one nest was collected at Bt. Hulusungaisalik near Sungai

Dareh on 3 January 1980. Architecture is closely similar to Ps 1， except for the presence of plate-like plate-like projections on the top. Similar nest has been reported from Malaya (cited as

unidentified unidentified sp 年 ies of S的 wgaster in PAGDEN 1958 ， Fig. 13). Substrate: Substrate: Fine aerial rootlet. Material: Brittle carton without mud. Color: Dark chocorate chocorate brown and monochromatic. Architecture: Basically similar to that of P. striatula striatula ; three uppermost cells with big wing-like processes with fine openwork (Figs. 41 ，

42) 42) ; outer surfaces of all cells with distinct but discontinuous keels as in Ps 1 ，someones more pronounced like plates (Fig. 41) ; comb size ，llmm D (excluding winglike processes) ， 26mm L; cell size ，12-13mm D ，6-7mm L; no. of cells ，5. Biological Biological note : This nest was attended by 2 females.

Type PS 3 (Figs. 43 ，44 め)

Pα nゐschnoga 郎ster αJ 肋ter 問幻αtωαSAKAGAM 叩I. Only one completed nest was found in a concavity Oぱfa cliff along sunny roadside at Kota Alam (ω60 ∞Om alt 仁.ふ This is characterized by the cells Nest Nest Arc h. itecfuve and Related Notes 01 Stenogastrine Was 戸's in the Pmvi 目 ce 43 43 01 01 Sumatera Barat ， lndonesia

Figs. Figs. 43-47. Nests of the Parischnogasier striatula-group ， Il. 43: Matur 巴 nest nest of Type Pぉ (P. alternata) collectecl at Lubuk Bangku ，lateral

view; view; 44: Ditto ，vertical s巴ction ， showing celi 呂rrangement ancl a

communal passag 十 way; ，15: Young n色st of Typ 巴 Ps ，(Ps 4 - A) (P. sp. 2) built built 011 a rock surface at Siguntur Tua ，lat 日ral view ; 46 :Di tto ，mature nest nest (Ps ， -I3) with cross sections at three heights (lコ lack parts showing passage-way) passage-way) ; 47 : Ditto ，se 旦n from bottom ，巴 ntrance enlarg 巴d arranged in a fashion and the presence of a passage-way at the side. Similar nests nests were rεported from altenll 官加: YOSHIKAWA et a1. 1969 ， 1， I. PL

Substrate Substrate : Fine aerial rootlet. lf1aterial: Brit t! εcarton as in Ps ，句 withollt mud. Color:

w アitb some creamy obscure stripes. Archuect U1 τ: Cells orifices of

cε l1 s SOO I1 covered with a round extension of their sicle wa l1 s (a kind of providing a linear passagε-¥vay ， from top ceHs down to near the 44 44 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ，Shoichi F. SAKAGAMI ，Soichi YAMANE ， and N ilI a Djuwita ABBAS apex ;cells reguJarly added to two vertical rovvs and ヨslender and cu:r ved .cells not seaied at but not much as in E]; matuie nest nest vvith short keels (Fig. Size : Comb ， 21 x 8.5mm D section section compressed) ，49mm L 5.5mm 12mm L; ce l1 OAmm T. 1¥ 70. cells : 19

Basic Basic structure 1S the same as in Malayan nests ， but vvere directly initiatεd ()Tl the flat flat substratε et al. 1969 ト note note : The nest "¥j"， ras foune: and attended by 2 fernales and 2 males.

PS 4 (Figs. sp.2. sp.2. A Tvvo nests were collected at

Tua on 16 October 1980 (Ps 4 - A) and 29 1981 -B). This type resembles but but differs from. ;t gross and shor ll: com bv v- ith cells Substrate Substrate : of a concrete tunneL Material: Brittle carton more fragile than in Color: Color: Dark brown. Architecture: Several vertical ce Il s initiated on the substr 2- te :~Ja3 己1. cε11s vvithout prcpe 了 boUom ;additLonal ceUs also built d心明mv .r ard and rather じnilat 行rallv in tI1 ree or four vεrtical rows which are irreguiar to w Jt h more or Iess non-linear passage-way to to wbich ce lI s open at one side of cOinb. : Slightly at base where ce lI boundaries 己re obscured by of carton. Size: 22mm 28mrη L fo( and 27mm D ，28mn1 L for ; cell ，L} -6mm D ，11-15mnl L; ce I1 O.6mm T. T. No. cells : 19 an c1 for an e: Ps. ，-B ， notes: notes: Most uI nests observedεrεin concrete tunnε1 ，and sometimes coexisted with nests of had7 免lTI ales and 3 and 3

Ien1ales Ien1ales a日d4 rnales.

PS 5 48-50 ; PL 11，人c) sp.3. sp.3. A recorcled type. and mature nests and

't i¥ Tere coHecteo in the saruεconcrete tunne1 as for nests of sp.l sp.l at 198 1. This type resembles and differs the concentric downward of the COIτlb without vvith vvith more rm ;v s arranged

Substrate Substrate : of a dark concrete tun 日eL Material: Brittle carton as fragile as in

Color Color : Brown ラ darker th311 in and muc .h as in 目 Architecture: Nest Ps 5-B 。 CeHs added downward concentrically ， not so as to form a thick with with a nonlinear passage-way inside comb. Vertical cells cells built on forrning tiers inside of comb the periphεwith a passage~way 50). Sorne cells built on the outer surface 3nQ freeiy ; cell walls shared cells in both nests. : Rugged basal basal part coVered¥A ぺth carton the cell boundaries ooscure in in PS.-PL Size: 22mm 18mm L for PS5-A; cell ，4mm D ，g-10mm L; cell cell walL 0 ふmrn T. 1Vo. 0/ cells : 24 for Nest Nest Architectz 仰 and Related Notes 01 Steno g， 向的;ne j/ f匂sts i押 the Prov かce 45 45 olSuma 品era Barat ，lndonesia

臨時

Figs. Figs. 48-52. す巴 sts of the Paris c! mogaster striatula-group ，1lI. 48: Y oung

nest nest of Type PS 5 (Ps 5 -A) (P. sp. 3) ，Built 011 a rock surface at Teluk Kabung ，lateral view; 49 ・Ditto ，maturξnest (Ps ，- B) at the same placε ，lateral view ;50 :Ditto ，se 日n fro111 bottom ; 51 : Mature nest of

Typ 百 Ps ，(Ps 6 - A) (P. sp. 4) built O !l a thin aerial rootlet in a hollow of wooden wooden stump at Siguntur Tua ，Jateral view ;52 :Ditto ，the biggest one (Ps ，-B). at th 色 sam 巴 placε ，lateral view

Adults Adults obtained from and PS 5 resemble so that these types might manifεst only only intraspecific variations of one and the same

Biological Biological notes : Nests of this type form a PS 5 - 11，. was attendεd bv 4 females females and 4 males.

sp. sp. 4. A recorded type. r叫ore than ten nests were collected in dark cavities of wooden stumps at Siguntm Tua ， ancl Muko Muko duγiHg3

January and 5 November 1980. This type is sir l1日 ar to PS 4 and Ps 5 ，more c1 0ser to the lattεr. lattεr. the cylindrical form of the comb

Subslraie Subslraie : Fine rootlets. Alaterial: Bγittle carton as as in Ps5 • Color: Brown with with yellowish stripes. llrchitecture: Vertical cε Il s constructed so as to fonn a

and irregularly tierecl ，rom 吋 topped comb Fig. or bell-shaped ，pointed~-topp 臥:l

comb (Ps 6 -B ， 52); all cells opening at a communal passagεvvay ; ¥iV alls sb.e~red

by neighboring cells. : Similar to P らね1cl any processes ; with carton

coating coating over cells at the basal half and cf cells obscure. Size ・

23rnrn 23rnrn D ，23mm L for PS R 一一 and 33mm D 噌 measured at apex ，41mm L for 41' nm D ，11-13mm L; cell wall ，O.6-0.7mm T. No. cel ゐ 20-more than 30

It i己 110t pre c1 uded that this is a mere variation hanging typeJ ()f Different

shap 日S of the comb betwεen two nests 51 us. may haγe result 目:lfI ¥.¥111 cliff 巴rences

in in the cO!O l1 V sizε(2 females were on sma l! er one ¥vhereas 1: 2 ones on onε) 46 46 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ，Shoichi F. SAKAGAMI ， Sδichi Y AMANE ，呂 nd N iIl a Djuwit 呂ASSAS

the the age of nests.

Biological η otes: N ests of this type were distributed clumpedly to the aistribution aistribution pattern of suitable sites.

The

，-，，;<;0 '_'0;;0 of this group are are commoniy found in Southeast not humid area but also open disturbed areas areas and even in human constructs. N ests are from thεtip of fine rootlets in

along along ro 削 C 1..l ts ，fibers of palm leaves covεetc. N ests of 1: his group consist consist of several combs ，which are often continuous or compose irregular tiers.

lack lack the passage-way ，all cells freely outside. Orifices of cells are c1 0s 己d

after after cocoon Some types with different 日lI' chitecture described from other areas of of Southeast Asia represent several distinct Because of the presence of a cJ. ine 1n the architectural pattern ，aii the nests found in Sum2.tera Barat were regarded as those those of the same species.

Pm ，(Figs. 53-57 ; Pls. Hl， IV ，A， B) This This is the commonest species and its nests vvεre found found in Sumate n;; Bara t. This is from the others the the presence of tiered cOffibs. Similar nests are from Thailand( P. •IWATA 1967 ， 5，D， P I. IH ，10 ， 11 ; YOS Hl KAVvA et al. Pls.9 ， 33; HANSELL 1981 ， as in PAGDEN Fig. etc.

Subslrate: Subslrate: Finεrootlets and fibers. Material: Brittle carton admi 又ed with

amounts of sometirnes built pure mud. Color: '1: 0 chocorate

sometirnes sometirnes with tヂ ansverse Architecture: of several combs initiated initiated or above and/or below the first comb before its 54 54 vs. ;cells irregularly never cell walls shared; shared; some nestswith a shallovv cup-like on support support abovεtop in shape somewhat similar to ant of the vvith vvith carton instead of viscous secretion. 足立 ce : Either smooth or sculptured sculptured by aodition of carton streaks ， often lumps of of mud hanging from rootlets. Size: Comb ， nests ，e.g. ，9mm D ，measured Ior a

comb with ten 69mm L ヲ measured between top and lowest containing 4

combs; 3.5-4mm D ，10.5mm L; ceil OJ-O .4l1Cl ill T. No. 01 cells : 7-35 = 14 ，

n 二 Ivlaterial Ivlaterial and architectural patterns vary nests. various various forms of nests are as belonging to the same because of the morphological morphological of adults and occurrence of these nests at the same site. notes notes This is similar to P. striatula in habitat but less found found in more sunny places. N ests are founded females ，

and often abaodoned but sooo reoccupied other females. At least some 玄s (or Nest Nest Architecture and Re!ated Notes 0/ Stenogastrine Wa ゆ'5 in the Pmvince 47 47 0/ 0/ Sumatera Baml ，lndonesia L1

2nd 2nd comb lh ず川糧自

砲 j

Figs. Figs. 5357 ， N 日sts of Type Pm j (Parischnogastcr me/[yi) collected ョt Lubuk Lubuk M intτun. 53: Malure nest with fOllf combs separated incompletely ，bllilt on a thin aerial rootlet ，latcral vicw ; 54 :1 河合 st with

two two combs ; 55 : Ditto ，cell maps; 56 ‘YOllng pr 巴 ernergence nest ; 57

Ditto ，c 巴II maps ， Double circles in 55 ancl 57 me 旦日 tb 巴 orifice of [h 巴 cell wer 巴 narrov. ，r巴 cl by the adult wasps. stepdaughters) stepdaughters) serve as workers in natal nests for about 20 aftεr their emεrgences ， and then leave it and sta .r t their own nests et al. in press)

The jacobsoni-group This grcup consi:3ts of the smallest in . Thεy can inhabit open disturbed disturbed areas and are ccmmon e¥'en in human h日'.bitations 1958 ， TURiLLAZZI and

PARDI PARDI Some species build nests 011 thin but supports such as orchid

ste 口18 ，tγof trees ，steel etc 唱 and rarely on undersurfaces of but never nest nest on fin 日 thread-like supports as in Ps and Pm. N est material is and rather paper like like carton. Ce lJ walls are thinner than in thεother types and shared ロeighboring ce lI s 48 48 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ， Shdichi E SAKAGAM! ， Soichi YA iV! ANE ，and N illa Djuwita ABBAS

Eg(d 剖 d)

I. m

A 川川刈

HMtl nntj

酔肝川mM y 時例制不 rhM

V 即

~ーーノ /ン

首脳

自3

Figs. Figs. 58-63. N ests of Parisch 河口'gaster jacobsoni-group. 58: Mature n白 t of Type Pjl (P. sp. 5) built on an orchid stem at Lv.buk Mintrun ，with an 3t nt guard a Httle abov 巴 thεtop ce !l ; 59 ， 60 : Two c3t ses showing the construction construction order oI cells by numerals; 61 ・Ce !l map; 62: rv1ature nest nest of Type Pj2 (P. sp. 6) built on a fem leaf at Teluk Kabung; 63: Ditto ，cell map showing broocl composition 一一一一…一一一一一一日一

Nest Nest Architecfure and Related Notes 01 Stenogastrine Wasps in the Province 49 49 01 01 Sumatera Barat ，lndonesia

when overlapping. Cells are placed in a single or double rows on the thin support ， or scatteredly ， but more or less serially ，on the flat surface ， arcuate in cross section. Orifices of of cells are closed after cocoon spinning. At least species which build nests on thin supports prepare prepare ant guards with abdominal secretions by females on the support at a little distance from the basalmost cell (TURILLAZZI and PARDI 1981). Their social organization has well been studied thanks to unidimensional nest plan (YOSHIKAWA et al. 1969 ， TURILLAZZI and PARDI PARDI 1981 ，YAMANE et al. unpublished). Two types were found in Sumatera Barat.

Type Pjj (Fig. 58-61 ;P l. V ，A ， C) Parischnogaster Parischnogaster sp. 5. This type is common in Sumatera Barat ， but rarer than those PS j and Pm j. It is easily distinguishable from the others by the serial arrangement of cells cells on thin supports ， forming a narrow linear nest. Similar nests have been reported from Cambodia (P. serrei: IWATA 1967 ， Fig. 5，A ， P l. 11 ，6) ， Thailand (cited as P. spp. allied to P. serrei serrei in IWATA 1967 ， Fig. 5，B ，C ，Pls. 11， 8， 9; YOSHIKAWA et al. 1969 ，Pls. 39 ， 40; P. sp.: IWATA 1967 ， P l. 11， 7) ，Malaya (cited as Stenogaster spp. in PAGDEN 1958 ，Figs. 17-20; cited as as P. sp. in YOSHIKAWA et al.1969 ，Pls.12 ，13 ，41-44) ，Java (P. nigricans serrei (Du BUYSSON): TURILLAZZI TURILLAZZI and PARDI 1981 ， Figs. 1，2) ，etc. Wasps building this type may involve several distinct distinct species. N ests are found on both horizontal and vertical supports. Substrate Substrate : Aerial rootlets (2-3mm T) of trees or stems of herbaceous plants (Fig. 58 ;P l. V ，A) ，fine but rigid plant fibers ，etc. Material :Tough carton not containing mud ，somewhat resembling resembling that in Ro ρalidia nests. Color: Greyish brown ， without remarkable stripes. Architecture Architecture :Cells built serially in a single ， or rarely double rows on one side along support (Fig. (Fig. 58) ; construction order of cells not fixed (Figs. 59 ， 60) ;cell axes in parallel with that of of support; front and bottom ends of cells often overlapping ， sharing cell walls; proper walls walls absent on support ; ant guard ， small shell-like structure ， prepared at distance a little above top cell with abdominal secretions by females (Fig. 58 ，Pl ，V ， C). Su ちの ce: Almost smooth ， with up to 6-8 vertical ， short and narrow keels on completed cells ， but not on incipient incipient cells. Size : 180mm L (in c1 uding ant guard and 10 cells) ; cell ，2.7mm D ，5.3mm L; cell cell wall ，0.2mm T. No. 01 cel ゐ: Up to 10. Biological ηotes : This species inhabits syntopic with P. mellyi. Nests are initiated by single single females. The ant guard is treated and refreshed every evening to keep defending effects effects against ants. A c1 ear dominance order was confirmed among females in post -emergence nests (YAMANE et al. unpublished) as in P. sp. aff. jacobsoni in Malaya (YOSHIKAWA et al. 1969). A cell map is shown in Fig. 61.

Type Pj2 (Figs. 62 ， 63 ;P l. V ， B) Parischnogaster Parischnogaster sp. 6. Very rare and only one nest was found at Teluk Kabung on 5 September 1980. This nest appears very similar at first sight to L3' but differs by smaller size size of cells and possession of proper cell walls on the substrate. A similar nest was reported reported from Malaya (erroneously cited as Liostenogaster nitidiPennis (SAUSSURE) in YOSHIKAWA et al. 1969 ， P l. 20.) 50 50 Ryoh-ichi OHGUS 臼 1，Shoichi F. SAKAGA l¥i!1， Soichi YAMANE ， and Nilla Djuwita ABBAS

Substrate Substrate : UndersurIace of a fern lea f. jI/j{ derial: Thin but tough carton not admixed

with with mud. Color 園 Mud yellow without stripes. Architeciure: Cells rather rectangular or shot-shaped shot-shaped than oblong ，with narrowed bottom and proper wall on substrate ; ce l! s built serially serially on substrate and with the same direction in four rows ，vvith some ce l1 s scattered ;

front front and bottom ends in some cells ，and walls as in ト .Surl むcP'

Almost srLlO oth ヲ but with slight of carton ， with vertical and keels keels on cells. Size: 4mm 9mm L ，O.2mm T. No. 0/ cells : 33. notes notes :This may be a forest dwe l1 er as most of aI1d aI1d EusJutogGSur- The nest vvas attended two females.

C

Types of nests and related aspects

T 日lble 1 summarizes the architectl 凶re and of nests in the wasps found in Sumatera Barat with sorne relat 吋 biological aspects. The

1τ 芯1e 日tior 江led ch 日racter 喝 s sho

The 孔rlesting subst 廿rates ar 司 εclassified into tw 司町 10 m立lajor thin supports and flat each can be subdivided two kinds: The thin supports involve thread-like

suppoγts e.g 叶 aerial rootlets and and moderately thin but rigid supports

(t 2 )，e.g. ， of trees and orchid stems ， Flat substrates involve ~mdersu rÍ aces of rocks

or or timber and leaves About a half o:f utilize type t J， and three and a type t z substrates. Three

and two striatula 釘 oup typεr ， an c1 a and a

Table Table 1 子Jesting ha bi ts ョl1 d colony composition of stenogastrine 'wasps in Sumatera Barat

Subst Subst II22L-TY 戸 of No of274221Ji EZT24 Vacated rate rate nests nest 足掛 111) (品官出 1m) ，rnaXll lTl l.Ull Liostenogasler Liostenogasler PCCPdmWA ワ4078 11nLつ白 -adz- L ， fr11r F iA3つん + AV L 2 U イト 3に L3 L3 C 寸 L ， (1") Eusienogaster Eusienogaster 122q 「)戸し「 EEEE ウipりつんウ E ， httI wwpw 十 ll +T E 2 E3 E3 ufv K t 十 Parischnogaster Parischnogaster ppppPPMSC 111iつ っ U7iQdnbF4 υ1 PS 1 t， Cw 十 ょっ PS 2 t， Cw Ps ， t， Cw ω7dつ イー 宍 11021846 Ps ， Cm υ1iqJ Ps ， Cw JηJuqυηδ 十 ハ ー U PS fi t] Cm つに J1Aqd3nυ Pm ， t， M-Cw 十 Pj ， t， Cp っ、 ワ Pi2 Pi2 Cp υ μ 十 Abbreviations ，see in the text (p. 50-51) vest βvest Architecfure and Re!ated Notes 0/ Stenogastrine Wasps in the Province 51 51 of of Sun 似た1，日 Barat ，Indo 刀esza

species species type 1. As a rule ，one seems to nest Ol1 o one type of substrate. But use of both both thin and flat substrates by one species 1S not preciuded for some species ，e.g. ，P. sp.

3 and P. sp. 4，which nest on t，and r substrates フ respectively ， but are very similar in adult morphology and to be the same spεcies. N est materials are classified into four kinds: Brittle and fragile carton made from triturated triturated wooden particles (Cw) ， iNhich is often admixed with amounts of mud the the latter is most used in all the genera ; though carton

some and Parisch 幻ogaster sand sand is ヨdopted only two though though the latter more often uses the cartO I1 of type Cm. seem to adopt single type of mat 色ria l. Basic Basic structure of nests is c1 assified into seven major types : Flat cornb like Po /i stes nests nests flat comb with an (E.) or pseudenvelope (E ，-E 3 ) multiple multiple -comb 吋 nest combs with cθ Il s arranged more or less irregnlarly ^ or

ηcomb ( with cells in a single or clouble tiers and with cell a又is in parallel with the the substrate (L 2 ) ; or and rather comb communal inside inside passage-way (the sfri ，ビ serial arrangemεnt of cells in a or or double rows ; an c1 Il at c1 uster of cells vvhich are scattered on leaf surfaces (C) (C) The number of brood cells constructed varies by species but more or less constant within within the genus 司It 7-16 cells in ， 7-36 in and 27-74

111 111 Reuse oI the same cells f0 1" brood was seen in all so far close!y observed observed species of Uost ♂n，og/ ω ter ヨロ d Par お¥ but it was not confirmed in Vacaiεd or abandoned nests of 'Nere relatively common ， whereas those oI the other れiV O genera V;lere rar 日Iy Iound. This in the two genera is is probably due to other females ，which VV-3. S seen in P “ AMANE el al. in press) ， and/or scraping materials from those nests other wasps fo 1' construction of their own nests 。

iオotε 弓 on the ne~3t architecture

chscuss 日d 1: he nεst architecture of social wasps fr 仁川 the that that of tropical zonεS ， has pressure pressure of enemiεS. ほe an asterocyttarous asterocyttarous nest of a horizontal comb devoid of

18) ， as the ancestral type of the vespid nests 司乳 nd out a nest nest pattem shown Pls. 5， i.e. ，Type L ， in the present paper ，

丘S 1110 己t ancestral He o. 1so thought that the has εvolved as a

counterm ビasure ant 日比 to. cks. Our made for a limited number

his his id 行a. l(or th* 空 ants and are

前な10St enernie serious .s.

L of 18 丘、 sterocyttarous and from 52 52 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ，Shoichi F. SAKAGAMI ，Soichi Y AMANE ， and N ilI a Djuwita ABBAS

an incipient and cells do not share the walls each other. Certaιinly this type Is more primitive primitive than L! mentioned 2nd possibly the aEcestral as a direct

descendant descendant of the stage. These types ， L" and L 1 are not resistant U6UU ，0C cursoriai cursoriai hunters s11ch as ants ，especially the prεen1ergεncεperiod. N ests of many species species are built on rock sur :f aces in relatively humid habitats our

experiences ， actiγities of ants seem to be Jo'vver than in op 日 areas.

In In the course of invasion into open habitats from shaded forest zones ，tV ¥T O

strategi 日s may have been i.e 吋 of thin supports and of vegetable vegetable rnatter for nest construction. Both are in and

al すeaay in 80mε Li oste ηLヌ). The however ， i8 still the forest dvvellers N ests of are built on thin rD otlets al 寸1 orchid stems ，which are

effective effective in the nests 思t ants. Thεy at least some spp. spp. in VAN DER VECHT 1977 and conci ηVAN DER '¥!EC I-l T in SPRADBERY fine supports instead oI Nlari¥:ed of of their forms is as ョresult of escape from strong predations visual visual predatorso them 仰 LINNE is the most serious because it exclusively exclusively feeds on immature of Po 1i stinae and FUKUSHIMA and

Some nest types are ¥iiri thin th.e

N ests of P. (Pml) are v弓ry lllimic to of mud hanging from thin rootlets. rootlets. P. sp. 5 often builds nests 011 orchid stems ， of vlhicb cells of of the plantso Thesεmimic nests may have more chances to survive themselves into into the surroundings. jjγεin opener and drier habitats where the pressure seerns to to bεhigher than for and can Jj ve even in human

disturbed disturbed areas ，and insolated sites roadsidεSo N everthel 由民 they are

more successful than the other tV'10 genera measured the relative abundance ， Thesε

facts ，combined '0T ith the genus genus is the most advancεd group among the

habitats ， have confron i: ed '.'1 lth severer p l' essure. To solve tbis they chose chose thinner substrates for nesting and developed various typεs of The ant

guard guard oI the self-secretion was devised to cO r:.1 pensate the relative relative easiness of ant invasions due to substrates thicker than those used other groups. various various nest '::ypes of were regarded as the stages not yet comb formation et al. The above consideration 011 nest patterns patterns favors the assumtion that non-combed or not combed nests ，particularly of of represent rather a of thεcomb system ，i. e. ，post-comb than pre-comb stages. Nest Nest Architectl げ 'e and R 出品目 d No た'S 01 Stenogastrine M匂sps in the Provuzce 53 53 01 01 Surnatera Barat ，I 叩donesia

Ad 王now :l edg;me 羽t昌

We express our sincere thanks to Pro f. S. KAWAMURA (1 もToto U ロiversity) ，the chairman of Sumatra N ature D r. A. BAKAR University) ， D r. T. INouE and a1l the other members of SNS for their encouragements and technical help in in the collection and observations of stenogastrine nests

References

HANSELL ，M. H. (1981) Ne 日t construction in thεsocial wasp Parischnogaster 1'I1 cllyi (SAUSS ¥J RE) ，

Stεnogastrinae (Hym 己nopteI 針。 Insectes Sociaux 28: 208-216.

IWATA ， K. (1967) Report of the fundam 日ntal r日search on the biological control of insect p巴sts in Thail 丘nd.

II. II. Th 日 report 011 thεbio11omics of Acul 巴ate wasps ~- Bio11omi Ci弓 of subsocial wasps of Stenogastrina 己(上 Iymenoptcra ，Vespida 日)反乱 t. Life S. E. Asia 5: 259-293 ，4 pls

(19 '7 6) Evolution of instinc t. Compan :t ive etho!ogy of Hym 日noptera. Amerind Publishing Co. ，N 日W Delhi ， 535 pp

JEANNE ， R. L. (1975) Adaptiveness of social wasp nest 乱rchitecture. Quart. Rev. Bio 1. 50 : 267-287

PAGDEN ， H. T. (1 953) Som 邑 Malayan socia! wasps. Malay. N at. J. 12 ・131-148.

SAKAGAMI ， Sh. F. ancl K. FUKU 只H!MA (1957) Some biol のgical obs 日rv ，¥tions on a hornet ， Vesta lmtica V

ρulchm (D u Buy 針。 N) ，with specia! 1' eferenc 巴 to its d巴pencl 日!l ce 011 Polistes wasps (Hymenoptcra).

T 1'巴ロ bia 24 : {3 -82

an c1 K. YOSHIKAWA (1968) A new ethospeci 己S of Stenogastc -r wasps fron1 Saravvak ，with a COn1111ent

oロthεV 日lue of ethologic 日1 characters in animal taxonorny. Anno t. 200 1. Jap. 41 : 77-84.

and R. Zuc じHI (1978) Nests of Hy!aeus (Il ylac υ戸sisl Iricolor: The first record of non-so!itary lif 日 m

colletid colletid beε 日， with notes on commun 昌I and quasisocial colonies (Hym 己noptera: Coll 己tida 己)J. Kansas Entomo l. So c. 51: 597-614.

SPRADBERY ，J. P. (1975) Th 日 biology of Stenogaster conc 口za VAN DER VECHT with C0111ments on th 日 phylog 巴ny

of of th 巳 Stenogas!:rInae (Hymenoptera ， Vespiae). J. Aust. Entomo l. Soc. 14 : 309-318

TURILLAZZI ，:3 呂nd t. PARDJ (1981) Ant guar 一仁:l s 011 ne 日ls ()f Parisdmugaster ηぼricons serrei (Du B じ¥"SSON)

(Stenog 旦strinae). r，江 onitore Zoo l. 1ta 1. (N. .5.) 15: 1-7.

V MJ DER VECHT ，J. (1 977) Studies of Oriental Stenogastrinae (Hymenoptεr 日， Vespoideι il. Tijdschr Entomol 120 120 : 55-7Ci

WE ，孔→ EBERHARD ，M. J. (1978) Polygyny and t11 日巴volution of soclaI behavior in \vasp~コJ， K乱 nsas Eηtomol

Soc. Soc. 51 : 832~856.

WIL Ll AMS ， F. X. (1919) Philippin 己 wasps studies II. Descriptions of new species and jifεhistory studies. Bull

E 下;p. St 乱， Hawaii Sugal' Pl t' s j' ¥ss. (Entomo l.) lA: 19-186.

YAMANI 九:3. and T ， OKAZAWA (1977) Some 凶作 logical observations OH a paper wa 日p ，Polistes (i IJegato !i sfes)

/むフ idus ;1'7([!， ρyWII ぉ C i¥ MERυ: ，(Hvm にみ nop t. era 略 Ve 己pid 日日) in I'， Jei 入， Gllinea. 仁ontyu ， T'ckyo 45 :?8 3- -29 g. Y 54 54 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ， Shoichi F. SAKAGAMI ， Soichi YAMANE ，and Nilla Djuwita ABBAS

Plate Plate 1 A. A. Nest of Type Ll (Li ostenogaster sp. 1= L. flavolinea 品目?) inside a concrete concrete tunnel for watercourse at Teluk Kabung.

B. B. Aggregation of nest Ll and PS 4 (Parischnogaster sp. 2) inside the same tunnel tunnel as A. c. c. Nest of Type L ，(Liostenogaster sp. 3) on a fern leaf at Teluk Kabung. Nest Nest Architecture and Re!ated Notes 01 Stenogastrine Was 戸'S in the Province 01 01 Sumatera Ba rat ， lndonesia 55

Plate Plate II A. A. N est site for Type L ，(Liostenogaster sp. 2) at Lubuk Bangku. B. B. Aggregation of Type L， nest at the same place as in A C. C. Mature nest of L，. attended by four wasps. 56 56 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ， Shoichi F. SAKAGAMI ， Soichi YAMANE ，and Nilla Djuwita ABBAS

Plate Plate III A. A. Basal fragment of Type E. (E. sp. 4= E. cal Y1 ぅtodoma?) at Teluk Kabung.

B. B. Mature nest of Type Pm 1 (P. mellyi) at Lubuk Mintrun.

C. C. Nest of Type PS 1 (P. striatula) at Lubuk Bangku.

D. D. Mature nest of Type PS 6 (Ps 6 -B) (P. sp. 4) at Siguntur Tua. Nest Nest Architecture and Related Notes 01 Stenogastrine Wasps in the Province 57 57 01 01 Sumatera Barat ，lndo 抑esia

Plate Plate IV A. A. Roadcut ， nest site for Type Pm ，(P. mellyi) at Teluk Kabung B. B. Bamboo hut as nest site for Type Pm ，and Pi" in the Horticultural Station ， at Lubuk Mintrun. C. C. N est of Type Ps ， (P. sp. 3) inside a concrete tunnel at Signtur Tua 58 58 Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI ， Shoichi F. SAKAGAMI ， Soichi YAMANE ，and Nilla Djuwita ABBAS

Plate Plate V A. Mature nest of Type Pjj (P. sp. 5) built on a living orchid stem at Lubuk Mintrun B. B. Mature nest of Type Piz (P. sp. 6) on a fern leaf at Teluk Kabung. c. c. Ant guard of Pjj