THE HISTORY OF THE VEGETATION AND CLIMATE IN SOUTHERN TASMANIA SINCE THE LATE'-PLEISTOCENE • (..- a.•13.000 - 0 BP)
by
MICHAEL MACPHAIL . BSc. (H6ns) Sydney.
submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for - the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
• w2--- UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA HOBART (November 1975).. VOLUME. TWO
APPENDICES, BIBLIOGRAPHY,
MAPS, FIGURES AND SUPPORTING
PAPERS 1 .
APPENDIX 1.
CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNT OF THE APPARENT EFFECTS OF "THE .GAT FROST" OF.1837.
"The road to Marlborough passes across the southern edge of this valley; it is then directed through a succession of forests and beautiful
little marshes (amongst the latter are the Duck and Boggy Marshes), all of which are very fertile. _The excellence of most of the pasture and the
frequent occurrence of these handsome plains or marshes in the Midst of
the woods, give. a pleasing character to the bush here, which is always welcome. A walk of about six miles from Victoria. Valley places us on the bridge of the Dee, which is in this part a rather sluggish river, perhaps
twenty yards wide, formed by the overflowings of Lake Echo.
It is at this part of the journey that we catch the first sight,
of the effects of the rigorous winter of 1837, a season of extraordinary
severity, and which in a few weeks struck with death the forests throughout
the valleys of well near all the highlands of this part of Tasmania. Here, however, it ceased its ravages, and its withering march from the westward was stayed. The storm moderated and when it reached this river it seems to have wholly died away, but not before its task was finished, its work of dem- olition fully completed; for the destruction of the forests ofall the
lowlands, of this extensive district could not have been more perfectly
accomplished if even a simoom had passed over them- This extraordinary
season destroyed the timbcr of almost every valley on the vast plateau lying
between this quarter and the mountains terminating at the verge of the
Westbury and Norfolk Plains districts. The havoc has been indeed tremendous,
but wholly incalculable.
It is impossible to witness the effects of this winter without emotion
and the traveller unaccustomed to such a picture of desolation is startled
at the amazing scene of ruin which now presents itself. The bush is one interminable mass of dead trees. Except on the hill tops everything around him is dead. Whichever way he looks he sees hardly anything but dead forests, one apparently endless expanse of dead trees. The further he advances beyond the Dee, the more perfect has been the destruction.
About this river, where the tempest seems to have.slackened, nearly half the trees have perished, or are only now recovering the shock they received thirteen years ago. But it is around, the incipient tuwa of Marlborough that the winter seems to have put forth its full strength, for here (the hill tops always excepted) the annihilation of life is almost universal; for miles every tree on the loWer•lands had died.
A person writing of the districts I have undertaken to describe will not be accused of digressing in pausing to attempt the . investigation of the cause which led to the demolition, Of the forests here. The subject is interesting, and that task can never be considered an unprofitable one which has for its object the exposition of the truth; and, if possible, the correction of the vague hypothesis br which some have endeavoured to account for their decay - I believe, more with the view Of establishing new theories than of coming at the truth. According to some this was occasioned by disease; to others. , by lightning; while another class ascribe the calamity to extensive bush fires. But these persons are either ignorant Of the true cause, or they belong to that class of men who will never adopt a common- sense view of anything.
I was a traveller in these districts as long ago as .1835. At that time the trees were everywhere, fresh and vigorous. In the beginning of 1838
I passed this way again, only a few months after the destruction of these forests had been effected, The ground was then covered with dead leaves,
* It is very extraordinary fact, that within the last year or two about four of the trees in this township have put forth leaves after an apparent suspension of vitality of ten or eleven years' duration. (the effect of the simultaneous decay of the millions of trees which had just perished), and the bark was hanging in shreds from every bough. A most severe winter had occurred not long before', and a deep snow had fallen, which lay on the ground for many weeks, by which (the grasses excepted) vegetation on the lower lands was perfectly annihilated. The kangaroos, which swarmed here in '35, were all but extinguished; and one of a party of men who was up here then assured me that by taking advantage of the helpless condition to which the poor animals were reduced by hunger and long-continued cold, he and some others killed, in one afternoon, no less a number than sixty-seven.
Judging from the quantities of their bones which found scattered everywhere,
(I am speaking of '38), they must have died by thousands.
If we did net know that the destruction of the trees took place with the occurrence of this terrible winter, an examination of the district would lead us to infer that cold was the agent, from the simple fact, that on the top of every hill and every ridge the trees never died. This is to be seen everywhere, even around Marlborough about which place the winter appears to have poured the full storm of its strength. It is not on one hill top alone that the trees are still green and vigorous but on every hill throughout the district. If, then, fire were really the agent, how came the trees to have escaped death in these situations, and that invariably? Are its effects less destructive on the hills than elsewhere? The answer of every one will be, certainly not. Again, do bush fires destroy the forests, or even seriously injure them? We see the contrary in five hundred cases every summer; and if such were the case, there ought not to be a tree left us in all Tasmania.
But the notion is absurd. Moreover, the trees in these districts do not exhibit any extraordinary marks of fire as would certainly be the case had they beendestroyed by it. But I believe we might as well impute the devast- ation to the Mosaic deluge as to either fire or disease." Extract from J. E. Calder. ''Some account of the Country. between Hamilton and the Frenchmans Cap". Hobart Town Courier, 21st September 1850 1 .
APPENDIX 2
The Preparation of Fossil Pollen Extracts from Late Quaternary Sediments in
Tasmania.
A. Equipment Used (six samples processed concurrently).
1. 12 x 15 ml. round bottom glass "SE" centrifuge tubes (heat resistant),
0..6 inch external diameter.
2. 6 x 15 ml. plastic "MSE" centrifuge tubes, 0.6 inch external diameter.
3. 12 x "Oxoid" irdcrobiclogical caps to fit glass centrifuge tubes..
4. 1 x roll of "Parafilm" (for sealing the plastic centrifuge tubes).
5. 6 x 45 ml. plastic "MSE" centrifuge tubes, 1.2 inch external diameter.
6. 1 x "MSE MINOR CENTRIFUGE" (Code No. 1265) with two heads and tube
holder sets:
(i) a 'swing' head to hold the 0.6 inch tubes (glass tubes were found
to break in a fixed angle head).
(ii) a fixed angle head to hold the 1.2 inch tubes.
7. 6 x plastic wash bottles for dispensing reagents.
8. microbiological glass rod 'spreaders', disposable 'Pasteur" pipettes and
assorted glass beakers, 50 - 500m1.
9. Glass slides. and 1/2 inch square No. 0 to 1 size coverslips (both stored in
an 100:1 Ethanol: HC1 solution).
10. "Quikstik" permanent adhesive slide labels.
11. Variable heat setting hotplate.
12. Water bath and tube holders to fit both 0.6 and 1.2 inch centrifuge tubes.
13. "Beam" balance for balancing centrifuge tubes.
14. "Whirlimix" test tube stirrer.
15. "Endecott" 5 inch (or smaller) test seives, 250, 150 and, if required,.
100/Amesh sizes, lid and collecting basin to fit.
16. Reagents (all 'A.R.' grade)
Hydrochloric acid Acetic Anhydride Hydrofluoric acid Glycerol 2.
Sulphuric acid Saffranin
Glacial Acetic acid -
Potassium Hydroxide
N.B. Access to either filtered de-ionized or distilled water and a well-
equipped fume cupboard is essential as is the use of rubber gloves in handling
most of the above reagents.
17. Make up:
(i) 10% w/v KOH solution.
(ii) 9:1 Acetic Anhydride: conc. Sulphuric acid solution (mixture should
be made up fresh for each preparation. This "Acetolysis" mixture
explodes on contact with water).
(iii) Saffranin solution. Enough is dissolved in distilled water to give
A med.. rose colour . (a deep 'claret' coloured solution is too con-
centrated).
B. Extractive Procedures.
0.2 gm. of oven dried material is sufficient except in the case of
glacifluvial clays. Here, up to 2 gm. may be required.
:#* (a) Lacustrine Clays (b) Clay-free Peats
1. .test for the presence of break up peat gently and soak overnight•
carbonates using HC1. in ca. 5m1. 10% KOH in a small glass centri-
fuge tube.Seal. using "Parafilm'. Any sand
in the peat can then be .removed by a series
of decants of the KOH suspension. •
2. place .sediment in either "Whirlimix" to break up organic matcer
a small or large plastic aggregates.
centrifuge tube depending on
clay content. Add 10m1. HF,
seal with "Parafilm" and
leave overnight (beware
effervescence). 3.
3. centrifuge on setting 8 for Centrifuge for ca. 3 minutes at
at least 15 minutes, decant HF setting 8, decant. (residue then
into fume cupboard sink and treated as for clays - step 5).
flush with water.
NB. If organic matter in the HF treated clays cannot be sedimented by centrifugation, decant HF + organic matter into large plastic centrifuge tubes and dilute extensively with distilled water. Re-centrifuge, With large amounts of clay, several repeats of the HF steps may be needed to remove the clay, fraction.
4. wash residue with HC1,
centrifuge for 5 mins.,
decant.
5. wash residues with distilled water, centrifuge and decant (at this point, heat water bath on hotplate to ca. 80°C).
6. add 5 ml. distilled water to residue, "Whirlimix" and pour su,Ipension onto the 'nest' of 2507150im selves and collecting basin. Vash residues on each Seive with a jet of distilled water and break up any obvious organic matter aggregates with a. glass stirring rod.
NB. A duplicate set of glass centrifuge tubes is convenient at this stage as the combined filtrates in "(Ate collecting basin may total greater than 10 ml., and hence overload one tube. Lacustrine clay sediments, previously treated in plastic centrifuge tubes, at this point are conveniently transferred into glass centrifuge tubes. All tubes are sealed using the "Oxoid" caps.
7. centrifuge and decant.
8. add ca. 1 ml. of Glacial Acetic acid, "Whirlimix" thoroughly and top up tube with ca. 9 mi. Glacial Acetic acid.
9. centrifuge and decant acid in fume cupboard sink.
10. add very slowly ca. 1 ml. of "Acetolysis" mixture, "Whirlimix" then add ca. 9 ml. of "Acetolysis" mixture.
11. .heat centrifuge tubes at 80 ° C for 15 minutes,then heat water bath to boiling. Remove tubes when boiling just begins. NB. In the writer's experience, 1 minute • in a boiling water bath fails to
remove Cellulose in the Sample. In many cases, 10 ml. • of "Acetolysis"
mixture is insufficient to digest the non-sporopollenin material in the
sample. Division of the sample into two centrifuge tubes and treating
each to 10 ml. of "Acetolysis" mixture gives better results. The residues
are recombined after step.12.
12. centrifuge for 10 minutes at setting 8, decant slowly into running
water in fume cupboard sink.
13. "Whirlimix" residue, add 3 ml. Glacial Acetic acid, then "Whirlimix"
prior to adding another 7 ml. of Acetic acid,
14. centrifuge for 10 minutes, decant in fume cupboard sink.
15. wash residue with distilled water, centrifuge and•decant.
16. add 3 ml. of 10% KOH, "Whirlimix", then add 7 ml. 10% KOH solution.
17. heat in boiling water bath for 10 - 15 minutes.
• NB. Organic matter tends to flocculate in the KOH solotion, but can be
conveniently re-dispersed during heating using glass stirring rods.
18. centrifuge and decant. o NB. At this point cool the water bath to 80 C and place a reagent bottle o containing Glycerol, and fitted with a covered stopper, in the 80 C bath.
19. "Whirlimix", wash residue with distilled water, centrifuge and decant.
20. add 2 ml. of Saffranin solution to each tube and leave for 20 minutes.
21. Top up centrifuge tubes with distilled water, centrifuge on setting 8 for
10 minutes.
22. decant and leave tubes to drain for 5 minutes under cover.
23. "Whirlimix", add 1 ml. of hot Glycerol and "Whirlimix" again thoroughly.
Add 9 ml. of hot Glycerol and heat in 80 ° C water bath for 10 minutes.
NB. It is important to have as much of the water drained from the residue as — possible, since otherwise phase separatibn may occur , preventing movement of
fine particle down the tube during the subsequent centrifugation. The
Glycerol step is important in that it removes excess stain and, by virtue of 5.
differential settling velocities of very fine particles in the cooling
Glycerol during centrifugation, enables fine particles to be separated from
pollen and remaining plant macrofragments. The step was found to eliminate
carbon particles of diameters less than 0.5 from the residue. The
centrifugate can be easily checked to see if any pollen has remained in
suspension.
24. centrifuge at setting 8 for ca. 30 minutes, decant slowly and leave
tubes to drain completely of Glycerol under cover.
25. add 3-20 drops of hot Glycerol to the residue depending on amount of
pollen and heat centrifuge tubes in 80 ° C water bath. "Whirlimix"
each suspension for at least 3 - 5 minutes before taking a drop,
either with a. glass stirring rod or "Pasteur" pipette, for mounting
on• a glass Slide.
NB. Glass slides should in prelabelled and the suspension droplet imed-
iately'covered with a coverslip.
26. The slide isexamined under a magnification of 200 X and the suspension
diluted with Glycerol or concentrated by centrifugation and decanting
if necessary, to produce a mount suitable for counting.
27. .Suitable mounts are scaled using clear nail polish and the remainder
of the suspension preserved in stoppered vials 1 ml. "Dutanol" plastic
vials were found to be adequate.
r$, APPENDIX 3.
FLOAT HOLDER
APERTURE TO FIT POLLEN TRAP 0 MODIFIED "TAUBER" POLLEN TRAP POLYURETHANE BUOYANCY (FOR USE IN REMOTE AREAS OF HIGH RAINFALL)
C-1
AEROFOIL COLLAR (wood or perspex, painted green-khaki) GALVANIZED METAL SURROUND 50—
LID OF BOTTLE (cut to fit aperture of, WIRE STRUT and held by screws onto, aerofoil collar) C NYLON CORD PLASTIC FUNNEL ZT (to 10 kg weight)
GALVANIZED METAL SHEET PLASTIC BOTTLE (to prevent excessive movement of float by waves) —10 (painted green-khaki for concealment purposes)
7-A-7 8
CUT—AWAY V IEW OF MODIFIED SWINNEX-25
6 CLEAR PLASTIC TUBING ( (a) enlarged inlet milled out of a nylon block a (to avoid air-locking of inlet)
4 ENLARGED INLET OF SWINNEX (b)teflon rubber ring seal
(c)Millipore cellulose acetate filter ( 5 /si mesh sizer MODIFIED MI LLIPOR E SWINNEX-25 to fit Swinnex-25 2 MILLIPORE FILTER
OUTLET OF SWINNE X 0
DRAINAGE APERTURE 0 05 1 N.B. The modified '`Tauber" pollen trap can easily be converted into a 'wet' pollen trap, having the same pollen CM trapping efficiency, by removing Swinnex from the fu nnel and inserting it as an overflow tube at inlet A and either blocking the drainage at B or replacing bottle with one not containing the bottom drainage aperture. 1 .
' APPENDIX 4
CENSUS OF THE VASCULAR. FLORA IN PLANT
COMMUNITIES LOCAL TO THE CORE SITES.
Subjectively estimated' abundance of sTecies in the local
vegetation:
d - dominant species.
a - species abundant.
- species common.
- , species locally common.
- species of rare or occasional occurrence. 2 .
AppendixItat — Beatties'Tarn.
1. -- LYCOPSIDA'&TTERIDOPHYTA.
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodium fastigatum R. Br.
L. scariosum Forst. f.
L. selago L. (incl. L. varium R. Br.)
ISOETACEAE.
Isoetes gunnii A. Br. a
GLEICHENIACEAE.
Gleichenia circinnata Swartz lc
ASPIDIACEAE.
Polystichum proliferum (R. Br.) Presl. lc
1 . GYMNOSPERMAE.
PODOCARPACEAE.
Phyllocladus aspieniifolius (Labill.) Hook. F.
TAXODIACEAE.
Athrotaxis cupressoides Don
3. ANGIOSPERMAE (Dicotyledonae)
COMPOSITAE.
Brachycome scapiformis DC.
Celmisia longifolia Cass lc
Craspedia alpina Backhouse ex Hook. f.
Helichrysum antennarium (DC.) F. Muell ex Benth.
H. bar.khousii (Hook. f.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
.H. hookeri (Sond.) Druce
H. obcordatum (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth.,?
Olearia algida N.A. Wakefield
0.1edifolia (Hook. f.) Benth. • a
0. , obcordata (Hook. f.) Benth. 3.
0. persoonioides (DC.) Benth.
O. Pinifolia.(Hock. f.) Benth.' a
CUNONIACEAE.
Bauera rubioides Andr. a
DROSERACEAE.
Drosera arcturi Hook. lc
D. pygmaea DC.
ELAEOCARPACEAE.
Aristotelia peduncularis (Labill.) Hook. f.
EPACRIDACEAE.
Archeria serpyllifolia Hook. f. lc
Cyathodes dealbata R. Br. lc
C. glauca Labill.
C. juniperina (Forst.) Druce
C..parvifoiia R. Br. a
C. petiolaris (DC.) Druce lc
C. straminea R. Br. lc
Epacris serpyllifolia R. Br.
Laucopogon montana R. Br.
Monotoca empetrifolia R. Br.
Penachondra pumila (Forst.) R. Br.
Richea gunnii Hook. f.
R. pandifolia Hook. F.
R. scoparia Hook, f. lc
R. sprengeloides (R. Br.) F. Muell. lc
Sprengelia incarnata Sm.
Trochocarpa cunninghamii (DC.) W.M. Curtis
T. disticha (R. Br.) Spreng.
T. thymifolia (R. Br.). Spreng. a
ERICACEAE.
Gaultheria hispida R. Br 5 ESCALLONIACEAE.
Tetracarpaea tasmanica Hook. f. lc
FAGACEAE.
Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst.
GENTIANACEAE..
Gentianella diemensis (Grieseb.) J. H. Willis
GERANIACEAE.
Geranium microphyllum Hook. f.
GOODENIACEAE.
Scaevola hookeri (de Vriese) Hook. f.
HALORAGACEAE.
Haloragis serpyllifolia (Hook. f.)
Myriophyllum propinquum A. Cunn.
LENTIBULARIACEAE.
Utricularia dichotoma Labill.
U. monanthos Hook. f.
MYRTACEAE.
Baeckea guntiana Schau. lc
Eucalyptus coccifera Hook. f.
E. johnstonii Maiden
Leptospermum humifusum A. Cunn. ex Schau.
L. lanigerum lc
Melaleuca squamea
ONAGRACEAE.
Epilobium sip".
•• OXALIDACEAE.
Oxalis lactea Hook. PROTEACEAE.
Banksia marginata Cav.
Bellendena montana R. Br.
Hakea lissosperma R. Br. a
Lomatia polymorpha R. Br.
Persoonia gunnii Hook. f.
Orites acicularis R. Br. lc
0. revoluta R. Br. lc
O. diversifolia R. Br. 0 a
Telopea truncata (Labill.).R. Br.
RANUNCULACEAE.
Ranunculus nanus Hook-
ROSACEAE.
Rubus guitnianus Hook.
Acaena anserina (J.G. 8! G. Forst.) Druce
RUBIACEAE.
Coprosma nitida Hook. f.
Galium cjlare Hook. f.
RUTACEAE.
Boronia citriodora Gunn. ex Hook. f.
SANTALACEAE.
Exocarpos humifusus R. Br.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Euphrasia striata R. Br.
Ourisia integrifolia R. Br.
THYMELAEACEAE.
PiMelea sericea R. Br.
P. nivea Labill.
VIOLACEAE.
Viola hederacea Labill. 6 .
WINTERACEAE.
Drimys lanceolata (Poir.) Baill. a
4. ANGIOSPERMAE . (Monocotyledonae)
CENTROLEPIDACEAE.
Centrolepis spp.
CYPERACEAE.
Calorophus lateriflorus (R. Br.) F. Muell. ic
Carex gaudichaudiana Kunth.
C. gunniana.Boott.
Carpha alpina R. Br. lc
Lepidosperma filiforme Labill. lc
Schoenus sp.
Scirpus sp.
Uncinia sp. ic
GRAMINEAE.
Danthonia sp.
Deyeuxia sp.
Hierochloe sp.
Poa spp.
LILIACEAE.
Astelia alpina R. Br.
Diplarrhena morea Labill.
Dianella tasmanica Hook. f.
RESTIONACEAE.
Restio austtalis R. Br.
R. oligocephalus F. Muell.
•• 7
Appendix 4b: - Eagle Tarn.
1. -- LYCOPSIDA - & - PTERIDOPHYTA
LYCOPODIACEAE.
Lycopodium scariosum Forst. f.
ISOETACEAE.
Isoetes gunnii A. Br.
GLEICHENIACEAE.
Gleichenia circinnata Swartz
ASP IDACEAE.
Polystichum proliferum Br.) Presl. lc
2. GYMNOSPERMAE.
PODOCARPACEAE.
Microstrobos niphophilus Garden & Johnson lc
TAXODIACEAE
Athrotaxis cupressoides Don lc
A. selaginoides Don
3. ANGIOSPERMAE (Dicotyledonae)
COMPOSITAE.
Brachycome scapiformis DC.
Celmisia longifolia Cass
Helichrysum backhousii (Hook. f.) F. Muell. ex. Benth lc
H. hookeri (Sond.) Druce lc
H. ledifolium (DC.) Benth lc
Olearia ledifolia (Hook. f.) Benth. Ic
CUNONIACEAE.
Bauera rubioides Andr. a
DROSERACEAE.
Drosera arcturi Hook.
D. pygmaea DC. 8.
ELAEOCARPACEAE.
Aristotelia peduncularis (Labill.) Hook. f.
EPACRIDACEAE.
Cyathodes dealbata R. Br.
C. glauca Labill.
C. juniperina (Forst.) Druce c-
C. parvifolia R. Br.
C. straminea R. Br. lc
Epacris serpyllifolia R. Br. a-
Monotoca empetrifolia R. Br.
Pentachondta pumila (Forst.) R. Br.
Richea gunnii Hook. f. lc
R. pandanifolia Hook. f. lc
R. scoparia Hook, f.
R. sprengeloides (R. Br.) F. Muell,
Sprengelia incarnata Sm.
Trochocarpa cunninghamii (DC.) W.M. Curtis lc
ERICACEAE.
Gaultheria hispida R. Br. lc
ESCALLONIACEAE.
Terfacarpaea tasmanica Hook. f.
FAGACEAE.
Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. lc
N. gunnii (Hook. f.) Oerst.
GENTIANACEAE.
Gentianella diemensis (Grieseb.) J.H. Willis
GERANIACEAE.
Geranium microphyllum Hook.
HALORAGACEAE
Haloragis serpyllifolia (Hook f.) Walp. lc Myriophyllum propinquum A. Cunn.
LOGANIACEAE.
Mitrasacme archeri Hook. f.
MYRTACEAE.
Baeckea gunniana Schau. lc
Eucalyptus coccif era Hook.
E. johnstonii Maiden a
.Leptospermum humifusum A. Cunn. ex Schau. lc
L. lanigerum Sm. •
Melaleuca squamea Labill.• lc
OXALIDACEAE.
Oxalis lactea Hook.
POTAMOGETONACEAE.
Potamogeton sp, lc
• PROTEACEAE.
Banksia marginata Cav. lc
Bellendena montana•R. Br. lc
Hakea lissosperma R. Br. a
Persoonia gunnii Hook. f. lc
Orites acicularis R. Br. lc
Orites diversifolia R. Br. a
0. revoluta R. B
' Telopea truncata (Labill.) R. Br.
RANUNCULACEAE.
Ranunculus nanus Hook.
ROSACEAE.
Acaena anserinifolia (J.R. & G. Forst.) Druce lc
RUBIACEAE.
Coprosma nitida Hook. f.
Galium cilare Hook. f. 10.
RUTACEAE.
Boronia citriodora Gunn ex Hook. f.
SANTALACEAE.
Exocarpos humifusus R. Br.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Euphrasia striata R. Br.
THYMELAEACEAE.
Pimelea nivea Labill. lc
VIOLACEAE.
Viola hederacea Labill.
WINTERACEAE.
Drimys lanceolata (Poir.) Baill- a
4. ANGIOSPERMAE (Monocotyledonae)
CENTROLEPIDACEAE,
Centtolepis sp-
CYPERACEAE.
Calorophus lateriflcrus (R. Br.) F. Muell. ic
Carex sp.
Carpha'alpina R. Br.
Gahnia p5itfaccrum Ewart
Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus (R. Br.) Hook. f.
Lepidosperma filiforme Labill.
Oreobolus sp. lc
Schoenus p.
Scirpus sp.
GRAMINEAE.
Poa spp.
LILIACEAE.
Astelia alPina R. Br.
Dianella tasmanica Hook. f. 11.
(4
Diplarrhena morea Labill. lc
RESTIONACEAE.
Restio australis R. Br.
R. complanatus R. Br. lc
R. tetraphyllus Labill.
XYRIDACEAE.
Xyris operculata Labill. 12.
Appendix 4c: The Tarn Shelf.
1. LYCOPSIDA & PTERIDOPHYTA
LYCOPODIACEAE.
Lycopodium fastigatum R. Br.
L. scariosum Forst. lc
L. selago L. (incl. L. varium R. Br.) lc
ISOET&CFAE.
Isoetes gunnii A. Br.
GLEICHENIACEAE.
Gleichenia cireinnata Swartz
BLECHNACEAE.
Blechnum penna-marina (Poir.) Kuhn
2. GYMNOSPERMAE.
CUPRESSACEAE.
Diselma archeri hook. f.
PODOCARPACEAE.
Microcachrys tetragona (Hook.) Hook. f. a
Microstrobos niphophilus Garden and Johnson
Podocarpus alpina Hook. f. (incl. P. lawrencii Hook.f.)
TAXOCIACEAE.
Athrotaxis cupressoides Don
A. laxifolia Hook.
A. selaginoides Don
3. ANGIOSPERMAE (Dicotyledonae)
COMPOSTTAE.
Abrotanella forsterioides (Hock. f.) Benth. lc
Brachycome scapiformis DC.
Celmisia longifolia Cass . 13.
C. saxifraga Comber, ?
Ewartia meridithae (F. Muell.) BeaUv.
Helichrysum backhousii (Hook. f.) F.• Muell. ex Benth..
H. •hookerii (Sond.) Druce
H. ledifolium (DC.) Benth. a
Olearia ledifolia (Hook. f.) Benth:. a
Pterygopappus lawrencii Hook. f.
Senecio pectinatus DC. -
CRUCIFERAE.
Cheesemannia radicata (Hook. I.) 0. E. Schultz.
CUNONIACEAE.
Bauera rubioides Andr.
DONATIACEAE.
Donatia novae-zelandiae J.R. & G. Forst.'
DROSERACEAE. •
Drosera arcturi Hook. l c
D. pygmaea DC.
EPACRIDACEAE.
Archeria. serpyllifolia Hook. • f.
Cyathodes dealbata R. Br.
C. petiolaris (PC.) Druce .
Dracophyllum milliganii Hook. f. lc
D. minimum F. Muell.
Epacris serpyllifolia R. B.
Monotoca empetrifolia R. Br. lc
Pentachondra pumila (Forst.) R. Br.
Richae gunnii Hook. f.
R.,Paudifolia'Hook. f. lc
- R. scoparia Hook: f. a
R.sprengeloides (R. Br.) F. Muell. Sprengelia incarnata Sm.
Trochocarpa thyMifolia Hook. f.
FAGACEAE.
Nothofagus gunnii (Hook. f.) Oerst. lc
GENTIANACEAE.
Gentianella diemensis (Grieseb.) J.H. Willis.
HALORAGACEAE.
Haloragis serpyllifolia. (Hook. f.) Walp.
MyriophylIum propinquum A. Cunn.
LOGANIACEAE.
Mitrasacme archeri Hook. f.
MYRTACEAE. -
Leptospermum humifusum A. Cunn. ex Schau.
PLANTAGINACEAE.
Plantago muelleri Pilger lc
PRCTEACEAE.
Belleudena montana R. Br. c.
Crites acicularis R. Br. a
0. revoluta R. Br. a
Persoonia gunnii Hook. f.
RANUNCULACEAE.
Caltha phylloptera A.W. Hill lc
.Ranunculus nanus Hook
ROSACEAE.
Rubus gunnianus Hook. lc
Acaena anserinifolia & G. Forst.) Druce
A. I montana Hook. f.
RUBIACEAE.
Coprosma nitida Hook. f: 15.
SANTALACEAE.
Exocarpos huthifusus R. Br.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Euphrasia striata R. Br.
Ourisia integrifolia R, Br.
THYMELAEACEAE.
Pimelea sericea R. Br.
UMBELLIFERAE.
Diplaspis hydrocotyle Hook. .,?
WINTERACEAE.
Drimys lanceolata (Poir.) Baill.
4. ANGIOSPERMAE -(Monocotyledonae).
CENTROLEPIDACEAE.
Centrolepis sp.
Trithuria submersa Hook. f. lc
CYPERACEAE.
Calorophus lateriflorps (R. Br.) F. Muell.
Carpha alpina R. Br.
Oreobolus distichus F. Muell.
0. pumilo R. Br.
Scirpus sp.
Uncinia sp.
GRAMINEAE.
Dahthonia sp..
Hierochloe sp.
Poa australis (spp. agg.) (R. tr.) J.H. Willis ic
LILIACEAE.
Astelia alpina R. Tx. a
Milligania densiflora Hook. 16.
RESTIONACEAE.
Restioaustralis R. Br. lc
Appendix 4d : Lake Vera CatChterit'Area.
(incomplete regarding rare species)
1. BRYOPHYTA
SpHAGNACEAE.
Sphagnum sp. lc
2. LYCOPSIDA & PTERIDOPHYTA
BLECHNACEAE.
Blechnum procerum (Forst.)
Blechnum
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE.
Histreopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. • r
GLEICHENIACEAE.
Gleichenia circinnata Schartz
ISOETACEAE.
Isoetes gunnii A. Br.,
3, GYMNOSPERMAE..
PODOCARPACEAE.
Dacrydium franklinii Hook. f. lc
Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Labill.) Hook. f.
TAXOCIACEAE.
Athrotaxis selaginoid3s Don lc
4. ANGIOSPERMAE (Dicotyledonae)
COMPOSITAE.
Erigeron s .
CUNONIACEAE.
Bauera rubioides - Andr.
Anodopetalum biglandulosum A. Cunn. ex Hook. f. 17.
DROSERACEAE.
Drosera arcturi Hook.
ELAEOCARPACEAE.
Aristotelia peduncularis (Labill.) Hook. f.
EPACRIDACEAE.
Archeria eriocarpa Hook. f. lc
A. hirtella (Hook. f.) Hook. f.
Cyathodes juniperina (Forst.) Druce lc
Cyathodes sp.
Epacris heteromema Labill. lc
Epacris impressa Labill.
E. serpyllifolia R. Br.
Monotoca glauca (Labill.) Druce
M. scoparia var. submutica (Sm.) R. Br.
Prionotes cerinthoides (Labill.) R. Br. lc
Richea milliganii (Hook. f.) F. Muell.
R. pandanifolia Hook. f.
R. scoparia Hook. f. lc
Sprengelia incarnata Sm. lc
Trochocarpa cunninghamii (DC.) W.M. Curtis lc
T. gunnii (Hook. f.) Benth.
ESCALLONIACEAE.
Anopterus glandulosus Labill.
EUCRYPHIACEAE.
Eucryphia lucida (Labill.) Baill. a
E. milliganii Hook. f.
FAGACEAE.
Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst.
MIMOSACEAE.
Acacia mucronata Willd.
MONIMIACEAE. 18.
Atherosperma moschatum Labill. a
MYRTACEAE.
Callistemon sp. • lc.
Eucalyptus simmOndsii Maiden
E. vernicosa Hook.. f.
Leptospermum lanigerum Sm. ic
L. nitidum Hook. f. lc
L. sericeum Labill. lc
L. scoparium Forst. lc
PAPILIONACEAE..
Pultenaea juniperina Labill. lc
Oxylobium ellipticum R. Br. lc
PITTOSPORACEAE.
Pittosporum bicolor Hook.
PROTEACEAE.
Agastachya odorata R. Br. . c.
Banksia marginata Cav. lc
Bellendena montana R. Br.
Cenarrhenes nitida Labill.
Hakea epi1ottis Labill.. le
• Lomatia polymorpha R. Br.
Orites diversifolia R. Br.
0. milliganii Meisn. in Hook.
Telopea truncata (Labill.) R. Br. lc
ROSACEAE.
Rubus gunnianus Hook.
RUBIACEAE.
Coptosma nitida Hook. f.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Euphrasia sp. 19.
THYMELAEACEAE.
Pimelia drupacea (Labill.)
5. ANGIOSPERMAE (Monocotyledonae)
CYPERACEAE.
Cladium glomeratum R. Br. l c
Gahnia psittacorum Ewart lc
Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus (R. Br.)Hook. f.
Lepidosperma sp. lc
• LILIACEAE.
Astelia alpina R. Br.
Diplarrhena morea Labill. lc
RESTIONACEAE.
Hypolaena longissima Benth. lc
Restio australis R. Br. lc
R. complanatus R. Br. lc
R. tetraphyllus Labill. lc
XYRIDACEAE.
Xyris operculata Labill. l c
Appendix 4e: Southeastern Cirque, AdamsOns Peak 1 .
1. LYCOPSIDA & PTERIDOPHYTA.
LYCOPODIACEAE.
Lycopodium fastigatum R. Br.
L. scariosum Forst. f.
GLEICHENIACEAE.
Gleichenia circinnata Swartz
2. GYMNOSPERMAE.
PODOCARPACEAE.
Microcachrys tetragona (Hook.) Hook. f.
1. Census of plants probably incomplete due to loss of field notes. 20.
Podocarpus alpina Hook. f. (incl. P. lawrenCii Hook. f.)-
3. *ANGIOSPERMAE (Dicotyledonae)
- COMPOSITAE.
Brachycome sp. r.
Celmisia longifolia Cass lc
Ewartia meridithae (F. Muell.) Beauv.
Helichryaum ledifolium (Sond.) Druce lc
H. obcordatum (DC.) F. Muell. ex Benth. lc
Olearia ledifolia (Hook. f.) Benth. lc
Pterygopappus lawrencii Hook. f.
Senecio papillosus F. Muell,
CUNONIACEAE.
Bauera rubioides Andr. lc
DONATIACEAE
Donatia novae-zelandiae J.R. & G. Forst.
DROSERACEAE.
Drosera arcturi Hook. lc
EPACRIDACEAE.
Cyathodes juniperina (Forst.) Druce
C. ParviEolia R. Br. lc
Drachophyllum milliganii Hook. f. lc
Epacris gunnii Hook. f. • lc
E. serpyllifolia R. Br. lc
Monotoca empetrifolia R. Br.,?
Pentachondra pumila (Forst.) R. Br. lc
Richea milliganii (Hook. f.) F. Much. lc
R:pandanifolia Hook. f. lc
R. scoparia Hook. f. a
• R. sprengeloides R. Br.
Sprengelia incarnata Sm. 210
Trochocarpa thymifolia (R. B Sprang.
ERICACEAE.
Gaultheria hispida R. Br.
EUCRYPHIACEAE.
Eucryphia milliganii Hook. f. C
FAGACEAE.
Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook. ) Oerst.
N. gunnii (Hook, Jr.) Oerst,?
GENTIANACEAE.
Gentianella diemensis (Grieseb.) J.H. Willis
GERANIACEAE.
Geranium microphyllum Hook.
LOGANIACEAE.
Mitrasacme archeri Hook. f.
MYRTACEAE.
Baeckea gunnianus Schau.
Eucalyptus coccifera Hook. f.
E. vernicosa Hook. f., ?
PLANTAGINACEAE.
Plantago tasmanica Hook.
P. muelleri Pilger
PROTEACEAE.
Bellendena montana R. Br.
0rites acicularis R. Br.
0. diversifolia R. Br.
O. revoluta R. Br.
Persoonia gunnii Hook. f. lc
Telopea truncata (Labill.) R. Br.
ROSACEAE.
Geum renifolium F. Muell. Rubus gunnianus Hook.
RUBIACEAE.
Coprosma nitida Hook. f.
SANTALACEAE.
Exocarpos humifusus R. Br. lc
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Euphrasia sp. lc
STYLIDIACEAE.
Stylidium graminifolium Swartz
VIOLACEAE.
Viola hederacea Labill.
WINTERACEAE.
Drimys lanceolata (Poir.) Baill.
4. ANGIOSPERMAE (Monocotyledonae)
CENTROLEPIDACEAE
Centrolepis sp. lc
CYPERACEAE.
Calorophus lateriflorus (R. Br.) F. Muell. lc
Carpha alpina R. Br.
Oreobolus spp. a
Scirpus sp.
Uncinia sp. lc
GRAMINEAE.
Microlaena tasmanica var. alpina Rod.
Poa sp.
LILIACEAE.
Astelia alpina R. Br. a
Diplarrhena morea Labill. lc
Milligania sp. lc 23.
RESTIONACEAE.
Hypolaena sp.
Restio australis R. Br. a
Restio oligocephalus F. Muell. APPENDIX 5
Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae spp. occurring inland are :
Ptilotus spathulatus, occasional in dry (predominantly rainshadow) areas throughout the State.
Alternanthera denticulaLa, local in damp ground in the midlands and north of the State. Pollen of this species is 'fenestrate' and readily distinguishable from all other Chenopodiaceae end Amaranthaceae spp.
Rhagodia nutans, found inland, but from herbarium records occurs over- whelmingly near the coast.
Chenopodium glaucum ssp ambiguum, one herbarium record of an occurrence at Lake Dulverton ("midlands"), possibly overlooked around other inland lakes or possibly introduced by pastoral activities in the region.
With reference to the occurrence of Chenopodiaceae and
Amaranthaceae spp. around inland lakes, a surface sample from a saline lake at Tunbridge (northern midlands) (salinity 2.5 - 5% R.T. Buckney per. comm.) was analysed. This modern pollen assemblage was dominated by pollen from the saltwater hydrophyte Ruppia. Pollen from Gramineae and cf. Wilsonia (a salt-marsh taxon) were abundant along with a minor component of pastoral genera, Rumex, Taraxacum - Microsaris and Plantago lanceolata and Eucalyptus. On Chenopodiaceae pollen was encountered. ERRATA
Fig. 37 - read Spvridium for Sprydium.
Fig. 38 - read Spore (indet. 'origin) for Spore (indet. origan).
Fig. 44 - read Ophioglossales for Ophioglosales.
Fig, 54 - read Athrotaxis for Atrotaxis. • Fig. 55 - read Cvnoglossum for Cyanoglossum. . Histiopteris and Lycopodium scariosum are consistently mis-spelt •Histreopteris and Lycopodium scariosium respectively in the pcIllen . diagrams, Figs...35i 38, 40, 50 and 55. The correction of these
and possibly other undetected mistakes is not possible due to the
high cost of photographically reproducing the diagrams (for the
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Two supporting papers have been removed for copyright or propriety reasons.
The papers are:
New deglaciation dates from Tasmania, 1975, Search, vol. 6/4 pp 127‐130
Late Pleistocene environments in Tasmania, 1975, Search, vol 6/7, pp295‐300