336. CHAPTER FOURTEEN the Manchester Model Secular School
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
336. CHAPTER FOURTEEN The Manchester Model Secular School 1. Founding the school The Manchester Model Secular School, opened in August 1854 by leading N.S.P.A. members, was not just a remark- able local venture in giving a first class education free to the lower working class but a clever device intended to drive a wedge into the Privy Council system of grants which was amajor support of denominational schools, especially those of the Church of England. The wedge was an indirect means of opening the way for rate funded schools which was blocked at the legislative level. If its aims had been purely local, Cobden would not have been involved himself so fully in its establishment. The grand strategy was probably his, as had been that of the Manchester Society in 1837. There were several reasons why many N.P.S.A. members were drawn to the idea of founding a school in the summer of 1853. The Select Committee had resulted in neither government action nor agreement with the M.S.C. There was a need, in the doldrums of educational progress, to engage in new activity in order to keep up enthusiasm and cohesion. Lord Russell's remark to the N.P.S.A. deputa- tion on 3 June 1853 - attended by Cobden - that the association had not given any practical example of secular education, was suggestive in the prevailing mood. The allegation of working class indifference to day schools needed to be refuted. It must be shown that there was 337. a big potential working class demand for day schools providing an education which really helped their children to get on in life. On 23 June, Cobden told Combe, who was staying in London at this time, that he favoured the establishment of secular schools like those promoted by William Ellis as examples of the schools which the working class preferred and as examples of what secular education really was. Combe immediately informed Ellis, who offered £5,000 for founding a school if Cobden agreed to lead the scheme. Cobden was shown Ellis' letter and on 30 June he promised Combe that he would recommend a model school to his friends in Manchester.1 For five years, William Ellis (1800-1881), a wealthy director of a London insurance company, had been a co- adjutor of Combe in spreading the gospel of secular educa- tion. He had spent a great deal of money in founding schools generally known as Birkbeck Schools, in honour of George Birkbeck, pioneer of Mechanics' Institutes, who died in 1841. The first of seven schools in London aided by Ellis was the day school opened in 1848 at the National Hall, Holborn, an institution for adult education managed by William Lovett, the "moral force" Chartist. Outside London, there were schools in Manchester, Glasgow and Edinburgh, Combe and J. Simpson were closely associated with the latter school, known as Williams School, after the headmaster. Ellis had been a member of J.S. Mill's circle in the 1820's and 1830's but whereas Mill had nothing but contempt for Combe's phrenology and philosophy, Ellis was deeply 338. influenced by it. In political economy, he was influenced by the League's teachings and by Bastiat. He pioneered a new field in education by making a distilled essence of Combe and Bastiat's ideas which he called "social economy", first expounded in Outlines of Social Economy (1846). Like Combe, Ellis was strongly critical of the content and methods of the current school education of all classes - "Reading, Writing and Catechism for the poor.... Latin, Greek and mythology for the rich". He believed that the core of the curriculum after the basic three "R"s should be human physiology, natural science and social economy - the understanding by the individual of his own body, of physical nature and of the nature of society. The aim was to enable the child to promote his own wellbeing and that of society, there being no conflict between the two when individual and social interests were properly understood.2 Cobden had visited the Birkbeck school in Chancery Lane and Lovett's school with Combe on 2 June 1851 and was very pleased with what he saw. He urged the importance of teaching social economy to children in the House of Commons in May 1854. But he was not converted to the idea of winning over the middle class public to secular education by opening more of these private schools. He wanted to use such a school to show that the whole working class would gladly seize such education for its children if it was free. What was needed was a demonstra- tion of a huge hidden demand for a good, practical education which the denominational schools, with a narrow curriculum and charging fees, could neither stimulate nor 339. satisfy. Cobden's ultimate aim was to win the battle for ratepayers to establish schools at least in the industrial areas. He and the other leaders of the N.P.S.A. decided to open a free model school not because they doubted that a good school could be partly filled with fee paying working class children but because they wanted to show that large sections of the working class could not afford to sustain even small fees over several years. This problem could only be solved by schools which were "free" in the sense of being funded by the ratepayers. This, in turn, meant schools which parents of all religions or none had the right to use and which therefore could not teach doctrinal religion as part of the compulsory curriculum. The specific strategy which Cobden had in mind was, if the school was a success, to challenge the Privy Council rule that grants could only be made to a school if there was religious instruction. Williams Secular School in Edinburgh had challenged the rule without success in July 1853 but it was thought that its use had been weakened by being a fee paying school and by no means mainly patronised by working class parents. Cobden thought that a Manchester free secular school could present a much more powerful moral challenge to the Privy Council. This strategy had a further subtle extension. If private secular schools were made eligible for public money, one of the main arguments for resisting rate supported education by the Church of England (outside Manchester) and by voluntary school opponents - that it would lead to secular education - would be undermined. 340. On 1 August 1853, Dr. J. Watts proposed the estab- lishment of a secular school at a N.P.S.A. Executive Committee meeting and on 15 August a letter from Ellis offering £5,000 was read. There was some opposition to the establishing the school as it was not within the objects of the association. Subsequently, an independent Committee of Management was appointed in July 1854. Cobden wrote offering £100 for the school and arranged to meet supporters in Manchester on 21 October 1853. At this meeting, Cobden's motion for a free school, with facilities for ministers of religion to give instruction at separate hours, attendance at which would be voluntary, was passed and a provisional committee appointed. The members agreed to guarantee at least £500 per annum for three years to cover the running costs. Later on, the decision about allowing ministers in was reversed.3 Ellis was not pleased to learn of the decision to establish a free school and he tried to argue Cobden out of it. He understood the aim of altering the Privy Council rules but he feared that filling the school with the poorest children, with bad home influences and liable to irregular attendance would militate against its becoming a truly model school and would probably harm the public impression of secular education. But of course the Manchester men would not budge from their decision, and the result was that Ellis refused to provide £5,000. It would appear from the printed lists that he did not subscribe anything until 1857 when the financial situation was desperate. Ellis' profferred donation was obviously intended to 341. build a school and endow it. Now the promoters were forced to depend almost entirely on local subscriptions which Cobden knew would not be large. The middle class public of Manchester, split fairly evenly between the Church of England and dissenters, was no more prepared to support a secular school than it was the NPSP programme. The provisional committee was mainly composed of the NPS•A• leadership of Unitarians, Quakers, Jews and liberal minded dissenters and Anglicans such as R.W. Smiles (Secretary), Dr. J. Watts, R.N. Philips, R.M. Shipman, J. King, H.J. Leppoc, Rev. DR. W. McKerrow, Rev. J.R. Beard, Rev. W.F. Walker, Thomas Bazley, Joseph Whitworth, Cobden. Given the exclusion of revealed religion from the curriculum, and the general prejudice against free provision of a service for which some at least might be able to pay, it is not surprising that the committee only succeeded in getting fifty other subscribers by the end of 1854. However, just enough money was raised - £336 - to meet all initial and running expenses. Significantly, the two Manchester MP5, John Bright and T. Mimer Gibson, both N.P.S.A. members (Bright from January 1854) were not subscribers, almost certainly because of a reluctance to be too closely identified, from a local constituency point of view, with "secularism". Apart from Cobden, MP for West Riding, only two other MP5 were subscribers: W. Brown (S. Lancashire) and W.A. Wilkinson (Lambeth).