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Neandertal Clavicle Length: Supporting Information Erik Trinkaus,A Trenton W

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Neandertal Clavicle Length: Supporting Information Erik Trinkaus,A Trenton W Neandertal Clavicle Length: Supporting Information Erik Trinkaus,a Trenton W. Hollidayb & Benjamin M. Auerbachc a Department of Anthropology, Washington University, Saint Louis MO 63130, USA; b Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans LA 70118, USA; c Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, USA Early Assessments of Neandertal Clavicle Length The earliest consideration of Neandertal clavicle length, of which we are aware, was that of Boule (1) with respect to the La Ferrassie 1 clavicles. The Feldhofer (Neandertal) 1 and Spy 1 and 2 partial clavicles were known previously (2,3), but there does not seem to have been any consideration of their absolute or relative lengths. Moreover, although Boule (p. 105) noted the relative length of the La Ferrassie 1 clavicles (“Les clavicules de La Ferrassie accusent un indice claviculo-huméral dépassant 54. Ce chiffre est très supérieur à celui de la moyenne humaine; il est tout à fait exceptionnel.”), he questioned the significance of claviculohumeral index variation (“Je ne crois pas ailleurs que le rapport claviculo-huméral soit une donnée bien interessante, car les divers singes anthropoïdes ont des clavicules fort différentes, non seulement comme forme, mais aussi comme dimensions relatives.”). Figure S1. Paired right clavicles (cranial view) and humeri (anterior view) for Late Pleistocene humans. Neandertals: La Ferrassie 1 (Ferr1) and Regourdou 1 (Reg1). Upper Paleolithic modern humans: Dolní Věstonice 13 (DV13), Pataud 5 (Pat5), and Sunghir 1 (Su1). Note that for all clavicle–humerus pairs except Regourdou 1, both bone images derive from the same original photograph, and hence there is no issue of scaling distortion. 1 Table S1. Clavicular and humeral maximum lengths (mm), femoral anteroposterior head diameter (FHD, mm), estimated body mass (BM, kg) and skeletal bi-iliac breadth (BIB, mm) for Pleistocene humans. The Upper Paleolithic ones include only specimens ≥15 ka BP. Unless otherwise indicated, data are from Trinkaus and/or Holliday (pers. observ.). Estimated values are in parentheses. Sexa Clavicle– Clavicle– Humerus– Humerus– FHD–Rt FHD–Lt BMb BIB Rt Lt Rt Lt Neandertals La Chapelle–a.–S. 1 M 312.0 52.4 81.1 (292.0) Feldhofer 1c,d M (170.0) 319.5 (52.5) 52.0 80.6 La Ferrassie 1e M 178.0 (335.0) (54.0) (54.0) 84.9 La Ferrassie 2 F 286.0 45.9 66.4 Kebara 2f M 165.5 316.0 323.0 (47.8) 70.3 313.0 Krapina 142g 149.5 ((64.2)) Palomas 96h F (145.0) 272.0 43.0 59.9 Regourdou 1i M 158.0 310.0 (45.8) 64.5 Shanidar 3c,j M (165.0) (319.0) Shanidar 4 M (305.0) 49.2 73.5 Tabun 1 F 286.0 (44.5) 63.3 Middle Paleolithic Modern Humans Omo–Kibish 1f,k (158.0) (45.7) 65.1 Qafzeh 9c F (130.0) (330.0) 44.5 63.3 Skhul 4l M 337.0 47.9 46.6 69.0 (280.0) Skhul 5f,l M (154.0) 380.0 379.0 (47.2) 68.8 Upper Paleolithic Modern Humans Barma Grande 2m M (163.0) 374.0 379.0 52.4 81.1 294.0 Bausu da Ture 2m M 167.0 (363.0) Caviglione 1 F 157.8 (335.0) 46.1 66.8 Cro–Magnon 1f,n M 317.7 45.5 47.8 66.6 Dolní Věstonice 3 F (309.0) 40.5 54.3 Dolní Věstonice 13 M (165.0) (165.0) 336.0 332.0 47.0 48.0 69.5 264.0 Dolní Věstonice 14 M (148.0) 374.0 50.5 51.4 77.8 260.0 Dolní Věstonice 16o M (170.0) (332.0) (50.5) (50.5) 76.6 2 Table S1 (cont.) Sexa Clavicle– Clavicle– Humerus– Humerus– FHD–Rt FHD–Lt BMb BIB Rt Lt Rt Lt Fanciulli 4m M 166.0 369.0 365.0 54.0 53.0 82.5 292.0 Fanciulli 5 F 134.0 291.0 39.5 52.1 Fanciulli 6 M 270.0 (41.8) 57.2 Kubbaniya 1p M 151.0 333.0 48.0 72.4 (275.0) Minatogawa 1q M (122.0) (122.0) 287.0 44.0 (44.0) 60.4 Minatogawa 2q F 261.0 37.0 42.9 (232.0) Minatogawa 3q F 112.0 (275.0) 38.0 38.0 48.8 247.0 Minatogawa 4q F (282.0) 36.7 42.3 Mittlere Klause 1r M (155.5) 304.0 48.1 72.0 Ohalo 2 M 150.0 147.0 343.5 48.6 49.3 73.0 287.0 Paglicci 25s F 150.0 148.0 328.0 323.0 43.5 43.0 60.5 Pataud 5t F 139.0 307.7 42.2 58.1 Paviland 1 M 337.0 48.7 72.4 (286.0) Předmostí 3u M 165.0 169.0 360.0 354.0 48.0 48.0 70.7 (279.0) Předmostí 4u F 156.0 324.0 318.0 47.0 48.0 71.7 265.0 Předmostí 9u M 148.0 328.0 330.0 42.0 42.0 55.7 Předmostí 10u F 150.0 310.0 (312.0) 47.0 48.0 71.7 Předmostí 14u M 154.0 157.0 336.0 335.0 46.0 47.0 66.2 263.0 Sunghir 1c,v M (194.0) (362.0) (50.4) (51.4) 77.6 Tam Hang 2w F 129.1 128.2 270.0 267.0 39.7 39.3 52.1 257.0 Tam Hang 3w F 115.5 117.3 265.0 263.0 39.1 39.9 52.1 260.0 Tam Hang 7w M 121.5 120.2 278.0 (36.4) (37.0) 42.3 Tam Hang 11w F (110.2) 116.2 257.0 255.0 Tam Hang 13w F 127.3 (126.3) (288.0) (283.0) Tam Hang 14w M 155.9 153.1 315.0 48.0 47.8 70.5 258.0 Tianyuan 1x (331.4) (53.8) 85.1 Early Pleistocene Homo Atapuerca ATD6–50y 161.5 KNM–WT 15000z (132.0) (132.0) (319.0) (50.0–53.0) Olduvai OH–48aa (150.0) 3 Notes to Table S1 a Sex attributions based on pelvic morphology, principally the shape of the greater sciatic notch. b Body mass is estimated from the average (or available) femoral head diameter, following Auerbach and Ruff (4) and Ruff (5); see Methods. c Clavicle length estimated from the preserved portion, filling in minor damage to the epiphysis or epiphyses. d The Feldhofer (Neandertal) 1 right clavicle is intact from the distal portion of the costoclavicular ligament facet to the distal end of the trapezoid ligament rugosity, for a preserved length of 143 mm. Given this, a previous estimate (6) of 150 mm is too short, and the estimate by one of us (TWH) of 153-162 mm appears to be as well. The distal end is within a few millimeters of the original acromial end, but the sternal end lacks 20–30 mm. By direct cast comparison, its maximum length was distinctly longer than that of the Kebara 2 clavicle (165.5 mm) but probably shorter than the La Ferrassie 1 left clavicle (178 mm). It is therefore reconstructed at ≈170 mm. Use of the shorter length estimates would reduce any contrasts between the Neandertals and early or recent modern humans. e Clavicle and humerus lengths from Heim (7). Femoral head diameters estimated based on the preserved oblique dimensions of the heads. The right clavicle is almost complete but insufficiently intact to evaluate whether it was the same length as the complete left one. f Femoral head diameter estimated from acetabular height, using a recent human regression (FHD = 0.936 x AcetHt – 6.0. r2 = 0.939, n = 89). g The Krapina 142 clavicle, as with all of the skeletal elements from Krapina, is isolated in the mixed assemblage (8). However, femoral heads (or acetabulae providing femoral head diameters) cluster in small and large morphs, a pattern evident throughout most the Krapina postcranial assemblage. The body mass provided is the average of the three smaller mature ones (Krapina 208; ~67.9 kg; Krapina 209: ~63.5 kg; Krapina 214: 61.2 kg); use of the estimate from the larger femoral head (Krapina 213: 80.9 kg) would place the relative length of the Krapina 142 clavicle near the lower margins of the Late Pleistocene and recent human distributions. h Clavicle length estimated, since the proximal epiphysis was unfused and not preserved (9). i The Regourdou 1 femoral head diameter is estimated from the diameter of the sphere fitted to its ischial lunate surface, courtesy of A.S. Hammond (cf. ref. 10). j The Shanidar 3 clavicle length originally published (11,12) was the preserved length; the length provided here and in Holliday (13) is the estimate based on minor restoration of the articular ends. k Measurements from Pearson et al. (14), with the clavicle length placed midway between their maximum and minimum values. l The Skhul 5 clavicle length estimate and the Skhul 4 and 5 humeral lengths from McCown and Keith (6). Note that McCown and Keith (6) provided a clavicle length estimate for Skhul 4, but the preserved length of the more complete right one is only 55.9% of their estimate; it is therefore not employed. m Data from Verneau (15) and Holliday (13). Bausu da Ture = Baousso da Torre; Fanciulli = Grotte–des–Enfants. n Includes data from the Cro–Magnon 4294 humeri and 4314 pelvis.
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