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Reading the Walls in Bogotá: Imaginaries of Violence in the Urban Visual Landscape

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Reading the Walls in Bogotá: Imaginaries of Violence in the Urban Visual Landscape Reading the Walls in Bogotá: Imaginaries of Violence in the Urban Visual Landscape Alba Griffin School of Modern Languages Newcastle University Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2019 Abstract This thesis examines urban imaginaries of violence in Bogotá, Colombia, through the lens of graffiti and street art. Signs of these aesthetic practices are abundant in the city, and my research brings together a range of subcultures, styles, motivations and messages to highlight the role of the urban visual landscape as a site through which imaginaries of violence are critiqued, negotiated and (re)produced. Informed by an ethnographic approach, the analysis focuses on the meanings attached to graffiti and street art in different areas of the city, collected through interviews and focus groups with their creators and the wider public. The thesis is structured around three case studies, which present some of the key contemporary trends in graffiti and street art in Bogotá. In the first, the dynamics of graffiti and street art on Calle 26 reveal competing ways of seeing political violence and diverse expectations of peace through the representation of memories of violence. In the second case study, the process of beautification is used to counteract the stigma attached to vulnerable neighbourhoods in Ciudad Bolívar and La Perseverancia, but it is hampered by the realities of structural and direct violence. Finally, in La Candelaria, attitudes to graffiti and street art are entangled in aesthetic hierarchies that reflect social hierarchies, which underscores the structural inequalities embedded in public space. The socio-spatial context informs the practices and imaginaries in, and of, these different places, and serves to highlight the heterogeneity of urban social groups and their diverse claims to space. By focusing specifically on the tensions, complexities and contradictions associated with graffiti and street art in these places, I show the convergence of violences in everyday life and their potential political, spatial and social implications, while also problematizing the cultural politics of these forms of expression. i ii Acknowledgements Thank you to everyone in Colombia who provided insights and suggestions for this project and were kind enough to share their time with me, and especially Cest, Mocs, Toxicómano, Yurika, Franco, Skore, Guache, DjLu, Stinkfish, Lucas, Wilson, Camilo and Luisa from Sur Vano, Atempo, Vértigo, Ana, Agua Vivas and Chya, Jóvenes UP, Cultura Futbolera, Cindy and the barristas in Kennedy, BeligerArte, Guayra, Subversión Visual, Machete, Chirrete Golden, Joems, Dexpierte, Saks, Kno Delix, Belén Bike, ArtoArte, Ink Crew, Tour, Super8, Lili Cuca, Lady Cristal, Nicee Naranja, Linares, Gary Drostle, Ana Mercedes, Nico, Gustavo, Juan Pablo and Iván, David, César, Omar, Gearóid, Catalina Rodríguez and Germán Gómez, Leo and Julia. Thank you to friends in Bogotá and in the UK who have provided consistent support throughout this project. Thanks to my family and, above all, to Stephen for everything. This research project was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and I would especially like to acknowledge the crucial support provided by many people at Newcastle University, but none more so than my supervisors, Dr Nick Morgan and Dr Kyle Grayson. iii Table of Contents Table of Figures .................................................................................................................. vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Violence in Colombia: the everydayness of political violence and the politics of everyday violence ............................................................................................................ 5 1.1.1 Direct violence ..................................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Structural violence ............................................................................................ 10 1.1.3 Cultural violence ............................................................................................... 12 1.2 Bogotá ...................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Graffiti and street art .............................................................................................. 16 1.3.1 Contemporary dynamics of graffiti and street art .......................................... 21 1.4 Thesis Structure ....................................................................................................... 25 Theoretical framework ..................................................................................................... 29 2.1 Seeing violence ........................................................................................................ 30 2.2 Listening to people .................................................................................................. 36 2.2.1 Imaginary .......................................................................................................... 37 2.2.2 Imagination ....................................................................................................... 41 2.3 Reading the walls..................................................................................................... 46 2.3.1 Heterogeneity and struggle.............................................................................. 47 2.3.2 Writing the city ................................................................................................. 50 2.4 Ambiguities .............................................................................................................. 54 Methods and Methodology .............................................................................................. 58 3.1 Studying violent cities ............................................................................................. 59 3.2 Ethnographic work .................................................................................................. 61 3.2.1 Getting to grips with (violence in) the city ....................................................... 61 3.2.2 Graffiti and street art in the city ...................................................................... 65 3.3 Interviews ................................................................................................................ 69 3.4 Focus groups and vox pops ..................................................................................... 72 3.5 Visual Analysis ......................................................................................................... 74 3.6 Dealing with data..................................................................................................... 77 3.7 A note on ethics ....................................................................................................... 78 3.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 80 Calle 26: Memory and the everydayness of political violence ........................................ 81 4.1 Calle 26 ..................................................................................................................... 82 iv 4.2 Representing political violence ............................................................................... 89 4.2.1 Civilian victims .................................................................................................. 90 4.2.2 Public commemoration ..................................................................................... 98 4.3 Complexities and contradictions .......................................................................... 103 4.3.1 Negotiating the state...................................................................................... 104 4.3.2 Normalising violence ...................................................................................... 112 4.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 122 Ciudad Bolívar and La Perseverancia: The politics of beautifying the neighbourhood 129 5.1 Ciudad Bolívar and La Perseverancia .................................................................... 130 5.2 Representing non-violence ................................................................................... 139 5.2.1 Beautifying space ............................................................................................ 140 5.2.2 Neighbourhood dynamics ............................................................................... 150 5.3 Complexities and contradictions .......................................................................... 157 5.3.1 Gaps, silences, negotiations ........................................................................... 157 5.3.2 Romanticisation vs Demonization .................................................................. 164 5.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 169 La Candelaria and the centre: Aesthetic hierarchies and the politics of everyday violence ............................................................................................................................ 174 6.1 La Candelaria .........................................................................................................
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