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THE POLITICS of the FALL in ST. AUGUSTINE of HIPPO by Michael

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THE POLITICS of the FALL in ST. AUGUSTINE of HIPPO by Michael THE POLITICS OF THE FALL IN ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO By Michael T. Giles A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Political Science—Doctor of Philosophy 2020 ABSTRACT THE POLITICS OF THE FALL IN ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO By Michael T. Giles This dissertation examines the thought of St. Augustine of Hippo, arguing for the importance of “the fall” of mankind for contemporary political life. Augustine believes that human nature was shaped by a cataclysmic fall from grace. His influential interpretation of the Biblical story is well-known, and yet the political features of this account have not been subjected to a systematic study. This work aims to remedy this shortcoming by wrestling with Augustine’s presentation of the fall across a wide variety of political concerns. The dissertation proceeds in four substantive chapters, each of which deals with a different sphere of human endeavor or hope. Chapter one considers Augustine’s account of work before and after the fall, and compares his view with the more contemporary and secular ideas of Karl Marx. The second chapter analyzes the effect of the fall on human sociality. It makes the case that Augustine sees a duality in mankind’s originally social nature. In the third chapter, I contend that Augustine sees the basic political problems of desire and mortality as dominating the life of mankind as a fallen creature. It is the fall that transforms these things into problems for us. Finally, the fourth chapter gives an original account of Augustine’s treatment of glory-seeking. From all these chapters a surprising conclusion can be drawn: the idea of human corruption, far from simply denouncing humanity as depraved, articulates a much more nuanced, balanced, and ultimately realistic account of political life. Copyright by MICHAEL T. GILES 2020 4 For my parents, the one who lives the life of the blessed,1 and the other – still a peregrinatus in this earthly city.2 1 The City of God XXII.30. 2 The City of God, Preface. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deep and manifold debts to those who have assisted in the beginning, progress, and completion of this dissertation. I am grateful for Steve Kautz, under whose kind and wise supervision this project first took shape. We have sorely missed him ever since his untimely passing in 2018. I am equally grateful to Dustin Sebell for coming alongside me at that time and seeing this project through. He has been the model advisor: attentive, present, and always full of constructive criticisms. Beyond that, his scholarship is very much worthy of emulation. I wish I could understand the pre-Socratics as he does. I wish to thank the other members of my committee, Arthur Melzer, Mary Keys, and Corwin Smidt, for their generous contributions, as well as past members of the committee Benjamin Kleinerman, Eric Petrie, and Eric Juenke. I especially wish to single out Dr. Melzer for furnishing to me an example of stellar teaching and writing. I learned a lot from watching him teach Introduction to Political Philosophy. He showed me that what a teacher most requires, beyond a love for their subject, is courage – and I saw that displayed on more than one occasion. I thank also Sarah Reckhow, Ani Sarkissian, and Tom Hammand – present and past directors of the PhD Program, as well as assistants Rhonda Burns, Sarah Krause, and Kelly Washburn. I owe a special debt to the good people at the University of Notre Dame, especially Mary Keys, from whom I learned a lot about Augustine and about the standards of good scholarship. Her kindness in welcoming me to Notre Dame, her graciousness in agreeing to be on my committee, as well as her repeated reviews of the manuscript, are all heartily appreciated. I greatly enjoyed her leadership in the Augustine course last spring, which served as rocket fuel for the dissertation. I also thank Phillip Muñoz for making it possible for me to work with Dr. Keys through a Pre-Doctoral Fellowship in the Tocqueville Program. v I praise also the colleagues who helped me to run a good race. First, I appreciate the contributions, and more than that, the friendship of my fellow doctoral students at Michigan State, in particular Doug Walker, Dan Fram, Jacob Snyder, Emma Slonina, Jessica Schoenherr, Peter Penar, Dan Hansen, Jonathan Spiegler, Xe Xia, Tianhong Ying, and Eric Allison. I am a better scholar for knowing these people. I wish to give special thanks to Matthijs Kronemeijer for his friendship and tireless assistance with my dissertation. He caught more than his fair share of errors. I am thankful for all the people who spent time writing alongside me, especially Trevor Anderson of Notre Dame. We were going strong there for a while, until Covid-19 put a stopper on things. I would be remiss, also, if I did not thank the Institute for Humane Studies for their scholarly and financial support, as well as the various members of APSA and MPSA panels that commented on various drafts of my research. A debt of a different kind I owe to my friends and family, who encouraged me in every intellectual endeavor. To my parents, Tom and Nancy Giles, I can only say that providence gave me more, in their example, nurture, and godliness, than a human being would think to ask for. They are among the great and good. To them I dedicate this work. I thank my siblings Peter, Laura, and Stephen for their ample support and encouragement. Thanks to Todd, Alex, Ghassan, Christian, and Tim – my merry band. This dissertation would not have been completed without the help of the Schaefer clan either, especially Kathy and Dick, who let me take up residence in their air-conditioned house. Without them and their generous supply of snacks and gentle encouragement, I would not have found such joy in this dissertation as I have. Finally, and most importantly, I must express gratitude to my lovely wife, who has walked with me through many long trials. Her friendship is one of the things I treasure most in this world. In her care for our vi child William, she displays more patience than any teacher. I am thankful to be together, for life, with someone who loves God and neighbor as impressively as she does. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review and Plan for the Dissertation ........................................................................ 8 CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 14 The Fulfillment and Agony of Work According to Marx ........................................................... 16 Work in Eden ............................................................................................................................. 24 Fallen Work ............................................................................................................................... 32 Living for Work ......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 48 Mankind: The Social Creature? ................................................................................................ 52 Quarrelsome by Corruption ...................................................................................................... 58 Sociality and Self-Love .............................................................................................................. 65 The Fall and Rule of a Social Nature ....................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 74 The Unfree Will ......................................................................................................................... 78 Shame About Nakedness ............................................................................................................ 81 Desire and Mortality ................................................................................................................. 90 Desiring Happiness ................................................................................................................... 97 A Realism of Extremes ............................................................................................................. 101 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 106 Earthly Glory and Civic Virtue ............................................................................................... 109 The Libido Dominandi and the Love of Praise ....................................................................... 118 America: Guinea Pig of Providence? ..................................................................................... 123 Demonic and Angelic Glory-Seeking ...................................................................................... 127 Founding ................................................................................................................................. 130 Man, the Substitutor ...............................................................................................................
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