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The Sequence of Tenses in Latin
by Cora Anice Mathes 1905
Submitted to the Department of Latin and Greek of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts
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Latin
MathesfCora Anice 1905
"The sequence of tenses in
Latin." * • I • •* '* *** ;,| i,i 'V ' THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN LATIN, < • /.
A Master's Thesis based on Cicero's Orations. » >.v By Cora Aniae Mathes. i
In this paper I propose to examine the tenses of1 Cicerofc orations I and II vs. Cat&line,the one in favor of the Manilian Law, and the one for the poet Arohias,to see if there is any auA thing as a mechanical sequence of tenses. I have examined the verbs in the indicative as well as those in the subjunctive in order to prove or refute the truth of the statement- that the indi cative and the subjunctive behave alike. I have come to the con%* elusion,as I shall show later on,that while,as Professor Hale saf the subjunctive tenses, have their own particular meanings, yet as Professor walker holds,there iS a mechanical sequence and the ancients felt it to. be true. As my statistics will show,the * indicative and the subjunctive do not behave alike beaause there are more exceptions proportionally in the indicative than lir the subjunctive. This subject has been thoroughly discussed by Profeii sor Kale,and a very complete treatise of it as illustrated fcff Caesar's Gallic i/ar is shpwn in Professor Walker's thesis for Doator's degree. But in order to completely prove the theory,.it is necessary to examine quite extensively more than one author; All I attempt to do is-to prove it with-reference to the oratioli mentioned,and-the results of my investigation, are practically the same as Professor v/alker finds in examining-Caesar's Gallic -a* V
War. T'he"rule of seq.uena'e'% as ordinarily stated, says that in subjunctive subordinate Glauses primary tenses depend on primary tenses and secondary on secondary. No. one now holds,however, that this means simply what it implies,that the subjunctive tenses have no meaning of their own' but' are wholly dependent upon^h0 "tense of the main verb. It is generally conceded that they do have meaning of their own,although it is a question
of debate as to how far this meaning governs - the tense use and; how far the mechanical dependence upon the main- verti governs it. This can be solved only by the most careful examination of Latin authors. If we find that in some construction the sub• junctive is invariably Used out of sequence (which we do not ffcd^ it will be' an evidence of the faat that the tense is used for ife own meaning,while on the other hand- if we find-that isatead of using a tense in the subjunctive out of sequence the same thought is expressed in some other way,as by using the indice# tive,it will go to prove that the ancients had a feeling of sequence and tried to avoid using- the subjunctive out of se• quence; it will also prove that they did not have the same feel* ing with regard to the indicative. Of course there is no abso• lute certainty as to what the author thought of using and decid• ed to use something else,but in some cases the evidence is quite clear. I have examined every subordinate tense,both indicative and subjunctive,and compared the numbpr-of each in1 sequence and -3- o.ut. Exceptions- to the rule of sequence' fall under certain categories or tense idioms; some are classified according to the Iiind of clause .in which they, occur-and others according to their meaning. As to the meanings of the tenses Professor Walter and Professor Kale practically agree. All tenses of the indicative mas express one or both of two ideas:1.The time-sphere of an act or state(past,present,»r futur$; 2. The stage of advancement of an act or state in its time-sphere(completed,in progress,or yet to take place). The tenses of the stage generally express the time of the subord* inate act relatively to the time of the main act,as,relative;^ ly past, relatively present,or relatively future. The partic• ular time with reference to which an act is looked at is called the Point of Reference,or Point of View. "The aoristia.tenses are absolute because they express an act as a whole,and not in some stage with reference to some particular time or point of view. Professor Hale reaognizes the aoristic perfect(aorist
• proper),aoristic present,and aoristic future. Professor WalXttr recognizes, in addition-,the aoristic pluperfect and the aorislc future ppfect. However, iir iftirf- study of Cicero's orations I have talcen account of only the historical perfect, or aorist proper,as it is very difficult to distinguish the others from the corresponding tnses of the stage.
Tenses of the stage express time-sphere as well as stag of advancement relative to a time whiah is in the mind as the point of reference. For the past,they are the pluperfect,impef- feet, and per.iphrastia; for the present, they are the present, the present perfect(true perfect),and the periphrastic;for the future, they are the future, future perfect, and the peri• phrastic. But in this paper the periphrastics have been clas• sified with reference to the auxiliary only. The ordinary imperfect is called the descriptive imperfect to distinguish it from the imperfect of repeated action. In order to be in sequence both formally and logically, the dependent verb must be in a descriptive tense and must be of the same time-sphere as the verb on which it depends. This inaludes (l.)the imperfect and- pluperfect depending upon a-tense of the past,as, impBfect,pl'upBfect, or aorist. (2)the preent and present perfect depending on a present- or present perfect, (o)future and future perfect depending, on a future,or future perfect.,, We aair easily see why the subordinate- verb should be in a descriptive tense. When a man thinks of a series of events he naturally selects some as being more important than others in the series,aosequently he expresses them aoristiaally,or. by the aoristic tense,from the present'as ther.point: of view. In connection with the main events,he thinks of the condition of affairs at the time of the event in mind,or of natural laws affecting it,and these thoughts he naturally expresses by tenses of the stage,either present,past,or future, However, he thinks of these things only as they affect the main ideas and as being subordinate to them; therefore,he expresses them by subordinate sentenoes. However,if the sentence is too -5- clumsy,he may express the subordinate thoughts by independent sentences but he would still naturally use the descriptive teji.se, or tense of situation.
An aorist depending on a present,either historical or de^
scriptiv^is formally in sequence because the rule does not tafce account of the two kinds of presents and because the aorist has
the same form as the present perfect, ve see the rule is incon•
sistent, however, because it does not work both ways. A present
depending on a present-perfect is formally in. sequence but
is formally out when depending- on an aorist,although the aorist
still has the form of a present perfect. Logically speaking,tfce
aori^tis out of sequence when used as a subordinate verb,no
matter on what tense it depends,beaause the descriptive is the
natural subordinate tense. An aorist depending upon an aorist'
is out of sequelae both formally and logically,so,also,,is a :
present depending on an aorist,
Professor Kale says the tenses in the subjunctive may
have two uses. The present may represent a present idea or an-
idea future to the-present; the perfect may serve as either
perfect or future pcfect;the imperfect as either imperfect or
future to the past;the pluperfect as either pluperfect or
future perfect to the past. Professor Walker enlarges upon
this discussion showing that in clauses of resulls, charactering.
Glauses, causal and adversative relative clauses,g^m. clauses,
indireot questions and indirect discourse,concessive 6ither
independent or with quamvls or Ut,the tense meanings of the -6- subjunctive correspond to those of the indicative and' in these cases they develope out of constructions in which the subjunct• ive had the future idea* The present subjunctive depending' on a present has three different uses, examples of which we find in Cicero. 1. It "may b3 equivalent to a present indicative e* ^>-possit depending on &§t in the first sentence of Maniliari Law, ch. XV. 2. it may be a present future,as in Oration II,ch. 7,1. 23, sit depending on timeo. in which case the tense seems to have two legs, so to speai^ a present and a future.- 3. It may be a present with the meaning of a future, or a "present^uture'' e. gyration II, ch. 7,1.17,deJLe_l-
latur depending upon-§ja£.v In-the latter aase it is logically out; of sequence, although formally lm; The last two are combined into one by Professor Kale when he says, the present subjunotive may have a future meanings Depending- on a future,a present subjunctive may be^rala-
tively present,e. g. Oration II,.ch. X, 1. ll,s_§JEUJaj3& depending on .c_Qjrxiiaat» i» e« present with reference-to the future tense of the verb on which it depends. (2)It may be a relatively present future, as in Pro Acchia III. 1. 21.putetlsdepending on perfitfiain. (3)It may be a "relative present-future". There is no- example of this in these four orations,but;it corresponds to the English sentence,"! shall ask you what you will do",in which the doing takes place at the same time as the asking-. How let us see what .combinations of the subjunctive are in sequence, ffe same rule holds good here as was Gited in the,, rase of tne indicative: thedependent verb must be, m a descriptive -7- tense and must be of thesame time-sphere as the verb on which it depends. This includes,as in the case of the indicative, all imperfects and pluperfects depending on an imperfectly- perfect, or aorislpia perfeffi'.=eta true present or true present pefect is in sequence depending on a present or present pert- fact; an- aorist- on a present is formally in but logically out; an aorist on an- aorist is out both- ways;also-an' aorist on an imperfect or pluperfect tfauld be out both, formally and logia- ally. A subjunctive with future meaning is logically in se• quence'' if its'point of view belongs to the same time-sphere as that of the principal verb,or the verb on which it depeufls , ?or instance,a p»eent' with future meaning is in sequence with a future verb. In this study,if a subordinate verb depends on an-in• finitive or participle-whiah in turn depends on-a finite verb I have considered the tense- of the verb from whiGh the infin• itive or participle derived its tense*
In the following list I and II refer respectively to tkhQ first and second orations vs. Catiline,M.denotes the one in favor of the Manilian Law, and A. means the oration, for the poet Archias. In the text that I used.(Chase and Stuart series; the lines are numbered according to the yag* and' not according to to. chapter,which will perhaps make it somewhat difficult to follow the references to the linesi In the lists of exam• ples, the dependent verb is given first. In the four orations I find the following' verbs in sequence both formally and log• ically: -8-
IndiGatives: I, 2, 24, convenit depending on habemus; 2,35, iussero —veten-. dum erit; 2,39, oportuit— adduaor; 2,3,poterit—.interf iciere;
2, 4, erit--vives;-#, f$j|>i3tei5:^^^^^ exspectes; 3,14, erumpant—exspeotes; 3,17, liaet—-sunt;
3, oo't a 1G e bas --potuis se f 4;3'0T&r§-era1^e^'Msi f^32Tprae€l- iX4 eram--venissent;*"5T337 a oepisti—perge;5, 5,effugimus—habenda est; 5,15, videbam—obstiti; 5,20), est—facere; 5,21,est(proprium)- faaere; 5, 24, iussero—residebit; 5,26, exieris—exhaurietur; 5,31, consulis—suadeo; 6,33, est—possit; 6,14, pertinent—venio; 6, 33,nescio—potes; 6,33putas—devota sit;7,37,debeo—esse; 7, 38, debetur—esse; 7,17, vulneras-—dubitas; 7,21, est—odit; 7, 25, agit—iudiGat; 7, 26, loquitur?--iudioat; 7,38, est—opprimar; 8,17-18,dubitas—videtur; 8,.18, potes—abire; 8, 27,exspeGtas-- prof iG.isGerej—8,30-31,perspiGis—exspectas; 8,35, quiescunt— probant; 8,35, patiuntur—deaernunt; 0,36, tacent—clamant; 8,37, est—clamant; 8,39,Giraumstant—probant; 8, 5, studes—prosequaft- tur; 9,21, praediGas—vis; 9, 21,vis—perge; 9,26,mavis—confer; 10.12, aud,ies—baaGhaberef—10,13, v.idebis—baaohabere; 11, 27,di- cam—percipite; 11,ll,negligis—refers; 11,11,est—est pertiiue- scenda-; 11', I4,'vast&bitur--a onflagraturum; 11,14, vexabuntur—cfca- f lagraturum; 11,15, ardebunt—c onflagraturum; 12,31,. imminent— videant; 12, 31, vident—dissimulent; 12,4» e.iecerit—exstinguetur ; 12, -i, eduxerit—exstinguetur; 12,5-6, aggregaverit—exstinguetur;
13.13, tolletur—videbimur; 13,18,iactantur—vldentur; 13, 38-39, iunxerunt—prof,icis,aere; i II» 1,26, luget—retorquet; 26,videtur—retorquet; 2,1, est -9- exsultat—accuset; triumphat—accuset; erat meritus—multass em; fero—intolligatisr-coeperat—eduxit; poterat—eduxit; .c£$ , Gomparantur—c ontemno; ostendero—:Gone ident; permanent— memen- tote; deseruerujit—pertimescendos esse; aogitant—scire sranti- unt; scntiunt—timendi sunt; permoventur—timendi sunt; spa- rant—errant; ah. 4* est—adseautus sum; volent—Gonseguentur; eiecerit—(erit); amabat—fuit; serviebat—fuit; pollitf'efcatfflr— fait; ah. 5,seauti erunt—(erit); exierint—(erit); eructmt — (pres. ); aonfido—(pres.); sustulerit—propa.garit; poterunt—sanabo; reseaanda erunt—patiar manore; permanent—
exspeGtent; Graaaesserat—reliquerunt; fecerat—praemissam esse; videbam—eiiciebam;. 7,pertimuerit—dicetur; mutaverit— dicetur; deseruerit—diaetur; abiecerit—dicetur; converter.it— dicetur; fee erit—velint; dictitant—queruntur; verentur—qufir- runtur; queruntur—est; 0, fatetur—loquimur; interest—timoo; timeo—loquimur; d is simulant—dicimus; remanent—dicimus; sunt— diaimus; studeo—dicimus; volent—possit fieri; potero-adfBiam; •habent-est; possunt—habent; exspeotant—errant; habeii, —pos• sunt; possunt—puto; permanebunt—videntur facturi; 9,premuntua? oxspectant; exspeotant—est; volunt—est; despirant—arbitrantur arbitrantur—est; videtur—est; conantur—consequi; est—est; sucaedit—est; sentio—sunt; iactarunt—sunti impulerunt—inc i- derunt; pono—impulerunt; 10,premuntur~est; emergunt—est; vaaillant—e st; diauntur—est; possunt—corruant; possuit- — velint; revoco—estt sunt—pereant; est—est; v.idetis—est ; expromitur—as*J- exeunt—s,a itote; pereunt—soitote; perieri t— saitote;. dediaerunt—putant; 1$,remanserunt—volo; re licti -10- sunt— volo; sunt— volo; sunt— volo; late bat—erumperet; est — possum oblivisci; volunt—possum connivere; Gommoverit—saatiet; deprehendero—aommoverit; 13, administrabo—sufferat; poterit-— sufferat; .ingressus sum—polllGeor; defendunt—polliceor; de be* tis—defendunt; M. ,1, oblata est—videot 2,ducitur—prof.iGisaatur; arbitH-£ffi- tur—irifertur; aguntur—adferuntux; .est—esse ;agitur—est; consule ndum est—aguntur; 3,insedit—delenda est; inveteravit— de londa e st; regnat—delenda est; regnat—delenda e,st;^-,gere - bamus—mis.it; Iiabebat—depulsum est; est—videte; 5,appellati erant—voluerunt; voaatur—ferre debetis; carent—esse sentiu&t; liaet—rogant; mittimus—rogant; aommoratur—videantur esse; 6,e* xportantur—anteaellat; vultis—est defendenda; venit ^acci- pitur; absunt—relinquitur; facta est—absunt; amittitur— potest pensitant—existimatis esse; exercent—existimatis esse;exigunt- existimatis esse ; habent—habere; 7,pertinet—negligendum est; habenda est— pertinet; debent—aontulerunt; debetis—negotiantur amiBerant—aoncidisse; videtis—aredite; versatur—cohaeret; 0,e laborandUm .est—e sse;providenda sunt—videantur; 9,praedi„ aant—d.icitur; aaceperat—reliquit; aongesserat—reliqult; per- vaserat—erat; ceperat—c ommovebatur; usus erat—commovebatHr ; Gollogerant—conf irmarat*- sunt—all'iciant; vivunt—allidant; aca id erat—fuit; pulsus erat—attingeret; solent—sinite; scri- bunt—solent; confeati erant—dimisit; 10, sunt—superarit; 11, existimantur—sunt; sunt—sunt; ia,gesserat—esse sublatcs ;vi_ detis—praetereunda sunt* premebantur—apparavit; ^voluerit—por• tent; ventum est—ferant; continet—potest; vult—potes t; Id-, videbatur—fuisse; habebamus—maluisse; excellit—videatur; -11- inest—valeat; 15,valet—est; 16,erat— maluerunt; potest—di- camus; possumus—diaamus; est aequum—dicamus; fac.itis—dete - t'is velle; oblatum est—oonferatis; datum est—conferatis; 1%* liabent—acaipere possit; aonfiteor—dissentiunt; conoedunt— possumus; aapiebantur—videbatur; pronibebamur—videbatur;* erant—videbatur; 10,diaitur—diao; habebamus—oarebamus; pote- ramus—carebamus; aommeabant—timebat; timebat—:carebamus;. 19, e rant—diaere existimavit; sentie batis—diaere existimavit; e st—dicam; postxilat—est; aonstituta est—debet esse; con• stitutes est—debet esse; geritur—deberet essejspero—suit; dubitatotutffc—relaturum esse; gravabuntur—relaturum esse; pro- fiteor:—spero; aonsiderabunt—audiam; ,?0,est—dissentio; IKcet—i debet frui; debet—dissentio; minitabantur—esse deletas ; vult— recordamini; 31,constituta sunt—sunt; vide'mus—sunt; 22,dissen- tiunt—possit defendere; -delegistis—possit; est—requirurt.ur; sunt--arbitra^«*r25'*erit--erit; arbitrantur—ignorant; pulatis- est; cognovistis—est; dissentiunt—videamur; 24,-videimis—vi de amus; est—polliaeor; possum—polliceor; praesident-'- testor; adeunt—perspiciunt; perspiaiunt—testor; repellowiB — aonsequemur; feret—.aonsequemur;
A. ,1, est—debet;-sentio—est; infiteor—est; .profQGta esV- debet; confiteor—profeGta est; potest—video; pertinent—ha- bont; 2, spero—detis; sentiam—perfiaiam; j,poterant—existi- marunt; cole bant—aff ia.iobatur; studebant—aolebant; simula- bant—colebant; 4,ferebatur—habuissent; dicit—adest; dicunt-^- ads'unt; saimus—desideras; habemus—est diaere; possumus —est quaorere; possunt—est repudiare; dic.is—est desiderarej^s^— vldetis; impertiebant—credo.moluisse; solebant—largir^; uti- 12,
tur—est scriptus; potes—quaere^e,suppeditat—delectemur; suinp- sero—reprehend'at; oresait—conaedendum est; Videtur—sentio; sunt—sentio; sentio—.aonaedendum est; aonformabam—reliquerunt; 8, 'videbatur—aomir$veretur; attend it is—utar; appellat—constate; 9, videbatur—"fuit; putabat—dilexit; gesserat—£ftAla&tt posse; efferuntur—aelebratur; aelebratur—sunt; 10, putat—errat; leSfe guhtur—errat; continentur—errat; definiuntur—debemus; debe• mus—QontinenturV saribitur—sunt; sunt—debemus; d.imiaant—est; est—debemus; contexerat—obruisset; vendebat—vidimus iubere; potest—est dissimulandum; scribunt—insaribunt; despiaiunt—vo• lunt; • est— des'iderat; ,concitat--ins.idet; admonet—in&idet; 12, versamur—videamur; duxerimus—moritura esse; gerebam--arbitra- bar.;. videtis—coiiservate; convenit—videtis;. profitetur—atfai^i- atis; est—acaipiatis; sunt habiti—est; sunt diati—est; dixi— probata esse; locutus sum—aaaepta esse; exeraet—(present). Subjunctives: I,l,vi,temus—videmur; aoeraerent>-fuit; 2,v.ideret—dearest; aaperet—videret; diaat—erit verehdum; faciam—adducor; fatea* tur—poterit inveniri; audeat—erit; possis—opressus; 3,exsp%3- tes—est; reaognosaas—licet; remansissemus—dicebas; confidease,* —sens.isti; aud'iam—-agis; videam—moliris; sentiam^—cogitas; 4, cogitent—s.unt; placeret—.statuisti; relinqueres—delegisti; eduaeres—deleg,isti; viverem—esse; liberarent—reperti .sunt; polliaerentur—reperti sunt; venissent—exalusi; 5, sint—perge; intersit—liberavis; G,possit—est; metuat—est; oder.it—est; irreti sses —praetuli sti; vac'uef e c i s se s —cumulasti; videatur — patior; »cias—esse; nesciat—esse; viderentur—Kjoniectas; irii- tiata sit—nesc'io; devota sit—nescio; 7,videar—loquar; sis-w -13-
exspectas; metuerunt—putarem; viderem—mallem; agnosaas—du•
bitas; time rent—G OUG edere s; od is sent— G one edereefposses—G onw cederes; inarepuerit—timeri; abhorreat—posse inire; opprimar- eripe; desiriam—eripe; 8, loquatur—debeat; possit-—debeat; ad- servarem—rogasti; tulisses—venisti; essem—posse; .contineremur —essem; de.Greverit—obtomperaturum esse; ,sint—dubitas; intelli- gas—faciam; dixissem—intulisset; prosequantur—adducam; 9, in- d'uxeris—impend eat; impend eat—video; sit—est; seiungaturr—efcfc; oommoveare—postulandum est; pertime&aas—postulandum est; aedas postulandum. est; videaris—confer; sGiam—invitem; praestolaren- tur—esse praemissos; sciam—invitem; sa.iam—invitem; 10, ostentee,s —Iiabes; posses—reppuli; nominaretur—reppuli; 11,detester— percipite; depre.cor—peraipite; loquatur—patiere; videatur—ex_ ire; 12, iud.icarem—dedissem; reduadaret—verendum eratj- impendejsu ret—fui; putarem—fui; videant—sunt; diss.imulent—sunt; ani- madvertissem—diaerent; diaerent—corroboraverunt; pervenerit—. lntelli«o fore; videat—fore; fateatur-—fore; 13,biberint—vi- dentur; sentiat—sit; videatis—fore; II, 2, aacuset—est; deferrem—arederent; Grederent—fuissej putatis; putarent—fuisse putatis; defenderent—fuisse putatis; faverent—fuisse putatis; iudiaarem—:sustulissem; viderem—defc* duxi; multassem—viderem fore; possem—viderem fore; possetis — deduxi; videretis—possetis pugnare; putem—intelligatis; intel- ligatis—licet; 3,eduxisset—mallem; sit attr.ibuta—video; habe- at—video; depoposoerit—video; 4, videretis—exspectavi; putefr- est; fateatur—potest; 5,possitis—est; fateatur—est; Gommem#- ret—est; consumeret—praed,iGabatur; quaererent—essent; per- timescamus—est; possit—est;- 6,diaant—sunt;, possem—elGerem; interfectus- essem—convoGavi; venisset—appellavit; fuisset— quaesivir reticuisset—patefeai; egisset—edocui; Qoilstituisset- -edooui; esset descripta—edooui; haesitaret—quaesivi; tenex%- tur—quaesivi; d.ubitaret—quaesivi; pararet—dubitaret;.. scirem— quaesiv'i; 7,velint—erunt; audlatis—optabo; sit—timeo; pro- fectus-ait—dicant; d,icant—sint; interfectus esset—dicerent; -malqLt—est; cogitasset—mallet; eat—optemus; queramur—optemUs; 3, possit—ulcisci studeo; -possit-—intelligo; voluissent—uterlfc- mur; 9,desperent—videtur; sint adepti—sperant futures; sifet adepti—concedi sit necesse; sit—aupere; velint—exGitandus s.it; sit excitandus—inciderunt; videantur—inustus est; 10, corruant—arbitror; sentiant—Gorruant; velint—intelligo; perf- ant-—perituros; arbitcentur—intelligo; possit—sunt; 11, sit habiturus—pertimescendum sit; velimus—possumus intellegere; iaaeant—possumus intellegere; defiaiant—cogant; 12, sint—
defendite; esset—;consultum est; erumperet—exspectavit; .commo- verit—sentiet; -43,suff erat—administrabo; intereat-rperf i.cia|a; possitis—perf ia iam;.. defendant—debet is; M. ,l,auderem—putavi; statuerem—putavi; defenderent—fuatt; iudicaretis—intellexi; praesoriberetis—intellexi; possit—oblata est; 2,profiGiscatur—infertur; successerit—es-*; se paratum; sit—videtis; oa&endum sit—considerate; debeat—eft; 3, velit—regnat; reportarent—contend erunt; regnaret—triumph*^ runt; 4,aedificasset—misit; ornasset—misit; potuisset—compa- rasset; comparasset—mis.it; slmularet—misit; gereretur—dimifi^- retis; dimicaretis—misit; videatur—dicam; putetis—videte; 5, sit—videte; ^.int—esse sentmnt; existimetis—rogant; commend^- tis —exlstimetis; defendant—Gifferant;. differant —mittimus; videantur—vident; G,agatur—.convenlt; poss imus—sunt; antaBB*- •.lat,--est; adsint—esse; possit—esse; 'arbitrenCur—esse; con- servaritisj*-posse frui; 7,essem diGturus—proposueram; traiianfc- possunt; concidant—possunt; dubitandum sit—videte; defendaniur —videte inaumbere; 3,sit gerendum—esse; sit pertlmescendum— esse; videantur—est elaborandum; intelligant—dico; debeat.ur— impertire; -raBSteretur—superatam .esse;.. -fUisset—patefactum esse; 9, sint—possit; persequeretur—dissipavisse;. .retardaret—dissP- pavisse; quaereretur—fuit; -allic-iant— fieri; .videatur—alliGlaM:' f recepisset—fuit; .attingeret—fuit;- .adferret—fuit; .potuisset— • • , • •dimisit;. putetis—perspicite; .10, esset—feoisse; videatur—reM' tat; esset—lia-feeretur; -putaretis—esset;. -sit—est; .-superarit — sit; possit—est; possit—declarant; -11,possit—est; premeret&r —expetivit; esset—habuit; .lateret-r-.fuit abditus; .commiteret— navigavit; navigaret—commiteret; .1.2,.venirent—captos esse; sci- atis—c oinmemoremr .praepositus esset—capta est; recepisset— adornavit; .misissent—ademit; .13,-sint—consideremus; venearfc — .possumus pufcare; videamini—facit; ferant—igno-rat; existimetis- —statuetis; -hibernent—perferuntur; faciat—adfertur; sit—con• siderate; videatur—esse dicuntur; sit—est; videatur—transmit- tendum sit; 15,possit—est; existiment—'ignorat; sciamus—ignu.- rat; -contemnant—commoveri sciamus;: metuant—commoveri sciamus; oderint—commoveri .sciamus; ament—commoveri sciamus; dicam—;1 sumantur; confirmem—sumantur; valeat—confirmem; potuisset— consecuta est; pertimuissent—amisissetis; crevissent—amisis'^- setis; Jiaberet—amisissetis; attulisset—amisissetis; perfeattl- r.us sit—dubitab'it;>&onservatJurus -ait—dubitabit; lG,esse1>~ v»- nerunt; .exiatimetis—potetis; • aiaanms—est; dicam—utar; vide. - amur—utar; videatur—videamur; gesserit—praedicaturus sum; sit—debetis velle;-sit—dubitatis; possit—sit; sit administf- randum:—sit; possitis—-dubitatis; sit—possiti«; Gonferatis-** dubitatis; 17, esset—deligendus erat; adiungatur—exspectamus; ad sit—adiungatur; habeat-—adiungatur; possit—adiungatur; tribuenda sl%t—esse ait; promulgasset—dixisti; possemus—ca- pie bantur; 18,defenderet—fuit; reliquisseftt—pudebat; 19, vi- deremur—effeait; legaretur—obtrectatum esse; velit—postulat; impetret—est; fuissent—potuerunt; defendam—impediet; lice&t —considerabunt; -20,videatur—est; quaereret—cepit; poneret^s —qup© reret; factum esset—quaereret; essetis habituri—fac• tum esset; sit—est; possit—sit; poneretur—esse visum; sfai- nistraret—esse visum; sint—reaordamini; 2l,abesset—(fuit); e ssent—mitteretur; mitteretur—(aor. ); esset—dixisse; dice^ ret—e sset; fieret—licuisset capere; licuisset—(aor. ); tri- umphare t—(aor. ); 22,videant—profecta sunt; sit—videant; possit—improbari; cogitet—versari est; simus—est; inferatur —re quiruntur; possit—est; 2o,,videatur—habetis; erit—mitife tatur; videatur—esse putatis; Videremur—videbat; profict- sGanturf—ignorant; videamus—ignorant; credatis—nolite dubi- tare; inventus sit—credatis; gaudeant—inventus sit; delibere- tis—exstiterunt; videamur—videte; 24, sint—laudo; manea-s — liortor; pertimescas—hortor; videamus—est; dubitemus— est; putem—faaere testor; quaeram—facere testor; videar—abest* intelligam—abest; -17r
A., A. , 1, ait—miretur; 2, videatur—quaeso; agatur—uti; ablioi. Teat—uti; detis—quaeso; patiamini—quae so; esset—asfl.isiend.um fuisse; putetis—perficiam; 3,.super are t—celebrantur; esset—ve- nit; posset—nactus est; esset—reaeperunt; taneret—afficieba* tur; esset—venit; deaederet—venit; esset—voluit; putaretur- -impetravit; fuissent—data est; .habuissent—data- est; essent- profeesi—data, est; haberet—professus est; habeas—est repudi- are; 5,dlcerentur—fuit; resignasset—fuit; sint—est; dtbite- tis—est; fuerit ascriptus—dubites; sit—indicat; G, ref iciattir —suppeditat; conqulesaant—suppeditat; dicamus—existimas pofi- se; excolamus—posse suppetere; relaxemus—posse suppBtere; pos- sint—abdiderunt; -h&uriam—sentio; -suasissem—obieaissem; acce- deret—iaaercnt; *7,respondeam—estj^csesserlt—solere exsisb e^e; •a&iuvarentur—aontulissent; ^t^nderetur--iu]d#Gar.etis; peteretir —iudicaretis; O,possemus—deberemus;- videremus—deberemus; com— moveretur—fuit; esset—videbatur; scripsisset—vidi dicere; a- gerentur—vidi dicere; scripsisset—vidi prolare; perveniret— vidi prolaret videantur—appellat; 9,patiatur—est; quaerefca£ur.» dixisse; 10,feeerat—reaeperunt; exstitisset—obruisset; esset— potuit; donaretur—potuit perficere; donaret—repudiasset; sub- lealsset—vidimus iubere; fecisset—subieaisset; sGriberet—vi• dimus iubere; ll,faaiatiK—IndiGabo; presintiret—frahgeret; 12,arbitremur—videamur esse; videatis—-a omprolari; a omprobetmr —videatis esse; sint—petimus; petimus—flomprobetur; acaipiats —debet; videatur—acaipiatis*
Total number of indicatives in sequence,352.
fgtal number of su&junctives in sequence,425.
By mistake,the following verbs in sequence w«*re omitted: ind icative, II, 5,merentur—exspectent;' M., 1, est— dete mus;
2,requiretis—amissis; n,erant—esse .oaptos; A., 2, wtrltiliam— patiamini; "petimus—a omprobetur; Subjunctive, I, ftSfseaedant--' ingravescet; secernant—ingravesGet; oongregentur—ingraves- aet; disaernantur—ingravescet; desinant—ingravescet; II, 7, . depellatur—est; eat— dicatur; 0, voluissent—uterWor;. A.-, Gv reprehendat—vivo; sua a ens*&t—Vivo; 9, audiret—quaereretur; praediaaretur—dixisse; 10,inveneris—(pres.); cnpe^et—impe travisset; dederet—cuperet; Apresent i&diaative equal to a future is logically in se• quence when it depends on a future, although it' seems to be logiaally out. Following are some^ of the examples: Indioative, I, 4, negas—aonvicam; II, 5£pote'st—sra&tulerit,; 11, eget—omissis; subjunctive, M., 17,cognoscetis—possumus; A. ,l,sit—utar; 23,possit—eritr The oorre oted total is Indicatives,3C1. Subjunctives, 445. Of this number many are in coordinate Glauses and shcmld really not be aounted as subordinate vefibs: Coordinate indicatives, 27; coordinate subjuncti-ve s, 11. The exceptions to the"rule of s e que nGe'Tall H«under aer-tain categories or tense .idioms- by which they can be aa*- Gounted for. I shall first give all the indicatives out of sequence under the various categories as far as I Gan classi• fy then£S9Jid then give the subjunctives. However ihe^Bame tense idiom is discussed only once, i. e. before giving the In• dia ativos under it. Capital B. means tfcat the. examples fol• lowing it are out of sequenae both formally and logically; capitalC.means they are out logically but' formally in seq^feacq, In the four orations 1 find the following classest Indicatives: 1. Coordinate st'
The Romans used the relative pronoun instefe of a demonstrative in a great many cases where the verb in the relative clause really added a new point to the .story and in meaning was hot depe ndent but Independent and coor• dinate. In such cases it is very natural that the -serfr. <- in the coordinate clause should be out of sequence, SB an aorist depending on an aorist. Such in- -19- stances- we find in: B., I, G, praetermitto—cumulasti; patior— cumulasti; 0,auses—dixisti; roga-sti—dixisti; demigrasti— venisti; II, 2, licet—videretis; 6,appellavit—detuli; salita vit- -detuli; aspexit-—detuli; M», 4, mi sit—contulit; 8, liberavit— obsessam esse;. 9,concitatae sunt—recreavit; lO,profectus est— dcbuit; fuit—debuit; conflixit—debuit; gess.it—debuit; con- feoit—concupiverunt; est erudita—debuit; 11,attenuatum est— premerentur; imminutum est—premerentur; sub latum est—premeren- tur; sepultum est-—premerentur; 12,adiit—navigavit; exploravit —navi'gavit; venit—navigavit; munivit—navigavit; adornavit— navigavit; 15v^^f»t$|^^dB^S 16, debetis—detulerunt; 19,videtur —liberavit; M, 21, dicitur—missus est; A., 4-, voluit—venit; 9, il- lustrant—expressum est; 10,vidimus—repudiasset; ll,adornavi— inclioavit; debent—dubitavit; C. ,I,5,faciam—vocas; 8,potuisti—(clamant); 9,transtulisti —possis; 12,aluerunti—sunt; corroboraverunt—sunt; II,3,conci- dent—collectum; 5,propagarit—confido; 13,polliceor—(future}; M. , 2, detulerunt—adf eruntur; 13, poterit—nomino; 10, c onsecuta est—sumantur; 19,impediet—spero; audiam—s-pero* Total, 49* 2. Present depending on a past. (l).This includes three uses of the present which may be grouped together: a. The present may express- a truth which r-xists at th present time but did not exist at the time of- the past verb. b. It may express a still existing truth which existed at the time of the main verb and up to, the present* c. It may express a general truth or one t&fct has existed,does now exist,and will Gontinue into fehe future. y '
It is vory • to see how. natural it is to .-xpfcess. such truths by the present tense,without regard to the tense of tbj^ main verb.However it is also .common to have the still existing truth expressed by a past tense when referred to as having exist• ed at some past time, even though it be still true. In this case, it should not be considered as taking its particular tens a only in order to be .in sequence. In independent sentences we may have such truths expressed by a present or by an imperfect,therefore it is not correct to say such a tense in a dependent sentenae is used merely to aonform to the rule of sequence. B. ,1,3,est admiranduin—fefellit; 9,confido—praemissam else; 10,feruntur—sunt meditati; II,3,video—eduxisset; nitent—edux- isset; fulgent—eduxisset; G, loquuntur—oiaerem; i icio—quaesivi; 7,agit—aogitas.set; 8, est—voluissuuti^ertaro; Ml, 2, est—detulte- runt; est—exftstos esse;8,obtreatant—esse laudatum; 9,diaitur-- profugit; i;3,dua'itis—sciatis fuisse; 14f«olent—retardarunt; arbitrantur—existimavit; 15,facit—feoistis; potest—completis; 19,nomino—potuerunt; A. ,l,mirfe*nr—dediti fuimus; 3, solet—exH cossit; 4-, obtinent—professus; 5, ariminarls—fecit; confirmat-^' fecit; indiaat—fecit; voluit—utitur; G,est—defuit; 7,sunt— fueruntgaffers—fuerunt; 8,violavit—sit; 10, adaequaevit—dona- vit; 11,est—terminaret. (2}."ut aiunf'idiom. Such expressions as the parenthe- tical "as the'y say" must necessarily be present. B. I, G, aiunt—ef- i
fugi; c.II,a,aiunt—conferet; 3."Dum alausesV -31-
"Dum"is regularly followed by the present tense,no matter what may be the tense of the main verb, it is more like an historical present than a real present. B. M.,9,colligunt— effugit; C. II,9,aedificant—inciderunt; delectantur—incideru^ inciderunt has"two feef'so to speak,a present and a past£ The past is used here making the subordinate verbs out of sequence logically. 4-. Present and general truths not depending on a ps&t. C.I,5,est—faoiam; 0,abhorret—referam; 11,est— loquatur; vides—patiere; sentis—patiere; II,13,videtur&- perficiam; M. ,G,sunt—conservaritis; 19,minantur—aonsidei*abui&> A., 5,utitur—reiiaietur;„*G, aonGeditur—sumpsero; tribuunt— sumpsero; 9, est—repudiamus. 5. Past depending on a present or future time sphere. (l).Aorist on a present or future. When the writer^ mind is on the past,giving a past event, if he wisheU toca 11 attention to;.something else that happened ,in the past bearing upon the main thought,he naturally uses the descriptiveiifiper- foat or pluperfect. But if Ms mind is in the present,he looks at an% past event as a whole and of course uses the aorist tense. If a P-oman wished to aayVHc went beaause it was aplea- sant day",he would use^l'iyit^jar probably "profectus est" and "erat".But if he wanted to say"That is the man whom I saw",he would use "est" and "vidi". C. ,1,1,occidit—praetereo; 4r,fuerunt—video;
7,contigit— exspectajB; vacuefaata sunt—putas; reliquerunt—
yutas; 9,d< disti—(present); dixisti—(pros. ); 9,fuit—prae -
missam esse; ll,rogatae sunt—impodit; extulit—refers; 12f intendit—pervenerit; 13, aonstitutus es. —arcebis; IX, i,«tulit —putatis. esse; egressus est—putatis esse; rxtorsimus—putatis esse; r< liquit—putatis esse; 3,habuit—Gontemno; maluerunt— collcctum*fexspectavi—adsecutus sum; o,volui—interest; 9,aon- cupivcrunt—futurus.. esse; aonstituit—sunt; 12,putavit—contine- buntur; voluorunt—esse sentiet; M. ,1, voluistis—sit; patuit— sit; dederunt—utar; possum—ostendam; duxerunt—ostendam; ,%tradita est—agitur; gesserunt—agitur; 3,fuistis—delenda os£ susacpit—delenda est; egerunt—tribuenda est; rr li quo runt—dan- da est; revocavit—danda est; -i-, aG old erunt—videantur; 5,ne- cavit—patiemini; fuit—sit; aaoepistis—posse; 6,gesserunt— Gonvenit; M. , 7, doauit—defcemus; duximus—diccmus; 9, fuit- ^-prae- terire sinite; ll,fuerunt—sunt; confessus est—est; expiiGavit— est; redundavit—est; patefaatum—est; donspexit—est; expetivit —est; l.^capta est—qucrar; opprcssa est—querar; 10,dedif.erunt —declarat; venerunt—declarat; dixerunt—declarat; 1", Gommissa sunt—o ommittamus; dia ta sunt—a onaedunt; 10, value runt —dlco; remansit—dicoj^onstituit—deberet esse; detulit—asGribitur; confoait—asaribitur; 3G,aepit—est; 33,feGistis—aonantur; A. ,1, fuit—debomus; Cdefuit—aresait; abstraxerit—vivo; avoca- rit—vivo; retardarit—vivo; 3,traatata est—patiamini; . 5, irrep- sorunt—reiiaietur; 7,viderunt—aontendo esse; 9,aontulerit repudiabimus; fuit—expetunt; depressa (est)—feretur; 10,ges- simus—definiuntur; ll,Goluerunt—debent; 12, ornavit—accipia- tis.
(2).Imperfect or pluprfcct on a present or future.
Gom
B. , I,7 , adsedisti--reliquerunt; II, 6, iussus SPate alause. In a aum alause of date we are more lik.e. ly to find an exception than not to do so,since the writer is referring to something outside of the story in order to date —/j •ar the particular event he may be relating. He refer' *s to a fact wholly independent of the narration and therefore uses the aorife tense,not the descriptive. B. , I, 3, profugerunt-—cohtulisse; 5, voluisti—compressive 9. Coincidence. A coincident clause is one which express* es . an action equivalent to that expressed by the main ve'frb. An act of coincidence or equivalent action would of course tajtec- thr saima tens<- as the verb on which it depends, or which exprass- the same thought. This very frequently brings an aorist to depend upon an aorist. B., 1,10, reppuli—profeci; II,l,depulsus e.fct— motus est; ao'niecimus—perdidimus; ^profeatus est—aa cider it; l;5,visa est—exspectavit; M., 1,visus est—prohibuerunt; denunti- atus sum—intellexi; 19,voluerunt—eduxer.int; ;3-i^susceptum est — susoepisse; A. ,11, visa est—adornavi. (a).Pseudo Coincidence. This name is applied to alauses which satisfy the following conditions: 1. The subordinate verb is possum,debeo, liaet, or volo,or a verb of similar meaning. ;3. The subjeot of the two alauses is the same. 3. Yhe subordinate verb has in dependence,either expressed or implied,the infinitive of the verb in the main alausc. In such alauses the tense is regularly the same as that ot the main verb. B. , I,7,potui—tuli; II,1,voluit—extulit. lO-.Congruenz. This expresses an aat which aontinues just as long as the action of the main verb but no longer. It tafees place at the same time but is not an eqaivalentact as in tke case of coincidence. The tenses are regularly the same in -txtt&fc dependent and independent sentences. B. , I, 5,insidiatus es—defendi; A. ,5, fuit—resignasset. (a). Pseudo-CongruenGe. There is one example that$ppDc*& es so nearly that it ought to be Glassed with it, although it altat strictly be called Congruence. Perhaps pseudo-congruence is not the best term. Fere-Congruence would express the meaning better. W% I,7 ,ferenda fuerunt —tuli. 11. Formally out, but logically in sequence. Sometimes an imperfect depends upon a present fak«n themeaning calls for the present.,instead. The imperfect is really equal to a present but is used to show some meaning peculiar to itself. In all the following the imperfect is used to express Gontrarlety to fact: I, l,machinaris—oportebat; 4,oporteb£fc ~m vulnero; "^metuunt—metuerfcnt; II,3,oportebat—est; 6, loqflantur--- eiaerem; A. ,3,sit—asoisaendum fuisse. IX* Determining. Many of tfee exceptions in determining clauses have been accounted for under other categories, asf ©resent on a past, for instance. However there are a few examples fcftiich do not aome under any of the other categories, but must be treated individually as far as possible. One can readily see that i£ detea? mining clauses it would be quite necessary to use verbs out BY the same time sphere. For instance, a place may be determinedb$":ai event whiah took place many years ago, in referring to vhich she writer would speak of the event as a whole and therefore Btse the aorist tense, even though the 'main verb be an aorist or cie.script- ive tense. B. , M. , 9, putavit—er at iniectus; ausus est—£&&tet"; 10, aonoertavit—;conflixit; lege runt—gessit; aoncupiveruftt- confecit; 11,vidimus—fuerunt; audivimus—fuerunt; 12,naviga• vit—potuit conficere; profectus est—adiunxit; fuerunt— .capti sunt; 15, depoposGerit—pervaserit; praepositus est— consecuta est; admonui—acaepta; 16, iudiGavit—misit; maluerunt—misit; .detulerunt—optare auderet; 20, di&st±fe— cepit; A. , 11,gessimus—attigit; bellavit—dubitavit; 3,fuit— esset; 10, donavit—impetr avis set; C. , I, 3, vivis—vivcs ; ll,Gom- peristi—patiere; 13, sentiunt-—respondeo; 15, est—tograveso&t; 11, 5,merentur—exspeotant; 9, oupiunt—sint adepti; m sup• ped itamur—omissis; M. , G, sunt—conservaritis; exercet—dfcoenras; loo Parenthetical. Again, these have nearly all teem/ac• counted for under other categories, as for example, sane of the "ut dixi" idiom are parenthetical. We aan see why an exception could occur in a parenthetical clause,beaause the parenthetlaa statement has no direct time relation to the main subject mat• ter. In fact, in parenthetical clauses many times no other., tense would do except one that would be out of se quence. B. , II, C,posuit—indixit; M., 3, denotaie'i.t—suso^pit; 9,putavistis—aoaotus dimisit; 13, superarunt—potera mus; vifce- runt—poteramus; C. , I, 2, f ecerunt—speculabahtur; 5, hortor— exieris; C, senties— praettJrmitto; contineo—adducam; 10, sen- ties—ostahtes; 13,nominamus—arcebis; I2,praemisi—opprime t; videtis—referemus; 13, voluerunt—defendant; (a). There is one aside which should be naoaed %n this connection: B., I, 8, putasti—demigrastio 14. Others. Besides the foregoing a lasses, the m®c® some e xceptions that should be treated separately. Some of them are determining, some-'are parenthetical,fchile. others are something else. Generalizing alauses usually take a verb in .sequence, but.th Q f factum esse; reno'verit—factum .esse; suscipiant—factum esse;; aGGipiat—factum esse; 13,audiatis—potuit adferre; !G,dicatur- -pervenerint; 14-,-valeat—cbgnovistis; 33, sit—pacatanr fuisse . G. Past depending on a present or future : (1). Aorist. on a present or future; C., 1,1, egeris—arbitraris; faeri s— arbitt^. ris; Gonvocaveris—arbitraris; ceperis—arbitraris; 3,.iudicafcet —debere videtur; 9, revocarit—es;. II, l,evomuerit— lajstari^jp videtur; prole cer it—laetari videtur; 2, a omprehenderim--acime^, e miserlm—accuset; extent—fero; 4, conceperit— pdfee&t; "Semiserim—sit; eieGerim—sit; accident—opte.mus; io#aaajuxerlt . perficlam; M. , 5,miseritis—audent; venerit—rrepressos e ss e; 10, exerauerit—potest esse; 12,transmiserint—diGam; redempti sint : querar; pervenerint—dicam;. gesta sint—videtia ; l3,tt£H'£&nEtt- - .possumus; diviser-it—possuraus; reliquerit—possumus; fe^g&ifctr-- videamini; fecerint--recordamini; pervenerint—miramur; l4,.iudica rint—putatis; timuerint—sit; dilexerint—sit; 15,pervaserit— putatis; perfeaffint— perfeaturus sit; defenderit—cona»rraturus sit; lG,gesserit—praedicaturus sum; 19, eduxerint—est;. (3). Imperfect or pluperfect on a present o£ future: B, II, 8, c omparentur—exponam; M. ,22, praepp&er^S.• -deleglstis; C ,M.,1?,valuisset—teneremus; teneremus is equal to a pre.se nt. 4. Formally out,logically in. sequence: 1,3,asset—memint sti dicere; meministt haa a^^a&t ma aning. II,7,sint—dicerent; M. , 19deferet—sunt; lagtol i n because the imper#e.Gt is #equal to a present. 5. Result. In early Latin,verbs in clauses expressing Ideal .Certainty were nearly always in sequence. But we find excep• tions in later Latin. Sequence is merely the habit of Tailing ten• ses .in a fixed relation and in this .idiom the habit has given way to the meaning. If a Roman wished to .say,"They worked s> fcard that they "now have their task finished", he would usually prefer to aay "They worked hard, therefore they now have their task finished", rather than have an exception to sequence. The imperfect in re--, suit clauses developed a meaning equal to that of the aor 1st,but occasionally the aorist meaning -was felt so clearly that -39+ l ,ist tense was used. B. ,M«,4,videantur—est administrata; 16* assenserint—gesee- rit; obtemperarint—gesserit; obedierint—gesser.it;. obsec.unda--, . rintr-gesserit; 23, debeat—exstiterunt; . A., 5, venerlt—fuit; dixerit—fuit. G. Coincidence: B. ,II,4, asciverit—fuit; C. ,M. ,lG,afide- ret—fuisse. 7. Present or general truth not depending on a p^fct; C., I, G, sentiant—intelligo; A., 10, pervenerint — debemus. 0. Special cases: we find that in each of t&e :stf tao tense which naturally expresses the meaning has been .used , with only one exception. B., M. ,10, permanserit—car'uit; > Tis very strange that this as out a'nd put in the subjunctive for the indicative is used just below. C ,M. , 3, requiretis—amissis; 9, pais ^it—re - quiretur; 14, transmittendum- sit—dubitabit;- A.,11,exerceamus—est. The final results of this examination are as follows: in&iaatlve.sff. :L. : .A Vwk.;,,B,, C., Oo ordinate s- 3G 13. * ^Jlre'sent on- past. ... 33. Ut aiunt. 1 Dum Glauses...... i 2. Pres. arid G-en. truth not on past* • • • 13. Aor. on pres. or future. . . 79. Imp.on pres.or future. . 10. Ut dixi. .4. Ubi,ut,etc • • • 5. . , . . . . 2. DSl"t/0« « « • • • • • • • • 3 m 50- •c. . 10. Pseudo aoincidence. . . • 2 Formally out,logically in seqiienae. . • • * 0. Determining • x51« • • • . . 9 Parenthetical * H3 • • * * ... 9. Total. . JL 4rJL • • • • . 144» Subjunctiv.es: 2> Aorist on pres.or future . 37. Imp.or pluperfect .. +*j • • • • • Formally out,logically in* • . • • » • • • Result Pres. truth not on past. . - _ Speaial cases*...... 1. . . Total. • . . . 415. >Z3 s3 In s e que no ej indicatives. . . . 3G1, subjunctives. . 44r5. Coordinates . • 'P<7- 11. Remainder ...... 334 . . . . -I-3-1-- Out of sequence,. . . B. C D. C L. in, F. out), Indicatives. * . 1 ~"4r* • • • 6. Total. Coordinate. . . W. ..Mi Remainder. . . Not counting the verbs in coordinate olaus.es, efct cff 57e sub- -31- ordinate indicatives 242,or almost one-half, are out of sequence while out. of 61^ .subordinate subjunctives only t^&, or less than Snf^slxth,are out of sequence. This is surely very conclusive evidenae that the indicative and subjunctive do not behave alike,at least as fttr as these orations are concerned,but that the ancients had a feeling concerning the subjunctive that they did not have with regard to the indicative. Of course the meaning is not sacri• ficed in order to use verbs in sequence and this makes a great many exceptions, fca has been shown, that would not otherwise occur. Sequenae is merely the habit of using tenses in a fixed relation and this habit is observed a far greater proportion of times l,n the subjunctive tkan in the indicative, being departed from-only when, in. order to observe it, the writer would aaee to break a stronger habifc/tense .idiom,) or sacrifice his me. aning. Therefore Cicero had a feeling of sequence when dealing •with the subjunctive that he did not have when using the indica tive.