Juan Francisco Manzano, Eva Perón Y Reinaldo Arenas
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Cuerpos en disputa, mujer e imaginarios de nación en Hispanoamérica: Juan Francisco Manzano, Eva Perón y Reinaldo Arenas Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Chavez-Rivera, Armando Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 12:00:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/205177 CUERPOS EN DISPUTA, MUJER E IMAGINARIOS DE NACIÓN EN HISPANOAMÉRICA: JUAN FRANCISCO MANZANO, EVA PERÓN Y REINALDO ARENAS by Armando Chávez-Rivera ________________________________ A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN SPANISH In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2011 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Armando Chávez-Rivera entitled Cuerpos en disputa, mujer e imaginarios de nación en Hispanoamérica: Juan Francisco Manzano, Eva Perón y Reinaldo Arenas and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ____________________________________________________Date: 08/04/2011 Dr. Eliana S. Rivero ____________________________________________________Date: 08/04/2011 Dr. John J. Gilabert ____________________________________________________Date: 08/04/2011 Dr. Mónica Morales Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. _____________________________________________________ Date: 08/04/2011 Dissertation Director: Dr. Eliana S. Rivero 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Request for permission for extender quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department of the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Armando Chávez-Rivera 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Gracias a mi familia y en especial a mi madre Mi gratitud para la Dra. Eliana S. Rivero por su entrañable calidad profesional y humana. Agradezco el constante aliento de la Dra. Ana Luisa Rosales y su admirable familia Gracias a los amigos que me han acompañado y hecho feliz en estos años 5 DEDICATORIA A la memoria de mi padre 6 ÍNDICE RESUMEN (ABSTRACT)…………………………………………….……………….... 8 INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………...…. 11 CAPÍTULO I: MÁSCARAS FEMENINAS Y PROYECTOS DE NACIÓN…………. 16 I.1 La mujer como rostro de la Nación…………………………………………. 17 I.2 Individuos/cuerpos hegemónicos contra individuos/cuerpos marginados…. 24 I.3 El biopoder. La vigilancia sobre el cuerpo individual y el cuerpo social…... 30 I.4 La definición del individuo a partir de su vida sexual…………………….... 37 I.5 Capitalismo, burguesía y medicina como aliados………………………..…. 43 I.6 Poder y racismo de Estado………………………………………………….. 49 I.7 Naturaleza y sexualidad, claves del imaginario sobre Hispanoamérica……...53 I.8 Sexualidad y castigo en varias etapas de la novela hispanoamericana..…….. 57 I.9 La clase criolla y el discurso de la pose………………………………….…...77 I.10 Acceso a la cultura y los espacios de circulación social.…..……………..... 82 I.11 El quiebre de los modelos ideales de Nación…………………………….... 89 CAPÍTULO II: JUAN FRANCISCO MANZANO Y EL ABRAZO DE LA NACIÓN… 94 II.1 La nación/mujer ideal versus la nación/mujer…...…….…..……………..….96 II.2 Cuerpos enfermos. La salud de la sociedad cubana……….……….……... 101 II.3 Los moldes y los modelos artísticos……………...……………………..… 121 II.4 Los límites políticos de la impugnación del modelo colonial esclavista…. 127 II.5 El hijo sufriente. La inscripción en el imaginario cristiano…………......... 139 II.6 El abrazo imposible. La función compensatoria del arte……..….……….. 144 II.7 Epílogo. La orfandad de Manzano….…….…………………………….… 159 7 CAPÍTULO III: LOS NOMBRES DE EVITA……………………………………….. 163 III. 1 Eva Perón y la naturaleza del poder………………….…………….……. 165 III. 2 “Esa mujer” y la inversión de la dicotomía sarmentina………….……… 172 III. 3 Dos perspectivas femeninas………………………………….………….. 183 III. 4 En sendas paralelas: literatura, anatomía e Historia....…...………….….. 192 III. 5 La recuperación posmoderna y el discurso de autoría masculina……….. 202 III. 6 La hipersexualización del mito…………………………………..……… 214 III. 7 El ícono y los nuevos rostros por venir………………………….………. 222 CAPÍTULO IV: VUELOS Y FUGAS DE REINALDO ARENAS……………...…... 229 IV.1 Mujer y barbarie en el contexto rural cubano………………………….… 230 IV.2 Hombres en riesgo, la amenaza de la castración……………………….... 236 IV.3 El escape hacia la naturaleza, lo onírico y la escritura………………..…. 250 IV.4 La disolución del hogar heterosexual………………………..………..…. 262 IV.5 La vivencia homoerótica…………………………………...…………….. 265 IV.6 Paradigmas modeladores de la mujer……………………………………. 268 IV.7 Mona Lisa, el ícono artístico………………………………….……..…... 278 IV.8 La Virgen de Guadalupe y la tradición mariana……………….……….... 283 IV.9 Epílogo. Mujer, Historia y reconfiguración del imaginario de Nación.…. 291 CONCLUSIONES: ALEGORÍAS DE NACIÓN Y CUERPOS REDIMIDOS……… 297 BIBLIOGRAFÍA.……………………………………………………………………... 314 8 RESUMEN (ABSTRACT) “Cuerpos en disputa, mujer e imaginarios de nación en Hispanoamérica: Juan Francisco Manzano, Eva Perón y Reinaldo Arenas” begins with the premise that the values and requirements of a patriarchal society focuses on female icons of symbolic strength and weight. As icons, women are associated as being the center of the monogamous, heterosexual family and therefore, the image of Nation. In Latin America each hegemonic national project has elevated female icons that are a compact synthesis of that nation’s essential and defining values. From that idea our research expands to examine how those hegemonic national discourses and imageries are refuted in the nineteenth century through other antagonistic discourses, each in turn putting forward other paradigms of women or other bodies on the literary plane. These test gender issues, sexuality and morality, and the authorized bodies of Woman/Nation are contrasted with other discordant, subversive, fictional faces. Our objective is to discover these images of rebellion, and evaluate the literary, political and ideological dialogue that has been established through these hegemonic female icons. In this sense, the discourses specifically related to Manzano, Evita, and Arenas, three representative figures of diverse successive historical stages within the region throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries —from colonial slavery, populism and communism, to the postmodern— corroborate that, in effect: -Protests and revolutions have presented their own icons of woman or other subversive or discordant bodies in the face of female paradigms set by those in power. 9 -The definitions of criollismo , mestizaje and identity prevalent in the region have developed in close relationship with the gradual emergence of female icons and the subsequent rejection of those icons. -There is a penalization system for individuals whose moral and sexual behavior violated the values associated with that symbolic correlation of Woman / Nation. -There exists a persistent pseudoscientific stance that, particularly in medical discourse, politically and ideologically censors women's access to power. -The establishment or suppression of symbolic female icons requires specific acts of physical suppression of feminine bodies and cadavers. -Conflicting literary dialogue between authorized and contested images parallels the philosophical, literary and aesthetic tendencies in vogue during each stage. -The establishment of those hegemonic icons and their refutation appeals to a strong transference of popular culture through serials, music and melodrama. -The predominant position of women in the political as well as the domestic sphere has been interpreted as evidence of chaos and barbarism. -The rejection of hegemonic icons does not always suppose an objective assessment of femininity but rather it also perpetuates prejudices and sexual/gender biases. The theoretical and critical apparatus is based on the contributions of feminist criticism on women in literature, art and Latin American politics (Helena Araújo, Hélène Cixous, Lucía Guerra-Cunningham, Josefina Ludmer, Francine Masiello and Elaine Showalter), and studies on the links between sexuality, power and society (Judith Butler, bell hook, Michael Foucault, Edward Said and G. Ch. Spivak), as well as research on the 10 formation of societies and national imagery in Latin America since the early nineteenth century (Mabel Moraña, Walter