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The B Cell Antigen Receptor Regulates the Transcriptional Activator β-Catenin Via Protein Kinase C-Mediated Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 This information is current as of October 1, 2021. Sherri L. Christian, Peter V. Sims and Michael R. Gold J Immunol 2002; 169:758-769; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.758 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/2/758 Downloaded from References This article cites 77 articles, 43 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/2/758.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on October 1, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology The B Cell Antigen Receptor Regulates the Transcriptional Activator ␤-Catenin Via Protein Kinase C-Mediated Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-31 Sherri L. Christian, Peter V. Sims, and Michael R. Gold2 ␤-Catenin is a transcriptional activator that is regulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). GSK-3 is constitutively active in unstimulated cells where it phosphorylates ␤-catenin, targeting ␤-catenin for rapid degradation. Receptor-induced inhibition of GSK-3 allows ␤-catenin to accumulate in the cytoplasm and then translocate to the nucleus where it promotes the transcription of genes such as c-myc and cyclin D1. Wnt hormones, the best known regulators of ␤-catenin, inhibit GSK-3 via the Disheveled protein. However, GSK-3 is also inhibited when it is phosphorylated by Akt, a downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). We have previously shown that B cell Ag receptor (BCR) signaling leads to activation of PI3K and Akt as well as inhibition of GSK-3. Therefore, we hypothesized that BCR engagement would induce the accumulation of ␤-catenin via a PI3K/Akt/GSK-3 Downloaded from pathway. We now show that BCR ligation causes an increase in the level of ␤-catenin in the nuclear fraction of B cells as well as an increase in ␤-catenin-dependent transcription. Direct inhibition of GSK-3 by LiCl also increased ␤-catenin levels in B cells. This suggests that GSK-3 keeps ␤-catenin levels low in unstimulated B cells and that BCR-induced inhibition of GSK-3 allows the accumulation of ␤-catenin. Surprisingly, we found that the BCR-induced phosphorylation of GSK-3 on its negative regulatory sites, as well as the subsequent up-regulation of ␤-catenin, was not mediated by Akt but by the phospholipase C-dependent activation of protein kinase C. Thus, the BCR regulates ␤-catenin levels via a phospholipase C/protein kinase C/GSK-3 http://www.jimmunol.org/ pathway. The Journal of Immunology, 2002, 169: 758–769. ignaling by the B cell Ag receptor (BCR)3 can promote B phorylating the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5- cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, or bisphosphate (1, 2). Subsequent dephosphorylation of PIP3 yields anergy depending on the maturation state of the B cell and phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P ). Both PIP and S 2 3 the context provided by signals from other receptors. Although the PI(3,4)P2 act as anchors that recruit pleckstrin homology (PH) do- BCR activates multiple signaling pathways, the role of individual main-containing proteins to the plasma membrane (7). BCR en- signaling pathways in mediating responses to BCR engagement is gagement has been shown to increase the levels of both PIP and 3 by guest on October 1, 2021 not completely understood. PI(3,4)P2 (8). This allows PH domain-containing signaling en- Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway zymes such as Btk, phospholipase C (PLC)-␥2, and Akt/protein is a key element in BCR signaling (1, 2). Upon BCR engagement, kinase B to be recruited to the plasma membrane where they are PI3K is recruited to the plasma membrane via the binding of its Src activated (1, 2). homology 2 domains to phosphotyrosine-containing sequences on We and others have shown that BCR engagement activates Akt membrane-associated scaffolding proteins such as CD19, Gab1, (9–14). Akt is the primary mediator of the anti-apoptotic signals BCAP, and Cbl (3–6). Once at the plasma membrane, PI3K gen- generated by PI3K (15), and recent work has shown that Akt ki- erates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) by phos- nase activity is essential for the survival of the DT40 chicken B cell line (16). Akt phosphorylates a number of proteins that regu- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Van- late cell survival (17–21). In addition, Akt can also phosphorylate couver, British Columbia, Canada the serine/threonine kinases glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)␣ Received for publication January 22, 2002. Accepted for publication May 9, 2002. and GSK-3␤ (22). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page GSK-3␣ and GSK-3␤ are constitutively active in resting cells, charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance but receptor-stimulated phosphorylation of GSK-3␣ at Ser21 or with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. GSK-3␤ at Ser9 inhibits their enzymatic activity (23). These neg- 1 This work was supported by a grant from the Canadian Institutes for Health Re- ative regulatory sites on GSK-3␣ and GSK-3␤ can be phosphor- search (to M.R.G). S.L.C. was supported by graduate fellowships from the Canadian Institues for Health Research, the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, the ylated not only by Akt, but also by several other kinases including Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the University of the p90Rsk kinase, integrin-linked kinase, and several protein ki- British Columbia. nase C (PKC) isoforms (22, 24–26). In B cells, we have shown 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Michael R. Gold, Department of that BCR engagement induces the phosphorylation of GSK-3␣ and Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3. E-mail address: GSK-3␤ on these negative regulatory sites and inhibits the activity [email protected] of GSK-3␣ (9). 3 Abbreviations used in this paper: BCR, B cell Ag receptor; PI3K, phosphatidylino- An important target of GSK-3 is ␤-catenin (27), a transcriptional sitol 3-kinase; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PI(3,4)P2, phosphati- coactivator that has important roles in early development (28, 29). dylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate; PH, pleckstrin homology; PLC, phospholipase C; GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase-3; PKC, protein kinase C; LEF-1, lymphoid en- In unstimulated cells, GSK-3 constitutively phosphorylates ␤-cate- hancer factor-1; TCF, T cell factor; FKHR, Forkhead-related transcription factor; nin on N-terminal serine residues, targeting ␤-catenin for rapid PKD, protein kinase D; mER-Akt, myristoylated estrogen receptor-Akt fusion pro- tein; ALLN, acetyl-leucine-leucine-norleucinol; PdBu, phorbol dibutyrate; 4-HT, ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation (30, 31). In 4-hydroxytamoxifen; BIM I, bisindolylmaleimide I; DAG, diacylglycerol. immature progenitor cells of various lineages, including pro-B Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/02/$02.00 The Journal of Immunology 759 cells (32), Wnt hormones regulate developmental processes by in- B cell stimulation and preparation of cell lysates hibiting GSK-3 (33). This Wnt-induced inhibition of GSK-3 is To reduce basal signaling caused by serum components, WEHI-231 cells mediated by the Disheveled protein (29). Inhibition of GSK-3- were grown in complete medium with the FCS reduced to 1% for 12–18 h dependent phosphorylation of ␤-catenin allows ␤-catenin to accu- before stimulation while A20 cells were grown in complete medium with mulate in the cytoplasm and then translocate into the nucleus (34). 0.5 mg/ml BSA instead of FCS. The cells were washed once with modified ϫ 7 Once in the nucleus, ␤-catenin promotes transcription by binding HEPES-buffered saline (9), resuspended in this buffer at 1 10 and warmed to 37°C for 10–30 min. Where indicated, the cells were incubated to members of the lymphoid enhancer factor-1 (LEF-1)/T factor with wortmannin (Biomol, Plymouth Meeting, PA), Ly294002 (Biomol), (TCF) family of DNA-binding proteins (35, 36). ␤-Catenin dis- acetyl-leucine-leucine-norleucinol (ALLN; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, places Groucho/transducin-like enhancer of split transcriptional re- MO), safingol (Calbiochem), U73122 (Biomol), or U73343 (Biomol) for pressors from LEF-1/TCF and provides a transactivation domain 20–30 min before stimulation. The cells were then stimulated with either anti-Ig Abs, phorbol dibutyrate (PdBu), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT) (Sig- that can recruit CBP/p300 and promote transcription (37–39). In ma-Aldrich), LiCl, or bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM I; Calbiochem) for the mammalian cells, ␤-catenin up-regulates the transcription of both indicated times. The reactions were terminated by adding ice-cold PBS cyclin D1 and c-myc, genes whose products promote cell growth containing 1 mM Na3VO4 and then centrifuging the cells for 1 min at and proliferation (40–42).
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    Supplementary Table 1. In vitro side effect profiling study for LDN/OSU-0212320. Percent Inhibition Receptor 10 µM Neurotransmitter Related Adenosine, Non-selective 7.29% Adrenergic, Alpha 1, Non-selective 24.98% Adrenergic, Alpha 2, Non-selective 27.18% Adrenergic, Beta, Non-selective -20.94% Dopamine Transporter 8.69% Dopamine, D1 (h) 8.48% Dopamine, D2s (h) 4.06% GABA A, Agonist Site -16.15% GABA A, BDZ, alpha 1 site 12.73% GABA-B 13.60% Glutamate, AMPA Site (Ionotropic) 12.06% Glutamate, Kainate Site (Ionotropic) -1.03% Glutamate, NMDA Agonist Site (Ionotropic) 0.12% Glutamate, NMDA, Glycine (Stry-insens Site) 9.84% (Ionotropic) Glycine, Strychnine-sensitive 0.99% Histamine, H1 -5.54% Histamine, H2 16.54% Histamine, H3 4.80% Melatonin, Non-selective -5.54% Muscarinic, M1 (hr) -1.88% Muscarinic, M2 (h) 0.82% Muscarinic, Non-selective, Central 29.04% Muscarinic, Non-selective, Peripheral 0.29% Nicotinic, Neuronal (-BnTx insensitive) 7.85% Norepinephrine Transporter 2.87% Opioid, Non-selective -0.09% Opioid, Orphanin, ORL1 (h) 11.55% Serotonin Transporter -3.02% Serotonin, Non-selective 26.33% Sigma, Non-Selective 10.19% Steroids Estrogen 11.16% 1 Percent Inhibition Receptor 10 µM Testosterone (cytosolic) (h) 12.50% Ion Channels Calcium Channel, Type L (Dihydropyridine Site) 43.18% Calcium Channel, Type N 4.15% Potassium Channel, ATP-Sensitive -4.05% Potassium Channel, Ca2+ Act., VI 17.80% Potassium Channel, I(Kr) (hERG) (h) -6.44% Sodium, Site 2 -0.39% Second Messengers Nitric Oxide, NOS (Neuronal-Binding) -17.09% Prostaglandins Leukotriene,
  • Distinct Regulation of Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation and Transdifferentiation by Classical and Novel Protein Kinase C Isoform

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    Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on November 25, 2020 as DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000094 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. Distinct regulation of cardiac fibroblast proliferation and transdifferentiation by classical and novel protein kinase C isoforms: possible implications for new antifibrotic therapies S. Tuuli Karhu, Heikki Ruskoaho, Virpi Talman* Affiliations Downloaded from STK, HR, and VT: Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland molpharm.aspetjournals.org *Corresponding author at ASPET Journals on September 30, 2021 1 Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on November 25, 2020 as DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000094 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. Running title: PKC agonists inhibit cardiac fibroblast activation Corresponding author: Virpi Talman Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E) FI-00014 Helsinki, FINLAND Downloaded from Tel: +358504480768 Email: [email protected] molpharm.aspetjournals.org Number of text pages: 35 Number of tables: 0 Number of figures: 4 at ASPET Journals on September 30, 2021 Number of references: 55 Number of words in the Abstract: 249 Number of words in the Introduction: 728 Number of words in the Discussion: 1459 Abbreviations: α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; aPKC, atypical protein kinase C isoform; BrdU, 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine; CF, cardiac fibroblast; cPKC, classical protein kinase C isoform; DDR2, discoidin domain receptor 2; ECM, extracellular matrix; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HCA, high-content analysis; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MTT, 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; nPKC, novel protein kinase C isoform; PKC, protein kinase C 2 Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward.