DOCSLIB.ORG

Name Type Daily Dose Range About Huperzine-A Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor 0.05-0.4Mg Inhibits Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Breakdown

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Name Type Daily Dose Range About Huperzine-A Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor 0.05-0.4Mg Inhibits Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Breakdown Name Type Daily Dose Range About Huperzine-A Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor 0.05-0.4mg Inhibits acetylcholine neurotransmitter breakdown. Improves neuroplasticity. Enchances communication between neurons. Promotes nerve cell growth. L-Theanine Amino acid 50-200mg Seratonin precursor and boosts dopamine levels. Gives sense of tranquility and negates many of caffeines negative side effects. L-Tyrosine Amino acid 50-400mg Dopamine precursor. Increases motivation and ambition. Effective stress-releaver and mood enhancer. L-Glutamine Amino acid 1000-10000mg GABA precursor. Stress and anxiety reliever. Enchances creativity and verbal skills. 5-HTP Amino acid 50-200mg Seratonin and Melanin precursor. Helps reduce anxiety and improve sleep. Acetyl L-Carnitine Amino acid 300-2000mg A version of L-Carnitine able to cross the blood-brain barrier. It is converted and combines with choline to become Acetylcholine. This improves memory and mental altertness. Creatine Amino acid 1000-5000mg Increases energy production in the brain and muscles. Improves concentration and focus. GABA Amino acid 1000-5000mg Decreases stress hormones levels in the brain. Improves mood and promotes healthy sleep cycles. Sunifiram Ampakine 5-20mg Powerful focus, hightened concentration, motivation and ambition. Choline Cholinergic 500mg Acetylcholine neurotransmitter precursor. Improves mental performance. Alpha GPC Cholinergic 300-1200mg Most bio-available choline supplement. Metabolises to acetylcholine. Citicoline Cholinergic 250-1000mg Metabolises to acetylcholine neurotransmitter whilst reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. Makes an excellent nootropic stack component. Modafinil Eugeroic 50-200mg Intense concentration and focus. Strong wakefulness. Adrafinil Eugeroic 600-1200mg Liver converts to Modafinil. Intense concentration. Same side effects as Modafinil + long term use puts stress on liver. Ashwagandha Herbal supplement 300-6000mg Works similarly to GABA, restricting the over excitement of nerve cells. This gives it a calming effect, reducing anxiety and restlessness. Improves memory, learning and sleep. Artichoke Extract Herbal supplement 300-6000mg Inhibits PDE-4, a substance which metabolises cAMP. cAMP plays a key role in memory formation. Often taken with Forskolin. Forskolin Herbal supplement 250-500mg Leads to more cAMP production which facilitates long term memory production. Strongly enhances short and long term memory. Often taken with artichoke extract. Prameracetam Racetam 400-1200mg Gives mental clarity and improves concentration. Increases information processing and memory. Piracetam Racetam 1200-4800mg Improves focus, attentiveness, memory formation Oxiracetam Racetam 1200-2400mg Improves logical and mathematical thinking Phenylpiracetam Racetam 100-400mg Intense focus, memory improvement, mood enhancement. Aniracetam Racetam 650-1300mg Similar to piracetam but also gives anti-antiety and anti-depression effects Noopept Racetam 10-60mg Intense focus and aids neuron growth. Gives anti-anxiety and anti-depression effect. Caffeine Stimulant 50-400mg Improved concentration and control. Improved memory and increases physical energy. Adderall Stimulant 10-100mg Intense mental focus, wakefulness, appetite suppression and weight loss. Comes with serious potential side effects on the heart and has dependency risks. Ritalin Stimulant 10-100mg Increases dopamine levels in the brain. Strong mental energy, motivation and desire enhancer. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Vitamin 100-300mg Improves memory function. Regulates stress and improves mood. Niacin (Vitamin B3) Vitamin 1000-5000mg Improves mental energy. Pantothetic Acid (Vitamin B5) Vitamin 500-2000mg Improves mental clarity. Has neuroprotective qualities. Pyrodoxine (Vitamin B6) Vitamin 25-500mg Highened motivation, mental clarity, concentration and signaling between neurons. Inositol (Vitamin B8) Vitamin 1000-15000mg Improves symptoms of depression. Calms and focuses the mind. Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Vitamin 25-500mg Improves memory and quickens access to thoughts..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Modafinil and Modafinil Analogues: Free Radical Mechanism of the Eugeroic and Cognitive Enhancment Effect Clifford Fong
    Modafinil and modafinil analogues: free radical mechanism of the eugeroic and cognitive enhancment effect Clifford Fong To cite this version: Clifford Fong. Modafinil and modafinil analogues: free radical mechanism of the eugeroic and cognitive enhancment effect. [Research Report] Eigenenergy. 2018. hal-01933737 HAL Id: hal-01933737 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01933737 Submitted on 24 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Modafinil and modafinil analogues: free radical mechanism of the eugeroic and cognitive enhancment effect Clifford W. Fong Eigenenergy, Adelaide, South Australia. Keywords: Modafinil, modafinil-like analogues, eugeroic effect, cognitive enhancement, free radicals, quantum mechanics Abbreviations Dopamine DA, dopamine transporter DAT, Dissociative electron transfer or attachment DET, Linear free energy relationship LFER, free energy of water desolvation ΔG desolv,CDS , lipophilicity free energy ΔG lipo,CDS, cavity dispersion solvent structure of the first solvation shell CDS, highest occupied molecular orbital HOMO, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital LUMO, multiple correlation coefficient R 2, the F test of significance, standards errors for the estimate (SEE) and standard errors of the variables SE(ΔG desolCDS ), SE(ΔG lipoCDS ), SE(Dipole Moment), SE (Molecular Volume), transition state TS, reactive oxygen species ROS.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns Of, and Motivations for Illicit Drug Use Among Long Haul
    Fatigue and beyond: Patterns of, and motivations for illicit drug use among long haul truck drivers Naomi Richards BPsych (Hons) This thesis is submitted for the degree of Masters of Applied Science (Research) within the Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology 2004 Key words Drug use Drug use career Illicit drug use Road safety Truck drivers Abstract Long distance truck drivers are considered a special interest group in terms of drug driving research and policy due to high rates of use, involvement of drugs in truck accidents and the link between drug use and work related fatigue. Qualitative interview data was collected from 35 long haul truck drivers in South East Queensland and analysed using NVivo 2.0. High rates of licit and illicit drug use (particularly amphetamines) were reported. However, unlike previous studies which focus on fatigue, this research found overlapping and changing motivations for drug use during individual lifetimes. Using Becker’s model of a drug use ‘career’ it was revealed that some drivers begin illicit drug use before they begin truck driving. As well as fatigue, powerful motives such as peer pressure, wanting to fit the trucking ‘image’, socialisation, relaxation and addiction were reported. These may need to be considered along side fatigue in the development of effective drug prevention or cessation policies for truck drivers. Contents Page 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 5 2.1. Drugs of concern to road safety 5 2.1.1. Cannabis 6 2.1.1.1. Effects of cannabis on driving performance 7 2.1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Millennials Are Consuming the Best Stimulants at an Accelerating Rate
    Why Millennials are Consuming the Best Stimulants at an Accelerating Rate Author : Bruno Souza The sudden spike of internet searches on the best places online to buy modafinil are mainly attributed to millennials. This data seems out of place right next to another statistic that says that millennials are sleeping more hours, compared to other generations. Since Modafinil is one of the best wakefulness promoting agents or stimulants currently available, these two statistics seem inconsistent. Before dismissing one or both of these findings, a closer look at the stats and other variables involved do support these findings. So why are millennials consuming the best stimulants at an accelerating rate? Are Millennials Really Sleeping Better? 1 / 8 A study by the United States Bureau of Labor and statistics show that millennials, or those who were born between 1981 and 1996 (approximately), sleep some 25 minutes longer each night. With an average duration of sleep each night for Americans at 6.8 hours, millennials are within the recommended seven to eight hours of sleep. Another positive data for millennials that came out of this study is that, despite the longer sleep hours, those who are employed are putting in more hours at work. This side data may support the data about stimulants, but more on that later. What may appear as improved sleep quality for millennials does have its naysayers. Some attribute the longer hours of sleep to unemployment as unemployment and underemployment rate among millennials are twice the national average. According to naysayers, this supposed better sleep quality may not be better at all because unemployment is causing an artificial spike in the data.
    [Show full text]
  • World of Cognitive Enhancers
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 September 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.546796 The Psychonauts’ World of Cognitive Enhancers Flavia Napoletano 1,2, Fabrizio Schifano 2*, John Martin Corkery 2, Amira Guirguis 2,3, Davide Arillotta 2,4, Caroline Zangani 2,5 and Alessandro Vento 6,7,8 1 Department of Mental Health, Homerton University Hospital, East London Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, 2 Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom, 3 Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 4 Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, 5 Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 6 Department of Mental Health, Addictions’ Observatory (ODDPSS), Rome, Italy, 7 Department of Mental Health, Guglielmo Marconi” University, Rome, Italy, 8 Department of Mental Health, ASL Roma 2, Rome, Italy Background: There is growing availability of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), including cognitive enhancers (CEs) which can be used in the treatment of certain mental health disorders. While treating cognitive deficit symptoms in neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders using CEs might have significant benefits for patients, the increasing recreational use of these substances by healthy individuals raises many clinical, medico-legal, and ethical issues. Moreover, it has become very challenging for clinicians to Edited by: keep up-to-date with CEs currently available as comprehensive official lists do not exist. Simona Pichini, Methods: Using a web crawler (NPSfinder®), the present study aimed at assessing National Institute of Health (ISS), Italy Reviewed by: psychonaut fora/platforms to better understand the online situation regarding CEs.
    [Show full text]
  • Gatekeepers of Addiction?
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector REVIEW published: 11 November 2016 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00264 Presynaptic G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Gatekeepers of Addiction? Kari A. Johnson and David M. Lovinger * Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Drug abuse and addiction cause widespread social and public health problems, and the neurobiology underlying drug actions and drug use and abuse is an area of intensive research. Drugs of abuse alter synaptic transmission, and these actions contribute to acute intoxication as well as the chronic effects of abused substances. Transmission at most mammalian synapses involves neurotransmitter activation of two receptor subtypes, ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast synaptic responses and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have slower neuromodulatory actions. The GPCRs represent a large proportion of neurotransmitter receptors involved in almost all facets of nervous system function. In addition, these receptors are targets for many pharmacotherapeutic agents. Drugs of abuse directly or indirectly affect neuromodulation mediated by GPCRs, with important consequences for intoxication, drug taking and responses to prolonged drug exposure, withdrawal and addiction. Among the GPCRs are several subtypes involved in presynaptic inhibition, most of which are coupled to the Gi/o class of G protein. There is increasing evidence that these presynaptic Gi/o-coupled GPCRs have important roles in the actions of drugs Edited by: of abuse, as well as behaviors related to these drugs. This topic will be reviewed, Hansen Wang, with particular emphasis on receptors for three neurotransmitters, Dopamine (DA; D1- University of Toronto, Canada and D2-like receptors), Endocannabinoids (eCBs; CB1 receptors) and glutamate (group Reviewed by: Karen K.
    [Show full text]
  • Wake-Promoting Agents Beyond Modafinil
    HIGH POTENCY EUGEROICS— WAKE-PROMOTING AGENTS BEYOND MODAFINIL A Senior Project presented to the Faculty of the Biomedical and General Engineering Department California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in General Engineering by Joseph Yoham April 2015 Modafinil (Provigil) belongs to a new pharmaceutical class known as eugeroics- translating to ‘good arousal’ agents. A distinct structure from classical psychostimulants, modafinil’s unique pharmacological property demonstrates wake-promoting and neuroprotective effects. This literature review presents a hypothesized mechanism of action, consolidates research of modafinil analogues and hybridizes a novel compound in search of a next generation molecule. O O S NH2 (±)-1 modafinil 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide S-(+)-modafinil R-(-)-modafinil Modafinil (±)-1 contains an asymmetric sulfoxide moiety, where modest enantioselectivity is observed between R-(-)- and S-(+)-modafinil. Investigations into the pharmacokinetic profile of armodafinil confirmed enantioselectivity at DAT for the R- and S-enantiomers was three-fold (Cao et al. 2011) and increased metabolic stability, eliminated three-times more slowly than the S-enantiomer (Robertson et al. 2003). Cephalon Inc. has marketed the racemic sulfoxide, Provigil, since approval in 1998 for 2 narcolepsy. Expansion of its labeling from the initial indications, in 2004 modafinil was approved for treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and shift-work sleep disorder (SWSD). With significance of these prescribing indications rapidly being eroded, the enantiopure R-(-)- isomer, armodafinil (Nuvigil), was approved in 2007 for the same indications. There is now consistent evidence that modafinil can improve prefrontal-dependent cognitive functions of healthy individuals in processes requiring cognitive control.
    [Show full text]
  • Фармакология Pharmacology
    МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ КАФЕДРА ФАРМАКОЛОГИИ ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ PHARMACOLOGY Практикум для специальности «Лечебное дело» 5-е издание, переработанное Минск БГМУ 2020 2 УДК 615(076.5)(075.8)-054.6 ББК 52.81я73 Ф24 Рекомендовано Научно-методическим советом университета в качестве практикума 29.05.2020 г., протокол № 9 А в т о р ы: проф. Н. А. Бизунок, проф. Б. В. Дубовик, доц. Б. А. Волынец, доц. А. В. Волчек Р е ц е н з е н т ы: д-р мед. наук, проф. А. В. Хапалюк; д-р. мед. наук, проф. А. И. Волотовский Фармакология = Pharmacology : практикум для специальности «Лечебное дело» / Ф24 Н. А. Бизунок [и др.]. – 5-е изд., перераб. – Минск : БГМУ, 2020. – 156 с. ISBN 978-985-21-0643-6. Содержит методические рекомендации для подготовки к лабораторным занятиям по фармакологии и задания для самостоятельной работы студентов, обучающихся по специальности 1-79 01 01 «Лечебное дело». Первое издание вышло в 2016 году. Предназначен для студентов 3-го курса медицинского факультета иностранных учащихся, изучающих фармакологию на английском языке. УДК 615(076.5)(075.8)-054.6 ББК 52.81я73 ISBN 978-985-21-0643-6 © УО «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет», 2020 3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 GENERAL PRESCRIPTION ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • List of Psychoactive Drug Spirits for MD A-Methylfentanyl, Abilify
    List of Psychoactive Drug Spirits for MD A-Methylfentanyl, Abilify, abnormal basal ganglia function, abuse of medicines, Aceperone, Acepromazine, Aceprometazine, Acetildenafil, Aceto phenazine, Acetoxy Dipt, Acetyl morphone, Acetyl propionyl morphine, Acetyl psilocin, Activation syndrome, acute anxiety, acute hypertension, acute panic attacks, Adderall, Addictions to drugs, Addictions to medicines, Addictions to substances, Adrenorphin, Adverse effects of psychoactive drugs, adverse reactions to medicines, aggression, aggressive, aggressiveness, agitated depression, Agitation and restlessness, Aildenafil, Akuammine, alcohol abuse, alcohol addiction, alcohol withdrawl, alcohol-related brain damage, alcohol- related liver damage, alcohol mix with medicines for adverse reaction, Alcoholism, Alfetamine, Alimemazine, Alizapride, Alkyl nitrites, allergic breathing reactions to meds, choking to anaphallectic shock, & death; allergic skin reactions to meds, rash, itchyness, hives, welts, etc, Alletorphine, Almorexant, Alnespirone, Alpha Ethyltryptamine, Alpha Neoendorphin, alterations in brain hormones, alterations in mental status, altered consciousness, altered mind, Altoqualine, Alvimopan, Ambien, Amidephrine, Amidorphin, Amiflamine, Amisulpride, Amphetamines, Amyl nitrite, Anafranil, Analeptic, Anastrozole, Anazocine, Anilopam, Antabuse, anti anxiety meds, anti dopaminergic activity, anti seizure meds, Anti convulsants, Anti depressants, Anti emetics, Anti histamines, anti manic meds, anti parkinsonics, Anti psychotics, Anxiety disorders,
    [Show full text]
  • Pill Testing at Music Festivals- Reaching Parts That Other
    Dr Graham Associate Professor Gulbransen David Caldicott General Practitioner Emergency Physician Kingsland Family Health Centre Calvary Hospital Auckland Clinical Lead Australian Drug Observatory 14:00 - 14:55 WS #44: Novel Psychotropic Substances 15:05 - 16:00 WS #56: Novel Psychotropic Substances (Repeated) ‘What Every Clinician Needs to Know About Novel Psychoactive Substances’ Assoc. Prof. David Caldicott B.Sc.(Hons), MBBS(Lond), FRCEM, Dip.Med.Tox Emergency Consultant, Calvary Hospital, Canberra, Australia. Clinical Lead, Australian Drug Observatory, ANU, Canberra, Australia ‘Ajax and Cassandra’, 1886 Solomon J. Solomon, Art Gallery of Ballarat Hail, Hydra… Jason & The Argonauts (1963) Were they ever really ‘novel’...? • Not so much... • Some are tweaks to known compounds • Some are culls from the pharmaceutical research chemistry literature • Dr John Huffman, Clemson University • Dr David Nichols • Dr Alexa Makriyannis, North Eastern University “We had no idea that anybody would be stupid enough to use [them]” Many are less ‘novel’ than they used to be… Club Health, Sydney, 2005… There are now a lot of them out there… There are now a lot of them out there… Not just hurting people… …they’re killing people Drug Induced Deaths Multiple attempts at classification… • Structures • Receptors • Mechanism of action Drugs Wheel- (Mark Adley) Multiple attempts at classifications… Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Inebriant Euphoriant Psychedelic Sedative Eugeroic Dissociative Analgesic Entactogen Deliriant Psycho-chemical classification: 3 classes & 9 families (Measham & Newcombe 2015) They emerge really quickly… • “The drug revolution that no one can stop” https://medium.com/matter/19f753fb15e0 • Commissioned the manufacture of 6-CH3 phenmetrazine • Ordered 22nd August, 2013 • Delivered 18th September, 2013 ‘Concierge Drug Design’ They emerge really quickly… Motivations for consumption are the same- and different.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug/Substance Trade Name(S)
    A B C D E F G H I J K 1 Drug/Substance Trade Name(s) Drug Class Existing Penalty Class Special Notation T1:Doping/Endangerment Level T2: Mismanagement Level Comments Methylenedioxypyrovalerone is a stimulant of the cathinone class which acts as a 3,4-methylenedioxypyprovaleroneMDPV, “bath salts” norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at 1 A Yes A A 2 Boehringer Ingelheim. No 3 Alfentanil Alfenta Narcotic used to control pain and keep patients asleep during surgery. 1 A Yes A No A Aminoxafen, Aminorex is a weight loss stimulant drug. It was withdrawn from the market after it was found Aminorex Aminoxaphen, Apiquel, to cause pulmonary hypertension. 1 A Yes A A 4 McN-742, Menocil No Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is used in the treatment of Amphetamine Speed, Upper 1 A Yes A A 5 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. No Anileridine is a synthetic analgesic drug and is a member of the piperidine class of analgesic Anileridine Leritine 1 A Yes A A 6 agents developed by Merck & Co. in the 1950s. No Dopamine promoter used to treat loss of muscle movement control caused by Parkinson's Apomorphine Apokyn, Ixense 1 A Yes A A 7 disease. No Recreational drug with euphoriant and stimulant properties. The effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by amphetamine. It is often claimed that BZP was originally Benzylpiperazine BZP 1 A Yes A A synthesized as a potential antihelminthic (anti-parasitic) agent for use in farm animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Enhancement Treating Or Cheating?
    Author's Accepted Manuscript Cognitive enhancement: Treating or cheating? Leslie M. Whetstine PhD PII: S1071-9091(15)00039-X www.elsevier.com/locate/enganabound DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2015.05.003 Reference: YSPEN547 To appear in: Semin Pediatr Neurol Cite this article as: Leslie M. Whetstine PhD, Cognitive enhancement: Treating or cheating?, Semin Pediatr Neurol , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2015.05.003 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Author: Leslie M Whetstine, PhD Associate Professor, Philosophy Walsh University 2020 East Maple St North Canton, OH 44720 [email protected] Title: Cognitive Enhancement: Treating or Cheating? Abstract: In this article I provide an overview of the moral and medical questions surrounding the use of cognitive enhancers. The discussion will be framed in light of four key considerations (1) is there a difference between therapy and enhancement? (2) How safe are these interventions? (3) Is the use of nootropics cheating? (4) Will enhancers create a further divide of social inequality where only the very wealthy will have access to them? Keywords: Cognitive enhancement, nootropics, ethics, cheating 1 Case: Peter's mother brought him to his pediatrician to request she prescribe Ritalin.
    [Show full text]
  • Nootropics Use in the Workplace: Psychiatric and Ethical Aftermath Towards the New Frontier of Bioengineering
    European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2020; 24: 2129-2139 Nootropics use in the workplace: psychiatric and ethical aftermath towards the new frontier of bioengineering S. ZAAMI1, R. RINALDI1, G. BERSANI2, A. DEL RIO1, C. CIALLELLA1, E. MARINELLI1 1Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Departmental Section of Legal Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy 2Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: The authors have Key Words: sought to expound upon and shed a light on the Nootropics, Human Enhancement, Productivity, rise of nootropics, which have gradually taken Workplace, Bioengineering, Ethics. on a more and more relevant role in workplaces and academic settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multidisciplinary Introduction databases have been delved into by entering the following keys: “nootropics”, “cognitive enhance- ment”, “workplace”, “productivity”, “ethics”, “bio- The use of therapeutic drugs for non-medical engineering”. In addition, a broad-ranging search reasons as cognitive enhancers has been spreading has been undertaken on institutional websites in and its risks seem to have become at least in part order to identify relevant analysis and recommen- acceptable among students and certain groups of dations issued by international institutions and workers. Considering the ever more competitive agencies. Papers and reports have been inde- pendently pored over by each author. This search nature of modern societies, which reverberates on strategy has led to the identification of 988 sourc- workplaces as well, enhancers are reasonably ex- es but only 64 were considered appropriate for the pected to spread even more over time; nonetheless, purposes of the paper after being selected by at long-term consequences arising from their becom- least 3 of the authors, independently.
    [Show full text]